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The prevalence of the methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) among conventional pig herds in the Netherlands is high (around 71%). Nevertheless, information about the prevalence of MRSA among organic pig herds is lacking. Here, we report a study on 24 of the 49 organic pig herds in the Netherlands. The prevalence of MRSA positive herds showed to be 21%. The genetic characteristics of the MRSA isolates were similar to MRSA CC398 described in conventional pigs except one exceptional HA-MRSA CC30 found in one herd, which was presumably caused by human to animal transmission. This resulted in a prevalence of MRSA CC398 in the organic herds of 16.7%.

This paper examines the link between formalisation of charcoal institutions and livelihood outcomes in Central- and West Africa. The woodfuel trade generally commenced informally, little controlled by legal or bureaucratic means. Developing formal institutions is often considered as a way of managing charcoal production more sustainably. However, formalisation can have adverse effects for charcoal producers and traders when this hinders their capacity to access the resource or markets. In order to assess the relations between the formalisation of charcoal institutions and socio-economic outcomes for those involved, this study combines a value chain and livelihoods perspective. A review of case studies and empirical data show that (1) West African countries, with a longer history of dealing with woodfuel issues, have more formal mechanisms in place to deal with charcoal management and these are more embedded into cross-sectorial energy and environmental policies; (2) Despite regulatory mechanisms dealing with woodfuel in all countries, institutions are mainly embedded in informal institutions and based upon customary rules, which allows large numbers of actors to be involved, but also leads to substantial unsustainable and unofficial production, corrupt practises and loss of tax revenues; (3) Formal mechanisms can have negative consequences, such as: conflicts of interests over tax revenues, difficulties in avoiding ‘free riders’ from sustainable management initiatives, and disproportional benefits reaped by more powerful urban-based actors. Comparing the West African countries with Central African countries where attention is relatively new, indicates that conditions for successful charcoal institutions are: devolving power and responsibilities for woodfuel management to a local level, monitoring woodfuel trade, (tax) incentives for sustainably produced charcoal and reinvesting taxes in social and environmental aims.

Bamboo is a well know and versatile material, which is a common sight across Cameroon's diverse ecosystems, from dry to humid tropical and Afromontane forests. Its numerous uses range from storage jars to decorating restaurant-bars, beehives to knives, fences, fodder, and fuel. Responding to the paucity of data on species and uses, the value chain for bamboo in Cameroon was analyzed. Based on 171 interviews and field observations, two African indigenous species (alpine Yushania alpina and savannah Oxytenanthera abyssinica) and exotic (Bambusa vulgaris spp.) bamboos were identified as most utilized. They were tracked from major production zones to final consumers. The ecological, socio-economic, institutional, and governance contexts and impacts are described and analyzed. Issues for research, conservation, and development are highlighted. These include the ambiguous regulatory status, the relationship between tenure and management, threats and conservation of African species and options to increase the sustainable livelihoods for stakeholders dependent upon bamboo.

This paper examines the institutional framework of artisanal mining in the forests of the Sangha Tri-National Landscape (TNS) in the Congo Basin. Artisanal miners in Cameroon and the Central African Republic (CAR) commonly make sacrifices to their god of diamonds, to improve fortunes. This study looks into ‘the other forces’; institutions that play a role in shaping the sector and its outcomes. These institutions comprise formal and informal institutions at a local, national, regional and international level. Although artisanal miners in TNS benefit by gaining cash income, this activity also carries risks as income is highly disparate and environmental impacts in this priority forest conservation area are expected to increase due to the growing competition over land use. It was concluded from a literature review, interviews and site visits that informal arrangements dominate the sector, especially in Cameroon, leading to poor relations between officials and miners and meaning that miners have few rights and no voice. The current institutional setup is inadequate to deal with current and anticipated social and environmental issues. Future interventions need to take into account the existing (local) types of organization, vulnerable groups, the interests of multiple actors and the fact that most miners are experienced but combine mining with other activities, such as agriculture, fishing and harvesting forest products. African initiatives concerning ASM offer opportunities to Cameroon and CAR to collaborate with other countries to combat similar issues. A regional integrated approach of both the forest and mining sector would be especially relevant for trans-boundary agreements, such as concerning the TNS, to reinforce positive outcomes for the landscape and the area's population.

