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This article examines lexical conservatism (Steriade 1997), a phenomenon whereby the distribution of stem allomorphs in a morphological paradigm influences the way that paradigm accommodates derived members. Specifically, a phonological alternation applies in a derived member only if an existing form is present elsewhere in the paradigm that offers the needed phonological material. Thus illu'strable undergoes stress shift because the existing word illu'strative contains the illu'str-stem allomorph. In contrast, irri'gable is judged worse than i'rrigable, since there is no existing form in irri'g-. In four experiments with speakers of English and Mexican Spanish, I demonstrate that this dependency between paradigm structure and application of phonological processes generalizes to entirely novel words in a probabilistic manner. Further, I find that a broad range of stem allomorphs in a paradigm play a role in determining the form of the novel word, rather than only those that could reduce the markedness of the novel form, contra previous studies. I propose a novel grammatical model where bases get to 'vote' on the shape of the novel form: all stem allomorphs in a lexical entry stand in a correspondence relation to the novel form and exert their influence via multiple faithfulness constraints, which compete with standard markedness constraints in a probabilistic phonological grammar. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A central question in multilingualism research is how multiple languages interact. Most studies have focused on first (L1) and second language (L2) effects on a third language (L3), but a small number of studies dedicated to the opposite transfer direction have suggested stronger L3 influence on L2 than on L1 in postpuberty learners. In our study, we provide further support for stronger L3-to-L2 than L3-to-L1 influence and show that it extends to (a) phonetics and the lexicon and (b) childhood learners. Fifty Spanish–Basque–English trilingual adults who had acquired Spanish from birth and Basque between 2 to 4 years of age through immersion participated in a speeded trilingual switching task measuring production of voice onset time and lexical intrusions. Participants experienced more phonetic and lexical crosslinguistic influence from L3 English during L2-Basque production than during L1-Spanish production. These findings show that even highly proficient early bilinguals experience differential influence from a classroom-taught L3 to L1 and to L2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study deals with the different word formation processes in Bangla under the framework of Lexical Phonology and Stratal OT with both descriptive and theoretical goals. The study attempts a) to provide a description of the morphophonemics of Bangla that result from the concatenation of morphemes, b) to use the theory of Lexical Phonology and Morphology (Kiparsky, 1982,1985; Mohanan, 1982) and later developments in Stratal OT (Kiparsky, 2003; Bermudez-Otero and McMohan, 2006) and others. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ross (1967) observed that the coordinate structure constraint can be violated in certain semantically asymmetric structures. In this article we consider one of these structures, namely type A coordination, in detail (the terminology is from Lakoff 1986; an example is Here's the whisky I went to the store and bought). We present experimental evidence showing that the pattern of argument and adjunct extraction from type A coordinate structures matches the pattern of argument and adjunct extraction from structures containing rationale clauses in all crucial respects. This near-perfect parallel behavior suggests that, like rationale clauses, the second conjunct in a type A coordination is an adjunct (see also Brown 2017). We explore the consequences of this finding for both interpretive and syntactic analyses of asymmetric coordination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The investigation of how orthography and phonology influence lexical semantic access in visual word identification is a crucial area in psycholinguistics. Previous studies, focusing on alphabetic scripts in bilingual lexical recognition, have highlighted the facilitative role of phonological similarity. Yet, the impact of cross-language phonological similarity in bilinguals using non-alphabetic scripts remains unclear. Methods: In this study, we employed a lexical decision task to examine Chinese--Japanese bilinguals. Participants were presented with Chinese-- Japanese cognate translation pairs, categorized into phonologically similar and dissimilar cognates. Results: Analysis of event-related potentials (ERP) revealed no significant differences between phonologically similar and dissimilar contexts in the early time windows (90--170 ms and 170--270 ms). However, in the later time window (350--500 ms), significant differences were observed, with the phonologically dissimilar condition eliciting a larger negative wave. Discussion: Contrary