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Abstract As China strives to balance rapid urbanization with environmental conservation, increasing attention is being paid to the pursuit of green production efficiency (GPE) in the real estate industry. The undesirable super-SBM model was used to calculate the GPE of China's real estate industry from 2001 to 2020. Additionally, GPE spatial distribution characteristics in China's real estate industry were analyzed using the standard deviation ellipse (SDE), Moran’s index, Theil index, random kernel density estimation (RKDA), and spatial Markov chain (SMC) methods. The GPE exhibited a U-shaped trend, with 2008 as the inflection point, first decreasing and then increasing. It reached a maximum value of 0.747 in 2020. The Theil index increased from 0.043 to 0.121 nationwide, indicating the overall characteristics of low-level slow growth, and imbalance. Discrepancies in input–output scales, the southward shift of economic centers, and population movements contribute significantly to the disparities between the east and west, north and south, and regions divided by the Hu Huanyong Line (Hu Line). The GPE exhibited club convergence characteristics; however, polarization phenomena exist in local areas. Spatial spillover effects were also observed in GPE. Finally, we provide recommendations for promoting green development in the real estate industry, including green building technology, fiscal subsidy investment, and population migration management.

Abstract FVP is a polysaccharide extracted from Flammulina velutipes with immunomodulatory, anti-tumor, and anti-oxidation activities. In this study, we obtained the crude polysaccharide FVP-C from the water extract of Flammulina velutipes, and its main component FVP-S1 was obtained after further purification. Upon structural identification, we found that FVP-C is a neutral polysaccharide, and FVP-S1 was an acidic golden mushroom polysaccharide, consisting of glucuronic acid, xylose, and glucose. Lung adenocarcinoma (A549) was treated with FVP-S1 and FVP-C, respectively, and we found that FVP-S1 and FVP-C inhibited the proliferation and migration ability of tumor cells, as well as changed the morphology of the tumor cells and caused chromosome sheteropythosis, among which FVP-S1 had the best inhibition effect. The results of flow cytometry experiments and mitochondrial membrane potential, RT-qPCR, and Western blot showed that FVP-S1 and FVP-C were able to decrease the mitochondrial membrane potential, increase the expression level of apoptotic proteins Casepase-3 and Casepase-9 proteins, and at the same time, increase the ratio of Bax and Bcl-2, which promoted apoptosis of tumor cells. In conclusion, these data indicated that FVP-S1 and FVP-C were able to induce apoptosis in A549 cells through the mitochondrial pathway, which played an important role in inhibiting tumor cells.

BackgroundExcessive inflammation poses significant risks to human physical and mental health. Astilbe grandis, a traditional Miao medicine, is renowned for its anti-inflammatory properties. However, the specific anti-inflammatory effects and mechanisms of many compounds within this plant remain unclear. This study aims to investigate the anti-inflammatory effects and mechanisms of two characteristic oleanane triterpenoids, 3α-acetoxyolean-12-en-27-oic acid (1) and 3β-acetoxyolean-12-en-27-oic acid (2), isolated from Astilbe grandis, using lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced Macrophages.MethodsThe anti-inflammatory effects and mechanisms of compounds 1 and 2 were investigated by establishing an LPS-induced inflammation model in RAW 264.7 cells and THP-1 cells. Nitric oxide (NO) levels were assessed using the Griess method. The concentrations of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and interleukin-1beta (IL-1β) were measured via enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The expression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) was determined using western blotting and quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). Additionally, the phosphorylation level of p65 in nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) was assessed through western blotting. The nuclear translocation of NF-κB p65 was assessed through immunofluorescence staining. Finally, the binding affinity of the compounds to NF-κB p65 target was validated through molecular docking.ResultsCompounds 1 and 2 significantly inhibited the expression of NO, TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β, COX-2, and iNOS in LPS-induced Macrophages. Mechanistically, they attenuated the activation of the NF-κB signaling pathway by downregulating the phosphorylation level and nuclear translocation of p65.ConclusionThis study elucidates the anti-inflammatory activities and potential mechanism of the characteristic oleanane triterpenoids with C-14 carboxyl group, compounds 1 and 2, in LPS-induced Macrophages by inhibiting the NF-κB signaling pathway for the first time. These findings suggest that these two compounds hold promise as potential candidates for anti-inflammatory interventions in the future.

