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1. The impact of low-mode symmetry on inertial fusion energy output in the burning plasma state

Author: J. E. Ralph, J. S. Ross, A. B. Zylstra, A. L. Kritcher, H. F. Robey, C. V. Young, O. A. Hurricane, A. Pak, D. A. Callahan, K. L. Baker, D. T. Casey, T. Döppner, L. Divol, M. Hohenberger, S. Le Pape, P. K. Patel, R. Tommasini, S. J. Ali, P. A. Amendt, L. J. Atherton, B. Bachmann, D. Bailey, L. R. Benedetti, L. Berzak Hopkins, R. Betti, S. D. Bhandarkar, J. Biener, R. M. Bionta, N. W. Birge, E. J. Bond, D. K. Bradley, T. Braun, T. M. Briggs, M. W. Bruhn, P. M. Celliers, B. Chang, T. Chapman, H. Chen, C. Choate, A. R. Christopherson, D. S. Clark, J. W. Crippen, E. L. Dewald, T. R. Dittrich, M. J. Edwards, W. A. Farmer, J. E. Field, D. Fittinghoff, J. Frenje, J. Gaffney, M. Gatu Johnson, S. H. Glenzer, G. P. Grim, S. Haan, K. D. Hahn, G. N. Hall, B. A. Hammel, J. Harte, E. Hartouni, J. E. Heebner, V. J. Hernandez, H. W. Herrmann, M. C. Herrmann, D. E. Hinkel, D. D. Ho, J. P. Holder, W. W. Hsing, H. Huang, K. D. Humbird, N. Izumi, L. C. Jarrott, J. Jeet, O. Jones, G. D. Kerbel, S. M. Kerr, S. F. Khan, J. Kilkenny, Y. Kim, H. Geppert-Kleinrath, V. Geppert-Kleinrath, C. Kong, J. M. Koning, J. J. Kroll, M. K. G. Kruse, B. Kustowski, O. L. Landen, S. Langer, D. Larson, N. C. Lemos, J. D. Lindl, T. Ma, M. J. MacDonald, B. J. MacGowan, A. J. Mackinnon, S. A. MacLaren, A. G. MacPhee, M. M. Marinak, D. A. Mariscal, E. V. Marley, L. Masse, K. D. Meaney, N. B. Meezan, P. A. Michel, M. Millot, J. L. Milovich, J. D. Moody, A. S. Moore, J. W. Morton, T. J. Murphy, K. Newman, J.-M. G. Di Nicola, A. Nikroo, R. Nora, M. V. Patel, L. J. Pelz, J. L. Peterson, Y. Ping, B. B. Pollock, M. Ratledge, N. G. Rice, H. G. Rinderknecht, M. Rosen, M. S. Rubery, J. D. Salmonson, J. Sater, S. Schiaffino, D. J. Schlossberg, M. B. Schneider, C. R. Schroeder, H. A. Scott, S. M. Sepke, K. Sequoia, M. W. Sherlock, S. Shin, V. A. Smalyuk, B. K. Spears, P. T. Springer, M. Stadermann, S. Stoupin, D. J. Strozzi, L. J. Suter, C. A. Thomas, R. P. J. Town, C. Trosseille, E. R. Tubman, P. L. Volegov, C. R. Weber, K. Widmann, C. Wild, C. H. Wilde, B. M. Van Wonterghem, D. T. Woods, B. N. Woodworth, M. Yamaguchi, S. T. Yang, and G. B. Zimmerman
Subjects: Science
Abstract: Abstract Indirect Drive Inertial Confinement Fusion Experiments on the National Ignition Facility (NIF) have achieved a burning plasma state with neutron yields exceeding 170 kJ, roughly 3 times the prior record and a necessary stage for igniting plasmas. The results are achieved despite multiple sources of degradations that lead to high variability in performance. Results shown here, for the first time, include an empirical correction factor for mode-2 asymmetry in the burning plasma regime in addition to previously determined corrections for radiative mix and mode-1. Analysis shows that including these three corrections alone accounts for the measured fusion performance variability in the two highest performing experimental campaigns on the NIF to within error. Here we quantify the performance sensitivity to mode-2 symmetry in the burning plasma regime and apply the results, in the form of an empirical correction to a 1D performance model. Furthermore, we find the sensitivity to mode-2 determined through a series of integrated 2D radiation hydrodynamic simulations to be consistent with the experimentally determined sensitivity only when including alpha-heating.
Published: 2024
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2. Burning plasma achieved in inertial fusion

Author: A. B. Zylstra, O. A. Hurricane, D. A. Callahan, A. L. Kritcher, J. E. Ralph, H. F. Robey, J. S. Ross, C. V. Young, K. L. Baker, D. T. Casey, T. Döppner, L. Divol, M. Hohenberger, S. Le Pape, A. Pak, P. K. Patel, R. Tommasini, S. J. Ali, P. A. Amendt, L. J. Atherton, B. Bachmann, D. Bailey, L. R. Benedetti, L. Berzak Hopkins, R. Betti, S. D. Bhandarkar, J. Biener, R. M. Bionta, N. W. Birge, E. J. Bond, D. K. Bradley, T. Braun, T. M. Briggs, M. W. Bruhn, P. M. Celliers, B. Chang, T. Chapman, H. Chen, C. Choate, A. R. Christopherson, D. S. Clark, J. W. Crippen, E. L. Dewald, T. R. Dittrich, M. J. Edwards, W. A. Farmer, J. E. Field, D. Fittinghoff, J. Frenje, J. Gaffney, M. Gatu Johnson, S. H. Glenzer, G. P. Grim, S. Haan, K. D. Hahn, G. N. Hall, B. A. Hammel, J. Harte, E. Hartouni, J. E. Heebner, V. J. Hernandez, H. Herrmann, M. C. Herrmann, D. E. Hinkel, D. D. Ho, J. P. Holder, W. W. Hsing, H. Huang, K. D. Humbird, N. Izumi, L. C. Jarrott, J. Jeet, O. Jones, G. D. Kerbel, S. M. Kerr, S. F. Khan, J. Kilkenny, Y. Kim, H. Geppert Kleinrath, V. Geppert Kleinrath, C. Kong, J. M. Koning, J. J. Kroll, M. K. G. Kruse, B. Kustowski, O. L. Landen, S. Langer, D. Larson, N. C. Lemos, J. D. Lindl, T. Ma, M. J. MacDonald, B. J. MacGowan, A. J. Mackinnon, S. A. MacLaren, A. G. MacPhee, M. M. Marinak, D. A. Mariscal, E. V. Marley, L. Masse, K. Meaney, N. B. Meezan, P. A. Michel, M. Millot, J. L. Milovich, J. D. Moody, A. S. Moore, J. W. Morton, T. Murphy, K. Newman, J.-M. G. Di Nicola, A. Nikroo, R. Nora, M. V. Patel, L. J. Pelz, J. L. Peterson, Y. Ping, B. B. Pollock, M. Ratledge, N. G. Rice, H. Rinderknecht, M. Rosen, M. S. Rubery, J. D. Salmonson, J. Sater, S. Schiaffino, D. J. Schlossberg, M. B. Schneider, C. R. Schroeder, H. A. Scott, S. M. Sepke, K. Sequoia, M. W. Sherlock, S. Shin, V. A. Smalyuk, B. K. Spears, P. T. Springer, M. Stadermann, S. Stoupin, D. J. Strozzi, L. J. Suter, C. A. Thomas, R. P. J. Town, E. R. Tubman, C. Trosseille, P. L. Volegov, C. R. Weber, K. Widmann, C. Wild, C. H. Wilde, B. M. Van Wonterghem, D. T. Woods, B. N. Woodworth, M. Yamaguchi, S. T. Yang, and G. B. Zimmerman
Subjects: Multidisciplinary
Abstract: Obtaining a burning plasma is a critical step towards self-sustaining fusion energy1. A burning plasma is one in which the fusion reactions themselves are the primary source of heating in the plasma, which is necessary to sustain and propagate the burn, enabling high energy gain. After decades of fusion research, here we achieve a burning-plasma state in the laboratory. These experiments were conducted at the US National Ignition Facility, a laser facility delivering up to 1.9 megajoules of energy in pulses with peak powers up to 500 terawatts. We use the lasers to generate X-rays in a radiation cavity to indirectly drive a fuel-containing capsule via the X-ray ablation pressure, which results in the implosion process compressing and heating the fuel via mechanical work. The burning-plasma state was created using a strategy to increase the spatial scale of the capsule2,3 through two different implosion concepts4–7. These experiments show fusion self-heating in excess of the mechanical work injected into the implosions, satisfying several burning-plasma metrics3,8. Additionally, we describe a subset of experiments that appear to have crossed the static self-heating boundary, where fusion heating surpasses the energy losses from radiation and conduction. These results provide an opportunity to study α-particle-dominated plasmas and burning-plasma physics in the laboratory.
Published: 2022