to findings in alphabetic script-based studies, our results suggest that in logographic script processing, the activation of phonology and semantics occurs simultaneously, and the influence of phonology is limited. This indicates a distinct cognitive processing mechanism in nonalphabetic language bilinguals, providing new insights into the dynamics of bilingual lexical recognition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For proper assessment, diagnosis, and treatment of language disorders in Mandarin children, it is important to have measures that closely track the course of normal development. The current study uses a large collection of spontaneous conversational language samples to track the developmental course of five language measures: mean length of utterance (MLU), the MLU of the five longest utterances (MLU5), vocD, number of repetitions, and number of retracings. We used cross-validation-based linear regression to estimate the relationship between age, gender and each of the five variables derived from the conversational language samples in 101 typically developing Mandarin-speaking children aged 3 to 7. Each of the five measures showed significant age-related effects during the period from age 3 to age 7. As norm-referenced measures of language development in children speaking Mandarin, these developmental data could inform clinical therapists regarding assessments and interventions for children with language disorder or impairment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Faculty of Letters / Edebiyat Fakultesi Dergisi is the property of Hacettepe University Faculty of Letters and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Background: Previous research has shown that the emotional content of words affects how quickly they are recognised. One recent measure of word emotionality is emotional experience that measures the degree to which reading a word can invoke emotional experiences tied to the word. Words that are higher in emotional experience are recognised more rapidly in the lexical decision task. Methods: The current study examines how words' emotional experience and participants' emotionality affect performance on the lexical decision task. To this end, participants were given five emotion measures and completed a lexical decision task with words varying on emotional experience. Results: It was found that participants who scored higher on the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule showed a weaker emotional experience effect. No other emotion measures interacted with emotional experience. Conclusions: These results are predicted by and interpreted within a framework where the semantic representation of words includes emotion information that is grounded in experience of our internal states. Highlights: What is already known about this topicThe emotional content of words influences how rapidly they are recognised.One way that emotion is measured in words is with emotional experience. Words higher in emotional experience are associated with more emotions than are those lower in emotional experience. Research has shown that emotional experience facilitates visual word recognition.The emotionality of the reader also influences word recognition. What this paper addsThis study seeks to answer the question of whether word and participant emotion interact during visual word recognition.The results indicate that participants that experience emotions more show a smaller word emotional experience effect. Implications for theory, policy or practiceThis work indicates that individual differences play a key role in the word recognition process.These findings provide support for theories where the semantic representation is based, at least in part, on emotional information that is grounded in our experience of internal states. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hypocoristics have received considerable interest from phonologists in recent decades, particularly within the Optimality-theoretic literature. While most of these analyses have been situated in parallelist OT, I claim that this architectural choice entails hidden complexities. It is cross-linguistically common for multiple hypocoristics to be formed from a single proper noun, e.g., Matthew → Matt/Matty. In this case, parallelist OT must resort to co-phonologies to avoid ranking paradoxes, which results in significant analytical complexity. By contrast, I argue in this paper that a stratal analysis is crucial for capturing multiple patterns of Hypocoristic Formation (HF) within a single architecture. I present here data of disyllabic hypocoristics from Standard Chilean Spanish. These hypocoristics are derived from the proper nouns by means of two separate anchoring sites: to the left edge of the full name, or to prominence in the full name, i.e., the tonic syllable. In addition, hypocoristics may be prosodically- or morphologically-driven: they may solely be formed by truncating the material of the proper noun, or, in the latter case, there may also be additional suffixal material provided. These