While mineral exploitation can provide significant income and employment, it may negatively impact the environment, being ultimately detrimental to livelihoods in the long term. The consequences of mining are of concern in high value forest ecosystems such as the Sangha Tri-National (TNS) landscape covering Cameroon, the Central African Republic and Republic of the Congo. This paper captures the socio-economic and environmental impacts of small-scale mining in the TNS. Using structured questionnaires, consultations and observation, diamonds and gold were found to contribute directly to the livelihoods of at least 5% of the landscape's population. Although up to eight income-generating strategies are used, mining contributes on average to 65% of total income and is used mainly to meet basic needs. A gold miner's average income is US$ 3.10 a day, and a diamond miner earns US$ 3.08, making them slightly wealthier than an average Cameroonian and three times wealthier than an average non-miner in the TNS. Environmental impacts were temporary, low impact and of limited scale. However, with mining likely to increase in the near future, an increasing population and miners' low environmental awareness, measures are needed to ensure and reinforce the positive impact of artisanal mining on livelihoods and maintain its low environmental footprint in the TNS landscape.

World wide, policymakers are looking for ways to use education and communication strategies to create a world that is more sustainable than the one currently in prospect. They often find themselves trapped between instrumental (behavior change) and emancipatory (human development) uses of such strategies. This study sheds light on this apparent divide by investigating four exemplary cases representing both orientations and mixes thereof. One outcome of the study is that EE policymakers but also EE professionals first need to reflect on the kind of change challenge that is at stake. Only then are they able to determine what kind of education, participation, communication, or mix thereof is most appropriate, what kinds of results can best be pursued, and what monitoring and evaluation system can best be employed.

The goal of the CARMA (Campylobacter risk management and assessment) project was to advise the Dutch government on the effectiveness and efficiency of interventions aimed at reducing campylobacteriosis cases in the Netherlands. The burden of disease, expressed in Disability-Adjusted Life Years (DALYs) and the corresponding cost-of-illness, were estimated using data from epidemiological studies. With the help of a risk assessment model, the reduction in the incidence of Campylobacter infections due to a set of possible interventions in the broiler meat (chicken) chain was modeled. Separately, costs related to the implementation of these interventions in the broiler meat chain were estimated. For each intervention to be modeled, the net costs of an intervention - additional costs in the broiler meat chain minus reduced cost-of-illness - were related to the reduced burden of disease. This resulted in a cost-utility ratio, expressing the relative efficiency of several policy options to reduce Campylobacter infections

Campylobacter bacteria are an important cause of foodborne infections. We estimated the potential costs and benefits of a large number of possible interventions to decrease human exposure to Campylobacter by consumption of chicken meat, which accounts for 20-40% of all cases of human campylobacteriosis in the Netherlands. For this purpose, a farm-to-fork risk assessment model was combined with economic analysis and epidemiological data. Reduction of contamination at broiler farms could be efficient in theory. However, it is unclear which hygienic measures need to be taken and the costs can be very high. The experimental treatment of colonized broiler flocks with bacteriophages has proven to be effective and could also be cost efficient, if confirmed in practice. Since a major decrease of infections at the broiler farm is not expected in the short term, additional measures in the processing plant were also considered. At this moment, guaranteed Campylobacter-free chicken meat at the retail level is not realistic. The most promising interventions in the processing plant are limiting fecal leakage during processing and separation of contaminated and noncontaminated flocks (scheduling), followed by decontamination of the contaminated flock. New (faster and more sensitive) test methods to detect Campylobacter colonization in broilers flocks are a prerequisite for successful scheduling scenarios. Other methods to decrease the contamination of meat of colonized flocks such as freezing and heat treatment are more expensive and/or less effective than chemical decontamination.

This paper describes a modelling system developed to simulate the epidemiological and economic effects of a classical swine fever (CSF) epidemic in the Netherlands. The system consists of four interlinked models plus a spreadsheet. The models are characterised by different levels of spatial and temporal aggregation. A spatial, dynamic, stochastic epidemiological model simulates the daily spread of the disease between individual pig farms and incorporates a variety of possible control measures. A second model aggregates daily production figures over farms and days to obtain weekly output of the sector, adjusting for output reductions due to depopulation of farms and quarantine restrictions. A sector-level, partial equilibrium, market and trade model simulates the weekly clearing of the Dutch pig market, allowing for market interactions and trade in piglets, slaughter pigs and carcasses. A fourth model calculates control costs arising from the various control measures adopted, and the losses of producers subject to these measures. A spreadsheet calculates the welfare changes of producers outside quarantine areas and other affected stakeholders, and aggregates them over the duration of the epidemic. The net welfare impact on the Dutch economy is also calculated. The system is illustrated by an ex post simulation of the 1997–1998 Dutch CSF epidemic. The distribution of welfare losses between pig producers and downstream stakeholders was shown to depend on the size of the epidemic and extent to which export demand for live animals would switch to carcass demand when live animal exports are stopped. Public expenditure on control measures and compensation was strongly related to the size of the epidemic, and increased more than proportionately with the duration of the epidemic and the number of detected farms. The modelling system can be used by policy makers for both ex post evaluation of epidemic control measures, and ex ante simulations of contingency plans. It could also contribute to identifying of a set of indicators that could enable policy makers to predict the likely size and cost of an epidemic while it is at a relatively early stage.