Abstract Exfoliation corrosion (EFC) on extruded Mg-4Li-1Ca alloys as bone implant materials has not been reported. This study aimed to elucidate the degradation mechanism of a corrosion type-exfoliation occurred on an extruded Mg-4Li-1Ca alloy under the interaction of glucose (Glu) and bovine serum albumin (BSA) in Hank’s solution. The alloy microstructure, chemical composition, texture, stress distribution and Volta potential maps were characterized using metallographic microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and electron backscattered diffraction, and scanning Kelvin Probe. The alloy corrosion behavior was investigated via electrochemical testing and hydrogen evolution rate methods. X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectrometry, X-ray photoelectron spectrometer, and fluorescence microscopy were used to analyze the corrosion products and the adsorption of the organic molecules. The experimental results indicated that the anodic second phase (Mg2Ca) were distributed in lamellar and rod-like patterns along the extrusion direction of the alloy, a lower Volta potential for Mg2Ca, texture and residual stresses also promote EFC. An increase in Glu concentration exacerbated the EFC, whereas BSA inhibited the EFC of the alloy. Higher Glu concentrations in BSA in turn inhibited EFC since Glu can complex with amino acids in proteins to form Glu-amino acid amides, which promoted protein adsorption and thereby forming a dense protective film on the alloy surface. The preferential dissolution of the Mg2Ca phase particles led to the complexation and adsorption of Glu and protein. This study enriches the understanding of the corrosion types in biomedical Mg-4Li-1Ca alloy and paving the way for enhancing the EFC resistance of the alloy.

Smart micro-arc oxidation (MAO)/epoxy resin (EP) composite coatings were formed on AZ31 magnesium (Mg) alloy. Mesoporous silica nanocontainers (MSN) encapsulated with sodium benzoate (SB) corrosion inhibitors were strategically incorporated in the MAO micropores and in the top EP layer. The influence of the strategic positioning of the nanocontainers on the corrosion protective performance of coating was investigated. The experimental results and analysis indicated that the superior corrosion resistance of the hybrid coating is ascribed to the protection mechanisms of the nanocontainers. This involves two phenomena: (1) the presence of the nanocontainers in the MAO micropores decreased the distance between MSN@SB and the substrate, demonstrating a low admittance value (∼ 5.18 × 10−8 Ω−1), and thus exhibiting significant corrosion inhibition and self-healing function; and (2) the addition of nanocontainers in the top EP layer densified the coating via sealing of the inherent defects, and hence the coating maintained higher resistance even after 90 days of immersion (1.13 × 1010 Ω cm2). However, the possibility of corrosion inhibitors located away from the substrate transport to the substrate is reduced, reducing its effective utilization rate. This work demonstrates the importance of the positioning of nanocontainers in the coating for enhanced corrosion resistance, and thereby providing a novel perspective for the design of smart protective coatings through regulating the distribution of nanocontainers in the coatings.

Abstract Background As the most lethal gynecologic cancer, ovarian cancer (OV) holds the potential of being immunotherapy-responsive. However, only modest therapeutic effects have been achieved by immunotherapies such as immune checkpoint blockade. This study aims to propose a generalized stroma-immune prognostic signature (SIPS) to identify OV patients who may benefit from immunotherapy. Methods The 2097 OV patients included in the study were significant with high-grade serous ovarian cancer in the III/IV stage. The 470 immune-related signatures were collected and analyzed by the Cox regression and Lasso algorithm to generalize a credible SIPS. Correlations between the SIPS signature and tumor microenvironment were further analyzed. The critical immunosuppressive role of stroma indicated by the SIPS was further validated by targeting the major suppressive stroma component (CAFs, Cancer-associated fibroblasts) in vitro and in vivo. With four machine-learning methods predicting tumor immune subtypes, the stroma-immune signature was upgraded to a 23-gene signature. Results The SIPS effectively discriminated the high-risk individuals in the training and validating cohorts, where the high SIPS succeeded in predicting worse survival in several immunotherapy cohorts. The SIPS signature was positively correlated with stroma components, especially CAFs and immunosuppressive cells in the tumor microenvironment, indicating the critical suppressive stroma-immune network. The combination of CAFs’ marker PDGFRB inhibitors and frontline PARP inhibitors substantially inhibited tumor growth and promoted the survival of OV-bearing mice. The stroma-immune signature was upgraded to a 23-gene signature to improve clinical utility. Several drug types that suppress stroma-immune signatures, such as EGFR inhibitors, could be candidates for potential immunotherapeutic combinations in ovarian cancer. Conclusions The stroma-immune signature could efficiently predict the immunotherapeutic sensitivity of OV patients. Immunotherapy and auxiliary drugs targeting stroma could enhance immunotherapeutic efficacy in ovarian cancer.