data, therefore, lend themselves to a four-way categorisation. I show that this categorisation can be fully accounted for within a stratal architecture, and without the need for additional co-phonologies. Within the analysis, I locate each of the anchoring sites within the lexical phonology: edge-anchoring occurs at the stem level, along with syllabification and stress assignment, while prominence-anchoring occurs at the word level. In this way, the input to edge-anchoring at the stem level comprises a string of segments, while the input to prominence-anchoring at the word-level contains prosodic units up to the foot, which permits word-level HF to anchor to prominence. I further posit that prosodic- and morphologically-driven HF are caused through the passing of hypocoristic morphemes from the morpho-syntax to the phonology. Purely prosodic HF is triggered through a null or covert morpheme, while morphological HF triggered by an overt one. The hypocoristic morphemes themselves are stored as diacritics in the proper nouns' lexical entries. Furthermore, the constraints that select the hypocoristic forms as optimal are sensitive to the presence of this hypocoristic morpheme, which is reflected in tableaux through indexing. When a hypocoristic morpheme is present in the input of a proper noun to a particular stratum, these highly-ranked indexed constraints select a corresponding hypocoristic form as optimal. If the hypocoristic morpheme is absent, these constraints do not assign violations, and the proper noun is instead (vacuously) found optimal. This analysis thus unifies two distinct patterns of HF in one phonological grammar through the inclusion of indexed-constraints and the serial derivation in a constraint-based architecture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This essay applies a new inner-biblical allusion methodology that employs two common identification criteria (lexical and contextual analysis) and adds a third (rhetorical analysis). The rhetorical sense-making of a proposed allusion serves to support and verify the findings of the first two criteria. The methodology analyzes a (seemingly) unidentified allusion in Psalm 115:4 to Hosea 8:4. The applied methodology demonstrates that the psalmist polemicizes the false security of the nations (i.e., idols) with words that once indicted Israel’s own false security in the context of Hosea 8–10. Since the psalmist thrice exhorts worshipers to place security in YHWH (vv. 9–11), the psalm deepens the rhetorical force of the exhortations by hinting at Israel’s tragic history of placing security elsewhere. A satirical use of Israel’s past indictment employs past covenantal imbalance to foster the praise necessary for ongoing covenantal balance in the present and future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Consonants and vowels differentially contribute to lexical acquisition. From 8 months on, infants' preferential reliance on consonants has been shown to predict their lexical outcome. Here, the predictive value of German‐learning infants' (n = 58, 29 girls, 29 boys) trajectories of consonant and vowel perception, indicated by the electrophysiological mismatch response, across 2, 6, and 10 months for later lexical acquisition was studied. The consonant‐perception trajectory from 2 to 6 months (β = −2.95) and 6 to 10 months (β = −.91), but not the vowel‐perception trajectory, significantly predicted receptive vocabulary at 12 months. These results reveal an earlier predictive value of consonant perception for word learning than previously found, and a particular role of the longitudinal maturation of this skill in lexical acquisition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tets t'ıné is a dialect of Dëne Sųłıné (ISO: CHP) spoken in Canada's Northwest Territories. The verb system of Tets t'ıné has only recently been described (Jaker and Cardinal 2020); this paper is the first to propose an analysis of the distribution of long and short vowels in Tets t'ıné prefixes. In Tets t'ıné, all long vowels in prefixes are derived from intervocalic consonant deletion, although not all cases of intervocalic consonant deletion result in a long vowel. Whether or not deletion of an intervocalic consonant results in a long or short vowel depends on a combination of two factors: the consonant that was deleted, and the morphological level to which the preceding prefix belongs. In this paper, I propose that the basic generalization about prefix vowel length can be stated in terms of Systematic Underspecification (Kiparsky 1993). I claim that prefix vowels, unlike stem vowels, have zero moras underlyingly, and only acquire a mora after passing through at least one level of the phonology. This analysis predicts that prefix vowel length ought to be subject to a Derived Environment Effect (DEE), for which there is indeed evidence. The pattern of mora insertion in Tets t'ıné prefix vowels is thus an example of the interleaving of phonology and morphology, and illustrates how phonological behaviour can be to some extent predicted based on morphological