A sectoral market model and a stochastic epidemiological model were used to simulate the effects of classical swine fever (CSF) epidemics in the Netherlands in 1997-1998. Compulsory EU control measures were implemented. Welfare changes of Dutch stakeholders, as well as government costs, were calculated. In a medium-sized epidemic without export restrictions, pig producers' surplus increased by Euro 502 million, but producers within quarantine areas lost. Consumer surplus fell by Euro 552 million. With a ban on live pig exports, pig producers collectively lost whereas consumers gained or experienced only a small loss. Government costs were lower when exports were banned, although net welfare losses were higher. Net welfare losses increased more than proportionately with epidemic size.

The effects of additional measures adopted during a classical swine fever (CSF) epidemic to reduce piglet supply, namely, an insemination ban, abortion of sows and killing of young piglets, are studied using a stochastic, spatial, dynamic epidemiological simulation model of the pig sector in the Netherlands. The piglet supply derived from the epidemiological model is used as input for a sector-level market and trade model that simulates the pig market in the Netherlands. Changes in the economic welfare of different stakeholders are measured, as is the net welfare effect for the economy in the Netherlands. Sensitivity analysis is performed on parameters such as destruction capacity constraints and the duration of the high-risk period. Additional measures to reduce piglet supply are found to have no epidemiological impact, but they do involve larger economic welfare changes for stakeholders and a larger net welfare loss for the economy in the Netherlands. These findings do not support the use of the additional measures. Moreover, sensitivity analysis shows that such measures do not solve the problem of a shortage in rendering capacities

Het LEI heeft op verzoek van het Productschap Pluimvee en Eieren (PPE) een verkennend onderzoek uitgevoerd naar de internationale concurrentiekracht van de Nederlandse pluimveevleessector, in relatie tot duurzame arbeidsvoorwaarden. De centrale vraag van het onderzoek is: in hoeverre kunnen duurzame arbeidsvoorwaarden bijdragen aan de internationale concurrentiepositie van de Nederlandse pluimveevleessector? In deze studie is allereerst alle relevante literatuur rondom duurzame arbeidsvoorwaarden en concurrentiekracht geïnventariseerd. Vervolgens is de relatie tussen beide thema’s uitgewerkt. In het derde deel van de studie zijn de arbeidsvoorwaarden bij pluimveeslachterijen in Nederland vergeleken met de concurrenten in Duitsland en het Verenigd Koninkrijk.

Ervaringen uit het recente verleden tonen aan dat het een uitdaging is om de Nederlandse tuinbouw te internationaliseren. Hoewel Nederlandse tuinbouwproducten (zoals bloemen) ver over de Nederlandse grenzen worden geëxporteerd, is dit niet het geval voor de Nederlandse tuinbouwexpertise. Het Businessplan Greenport Holland International (2011) schetst dat de trends van urbanisatie en stijging van koopkracht zorgen voor opkomende markten die behoefte hebben aan lokale grootschalige tuinbouw. Nederland zou een rol kunnen spelen in het vervullen van deze behoefte. GHI onderneemt verschillende activiteiten om de internationalisering van de Nederlandse Tuinbouw te ondersteunen. Zo organiseert GHI onder andere buitenlandse missies, neemt deel aan internationale conferenties en laat marktverkenningsstudies uitvoeren. Welke lessen zijn er geleerd met betrekking tot de gehanteerde werkwijze van GHI? In hoeverre hebben de activiteiten van GHI Founding Fathers geholpen met de internationalisering van hun ondernemingen?

Dit onderzoek inventariseert de belangrijkste knelpunten tijdens de uitbraakfase van Mond- en klauwzeer en Klassieke Varkenspest die voortkomen uit de geldende regelgeving en/of uit de structuur van veehouderijsectoren, en beschrijft de mogelijke oplossingsrichtingen.