At present, many infectious pathogens, especially emerging/re-emerging pathogens, exist in the blood of voluntary blood donors and may be transmitted through blood transfusions. However, most of Chinese blood centers only routinely screen for HBV, HCV, HIV, and syphilis. We employed metagenomic next-generation sequencing (mNGS) to investigate the microbiome in healthy voluntary blood donors to help assess blood safety in China by identifying infectious pathogens presented in donations that could lead to transfusion-acquired infections. We collected 10,720 plasma samples from voluntary blood donors from seven blood centers in different cities during 2012–2018 in China. A total of 562 GB of clean data was obtained. By analyzing the sequencing data, it was found that the most commonly identified bacteria found in the healthy blood were Serratia spp. (5.0176%), Pseudomonas spp. (0.6637%), and Burkholderia spp. (0.5544%). The principal eukaryote were Leishmania spp (1.3723%), Toxoplasma gondii (0.6352%), and Candida dubliniensis (0.1848%). Among viruses, Human Parvovirus B19 (B19V) accounts for the highest proportion (0.1490%), followed by Torque teno midi virus (0.0032%) and Torque teno virus (0.0015%). Since that B19V is a non-negligible threat to blood safety, we evaluated the positive samples for B19V tested by mNGS using quantitative polymerase chain reaction, Sanger sequencing, and phylogenetic analysis to achieve a better understanding of B19V in Chinese blood donors. Subsequently, 9 (0.07%) donations were positive for B19V DNA. The quantitative DNA levels ranged from 5.58 × 102 to 7.24 × 104 IU/ml. The phylogenic analyses showed that prevalent genotypes belonged to the B19-1A subtype, which disclosed previously unknown regional variability in the B19V positivity rate. The investigation revealed that many microbes dwell in the blood of healthy donors, including some pathogens that may be dormant in the blood and only cause disease under specific conditions. Thus, investigating the range and nature of potential pathogens in the qualified donations provided a framework for targeted interventions to help prevent emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases.

In this study, the effects of intermetallic compounds (Mg17Al12 and Al8Mn5) on the Mg-Al layered double hydroxide (LDH) formation mechanism and corrosion behavior of an in-situ LDH/Mg(OH)2 steam coatings on AZ80 Mg alloy were investigated. Citric acid (CA) was used to activate the alloy surface during the pretreatment process. The alloy was first pretreated with CA and then subjected to a hydrothermal process using ultrapure water to produce Mg-Al-LDH/Mg(OH)2 steam coating. The effect of different time of acid pretreatment on the activation of the intermetallic compounds was investigated. The microstructure and elemental composition of the obtained coatings were analyzed using FE-SEM, EDS, XRD and FT-IR. The corrosion resistance of the coated samples was evaluated using different techniques, i.e., potentiodynamic polarization (PDP), electrochemical impedance spectrum (EIS) and hydrogen evolution test. The results indicated that the CA pretreatment significantly influenced the activity of the alloy surface by exposing the intermetallic compounds. The surface area fraction of Mg17Al12 and Al8Mn5 phases on the surface of the alloy was significantly higher after the CA pretreatment, and thus promoted the growth of the subsequent Mg-Al-LDH coatings. The CA pretreatment for 30 s resulted in a denser and thicker LDH coating. Increase in the CA pretreatment time significantly led to the improvement in corrosion resistance of the coated AZ80 alloy. The corrosion current density of the coated alloy was lower by three orders of magnitude as compared to the uncoated alloy.

Mg-1 wt.% Li-1 wt.% Ca (LX11) and Mg-4 wt.% Li-1 wt.% Ca (LX41) alloys share the same hexagonal closed-packed crystalline structure. However, the differences in microstructure, mechanical properties, and degradation rates between the two alloys are not well understood. Hereby, the above three aspects of LX11 and LX41 alloys were studied via optical microscopy, tensile tests, and electrochemical polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, together with hydrogen evolution. The concentration of the released Mg2+, Ca2+, and Li+ ions was analyzed using a flame atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Results demonstrated that the LX11 alloy was composed of finer α-Mg grains, fewer twins, and smaller volume fractions of the intermetallic phases Mg2Ca than the LX41 alloy. The increasing Li concentration generated a weak decrease in the yield strength of the Mg–Li–Ca alloys, a remarkable increase in elongation to failure, and a stable ultimate tensile strength. The LX11 alloy had better corrosion resistance than the LX41 alloy. The release rate of the cations (Mg2+, Ca2+, and Li+) varied significantly with time. The release rate of metallic ions in Hank's solution cannot reflect the true corrosion rate of Mg–Li–Ca alloys due to the formation of the precipitated corrosion products and their difference in solubility. The dealloying corrosion mechanism of the Mg2Ca phase in Mg–Li–Ca alloys was proposed.