structure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents a model for the examination of phonology in aphasia, discussing the process of its adaptation to the characteristics of the Bulgarian language. A definition of the term "aphasia" and a brief overview of the models for examination of persons with this disorder are presented. Theories related to phonology in aphasia and lexical access are examined, as well as two main approaches in phonology - structuralist and generative. From the commented theories, the opinion is formed that the phoneme and syllable specificities are critical for language not only in typical individuals, but also in those with aphasia. In order to examine the principle of adaptation of a specialized tool for the study of phonological processing in aphasia, an already existing foreign language methodology is discussed and its adaptation to the characteristics of the Bulgarian language is presented, which are also summarized. The possible contributions, application and research perspectives of such a specialized study related to the diagnosis and therapy of aphasia are revealed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The lexicon divides into parts of speech (or lexical categories), and there are cross-cutting regularities (features). These two dimensions of analysis take us a long way, but several phenomena elude us. For these the term 'split' is used extensively ('case split', 'split agreement', and more), but in confusingly different ways. Yet there is a unifying notion here. I show that a split is an additional partition, whether in the part-of-speech inventory or in the feature system. On this base an elegant typology can be constructed, using minimal machinery. The typology starts from four external relations (government, agreement, selection, and anti-government), and it specifies four types of split within each (sixteen possibilities in all). This typology (i) highlights less familiar splits, from diverse languages, and fits them into the larger picture; (ii) introduces a new relation, anti-government, and documents it; (iii) elucidates the complexities of multiple splits; and (iv) clarifies what exactly is split, which leads to a sharpening of our analyses and applies across different traditions.* [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Uto-Aztecan language family is one of the largest language families in the Americas. However, there has been considerable debate about its origin and how it spread. Here we use Bayesian phylogenetic methods to analyze lexical data from thirty-four Uto-Aztecan varieties and two Kiowa-Tanoan languages. We infer the age of Proto-Uto-Aztecan to be around 4,100 years (3,258-5,025 years) and identify the most likely homeland to be near what is now Southern California. We reconstruct the most probable subsistence strategy in the ancestral Uto-Aztecan society and infer no casual or intensive cultivation, an absence of cereal crops, and a primary subsistence mode of gathering (rather than agriculture). Our results therefore support the timing, geography, and cultural practices of a northern origin and are inconsistent with alternative scenarios. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reports on two related perception studies about the property Advanced Tongue Root (ATR) in Dàgáárè (Mabia; Ghana). We examine how well native speakers are able to distinguish ATR contrasts as well as the effects of harmony and disharmony on perception, thereby testing hypotheses that have been made in the literature about the perceptual motivations of harmony systems. We find that, as expected, ATR mid vowels and Retracted Tongue Root (RTR) high vowels are the hardest to distinguish in Dàgáárè, but contrary to expectations, harmony does not improve accuracy in discriminating ATR contrasts. Nonetheless, we find the accuracy on disharmonic disyllabic forms is significantly worse than the accuracy in monosyllabic forms, which may indicate that disharmony hurts perception. We examine the implications for our understanding of the motivations of harmony systems and discuss how this paper contributes to the very minimal existing literature on perception in African languages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The coordination of gestures in consonant clusters differs across languages and hence must be a learned aspect of linguistic knowledge. Precisely pinning down the coordination relation used in a particular language, or for a particular consonant cluster type, has been facilitated by recent research showing that coordination relations structure kinematic variation in unique ways. We apply these methods to a hitherto under-explored topic, the coordination of consonant clusters created via vowel deletion. Our case study involves fricative-fricative and fricative-stop consonant clusters resulting from the variable deletion of devoiced vowels in Tokyo Japanese. Examination of articulatory data obtained by Electromagnetic Articulography (EMA) show that some consonant clusters, i.e., fricative-stop clusters, show gestural reorganization