De overheid wil haar rol met betrekking tot risico’s in de land- en tuinbouw beperkt zien tot interventies bij rampen en calamiteiten. Publiek-private partnerships en ex-ante arrangementen worden nagestreefd bij rampen en calamiteiten die de capaciteit van de ondernemer ontstijgen. Er is in het beleid door de overheid een richting ingeslagen waarbij nadruk wordt gelegd op structurele oplossingen in plaats van ad-hochulp. Hierbij krijgt de verantwoordelijkheid van het individuele bedrijf meer nadruk. Om ad-hoc-regelingen te voorkomen is het bestaan van een robuust stelsel van compensatiemechanismen noodzakelijk. De uitdaging is om de ervaringen uit het verleden te gebruiken om te komen tot een coherent beleid ten aanzien van het ex-ante raamwerk. Deze studie probeert hier aan bij te dragen.

De overheid wil haar rol met betrekking tot risico’s in de land- en tuinbouw beperkt zien tot interventies bij rampen en calamiteiten. Publiek-private partnerships en ex-ante arrangementen worden nagestreefd bij rampen en calamiteiten die de capaciteit van de ondernemer ontstijgen. Er is in het beleid door de overheid een richting ingeslagen waarbij nadruk wordt gelegd op structurele oplossingen in plaats van ad-hochulp. Hierbij krijgt de verantwoordelijkheid van het individuele bedrijf meer nadruk. Om ad-hoc-regelingen te voorkomen is het bestaan van een robuust stelsel van compensatiemechanismen noodzakelijk. De uitdaging is om de ervaringen uit het verleden te gebruiken om te komen tot een coherent beleid ten aanzien van het ex-ante raamwerk. Deze studie probeert hier aan bij te dragen.

In this report the Agricultural Economics Research Institute (LEI), an independent research institute of Wageningen UR (University and Research) in the Netherlands, presents the results of a study on the competitiveness of the EU poultry meat sector. The production costs for poultry meat are calculated for several EU and non-EU countries. Based on these data, several scenarios are described and their effect is calculated to illustrate the impact of lower import levies and changes in exchange rates.

Ervaringen uit het recente verleden tonen aan dat het een uitdaging is om de Nederlandse tuinbouw te internationaliseren. Hoewel Nederlandse tuinbouwproducten (zoals bloemen) ver over de Nederlandse grenzen worden geëxporteerd, is dit niet het geval voor de Nederlandse tuinbouwexpertise. Het Businessplan Greenport Holland International (2011) schetst dat de trends van urbanisatie en stijging van koopkracht zorgen voor opkomende markten die behoefte hebben aan lokale grootschalige tuinbouw. Nederland zou een rol kunnen spelen in het vervullen van deze behoefte. GHI onderneemt verschillende activiteiten om de internationalisering van de Nederlandse Tuinbouw te ondersteunen. Zo organiseert GHI onder andere buitenlandse missies, neemt deel aan internationale conferenties en laat marktverkenningsstudies uitvoeren. Welke lessen zijn er geleerd met betrekking tot de gehanteerde werkwijze van GHI? In hoeverre hebben de activiteiten van GHI Founding Fathers geholpen met de internationalisering van hun ondernemingen?

In het kader van de PAS wordt per provincie de depositieruimte en de behoefte aan ontwikkelingsruimte in 2020 en 2030 in kaart gebracht. Om de behoefte aan ontwikkelingsruimte te kunnen bepalen, is allereerst inzicht nodig in de te verwachten ontwikkeling van de veehouderij en de bijbehorende dieraantallen in 2020. Voor zowel de ontwikkeling van de melkvee- als de varkens- en de pluimveehouderij is door respectievelijk de provincie Friesland en de provincie Overijssel een scenario voor 2020 opgesteld. Echter, in deze scenario’s is geen rekening gehouden met provinciale verschillen. Om de te verwachten depositie per provincie zo nauwkeurig mogelijk te kunnen berekenen, is het daarom van belang dat de scenario’s met betrekking tot de verwachte ontwikkeling van de veehouderij per provincie worden verfijnd. Het doel van dit onderzoek is de door de provincies Friesland en Overijssel ontwikkelde scenario’s met betrekking tot de ontwikkeling van de dieraantallen per provincie nader te onderbouwen en per provincie verder te verfijnen.