3. Design of inertial fusion implosions reaching the burning plasma regime

Author: A. L. Kritcher, C. V. Young, H. F. Robey, C. R. Weber, A. B. Zylstra, O. A. Hurricane, D. A. Callahan, J. E. Ralph, J. S. Ross, K. L. Baker, D. T. Casey, D. S. Clark, T. Döppner, L. Divol, M. Hohenberger, L. Berzak Hopkins, S. Le Pape, N. B. Meezan, A. Pak, P. K. Patel, R. Tommasini, S. J. Ali, P. A. Amendt, L. J. Atherton, B. Bachmann, D. Bailey, L. R. Benedetti, R. Betti, S. D. Bhandarkar, J. Biener, R. M. Bionta, N. W. Birge, E. J. Bond, D. K. Bradley, T. Braun, T. M. Briggs, M. W. Bruhn, P. M. Celliers, B. Chang, T. Chapman, H. Chen, C. Choate, A. R. Christopherson, J. W. Crippen, E. L. Dewald, T. R. Dittrich, M. J. Edwards, W. A. Farmer, J. E. Field, D. Fittinghoff, J. A. Frenje, J. A. Gaffney, M. Gatu Johnson, S. H. Glenzer, G. P. Grim, S. Haan, K. D. Hahn, G. N. Hall, B. A. Hammel, J. Harte, E. Hartouni, J. E. Heebner, V. J. Hernandez, H. Herrmann, M. C. Herrmann, D. E. Hinkel, D. D. Ho, J. P. Holder, W. W. Hsing, H. Huang, K. D. Humbird, N. Izumi, L. C. Jarrott, J. Jeet, O. Jones, G. D. Kerbel, S. M. Kerr, S. F. Khan, J. Kilkenny, Y. Kim, H. Geppert-Kleinrath, V. Geppert-Kleinrath, C. Kong, J. M. Koning, M. K. G. Kruse, J. J. Kroll, B. Kustowski, O. L. Landen, S. Langer, D. Larson, N. C. Lemos, J. D. Lindl, T. Ma, M. J. MacDonald, B. J. MacGowan, A. J. Mackinnon, S. A. MacLaren, A. G. MacPhee, M. M. Marinak, D. A. Mariscal, E. V. Marley, L. Masse, K. Meaney, P. A. Michel, M. Millot, J. L. Milovich, J. D. Moody, A. S. Moore, J. W. Morton, T. Murphy, K. Newman, J.-M. G. Di Nicola, A. Nikroo, R. Nora, M. V. Patel, L. J. Pelz, J. L. Peterson, Y. Ping, B. B. Pollock, M. Ratledge, N. G. Rice, H. Rinderknecht, M. Rosen, M. S. Rubery, J. D. Salmonson, J. Sater, S. Schiaffino, D. J. Schlossberg, M. B. Schneider, C. R. Schroeder, H. A. Scott, S. M. Sepke, K. Sequoia, M. W. Sherlock, S. Shin, V. A. Smalyuk, B. K. Spears, P. T. Springer, M. Stadermann, S. Stoupin, D. J. Strozzi, L. J. Suter, C. A. Thomas, R. P. J. Town, C. Trosseille, E. R. Tubman, P. L. Volegov, K. Widmann, C. Wild, C. H. Wilde, B. M. Van Wonterghem, D. T. Woods, B. N. Woodworth, M. Yamaguchi, S. T. Yang, and G. B. Zimmerman
Subjects: General Physics and Astronomy
Abstract: In a burning plasma state1–7, alpha particles from deuterium–tritium fusion reactions redeposit their energy and are the dominant source of heating. This state has recently been achieved at the US National Ignition Facility8 using indirect-drive inertial-confinement fusion. Our experiments use a laser-generated radiation-filled cavity (a hohlraum) to spherically implode capsules containing deuterium and tritium fuel in a central hot spot where the fusion reactions occur. We have developed more efficient hohlraums to implode larger fusion targets compared with previous experiments9,10. This delivered more energy to the hot spot, whereas other parameters were optimized to maintain the high pressures required for inertial-confinement fusion. We also report improvements in implosion symmetry control by moving energy between the laser beams11–16 and designing advanced hohlraum geometry17 that allows for these larger implosions to be driven at the present laser energy and power capability of the National Ignition Facility. These design changes resulted in fusion powers of 1.5 petawatts, greater than the input power of the laser, and 170 kJ of fusion energy18,19. Radiation hydrodynamics simulations20,21 show energy deposition by alpha particles as the dominant term in the hot-spot energy balance, indicative of a burning plasma state.
Published: 2022

4. Publisher Correction: Burning plasma achieved in inertial fusion

Author: A. B. Zylstra, O. A. Hurricane, D. A. Callahan, A. L. Kritcher, J. E. Ralph, H. F. Robey, J. S. Ross, C. V. Young, K. L. Baker, D. T. Casey, T. Döppner, L. Divol, M. Hohenberger, S. Le Pape, A. Pak, P. K. Patel, R. Tommasini, S. J. Ali, P. A. Amendt, L. J. Atherton, B. Bachmann, D. Bailey, L. R. Benedetti, L. Berzak Hopkins, R. Betti, S. D. Bhandarkar, J. Biener, R. M. Bionta, N. W. Birge, E. J. Bond, D. K. Bradley, T. Braun, T. M. Briggs, M. W. Bruhn, P. M. Celliers, B. Chang, T. Chapman, H. Chen, C. Choate, A. R. Christopherson, D. S. Clark, J. W. Crippen, E. L. Dewald, T. R. Dittrich, M. J. Edwards, W. A. Farmer, J. E. Field, D. Fittinghoff, J. Frenje, J. Gaffney, M. Gatu Johnson, S. H. Glenzer, G. P. Grim, S. Haan, K. D. Hahn, G. N. Hall, B. A. Hammel, J. Harte, E. Hartouni, J. E. Heebner, V. J. Hernandez, H. Herrmann, M. C. Herrmann, D. E. Hinkel, D. D. Ho, J. P. Holder, W. W. Hsing, H. Huang, K. D. Humbird, N. Izumi, L. C. Jarrott, J. Jeet, O. Jones, G. D. Kerbel, S. M. Kerr, S. F. Khan, J. Kilkenny, Y. Kim, H. Geppert Kleinrath, V. Geppert Kleinrath, C. Kong, J. M. Koning, J. J. Kroll, M. K. G. Kruse, B. Kustowski, O. L. Landen, S. Langer, D. Larson, N. C. Lemos, J. D. Lindl, T. Ma, M. J. MacDonald, B. J. MacGowan, A. J. Mackinnon, S. A. MacLaren, A. G. MacPhee, M. M. Marinak, D. A. Mariscal, E. V. Marley, L. Masse, K. Meaney, N. B. Meezan, P. A. Michel, M. Millot, J. L. Milovich, J. D. Moody, A. S. Moore, J. W. Morton, T. Murphy, K. Newman, J.-M. G. Di Nicola, A. Nikroo, R. Nora, M. V. Patel, L. J. Pelz, J. L. Peterson, Y. Ping, B. B. Pollock, M. Ratledge, N. G. Rice, H. Rinderknecht, M. Rosen, M. S. Rubery, J. D. Salmonson, J. Sater, S. Schiaffino, D. J. Schlossberg, M. B. Schneider, C. R. Schroeder, H. A. Scott, S. M. Sepke, K. Sequoia, M. W. Sherlock, S. Shin, V. A. Smalyuk, B. K. Spears, P. T. Springer, M. Stadermann, S. Stoupin, D. J. Strozzi, L. J. Suter, C. A. Thomas, R. P. J. Town, E. R. Tubman, C. Trosseille, P. L. Volegov, C. R. Weber, K. Widmann, C. Wild, C. H. Wilde, B. M. Van Wonterghem, D. T. Woods, B. N. Woodworth, M. Yamaguchi, S. T. Yang, and G. B. Zimmerman
Subjects: Multidisciplinary
Published: 2022