whereas other cluster types, i.e., fricative-fricative sequences, behave as if a vowel remains in place, despite the fact that the tongue dorsum movement for the vowel is absent from the articulatory record. We discuss several theoretical possibilities to account for the differential effects of vowel deletion on gestural re-organization in these environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bantu languages from Mozambique exhibit a grammatical behavior distinct from Portuguese, from which they coexist. Noun morphology is one of the domains that offer notable differences in functioning between these languages. The object of this work is the affixes in Bantu, i.e., noun prefixes, suffixes and locative circumfixes of Ciyaawo (P21), Xichangana (S53) and Emakhuwa (P31) languages, (Ciyaawo and Emakhuwa) spoken in the North and (Xichangana) in the South of the country. Based on the theoretical support of standard Lexical Phonology (Kiparsky 1982 and Mohanan 1982) and the Booij & Rubach (1987) model, we seek to understand the behavior of morphemes that are linked to nominal themes and, with that, determine the occurrence of morphophonological processes and constraints arising from the interweaving between morphology and phonology. The data analyzed were obtained from a personal database built through instruments for collecting basic vocabulary from the Núcleo de Estudos de Línguas Moçambicanas (NELIMO), applied to higher education students, between 2013 and 2017 on one hand, and from two secondary sources (Langa 2012 and Ngunga 2014), on the other hand. The research results seem to confirm the existence of two components of the lexicon, namely, a. the cyclic -- where morphological rules act, and b. the post-cyclic -- where phonological rules operate, as proposed by Booij & Rubach (1987). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ongoing debate exists concerning pedagogical strategies including song to improve vocabulary learning in second or foreign language learners. A search of primary empirical studies published from 1990 to 2020 produced 27 articles with 28 studies and 1864 total participants. Effect sizes were analysed for the influence of English instructional interventions using songs on L2 vocabulary learning. Results established that using English songs has a large effect on English L2 vocabulary learning. Moderator analyses demonstrated the effect of several moderators including article publication status, song genre, control type instructional duration, education level, and learners' L1. Based upon these findings, English teachers can feel more confident about using songs as a complementary instructional strategy to improve their students' English L2 vocabulary learning. However, future researchers should strive to transparently follow best practices in research design while taking into account important variables like rate of song presentation, and teacher/learner musical background. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

"The Lexical and Metrical Phonology of English: The Legacy of The Sound Pattern of English" by John T. Jensen is a comprehensive book on English phonology that explores various phonological processes. It offers a unified theory of English phonology and includes examples and analyses from other languages. However, critics argue that the book relies heavily on outdated literature and does not engage with recent developments in the field. While valuable for specialists, it may be too complex for undergraduate students. The article discusses the limitations of the book, including the lack of recent references and the absence of discussion on contemporary issues in English phonology. [Extracted from the article]

This study presents the most comprehensive inventory of lexical similarities between Chabacano and Luso-Asian creoles to date. Certain formal similarities, especially regarding function words, have not gone unnoticed in the past, but for the most part have been treated as coincidences. Less attention has been paid to cases of parallel formal and semantic innovation involving content words. Taken together, these data suggest a non-coincidental lexical component shared between Luso-Asian creoles and the multi-directional propagation of features across Ibero-Asian creoles. This notion is further supported if we consider the well-known cultural, commercial and demographic connections between the Philippines and the Portuguese colonies in Asia. At the individual level, discarding a Spanish etymology in favor of a Portuguese one is a very problematic endeavor that often leads to inconclusiveness. However, we argue that the sheer number of shared retentions and innovations presented in this study can only be accounted for by factoring in some degree of language contact. Luso-Asian elements must have seeped into Chabacano at the time of its genesis and at later stages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article, titled "Ripples," is written by Melanie Bailey Mills, an Emerita Distinguished Professor from Eastern Illinois University. Mills reflects on the influence of her linguistics professor, Dr. Dorothy Siegel, who conducted groundbreaking work in lexical phonology. Mills discusses how Dr. Siegel's passion for language structure and social systems shaped her own beliefs about the power of words to shape and reflect social realities. Mills also highlights the intergenerational intellectual influence and the importance of recognizing and building upon the legacies of those who came before us. The article concludes with a tribute to Dr. MJ Hardman and her work in preserving the native Jaqaru language in Peru. [Extracted from the article]