The impact of the anodic second phase, Mg41Nd5 in as-extruded Mg–4Li-3Nd-0.2Zn alloy was first reported as a candidate anode material for primary Mg-air batteries. Solid solution treatment of Mg–4Li-3Nd-0.2Zn was conducted at 400, 450, and 500 °C for 8 h. The electrochemical behaviour and discharge performance were investigated using microstructural characterization, electrochemical measurements, and discharge tests. The results indicated that solid solution treatment led to increased grain size and reduced volume fraction of the anodic second phase (Mg41Nd5) with a uniform distribution. In turn, the anode electrochemical activity was promoted, and the bulk effect was reduced. The anode efficiency and comparison capacity were significantly improved. At 5 mA cm−2, the average discharge voltage reached as high as 1.45 V with a utilization efficiency of 61.29%, and a discharge capacity of 1358.98 mAh·g−1 for the solid solution-treated sample at 450 °C, making it the excellent candidate anode material for Mg-air batteries.

Pancreatic cancer is a highly malignant tumor known for its extremely low survival rate. The combination of genetic disorders within pancreatic cells and the tumor microenvironment contributes to the emergence and progression of this devastating disease. Extensive research has shed light on the nature of the microenvironmental cells surrounding the pancreatic cancer, including peripheral nerves and immune cells. Peripheral nerves release neuropeptides that directly target pancreatic cancer cells in a paracrine manner, while immune cells play a crucial role in eliminating cancer cells that have not evaded the immune response. Recent studies have revealed the intricate interplay between the nervous and immune systems in homeostatic condition as well as in cancer development. In this review, we aim to summarize the function of nerves in pancreatic cancer, emphasizing the significance to investigate the neural-immune crosstalk during the advancement of this malignant cancer.

The current study aimed to investigate the antitumor effects and potent mechanism of cytokine-induced killer (CIK) cells combined with irreversible electroporation (IRE) via Panc02 cell-bearing mouse model in vivo. CIK cells were isolated from the spleens of Panc02 pancreatic-cancer (PC) subcutaneous-xenograft model and the proportion of different lymphocytes was also determined. The antitumor effect of the combination of IRE and CIK cells in a PC subcutaneous-xenograft model was also investigated. The proportion of cells that were positive for CD3+CD8+ and the proportion of CD3+CD56+ cells were both significantly increased after 21 days of in vitro culture. Combined treatment of IRE and CIK cell significantly inhibited tumor growth and increased the survival rate of Panc02 cell–bearing mice. Furthermore, infiltration of lymphocytes into tumor tissue was significantly increased by this combination therapy compared with the untreated group or monotherapy group. In addition, IRE significantly enhanced the expression of chemokine receptors elicited by CIK cells. In conclusion, IRE combined with CIK cells showed superior antitumor efficacy in a PC xenograft model, which we attributed to the promotion of lymphocytic infiltration, as well as to upregulation of chemokine receptor expression and the regulators of CIK cell proliferation.

Surgical failures, caused by postoperative infections of bone implants, are commonly met, which cannot be treated precisely with intravenous antibiotics. Photothermal therapy (PTT) and photodynamic therapy (PDT) have attracted widespread attention due to their non-invasive antibacterial effects on tissues and no bacterial resistance, which may be an excellent approach to solve infections related to bone implants for biodegradable magnesium alloys. Herein, a sodium copper chlorophyllin (SCC) with a porphyrin ring induced Ca–P coating was prepared on AZ31 magnesium alloy via layer-by-layer (LbL) assembly. The morphology and composition of the samples were characterized through field emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM) with affiliated energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS), X-ray diffractometer (XRD), and Fourier infrared spectrometer (FTIR) and X-ray photoelectron spectrometer (XPS) as well. Potentiodynamic polarization, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and hydrogen evolution experiments were employed to evaluate the corrosion behavior of the samples. Atomic absorption spectrophotometer was used to measure Cu elemental content of different immersion periods. Cytocompatibility and antibacterial performance of the coatings were probed using in vitro cytotoxicity tests (MTT assay), live/dead cell staining and plate counting method. The results showed that the obtained (Ca–P/SCC)10 coating exhibited good corrosion resistance, antimicrobial activity (especially under 808 nm irradiation) and biocompatibility. The antibacterial rates for E. coli and S. aureus were 99.9% and 99.8%, respectively; and the photothermal conversion efficiency was as high as 42.1%. Triple antibacterial mechanisms including photodynamic, photothermal reactions and copper-ions release were proposed. This coating exhibited a promising application for biodegradable magnesium alloys.