5. Large Optics for the National Ignition Facility

Author: Mary L. Spaeth, Tayyab I. Suratwala, L. J. Atherton, P. A. Baisden, P. E. Miller, Michael J. Runkel, R. A. Hawley, Paul J. Wegner, Joseph A. Menapace, Teresa A. Land, Christopher J. Stolz, and L. Wong
Subjects: Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Physics::Optics, chemistry.chemical_element, 02 engineering and technology, 01 natural sciences, Neodymium, law.invention, 010309 optics, Optics, Physics::Plasma Physics, law, 0103 physical sciences, General Materials Science, Physics::Atomic Physics, Radiation hardening, Laser beams, Civil and Structural Engineering, business.industry, Mechanical Engineering, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Laser, Nuclear Energy and Engineering, chemistry, Physics::Accelerator Physics, Environmental science, 0210 nano-technology, National Ignition Facility, business
Abstract: The National Ignition Facility (NIF) laser with its 192 independent laser beams is not only the world’s largest laser but also the largest optical system ever built. With its 192 independent laser ...
Published: 2016

6. Overview: Development of the National Ignition Facility and the Transition to a User Facility for the Ignition Campaign and High Energy Density Scientific Research

Author: Edward I. Moses, P. A. Baisden, G. H. Miller, B. M. Van Wonterghem, L J Lagin, B. J. MacGowan, D. C. Rardin, Richard H. Sawicki, L. J. Atherton, Paul J. Wegner, D. Larson, Mary L. Spaeth, R. W. Patterson, V. S. Roberts, and J. D. Lindl
Subjects: Physics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Mechanical Engineering, Nuclear engineering, 01 natural sciences, 010305 fluids & plasmas, law.invention, Ignition system, Nuclear Energy and Engineering, law, 0103 physical sciences, Energy density, General Materials Science, User Facility, Statistical physics, 010306 general physics, National laboratory, National Ignition Facility, Civil and Structural Engineering
Abstract: The National Ignition Facility (NIF) at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory has been operational since March 2009 and has been transitioning to a user facility supporting ignition science, high ...
Published: 2016

7. Target Development for the National Ignition Campaign

Author: A. V. Hamza, E S Buice, K. A. Moreno, J. Crippen, S. A. Eddinger, E T Alger, T. G. Parham, D. Hoover, N. Hein, Richard B. Stephens, L. J. Atherton, K. Segraves, B. Nathan, Salmaan H. Baxamusa, Paul J. Wegner, J. L. Reynolds, D. A. Barker, Carlos E. Castro, S. Felker, E. G. Dzenitis, J. S. Taylor, E. Carr, A. Nikroo, Richard C. Montesanti, B. E. Yoxall, M. Mauldin, R. Strauser, T A Biesiada, P. E. Miller, Rebecca Dylla-Spears, R. J. Wallace, A. Conder, S. A. Letts, H. Huang, J. Florio, Jeremy Kroll, Michael Stadermann, Evan Mapoles, Tayyab I. Suratwala, J. D. Sater, C. Choate, B. J. Kozioziemski, J. Fair, Nick Antipa, B. Lawson, M. Emerich, Michael Farrell, E. M. Giraldez, D. Lord, J. B. Horner, H.L. Wilkens, R. Seugling, Suhas Bhandarkar, M. Swisher, and Andrew C Forsman
Subjects: Physics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, 020209 energy, Mechanical Engineering, Nuclear engineering, 02 engineering and technology, 01 natural sciences, 010305 fluids & plasmas, law.invention, Ignition system, Nuclear Energy and Engineering, Physics::Plasma Physics, law, Physics::Space Physics, 0103 physical sciences, 0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering, General Materials Science, Statistical physics, Physics::Chemical Physics, National Ignition Facility, Inertial confinement fusion, Civil and Structural Engineering
Abstract: Complex and precise research targets are required for the inertial confinement fusion (ICF) experiments conducted at the National Ignition Facility. During the National Ignition Campaign (NIC) the ...
Published: 2016

8. Multistep redirection by cross-beam power transfer of ultrahigh-power lasers in a plasma

Author: A. V. Hamza, M. D. Rosen, S. N. Dixit, John Kline, S. M. Glenn, L. J. Atherton, William L. Kruer, Debra Callahan, C. A. Haynam, J. D. Lindl, Otto Landen, R. K. Kirkwood, Marilyn Schneider, J. D. Kilkenny, Sebastien LePape, Pierre Michel, Siegfried Glenzer, Richard Berger, Denise Hinkel, O. S. Jones, Cliff Thomas, John Moody, Richard Town, B. J. MacGowan, George A. Kyrala, Klaus Widmann, E. J. Bond, E. A. Williams, David Strozzi, Abbas Nikroo, Nathan Meezan, Laurent Divol, E. L. Dewald, Edward I. Moses, D. K. Bradley, Nobuhiko Izumi, M. J. Edwards, and L. J. Suter
Subjects: Physics, Fusion, business.industry, Physics::Optics, General Physics and Astronomy, Plasma, Laser, Power (physics), law.invention, Optics, Physics::Plasma Physics, law, Maximum power transfer theorem, Physics::Atomic Physics, business, Energy (signal processing), Beam (structure), Laser beams
Abstract: A demonstration of the ability to control the flow of laser energy in a dense plasma by tuning the colour of multiple laser beams injected into it could be useful in the development of laser-driven fusion.
Published: 2012

9. Lessons from Building Laser-Driven Fusion Ignition Targets with the Precision Robotic Assembly Machine

Author: E. G. Dzenitis, T. G. Parham, Richard C. Montesanti, J S Taylor, D. M. Lord, Paul J. Wegner, Abbas Nikroo, Suhas Bhandarkar, J. L. Reynolds, Jeffrey L. Klingmann, Michael Stadermann, L. J. Atherton, A. V. Hamza, R. Seugling, G J Edwards, E T Alger, Carlos E. Castro, and M F Swisher
Subjects: Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Computer science, Mechanical Engineering, Laser, Assembly machine, Automotive engineering, law.invention, Nuclear Energy and Engineering, Physics::Plasma Physics, Fusion ignition, law, General Materials Science, Physics::Chemical Physics, National Ignition Facility, Civil and Structural Engineering
Abstract: The Precision Robotic Assembly Machine was developed to manufacture the small and intricate laser-driven fusion ignition targets that are being used in the National Ignition Facility. The machine e...
Published: 2011

10. Symmetric Inertial Confinement Fusion Implosions at Ultra-High Laser Energies

Author: Laurent Divol, J. D. Kilkenny, Abbas Nikroo, C. A. Haynam, B. M. Van Wonterghem, L. J. Atherton, S. N. Dixit, D. E. Hinkel, Klaus Widmann, E. L. Dewald, Siegfried Glenzer, E. G. Dzenitis, John Kline, Pamela K. Whitman, T. G. Parham, Alex V. Hamza, Edward I. Moses, B. K. F. Young, Otto Landen, Richard Town, D. A. Callahan, J. D. Lindl, Sebastien LePape, Pierre Michel, G. A. Kyrala, Marilyn Schneider, D. K. Bradley, Paul J. Wegner, B. J. MacGowan, Nathan Meezan, L. J. Suter, John Moody, Daniel H. Kalantar, and M. J. Edwards
Subjects: Physics, Multidisciplinary, business.industry, Plasma, Radiation, Laser, law.invention, Optics, Deuterium, law, Hohlraum, Laser power scaling, National Ignition Facility, business, Inertial confinement fusion
Abstract: Ignition Set to Go One aim of the National Ignition Facility is to implode a capsule containing a deuterium-tritium fuel mix and initiate a fusion reaction. With 192 intense laser beams focused into a centimeter-scale cavity, a major challenge has been to create a symmetric implosion and the necessary temperatures within the cavity for ignition to be realized (see the Perspective by Norreys ). Glenzer et al. (p. 1228 , published online 28 January) now show that these conditions can be met, paving the way for the next step of igniting a fuel-filled capsule. Furthermore, Li et al. (p. 1231 , published online 28 January) show how charged particles can be used to characterize and measure the conditions within the imploding capsule. The high energies and temperature realized can also be used to model astrophysical and other extreme energy processes in a laboratory settings.
Published: 2010