As seen in (52), when B /ki/ b follows the enclitic sequence B /mú/ b + B /hó/ b , it also blocks the bumping effect that B /hó/ b is expected to have on B /mú/ b : (52) a. Since HTB would require the verb to end with B -ir-é b with bumping of the final H to produce B -ír-e b , it will be necessary to cite forms with a H tone root such as B /-kóm-/ b "tie" in (27). Section 5): /mú/ bumps the H on the FV B /-é/ b onto B -ir- b , and B /hó/ b bumps the H of B /mú/ b back onto the B /-é/ b . HT

Copyright of Al-Zaytoonah University of Jordan Journal for Human & Social Studies is the property of Al-Zaytoonah University of Jordan and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The current study focuses on phonological and morphological variations found in Lasi and Sindhi. This study investigates variations through phonological processes. Sindhi is one of the oldest languages of the world. It belongs to Indo Aryan language family (Ali, Z., 2016). Besides other dialects (Lari, Kachi, Vicholi, Utraadi, Thari), Lasi is one of the dialects of Sindhi (Baloch, 2008). Historically, the Sindhi language has adopted words from different languages, Sanskrit, Persian, Arabic, etc. (Jokhio, 2012). The situation is same with Lasi dialect; it also adopts words from surrounding languages (Asad, 2019). Lasi being has a lot of similarities with Standard Sindhi, but observation of the researchers (Asad, 2019; Azam, 2018) shows that there are also variations between the two. To show and verify these variations, the researchers have analysed the examples from Lasi and Standard Sindhi. This study is a qualitative research, and the data are collected through interviews, discussions, observations, online available dictionaries and other internet sources are also used. Findings show that Lasi speakers have gone through various phonological and morphological processes to make the changes in the words of Sindhi for their ease of communication, and it is also observed that in some cases Sindhi speakers are doing the same things as well. To find out the reasons of such variations, the researchers studied the origin version of words from online dictionary by Turner (2000) and verified through it. Deletion, insertion, palatalization, nasalization, vowel lengthening etc. were seen in such variations between the dialects. The other dialects of the Sindhi language are also briefly explained in the next sections of the paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, stress diacritics were used to investigate the processing of stress information in lexical decision. We ran two experiments in Italian, a language in which stress position is not predictable by rule and only final stress—that is, the less common pattern—is orthographically marked with a diacritic. In Experiment 1, a lexical decision task, two factors were manipulated: the stress pattern of words—antepenultimate (nondominant) and penultimate (dominant)—and the presence/absence of the diacritics, signalling the stress position. Participants were faster to categorise stimuli as words when they bear dominant than nondominant stress. However, the advantage disappeared when the diacritic was used. In Experiment 2, a same-different verification task was used in which participants had to decide if a referent word and a target were same (carota-CAROTA, /ka'rɔta/; tavolo-TAVOLO, /'tavolo/) or different. We compared two conditions requiring a "different" response, in which referent and target with dominant and nondominant stress were congruent (caròta-CAROTA; tàvolo-TAVOLO) or incongruent (càrota-CAROTA; tavòlo-TAVOLO) with the word's stress. For words with dominant stress, "different" responses were faster in the incongruent condition than the congruent condition. This congruency effect was not observed for words with nondominant stress pattern. Overall, the data suggest that stress information is based on lexical phonology, and the stress dominance effect has a lexical base in word recognition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phonological processes are often sensitive to morphological, prosodic, and derivational structure. In terms of derivational structure, a common factor are strata or levels, as in Lexical Phonology (Kiparsky 1982) or Stratal OT (Bermúdez-Otero 2018). Two commonly argued strata are the stem-level and word-level cophonologies which are morphologically triggered. In this paper, I argue that Armenian has cyclic processes which follow this stratal model. However, I also