In het kader van de PAS wordt per provincie de depositieruimte en de behoefte aan ontwikkelingsruimte in 2020 en 2030 in kaart gebracht. Om de behoefte aan ontwikkelingsruimte te kunnen bepalen, is allereerst inzicht nodig in de te verwachten ontwikkeling van de veehouderij en de bijbehorende dieraantallen in 2020. Voor zowel de ontwikkeling van de melkvee- als de varkens- en de pluimveehouderij is door respectievelijk de provincie Friesland en de provincie Overijssel een scenario voor 2020 opgesteld. Echter, in deze scenario’s is geen rekening gehouden met provinciale verschillen. Om de te verwachten depositie per provincie zo nauwkeurig mogelijk te kunnen berekenen, is het daarom van belang dat de scenario’s met betrekking tot de verwachte ontwikkeling van de veehouderij per provincie worden verfijnd. Het doel van dit onderzoek is de door de provincies Friesland en Overijssel ontwikkelde scenario’s met betrekking tot de ontwikkeling van de dieraantallen per provincie nader te onderbouwen en per provincie verder te verfijnen.

The horticulture and propagation materials sector has been designated as one of the so-called top sectors in which the Netherlands excels globally and that are a government priority. The top sector approach for further innovation is based on public-private partnerships (PPPs) in which businesses, knowledge institutes and the (national) government are working closely together towards a common vision and action plans (the 'golden triangle'). This paper introduces the Digital Greenport Holland (Dutch: Tuinbouw Digitaal) and its research and innovation programme ‘a Smarter Greenport’. Digital Greenport Holland is the PPP of the horticultural top sector that focuses on digital information management. The business involvement consists of the collaboration between three active industry associations for chain information, i.e. Frug I Com (fruit and vegetables), Floricode (flowers and plants) and EDIbulb (flower bulbs). The activities focus on four main themes: E-standards, E-information-integration, E-business-to-government and E-competence. The programme ‘a Smarter Greenport’ has currently conducted eight projects on these themes., Proceedings in Food System Dynamics, Proceedings in System Dynamics and Innovation in Food Networks 2014

In deze nota wordt een analyse gemaakt van de veranderingen in de omvang van de toeslagen uit de eerste pijler van het GLB voor Nederlandse vleeskalverbedrijven tussen 2014 en 2019, die het gevolg zijn van de overgang van het historisch naar het regionaal model. Daarvoor gebruiken we in deze studie vier beleidsvarianten: de Nederlandse variant wordt vergeleken met de voorgenomen varianten waarvan op dit moment verwacht wordt dat ze in Frankrijk (twee alternatieven) en Vlaanderen zullen worden toegepast.

This paper explores the possibilities of making meaningful comparisons of the veterinary use of antimicrobial agents among countries, based on national total sales data. Veterinary antimicrobial sales data on country level and animal census data in both Denmark and the Netherlands were combined with information about estimated average dosages, to make model calculations of the average number of treatment days per average animal per year, at first based on the assumption that the treatment incidence is the same in all species and production types. Secondly, the exposure in respectively animals for meat production and dairy and other cattle (excluding veal and young beef) was estimated, assuming zero use in the dairy and other cattle, and thirdly by assuming respectively 100% oral and 100% parenteral administration. Subsequently, the outcomes of these model calculations were compared with treatment incidences calculated from detailed use data per animal species from the national surveillance programmes in these two countries, to assess their accuracy and relevancy.In Denmark and in the Netherlands, although the computed antimicrobial exposure would seem to be a reasonable estimation of the exposure for all animals as a whole, it differs significantly from the measured exposure for most species. The differences in exposure among animal species were much higher than the overall difference between the two countries. For example, the overall model estimate of 9 treatment days per year for Denmark is a severe overestimation of the true use in poultry (i.e. 3 days), and the overall model estimate of 13 treatment days per year for the Netherlands is a severe underestimation of the true use in veal calves (i.e. 66 days).The conclusion is that simple country comparisons, based on total sales figures, entail the risk of serious misinterpretations, especially if expressed in mg per kg. The use of more precise model calculations for making such comparisons, taking into account differences in dosages and in farm animal demographics, only slightly reduces this risk. Overall model estimates are strongly influenced by animal demographics and a very inaccurate indication of the true differences in exposure, per animal species. To get an appropriate certainty about the true differences in antimicrobial exposure between countries it is an absolute necessity to have reliable information about the use per animal species.

Versie: 04 - Uiteenzetting van het voorstel "ontwikkeling internationaal tuinbouw business development support programma".