11. Optical and X-Ray Characterization of Groove Profiles in D-T Ice Layers

Author: L. J. Atherton, A. A. Chernov, Evan Mapoles, E. L. Dewald, J. A. Koch, J. B. Lugten, J. D. Sater, Michael A. Johnson, B. J. Kozioziemski, J. W. Pipes, J. D. Moody, Sergei O. Kucheyev, N. Izumi, D. Stefanescu, and Jay D. Salmonson
Subjects: Diffraction, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Materials science, Fabrication, business.industry, 020209 energy, Mechanical Engineering, X-ray, Implosion, 02 engineering and technology, 01 natural sciences, Spherical shell, 010305 fluids & plasmas, law.invention, Ignition system, Optics, Nuclear Energy and Engineering, law, Lattice (order), 0103 physical sciences, 0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering, General Materials Science, Grain boundary, business, Civil and Structural Engineering
Abstract: Deuterium-tritium (D-T) single-crystal ice layers in spherical shells often form with localized defects that we believe are vapor-etched grain boundary grooves built from dislocations and accommodating slight misorientations between contacting lattice regions. Ignition implosion target requirements limit the cross-sectional areas and total lengths of these grooves, and since they are often the dominant factor in determining layer surface quality, it is important that we be able to characterize their depths, widths, and lengths. We present a variety of ray-tracing and diffraction image modeling results that support our understanding of the profiles of the grooves, which is grounded in X-ray and optical imaging data. We also describe why these data are nevertheless insufficient to adequately determine whether or not a particular layer meets the groove requirements for ignition. We present accumulated data showing the distribution of groove depths, widths, and lengths from a number of layers, and we discuss how these data motivate the adoption of layer rejection criteria in order to ensure that layers that pass these criteria will almost certainly meet the groove requirements. We also describe future improvements that will provide more quantitative information about grooves in D-T ice layers.
Published: 2009

12. Overview of inertial fusion research in the United States

Author: Edward I. Moses, Maurice Keith Matzen, Abbas Nikroo, Cris W. Barnes, L. J. Atherton, Simon S. Yu, B. J. MacGowan, S. P. Obenschain, D. D. Meyerhofer, Doug Wilson, D. R. Harding, B. Yaakobi, T.P. Bernat, P. W. McKenty, M. E. Cuneo, B.G. Logan, V. N. Goncharov, Joe Kilkenny, Juan C. Fernandez, John L. Porter, S. Skupsky, J. D. Lindl, B. A. Hammel, R. D. Petrasso, S. J. Loucks, R. L. McCrory, T. C. Sangster, and John D. Sethian
Subjects: Physics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Fusion, Inertial frame of reference, Fusion power, Condensed Matter Physics, law.invention, Ignition system, Nuclear physics, law, Systems engineering, Heavy ion, National Ignition Facility, Inertial confinement fusion
Abstract: The inertial confinement fusion (ICF) programme, the high-average-power lasers (HAPL) programme, and the heavy ion fusion (HIF) programme are making long-term investments to establish the scientific and technical basis for an economically and environmentally attractive fusion power source. In the near term, the National Ignition Campaign is expected to establish the scientific and technical basis for ignition and gain on the National Ignition Facility. The results of these experiments and the implications for target design will be incorporated into the long-term efforts to develop a viable power-plant concept including target production, chamber dynamics and driver.
Published: 2007

13. Status of the development of ignition capsules in the U.S. effort to achieve thermonuclear ignition on the national ignition facility

Author: Abbas Nikroo, David Alexander, Robert Cook, T.P. Bernat, S. W. Haan, Arthur Nobile, H. Xu, S. A. Letts, R. M. Dickerson, Robert E. Hackenberg, K. C. Chen, Jason C. Cooley, C.T. Necker, L. J. Atherton, A. C. Forsman, H. Huang, J.L. Kilkenny, Richard B. Stephens, M.J. Bono, and Doug Wilson
Subjects: Fabrication, Thermonuclear fusion, Materials science, Nuclear engineering, Polishing, Condensed Matter Physics, Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics, law.invention, Ignition system, Mandrel, Machining, law, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, National Ignition Facility, Laser drilling
Abstract: An important component of the U.S. effort to achieve thermonuclear ignition in 2010 on the National Ignition Facility is the development of high quality 2 mm diameter spherical capsules to function as the ablator and contain the cryogenic DT fuel. Three ignition capsule designs have been developed, and detailed fabrication specifications for each design have been established and placed under change control. A research program with activities coordinated mainly between Lawrence Livermore, General Atomics and Los Alamos is underway to demonstrate fabrication of capsules meeting specifications. The point design for ignition campaigns beginning in 2010 is a Cu-doped Be capsule that has a radial gradient in Cu dopant level in the capsule wall. This capsule is being produced by sputter deposition of Be and Cu onto either a hollow glow discharge polymer (GDP) spherical mandrel or a solid spherical mandrel, followed by removal of the mandrel and polishing of the capsule. A key goal in the U.S. is to demonstrate fabrication of this capsule by the end of 2006. Two other ignition capsule designs are also being developed as contingencies to the point design. One contingency design is a GDP capsule that has a radial Ge dopant level in its wall. This capsule is produced by co-deposition of Ge and GDP onto a PAMS mandrel followed by thermal removal of the mandrel. The second contingency design is a uniform Cu-doped Be capsule that is fabricated from high purity fine grain Be0.3at.%Cu alloy using a precision machining route followed by polishing. Ignition targets to be fielded in 2010 will be filled with DT fuel through a small fill hole. Laser drilling capability has been developed and used to drill approximately 5 μm diameter holes through capsule walls for DT filling. Characterization methods necessary for characterizing capsules are being developed.
Published: 2006

14. Hard X-ray and hot electron environment in vacuum hohlraums at NIF

Author: F. D. Lee, Robert L. Kauffman, David C. Eder, John Foster, D. H. Munro, J. P. Holder, Otto Landen, B. J. MacGowan, Edward I. Moses, S. N. Dixit, John R. Murray, B. K. F. Young, L. J. Atherton, M. J. Shaw, D. E. Hinkel, Paul J. Wegner, R. M. Stevenson, Dan Kalantar, John R. Celeste, R. J. Wallace, Kenneth R. Manes, B. A. Hammel, R. E. Bonanno, Pamela K. Whitman, L. J. Suter, T. G. Parham, Alice Koniges, C. A. Haynam, Marilyn Schneider, B. M. Van Wonterghem, Eduard Dewald, and J. W. McDonald
Subjects: Physics, Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, X-ray, General Physics and Astronomy, Plasma, Electron, Fusion power, Laser, law.invention, Hohlraum, law, Plasma diagnostics, Laser power scaling, Atomic physics
Abstract: Time resolved hard x-ray images (hv > 9 keV) and time integrated hard x-ray spectra (hv = 18-150 keV from vacuum hohlraums irradiated with four 351 nm wavelength NIF laser beams are presented as a function of hohlraum size and laser power and duration. The hard x-ray images and spectra provide insight into the time evolution of the hohlraum plasma filling and the production of hot electrons. The fraction of laser energy detected as hot electrons (f hot ) shows correlation with both laser intensity and with an analytic plasma filling model.
Published: 2006

15. Rapid growth of large-scale (40–55 cm) KH2PO4 crystals

Author: L. J. Atherton, K.E Montgomery, Martin R. DeHaven, R.L Vital, Natalia Zaitseva, J. J. De Yoreo, and M Richardson
Subjects: Inorganic Chemistry, Crystallography, Volume (thermodynamics), Chemistry, Materials Chemistry, Analytical chemistry, Condensed Matter Physics
Abstract: KDP (KH2PO4) single crystals up to 45 cm in size have been grown by the rapid growth technique on the point seed in glass crystallizers of 1000 L in volume at growth rates of 10–20 mm/day in both the [0 0 1] and [1 0 0] directions.
Published: 1997