show that Armenian phonology utilizes a prosodically-triggered cophonology. This cophonology is triggered by the prosodic misalignment between the morphological stem (MStem) and syllable boundaries. This occurs before vowel-initial inflection. I argue that this misaligned MStem is parsed into a sublexical prosodic constituent, the Prosodic Stem (PStem: Downing 1999a). This PStem-level cophonology applies between the stem-level and word-level cophonologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes that morphological causatives in Korean are formed through the causative head, Caus(e), selecting for an element of category Voice as its complement. Under the proposed view, various properties of the causative in Korean are examined and accounted for. Specifically, it is claimed that the limited productivity of morphological causatives and the ungrammaticality of morphological double causatives in Korean are due to the listedness of the causative allomorphs, and that the mono-predicational properties of the causative with respect to coordination and the scope of a degree adverb are attributed to the coordinate structure constraint and an adverb hierarchy, respectively. It is also shown that the bi-predicational properties of the causative with respect to the Condition B effect as well as the scopes of a manner adverb and the adverbial for 'again' can be successfully captured under the proposed approach. The discussion shows that the causative alternation in Korean can be best analyzed when it is viewed to be due to causativization that takes place in the syntax, which may extend to the causative alternation in other languages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The left prefrontal cortex is essential for verbal communication. It remains uncertain at what timing, to what extent, and what type of phrase initiates left-hemispheric dominant prefrontal activation during comprehension of spoken sentences. We clarified this issue by measuring event-related high-gamma activity during a task to respond to three-phrase questions configured in different orders. Questions beginning with a wh-interrogative deactivated the left posterior prefrontal cortex right after the 1st phrase offset and the anterior prefrontal cortex after the 2nd phrase offset. Left prefrontal high-gamma activity augmented subsequently and maximized around the 3rd phrase offset. Conversely, questions starting with a concrete phrase deactivated the right orbitofrontal region and then activated the left posterior prefrontal cortex after the 1st phrase offset. Regardless of sentence types, high-gamma activity emerged earlier, by one phrase, in the left posterior prefrontal than anterior prefrontal region. Sentences beginning with a wh-interrogative may initially deactivate the left prefrontal cortex to prioritize the bottom-up processing of upcoming auditory information. A concrete phrase may obliterate the inhibitory function of the right orbitofrontal region and facilitate top-down lexical prediction by the left prefrontal cortex. The left anterior prefrontal regions may be recruited for semantic integration of multiple concrete phrases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent research on the acoustic realization of affixes has revealed differences between phonologically homophonous affixes, e.g. the different kinds of final [s] and [z] in English (Plag, Homann & Kunter 2017, Zimmermann 2016a). Such results are unexpected and unaccounted for in widely accepted post-Bloomfieldian item-and-arrangement models (Hockett 1954), which separate lexical and post-lexical phonology, and in models which interpret phonetic effects as consequences of different prosodic structure. This paper demonstrates that the differences in duration of English final S as a function of the morphological function it expresses (non-morphemic, plural, third person singular, genitive, genitive plural, cliticized has, and cliticized is) can be approximated by considering the support for these morphological functions from the words' sublexical and collocational properties. We estimated this support using naïve discriminative learning and replicated previous results for English vowels (Tucker, Sims & Baayen 2019), indicating that segment duration is lengthened under higher functional certainty but shortened under functional uncertainty. We discuss the implications of these results, obtained with a wide learning network that eschews representations for morphemes and exponents, for models in theoretical morphology as well as for models of lexical processing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on "Living Up to Death" a collection of fragmentary writings that Paul Ricoeur composed but did not publish during the last decade of his life. It mentions Ricoeur a kind of anachronism more an heir than a contemporary and points are located on lines that extend diagonally beyond the borders of the grid. It also mentions Ricoeur identified the nature and task of philosophical reflection by prioritizing terms of, or relating to, order in its full lexical range.