Versie: 04 - Uiteenzetting van het voorstel "ontwikkeling internationaal tuinbouw business development support programma".

EU poultry meat producers have to comply with legislation on environmental protection, animal welfare and food safety. This legislation has increased the production costs of poultry meat. At the same time the EU is negotiating with other countries or groups of countries to liberalise trade in agricultural products. This report examines how lowering import levies impacts the competitiveness of the EU poultry industry. The results show that the offer price of broiler breast fillet in 2011 of some third countries was already below the average EU price. Despite the current import levy on breast fillet, these third countries can be competitive in the EU market. In a scenario with 50% lower import levies and no additional levy, Brazil, Argentina, the USA, Ukraine and Thailand have a lower offer price for breast fillet than the EU poultry meat industry.

EU poultry meat producers have to comply with legislation on environmental protection, animal welfare and food safety. This legislation has increased the production costs of poultry meat. At the same time the EU is negotiating with other countries or groups of countries to liberalise trade in agricultural products. This report examines how lowering import levies impacts the competitiveness of the EU poultry industry. The results show that the offer price of broiler breast fillet in 2011 of some third countries was already below the average EU price. Despite the current import levy on breast fillet, these third countries can be competitive in the EU market. In a scenario with 50% lower import levies and no additional levy, Brazil, Argentina, the USA, Ukraine and Thailand have a lower offer price for breast fillet than the EU poultry meat industry.

Het afstemmen van productiewijze(n) en het product op de waarden en gevoelens die bij de burger leven. De resultaten van de sessies laten zien dat er verrassend veel affiniteit is met pluimvee(houderij), ondanks alle negatieve verhalen die er over de sector bestaan. Het is nodig om meer te denken in marktsegmenten en daarbij passende producten te maken

European food safety legislation allows for a new type of meat inspection in swine. This ‘risk-based meat inspection without incision’ or ‘supply chain meat inspection’ (SCMI) uses food chain information to derive a veterinary prognosis on the pigs’ health prior to delivery to the slaughterhouse and allows for visual inspection of pig carcasses. Slaughter companies who want to implement SCMI must develop their risk-based system and have it approved by the competent authority. In the Dutch-German border region, slaughter companies implementing SCMI and suppliers delivering pigs in such a system have to consider the prerequisites of a number of competent authorities. In turn competent authorities have to cope with the special conditions and requirements of a cross border economic region. Within the INTERREG-IV-A project SAFEGUARD issues were addressed that arise from the conduct of SCMI in a cross border context. The main objective was to elaborate an up-to-date comparison between Germany and the Netherlands. We used an iterative approach of collecting information from project partners, external experts and scientific literature and providing feedback to the project group during a number of meetings and workshops. We discovered, among others, important differences in ‘involvement of private parties’, ‘data exchange and communication’ and ‘use of epidemiological data’. We conclude that the existence of SCMI systems using different ‘epidemiological data’ from the holding is a barrier to inter-company acceptance of finishing pigs for slaughter. Further, current systems of data exchange fail to give a complete picture of a farm’s health if farms switch deliveries between slaughterhouses. We suggest, that data exchange of food chain information and meat inspection results should be reorganized and harmonized. Further research is needed to assess economic consequences of these issues.

Report within SAFEGUARD work package 3.1, Final Version 2012-08-17

This report describes research to the side effects and best practices of Dutch broiler farms that realised a reduction in antibiotics usage in the past two years. Dit rapport beschrijft onderzoek naar de neveneffecten en 'best practices' bij Nederlandse vleeskuikenbedrijven die een reductie in antibioticagebruik hebben gerealiseerd.

Report within SAFEGUARD work package 3.1, Final Version 2012-08-17

This research confirms the expectation that within the organic pig farming the prevalence of MRSA is lower than in conventional pig farming. However, the problem of MRSA does exist in organic pig farming as well, and therefore it is also important in organic pig farming to pay attention to reducing the risk factors for the spread of MRSA.

This research confirms the expectation that within the organic pig farming the prevalence of MRSA is lower than in conventional pig farming. However, the problem of MRSA does exist in organic pig farming as well, and therefore it is also important in organic pig farming to pay attention to reducing the risk factors for the spread of MRSA. Dit onderzoek bevestigt de verwachting dat binnen de biologische varkenshouderij MRSA minder frequent voorkomt dan in de gangbare varkenshouderij. Toch blijkt MRSA ook in de biologische varkenshouderij voor te komen en het is daarom van belang om eventuele risicofactoren voor MRSA te verkleinen.