16. Shock timing on the National Ignition Facility: First experiments

Author: T. G. Parham, David R. Farley, T. R. Boehly, Kenneth S. Jancaitis, E. L. Dewald, Otto Landen, P. S. Datte, G. Ross, Jon Eggert, Abbas Nikroo, K. N. LaFortune, J. Sater, S. Le Pape, T. N. Malsbury, J. B. Horner, Jeremy Kroll, L. J. Atherton, Harry Robey, S. Azevedo, D. H. Munro, Edward I. Moses, O. S. Jones, Peter M. Celliers, B. J. MacGowan, C. C. Widmayer, A. V. Hamza, G. Frieders, M. J. Shaw, C. F. Walters, Gilbert Collins, K. R. Coffee, Richard Town, M. J. Edwards, Tilo Döppner, M. Bowers, D. Trummer, Cliff Thomas, S. N. Dixit, Daniel S. Clark, Debra Callahan, A. L. Throop, C. A. Haynam, Harry B. Radousky, J. D. Moody, Nathan Meezan, S. M. Pollaine, C. Choate, Suhas Bhandarkar, James E. Fair, R. F. Smith, E. M. Giraldez, P. DiNicola, E T Alger, Carlos E. Castro, Jose Milovich, L. V. Berzins, R. E. Olson, B. K. Young, B. Haid, K. G. Krauter, Marilyn Schneider, John Kline, P. A. Sterne, J. D. Lindl, Daniel H. Kalantar, Evan Mapoles, B. M. Van Wonterghem, C.R. Gibson, E. G. Dzenitis, D. M. Holunga, S. W. Haan, D. D. Meyerhofer, S. J. Brereton, K. A. Moreno, Klaus Widmann, Damien Hicks, and H. Chandrasekaran
Subjects: Physics, business.industry, Nuclear engineering, QC1-999, Shock (mechanics), Pulse (physics), law.invention, Ignition system, Condensed Matter::Soft Condensed Matter, Interferometry, Optics, law, Hohlraum, Physics::Plasma Physics, business, National Ignition Facility
Abstract: An experimental campaign to tune the initial shock compression sequence of capsule implosions on the National Ignition Facility (NIF) was initiated in late 2010. The experiments use a NIF ignition-scale hohlraum and capsule that employs a re-entrant cone to provide optical access to the shocks as they propagate in the liquid deuterium-filled capsule interior. The strength and timing of the shock sequence is diagnosed with velocity interferometry that provides target performance data used to set the pulse shape for ignition capsule implosions that follow. From the start, these measurements yielded significant new information on target performance, leading to improvements in the target design. We describe the results and interpretation of the initial tuning experiments.
Published: 2013

17. Shock timing on the National Ignition Facility: The first precision tuning series

Author: L. J. Atherton, Kenneth S. Jancaitis, A. V. Hamza, C. F. Walters, Marilyn Schneider, O. S. Jones, Peter M. Celliers, Suhas Bhandarkar, M. Gatu Johnson, Fredrick Seguin, J. D. Kilkenny, A. J. Mackinnon, Damien Hicks, M. J. Edwards, Tilo Döppner, Brian Spears, D. D. Meyerhofer, C. A. Haynam, M. Bowers, B. Haid, D. T. Casey, B. M. Van Wonterghem, E. L. Dewald, Klaus Widmann, Jose Milovich, S. Le Pape, David R. Farley, D. H. Munro, T. G. Parham, T. R. Boehly, J. P. Knauer, K. N. LaFortune, Edward I. Moses, B. J. MacGowan, S. Azevedo, J. A. Caggiano, Siegfried Glenzer, Otto Landen, E. M. Giraldez, Jon Eggert, Carlos E. Castro, E. G. Dzenitis, Richard Town, E T Alger, J. D. Moody, L. V. Berzins, C. C. Widmayer, Jeremy Kroll, M. J. Shaw, B. Burr, K. R. Coffee, D. M. Holunga, Harry B. Radousky, S. J. Brereton, D. Trummer, S. W. Haan, J. A. Frenje, S. N. Dixit, David C. Clark, H. Chandrasekaran, B. K. Young, K. G. Krauter, John Kline, K. A. Moreno, J. D. Lindl, C. Choate, Abbas Nikroo, T. N. Malsbury, J. B. Horner, and Harry Robey
Subjects: Shock wave, Physics, Series (mathematics), Nuclear engineering, QC1-999, Mechanical engineering, Plasma, Compression (physics), Shock (mechanics), law.invention, Ignition system, law, Physics::Plasma Physics, Area density, Physics::Chemical Physics, National Ignition Facility
Abstract: Ignition implosions on the National Ignition Facility (NIF) [Lindl et al., Phys. Plasmas 11 , 339 (2004)] are driven with a very carefully tailored sequence of four shock waves that must be timed to very high precision in order to keep the fuel on a low adiabat. The first series of precision tuning experiments on NIF have been performed. These experiments use optical diagnostics to directly measure the strength and timing of all four shocks inside the hohlraum-driven, cryogenic deuterium-filled capsule interior. The results of these experiments are presented demonstrating a significant decrease in the fuel adiabat over previously un-tuned implosions. The impact of the improved adiabat on fuel compression is confirmed in related deuterium-tritium (DT) layered capsule implosions by measurement of fuel areal density (ρR), which show the highest fuel compression (ρR ∼ 1.0 g/cm2 ) measured to date.
Published: 2013

18. Onset of Hydrodynamic Mix in High-Velocity, Highly Compressed Inertial Confinement Fusion Implosions

Author: S. Le Pape, Damien Hicks, V. A. Smalyuk, J. D. Moody, E. L. Dewald, D. A. Callahan, T. Ma, M. H. Key, Joseph Ralph, G. A. Kyrala, Daniel Clark, Harry Robey, Otto Landen, Edward I. Moses, Brian Spears, Jason Ross, B. A. Hammel, D. K. Bradley, Nobuhiko Izumi, S. V. Weber, Siegfried Glenzer, Laura Robin Benedetti, Richard Town, Shahab Khan, P. T. Springer, A. J. Mackinnon, Sean Regan, S. N. Dixit, L. J. Suter, O. S. Jones, T. G. Parham, Bruce Remington, H.-S. Park, Tilo Döppner, Art Pak, Gary Grim, R. Tommasini, L. J. Atherton, J. D. Kilkenny, W. W. Hsing, S. W. Haan, P. M. Celliers, Melissa Edwards, S. M. Glenn, P. K. Patel, D. H. Edgell, Andrew MacPhee, Nathan Meezan, John Kline, C. J. Cerjan, J. D. Lindl, Reuben Epstein, and B. J. MacGowan
Subjects: Materials science, General Physics and Astronomy, Implosion, Magnetic confinement fusion, Hot spot (veterinary medicine), Laser, law.invention, Nuclear physics, Hohlraum, law, Atomic physics, National Ignition Facility, Inertial confinement fusion, Energy (signal processing)
Abstract: Deuterium-tritium inertial confinement fusion implosion experiments on the National Ignition Facility have demonstrated yields ranging from 0.8 to $7\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{14}$, and record fuel areal densities of 0.7 to $1.3\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{g}/{\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$. These implosions use hohlraums irradiated with shaped laser pulses of 1.5--1.9 MJ energy. The laser peak power and duration at peak power were varied, as were the capsule ablator dopant concentrations and shell thicknesses. We quantify the level of hydrodynamic instability mix of the ablator into the hot spot from the measured elevated absolute x-ray emission of the hot spot. We observe that DT neutron yield and ion temperature decrease abruptly as the hot spot mix mass increases above several hundred ng. The comparison with radiation-hydrodynamic modeling indicates that low mode asymmetries and increased ablator surface perturbations may be responsible for the current performance.
Published: 2013

19. Measurement of high-pressure shock waves in cryogenic deuterium-tritium ice layered capsule implosions on NIF

Author: J. D. Moody, L. J. Atherton, Mark W. Bowers, B. M. Van Wonterghem, J. E. Ralph, Melissa Edwards, Otto Landen, G. Frieders, D. M. Holunga, B. K. F. Young, K. G. Krauter, James Ross, Suhas Bhandarkar, A. V. Hamza, B Dzenitis, Evan Mapoles, Peter M. Celliers, J. D. Sater, David Strozzi, B. E. Yoxall, Rebecca Dylla-Spears, C. F. Walters, T. G. Parham, T. R. Boehly, B. J. Kozioziemski, B. J. Haid, L. F. Berzak Hopkins, Harry Robey, G. Ross, and S. Le Pape
Subjects: Shock wave, Materials science, Deuterium, Physics::Plasma Physics, High pressure, Compressibility, General Physics and Astronomy, Tritium, Mechanics, Experimental validation, National Ignition Facility, Inertial confinement fusion
Abstract: The first measurements of multiple, high-pressure shock waves in cryogenic deuterium-tritium (DT) ice layered capsule implosions on the National Ignition Facility have been performed. The strength and relative timing of these shocks must be adjusted to very high precision in order to keep the DT fuel entropy low and compressibility high. All previous measurements of shock timing in inertial confinement fusion implosions [T. R. Boehly et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 106, 195005 (2011), H. F. Robey et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 108, 215004 (2012)] have been performed in surrogate targets, where the solid DT ice shell and central DT gas regions were replaced with a continuous liquid deuterium (D2) fill. This report presents the first experimental validation of the assumptions underlying this surrogate technique.
Published: 2013