An important component of reading comprehension is the reader's capacity to make inferences that can maintain the coherence between propositions within the text. However, the cognitive and linguistic skills that underlie online inference making remain elusive. The authors aimed to clarify the effects of vocabulary and text comprehension on word‐to‐text integration during reading. In a self‐paced reading study, the authors measured participants' integration of words across sentence boundaries by comparing reading times at a critical word and the subsequent region, when preceded by the same critical word (repetition condition), by a lexically associated word (association condition), or by a word with no direct lexical link (inference condition). Furthermore, the authors assessed vocabulary knowledge, text comprehension, working memory, decoding, and fluid intelligence in the sample. Results showed that richer vocabulary was associated with immediate integration, as evidenced by reading time differences between the critical word and the subsequent word in the inference condition. Other individual differences did not predict self‐paced reading times. Findings suggest that lexical knowledge plays a stronger role relative to other individual skills in online inference making and contributes to refining understanding of the mechanisms that underlie efficient reading. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The process applies very consistently to the passive imperative suffix, I u i , and is blocked by intervening front vowels - a behavior typical of dissimilation - suggesting the working of an OCP (Obligatory Contour Principle) constraint. There are four suffixes: the passive suffixes I ina i and I ana i , the active imperative suffix I a i , and the passive imperative suffix I u i ([34], [36]).[1] The passive imperative suffix conditionally undergoes backness dissimilation ([34], [41]): underlying I u i (1a-b) surfaces as I i i after stems containing I u i (2a-d) unless a front vowel intervenes (3a-b). The study uncovered 5 stems whose second-to-last vowel is I u i and whose last vowel is I a. i On the whole, these words vary in whether they undergo dissimilation, and therefore also reflect the corpus pattern. (4) Graph Remarkably, it would seem that the passive imperative suffix is the I only i affix to undergo dissimilation, and, assuming the process sends back vowels to front but not vice versa, is the only suffix even eligible to undergo it, as far as I am aware (being the only one to contain I u i ). [Extracted from the article]

The Greater St. Louis "dialect island" poses interesting problems for dialect documentation, partly because Greater St. Louis is a transitional area where many overlapping linguistic influences have left their mark and because it is an area with new immigrant communities, racial divides, and an aging population. Using a sample from survey and interview data from 815 participants over a seven-year period, the authors examine lexical diversity in Greater St. Louis, comprising counties in both Missouri and Illinois. They discover that both age and place are robust indicators of lexical selection in Southern Illinois and St. Louis. Their findings provide a concurring rationale with phonologically based studies that supports the existence of a unique dialect island in Greater St. Louis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Being a descriptive-analytic research in Persian language, the present study deals with morphophonological processes to examine the performance of Stratal Optimality Theory for the first time. Stratal OT is a hybrid model of OT in which the insights of Lexical Phonology and Morphology are broadly combined with parallel OT. Stratal OT posits constraint evaluation at three distinct levels or strata: stem, word and phrase level and as such it can show the intermediate levels showing the formation of the optimal option. This multi-level variation of the original OT model may provide more economical and elegant explanations of problems involving opacity, derived environment effects than other Parallel OT theories that have been developed to address these issues. The data in this research have been collected through databases and written phonological resources. This paper studies deletion, insertion and compensatory lengthening processes within Stratal OT. The relevant constraints and their interactions in each level have been represented through different tablues. The results showed that Stratal OT has more explanatory power than Parallel OT to explain the mentioned processes. Interestingly, Constraints at each level follow a consistent ranking pattern. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We examined phonological recoding during silent sentence reading in teenagers with a history of dyslexia and their typically developing peers. Two experiments are reported in which participants' eye movements were recorded as they read sentences containing correctly spelled words (e.g., church), pseudohomophones (e.g., cherch), and spelling controls (e.g., charch). In Experiment 1 we examined foveal processing of the target word/nonword stimuli, and in Experiment 2 we examined parafoveal pre-processing. There were four participant groups–older teenagers with a history of dyslexia, older typically developing teenagers who were matched for age, younger typically developing teenagers who were matched for reading level, and younger teenagers with a history of dyslexia. All four participant groups showed a pseudohomophone advantage, both from foveal processing and parafoveal pre-processing, indicating that teenagers with a history of dyslexia engage in phonological recoding for lexical identification during silent sentence reading in a comparable manner to their typically developing peers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article analyzes the categories of parallelism and cyclicity in S k 'inal xikitin: k 'opojelyu'un nupunell Tiesta de la chicharra (2017), published bilingually (Tsotsil- Spanish), to mark their importance in the structure of this work, as well as in the community's cultural communication. The lexical elements that create parallelisms are pointed out, as are repetitive suffixes that account for the intonations deployed in Tsotsil ceremonial discourses. The article delves into the relationship of various discursive genres with this literary proposal, underlining some of the difficulties of translating to Spanish a poetic structure based on a structure of parallel composition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]