20. Line-imaging Velocimetry for Shock Diagnostics (VISAR*)

Author: John Kline, Jeremy Kroll, Abbas Nikroo, P. A. Sterne, O. S. Jones, D. D. Meyerhofer, J. Horner, Edward I. Moses, J. D. Moody, B. K. F. Young, J. D. Lindi, M. J. Edwards, L. J. Atherton, G. Frieders, Debra Callahan, R. F. Smith, Jose Milovich, T. R. Boehly, Damien Hicks, David R. Farley, Tilo Doeppner, R. E. Olson, D. H. Munro, A. V. Hamza, B. J. MacGowan, Jon Eggert, Suhas Bhandarkar, H.-S. Park, K. G. Krauter, Gilbert Collins, James Ross, P. M. Celliere, S. Le Pape, Harry Robey, Joseph Ralph, Otto Landen, W. W. Hsing, A. J. Mackinnon, S. W. Haan, and G. Ross
Subjects: Physics, business.industry, Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Physics::Optics, Velocimetry, Laser, Pulse shaping, law.invention, Pulse (physics), Physics::Fluid Dynamics, Ignition system, Interferometry, symbols.namesake, Optics, Particle image velocimetry, Physics::Plasma Physics, law, symbols, business, Doppler effect
Abstract: The NIF laser pulse used for ignition experiments is tuned by direct observation of the shocks launched into the capsule during the initial phases of the pulse. Optical velocimetry is key to this task.
Published: 2013

21. Hydrodynamic instabilities and mix studies on NIF: predictions, observations, and a path forward

Author: S. V. Weber, T. G. Parham, A. J. Mackinnon, O. S. Jones, Peter M. Celliers, C. J. Cerjan, E. L. Dewald, Andrew MacPhee, V. A. Smalyuk, S. M. Glenn, Edward I. Moses, M. H. Key, Joseph Ralph, Otto Landen, Tammy Ma, M. J. Edwards, Tilo Döppner, James Ross, Kumar Raman, P. K. Patel, R. Tommasini, Daniel S. Clark, Debra Callahan, J. D. Kilkenny, Gary Grim, J. A. Frenje, Robert Tipton, T. R. Dittrich, Damien Hicks, D. H. Edgell, B. A. Hammel, L. J. Suter, Arthur Pak, R. D. Petrasso, George A. Kyrala, B. J. MacGowan, S. Le Pape, S. N. Dixit, John Kline, J. Pino, Ronald M. Epstein, Nathan Meezan, D. K. Bradley, N. Izumi, Maria Gatu-Johnson, J. D. Lindl, P. T. Springer, Siegfried Glenzer, Laura Robin Benedetti, H.-S. Park, Omar Hurricane, Richard Town, S. W. Haan, Shahab Khan, J. D. Moody, Bruce Remington, A. V. Hamza, W. W. Hsing, L. J. Atherton, Harry Robey, Daniel Casey, Abbas Nikroo, Susan Regan, Brian Spears, and L. Berzak-Hopkins
Subjects: Physics, History, 0103 physical sciences, Path (graph theory), Statistical physics, 010306 general physics, 01 natural sciences, 010305 fluids & plasmas, Computer Science Applications, Education
Published: 2016

22. Assembly of High-Areal-Density Deuterium-Tritium Fuel from Indirectly Driven Cryogenic Implosions

Author: E. Giraldez, K. N. La Fortune, Mark W. Bowers, David R. Farley, Steve Glenn, W. H. Courdin, C. A. Thomas, P. S. Datte, K. M. Knittel, B. Haid, C. Stoeckl, K. Moreno, James Knauer, Edward I. Moses, S. W. Haan, N. Guler, J. J. Klingman, P. M. Celliers, P. T. Springer, B. J. Kozioziemski, H. F. Robey, J. D. Sater, A. J. MacKinnon, S. Weaver, N. E. Palmer, R. Bionta, M. A. Barrios, S. G. Brass, L. V. Berzins, Gordon A. Chandler, G. Frieders, Chris Haynam, E. P. Hartouni, Gary Wayne Cooper, G. N. McHalle, Marilyn Schneider, Chimpén Ruiz, Abbas Nikroo, R. J. Fortner, Hans Rinderknecht, Joseph Ralph, N. Simanovskaia, Michael J. Moran, S. J. Cohen, Pierre Michel, R. J. Leeper, Ogden Jones, G. LaCaille, T. G. Parham, R. Benedetti, R. P. J. Town, Eduard Dewald, P. Di Nicola, D. H. Munro, S. C. Burkhart, L. J. Atherton, Maria Gatu Johnson, R. W. Patterson, Hans W. Herrmann, A. Zylestra, Mahalia Jackson, John Lindl, David K. Bradley, Steven Weber, E. S. Palma, James McNaney, John Kline, M. J. Shaw, S. N. Dixit, T. A. Land, Daniel Casey, Gilbert Collins, P. W. McKenty, Paul J. Wegner, Brian Spears, C. Marshall, K. Widmann, D. G. Mathisen, Vladimir Glebov, R. E. Olson, Alex V. Hamza, R. F. Burr, Frank E. Merrill, Owen B. Drury, M. Hermann, Sean Regan, Rebecca Dylla-Spears, C. Clay Widmayer, Nathan Meezan, J. R. Kimbrough, G. Heestand, R. K. Kirkwood, Daniel Clark, R. Saunders, B.M. VanWonterghem, R. Lowe-Webb, K.S. Jancaitis, Perry M. Bell, Pamela K. Whitman, J. A. Caggiano, Damien Hicks, Charles Cerjan, R. J. Wallace, B. K. Young, P. A. Arnold, R. Tommasini, Robert L. Kauffman, A. G. Nelson, E. J. Bond, Alastair Moore, J. R. Cox, Steven H. Batha, Siegfried Glenzer, Bruce Hammel, J Eggert, B. Felker, Laurent Divol, D. A. Callahan, R. B. Ehrlich, Andrew MacPhee, Johan Frenje, D. H. Schneider, Evan Mapoles, Charles D. Orth, R. Prasad, Jose Milovich, K. G. Krauter, G. Gururangan, R. D. Wood, R. C. Ashabranner, E. G. Dzenitis, G. W. Krauter, John M. Dzenitis, J. P. Holder, Prav Patel, B. J. MacGowan, D. N. Fittinghoff, L. J. Lagin, Nobuhiko Izumi, J. M. Dinicola, D. L. Blueuel, Stephan Friedrich, G. Ross, D. H. Edgell, C. F. Walters, James E. Fair, J. D. Kilkenny, Craig Sangster, John Moody, Mary Sue Richardson, R. A. Zacharias, Robert Hatarik, D. Latray, David C. Eder, O. L. Landen, M. J. Eckart, T. Kohut, R. D. Petrasso, J. D. Salmonsen, G. A. Kyrala, Gary Grim, K. D. Hahn, Steve Hatchett, T. Ma, Suhas Bhandarkar, Wolfgang Stoeffl, G Brunton, L. J. Suter, Thomas Boehly, L. A. Bernstein, M. J. Edwards, Tilo Döppner, David Larson, S. Lepape, Dan Kalantar, G. Erbert, and Doug Wilson
Subjects: Ignition system, Materials science, Deuterium, Hohlraum, law, Nuclear engineering, General Physics and Astronomy, Implosion, Neutron, Area density, Radius, National Ignition Facility, law.invention
Abstract: The National Ignition Facility has been used to compress deuterium-tritium to an average areal density of ~1.0±0.1 g cm(-2), which is 67% of the ignition requirement. These conditions were obtained using 192 laser beams with total energy of 1-1.6 MJ and peak power up to 420 TW to create a hohlraum drive with a shaped power profile, peaking at a soft x-ray radiation temperature of 275-300 eV. This pulse delivered a series of shocks that compressed a capsule containing cryogenic deuterium-tritium to a radius of 25-35 μm. Neutron images of the implosion were used to estimate a fuel density of 500-800 g cm(-3).
Published: 2012

23. Publisher’s Note: Demonstration of Ignition Radiation Temperatures in Indirect-Drive Inertial Confinement Fusion Hohlraums [Phys. Rev. Lett.106, 085004 (2011)]

Author: B. L. Pepmeier, D. L. Hodtwalker, B. V. Beeman, J. D. Hollis, P. S. Yang, S. A. Silva, M. J. Richardson, J. L. Vaher, K. Gu, B. N. M. Balaoing, J. E. Krammen, P. J. van Arsdall, N. I. Spafford, M. M. Montoya, M. A. Jackson, F. W. Chambers, J. Grippen, M. Neto, P. H. Gschweng, J. D. Moody, C. A. Haynam, S. Huber, A. P. Ludwigsen, E T Alger, G. M. Curnow, J. Watkins, J. C. Ellefson, S. Sailors, B. McHale, L. F. Alvarez, H. Chandrasekaran, T. E. Mills, Cliff Thomas, P. L. Stratton, R. Zacharias, J. D. Hitchcock, P. M. Bell, J. F. Meeker, E. L. Dewald, R. K. Butlin, T. G. Stone, K. P. Youngblood, Mark W. Bowers, M. Runkel, E. Padilla, M. W. Owens, S. S. Alvarez, J. G. Soto, L. J. Atherton, J. McBride, W. A. Reid, M. Y. Mauvais, G. Heestand, O. D. Edwards, S. W. Lane, A. A. Marsh, T. N. Malsbury, S. R. Robison, P. M. Danforth, J. D. Kilkenny, J. A. Baltz, M. J. Dailey, R. C. Montesanti, J. D. Driscoll, B. J. MacGowan, M. K. Shiflett, Donald F. Browning, F. J. Lopez, C. R. Gibson, F. E. Wade, R. Darbee, Mark R. Hermann, B Fishler, Y. Chen, Edward I. Moses, G. A. Kyrala, R. D. Demaret, J. G. Lown, M. D. Magat, S. Azevedo, G. Erbert, R. K. Kirkwood, K. Charron, Harry B. Radousky, R. T. Shelton, M. E. Sheldrick, R. R. Lyons, C. T. Warren, Paul J. Wegner, P. V. Amick, B. Johnson, G. Hermes, K. M. Morriston, G. A. Keating, T. G. Parham, K. S. Andersson, G. Ross, C. H. Ellerbee, D. A. Callahan, A. S. Rivenes, C. B. Foxworthy, M. C. Johnson, R. Miramontes-Ortiz, P. T. Springer, P. Datte, T. Kohut, J. Neumann, A. J. van Prooyen, C. Thai, M. J. Edwards, K. Work, Tilo Döppner, K. D. Pletcher, G. Frieder, D. S. Hey, T. Ma, A. J. Churby, I. L. Maslennikov, M. C. Witte, Siegfried Glenzer, G. J. Mauger, B. E. Smith, Suhas Bhandarkar, S. C. Burkhart, Joseph Ralph, T. J. Clancy, E. Ng, Thomas J. Johnson, K. L. Griffin, Rolf K. Reed, J. Braucht, R. Rinnert, J.M.Fisher, J. M. Di Nicola, N. Lao, A. L. Throop, S. Hunter, R. L. Rampke, Nathan Meezan, D. A. Barker, Otto Landen, Mark Eckart, M. A. Bergonia, K. N. La Fortune, J. R. Kimbrough, T. R. Huppler, R. A. London, G. L. Tietbohl, J. J. Rhodes, Christoph Niemann, Richard Town, W. J. Fabyan, Joseph W. Carlson, K. M. Skulina, G. Pavel, T. W. Phillips, B. D. Cline, R. G. Hartley, R. J. Wallace, T. L. Lee, C. C. Widmayer, Steven H. Langer, L. F. Finnie, J. Morris, G. T. Villanueva, S. W. Kramer, L. K. Smith, J. W. Florio, D. Pigg, J. L. Vickers, A. S. Runtal, F. E. Coffield, D. G. Cocherell, Pamela K. Whitman, S. Le Pape, Michael Stadermann, E. A. Stout, J. Liebman, V. K. Lakamsani, D. K. Bradley, J. A. Borgman, D. G. Mathisen, M. D. Vergino, P. A. Arnold, Kenneth S. Jancaitis, M. D. Rosen, Jeremy Kroll, J. Dugorepec, M. F. Swisher, J. M. Tillman, D. Pendleton, D. E. Speck, E. Mertens, K. King, Q. M. Ngo, G. Bardsley, E. A. Tekle, R. Costa, Robert L. Kauffman, D. T. Boyle, J. E. Hamblen, D. M. Lord, B. L. Lechleiter, M.S.Hutton, T. Fung, J. R. Schaffer, E. M. Giraldez, S. N. Dixit, John R. Celeste, Laurent Divol, L. C. Clowdus, B. K. Young, D. Trummer, H. Gonzales, B. P. Golick, D. T. Maloy, J. P. Holder, Wendi Sweet, S. R. Marshall, G. J. Edwards, Sally Andrews, G. A. Deis, L. J. Bernardez, D. Larson, L. L. Silva, A. McGrew, G Brunton, S. M. Glenn, Alexander Thomas, Jay D. Salmonson, R. E. Olson, C. M. Estes, Wade H. Williams, K. G. Koka, A. I. Barnes, M. A. Vitalich, A. Y. Chakicherla, J. L. Reynolds, B. Haid, J. T. Salmon, L. V. Berzins, O. S. Jones, B. A. Wilson, M. G. Miller, L. M. Kegelmeyer, Mark J. Schmitt, E. J. Bond, D. R. Bopp, G. T. Lau, N. W. Lum, Kevin S. White, J. T. Fink, D. R. Hart, Marilyn Schneider, F. Stanley, D. B. Dobson, F. Barbosa, L. J. Suter, M. Shor, A. V. Hamza, D. L. Hardy, T. McCarville, D. L. Hipple, C. J. Roberts, P. W. Edwards, R. W. Patterson, Ronald B. Robinson, J. B. Tassano, B. S. Raimondi, S. R. Hahn, G. Gururangan, P. C. Dupuy, R. L. Hibbard, J. R. Nelson, D. A. Smauley, M. J. Fischer, J. H. Kamperschroer, G. Holtmeier, Andrew MacPhee, E. A. Williams, P. A. Adams, K. G. Krauter, Jose Milovich, Stephen P. Vernon, L. J. Lagin, G. N. Gawinski, J. S. Taylor, G. Antonini, M. P. Johnston, M. C. Valadez, M. A. Weingart, S. L. Edson, John Kline, S. M. Gross, A. Baron, J. D. Tappero, N. L. Orsi, J. A. Davis, J. Klingmann, N. J. Cahayag, Carlos E. Castro, J. D. Lindl, A. T. Rivera, L. R. Belk, S. L. Kenitzer, J. Duncan, K. E. Burns, A. L. Solomon, R. C. Bettenhausen, B. M. Van Wonterghem, S. P. Rogers, R G Beeler, D. Latray, H. K. Loey, T. M. Pannell, B. Felker, T. Frazier, V. Rekow, P. G. Zapata, A. J. Mackinnon, R. W. Carey, P. S. Cardinale, J. Jackson, John Moody, S. Burns, L. Willis, J. L. Bragg, D. E. Petersen, E. G. Dzenitis, D. R. Jedlovec, J. R. Cox, D. E. Hinkel, J. A. Robinson, John R. Bower, E. O. Vergel de Dios, B. A. Hammel, L. M. Burrows, Daniel H. Kalantar, Klaus Widmann, M. J. Christensen, R. Prasad, A. L. Warrick, K. Wilhelmsen, R. Chapman, O. R. Rodriguez, A. W. Huey, B. L. Olejniczak, G. W. Krauter, S. W. Haan, Claire Bishop, H. Zhang, J. B. Alfonso, J. H. Truong, S. Weaver, K. S. Segraves, S. Sommer, J. C. Bell, Y. Lee, S. Shiromizu, R. Saunders, R. N. Fallejo, K. Piston, J. Wen, R. M. Marquez, K. L. Tribbey, S. A. Gonzales, P. Di Nicola, R. M. Franks, A. Nikroo, G. A. Bowers, J. B. McCloud, K. A. Moreno, Nobuhiko Izumi, S. F. Locke, S. A. Vonhof, E. F. Wilson, M. D. Finney, D. P. Atkinson, Damien Hicks, R. Lowe-Webb, R. A. Sacks, B. Riordan, M. Fedorov, A. B. Langdon, Z. Alherz, D. N. Hulsey, E. K. Krieger, S. J. Cohen, T. M. Schindler, B. Burr, J. S. Merill, C. Powell, Pierre Michel, J. S. Zielinski, M. J. Gonzales, C. Marshall, Richard Berger, C. Chan, J. Li, S. L. Townsend, L. Auyang, F. A. Penko, A. D. Casey, C. Chang, D. L. Brinkerhoff, K. M. Knittel, R. J. Strauser, G. Markham, and M. J. Shaw
Subjects: Nuclear physics, Physics, Ignition system, Hohlraum, law, General Physics and Astronomy, Plasma confinement, Magnetic confinement fusion, Plasma, Atomic physics, Radiation, Inertial confinement fusion, law.invention
Published: 2011

24. Demonstration of Ignition Radiation Temperatures in Indirect-Drive Inertial Confinement Fusion Hohlraums

Author: L. V. Berzins, L. M. Kegelmeyer, D. R. Hart, L. J. Suter, M. Shor, Ronald B. Robinson, S. S. Alvarez, G. Gururangan, Robert L. Kauffman, C. T. Warren, R. Darbee, Andrew MacPhee, J. R. Nelson, D. A. Smauley, M. J. Fischer, K. S. Andersson, D. A. Callahan, L. J. Atherton, D. S. Hey, J. D. Kilkenny, T. Ma, J. H. Kamperschroer, T. Frazier, T. J. Clancy, E. A. Williams, P. A. Adams, C. Thai, Laurent Divol, G. J. Edwards, Suhas Bhandarkar, K. Work, M. D. Magat, S. Hunter, Stephen P. Vernon, T. L. Lee, Rolf K. Reed, J.M.Fisher, O. S. Jones, D. Trummer, G. N. Gawinski, G. Antonini, M. P. Johnston, A. J. Mackinnon, M. E. Sheldrick, T. R. Huppler, B. A. Wilson, J. P. Holder, P. L. Stratton, Yiping Chen, J. Jackson, S. Sailors, John Moody, Mark J. Schmitt, L. K. Smith, R. G. Hartley, E. J. Bond, P. Datte, S. Burns, B. McHale, G. Bardsley, D. T. Boyle, D. R. Bopp, E. L. Dewald, J. E. Hamblen, L. Willis, K. G. Krauter, J. R. Schaffer, D. G. Mathisen, M. D. Rosen, J. Morris, M.S.Hutton, G. T. Lau, N. W. Lum, G. Hermes, G. A. Deis, K. N. La Fortune, M. C. Johnson, J. Neumann, C. C. Widmayer, Steven H. Langer, L. F. Finnie, M. C. Witte, K. King, Michael Stadermann, E. A. Stout, M. G. Miller, Wendi Sweet, T. G. Stone, E. A. Tekle, P. M. Danforth, H. Chandrasekaran, D. Larson, M. F. Swisher, J. T. Fink, G. Frieder, L. Bezerides, Kenneth S. Jancaitis, A. L. Throop, B. L. Lechleiter, S. N. Dixit, Kevin S. White, C. Chang, M. K. Shiflett, G. A. Kyrala, F. Stanley, J. Braucht, John Kline, S. M. Gross, A. Baron, R G Beeler, S. Azevedo, R. A. London, T. E. Mills, G Brunton, Marilyn Schneider, M. J. Dailey, R. C. Montesanti, J. Dugorepec, A. J. Churby, I. L. Maslennikov, D. Latray, F. Barbosa, P. A. Arnold, A. A. Marsh, J. J. Rhodes, G. L. Tietbohl, Alexander Thomas, D. B. Dobson, J. M. Tillman, L. L. Silva, G. Erbert, D. A. Barker, R. D. Demaret, J. A. Davis, S. M. Glenn, J. Klingmann, Edward I. Moses, T. M. Pannell, R. T. Shelton, J. M. Di Nicola, N. J. Cahayag, T. Fung, R. L. Rampke, S. Le Pape, Jay D. Salmonson, G. Ross, R. E. Olson, E. Mertens, J. D. Lindl, J. G. Lown, C. M. Estes, A. T. Rivera, Mark W. Bowers, M. Runkel, F. E. Coffield, Wade H. Williams, K. G. Koka, B. A. Hammel, L. M. Burrows, A. S. Rivenes, Daniel H. Kalantar, M. A. Vitalich, M. Y. Mauvais, D. G. Cocherell, J. Grippen, P. V. Amick, B. K. Young, J. G. Soto, A. McGrew, M. J. Edwards, Tilo Döppner, M. J. Christensen, Jeremy Kroll, J. L. Vaher, C. H. Ellerbee, T. N. Malsbury, C. A. Haynam, B. Haid, J. T. Salmon, A. J. van Prooyen, A. L. Warrick, R. Costa, A. V. Hamza, T. G. Parham, C. R. Gibson, S. A. Silva, D. Pendlton, A. W. Huey, P. M. Bell, K. P. Youngblood, B. N. M. Balaoing, Joseph Ralph, R. Rinnert, B Fishler, D. L. Hardy, K. D. Pletcher, J. Liebman, R. K. Butlin, B. Johnson, T. McCarville, L. C. Clowdus, Otto Landen, V. K. Lakamsani, B. P. Golick, F. W. Chambers, D. T. Maloy, D. L. Hipple, C. B. Foxworthy, O. D. Edwards, C. J. Roberts, T. Zaleski, S. C. Burkhart, Thomas J. Johnson, N. Lao, S. R. Marshall, J. A. Baltz, D. E. Speck, R. Miramontes, J. E. Krammen, P. J. van Arsdall, M. A. Bergonia, K. M. Skulina, R. J. Strausser, K. M. Knittel, Siegfried Glenzer, G. J. Mauger, B. E. Smith, Sally Andrews, G. Heestand, P. W. Edwards, E. M. Giraldez, John R. Celeste, N. I. Spafford, R. W. Patterson, J. Watkins, J. B. Tassano, J. C. Ellefson, B. S. Raimondi, Christoph Niemann, M. M. Montoya, M. A. Jackson, T. W. Phillips, H. Gonzales, E. Ng, Mark Eckart, D. M. Lord, S. R. Hahn, L. J. Bernardez, B. D. Cline, A. Forsman, J. W. Florio, D. Pigg, Donald F. Browning, J. L. Vickers, K. M. Morriston, G. A. Keating, G. Pavel, P. C. Dupuy, A. S. Runtal, R. L. Hibbard, P. T. Springer, T. Kohut, B. L. Pepmeier, Richard Town, W. J. Fabyan, S. Huber, A. P. Ludwigsen, G. Holtmeier, D. L. Hodtwalker, M. Neto, P. H. Gschweng, J. D. Moody, K. L. Griffin, B. V. Beeman, J. D. Hollis, E T Alger, G. M. Curnow, P. S. Yang, E. Padilla, M. W. Owens, M. J. Richardson, S. R. Robison, K. Gu, F. J. Lopez, G. Markham, M. J. Shaw, F. E. Wade, R. K. Kirkwood, Pamela K. Whitman, Cliff Thomas, L. F. Alvarez, D. K. Bradley, J. F. Meeker, J. A. Borgman, M. D. Vergino, J. McBride, W. A. Reid, D. E. Petersen, J. S. Taylor, G. T. Villanueva, M. C. Valadez, D. E. Hinkel, M. A. Weingart, K. Charron, S. W. Kramer, R. R. Lyons, S. L. Edson, Klaus Widmann, Q. M. Ngo, H. Zhang, J. B. Alfonso, S. Weaver, J. D. Driscoll, R. M. Marquez, R. M. Franks, A. Nikroo, Mark R. Hermann, R. A. Sacks, Harry B. Radousky, A. B. Langdon, Paul J. Wegner, E. K. Krieger, Pierre Michel, Richard Berger, C. Chan, J. Li, Jose Milovich, J. S. Merill, C. Powell, J. S. Zielinski, L. J. Lagin, S. P. Rogers, J. D. Tappero, N. L. Orsi, S. L. Townsend, L. Auyang, F. A. Penko, V. Rekow, P. G. Zapata, Carlos E. Castro, R. W. Carey, A. D. Casey, K. S. Segraves, D. R. Jedlovec, J. R. Cox, S. Sommer, J. C. Bell, D. L. Brinkerhoff, E. O. Vergel de Dios, G. A. Bowers, R. Zacharias, J. D. Hitchcock, S. W. Lane, R. Prasad, K. A. Moreno, B. J. MacGowan, K. Wilhelmsen, Nobuhiko Izumi, S. F. Locke, R. Chapman, O. R. Rodriguez, S. A. Vonhof, E. F. Wilson, B. L. Olejniczak, G. W. Krauter, R. Lowe-Webb, Nathan Meezan, J. R. Kimbrough, Claire Bishop, D. N. Hulsey, Joseph W. Carlson, R. N. Fallejo, M. J. Gonzalez, L. R. Belk, R. J. Wallace, S. L. Kenitzer, J. Duncan, K. Piston, J. Wen, K. E. Burns, K. L. Tribbey, S. A. Gonzales, J. H. Truong, P. Di Nicola, J. B. McCloud, Y. Lee, S. Shiromizu, T. M. Schindler, B. Burr, R. Saunders, C. Marshall, A. L. Solomon, R. C. Bettenhausen, B. M. Van Wonterghem, H. K. Loey, B. Felker, P. S. Cardinale, M. D. Finney, D. P. Atkinson, Damien Hicks, J. L. Bragg, E. G. Dzenitis, J. A. Robinson, John R. Bower, B. Riordan, S. W. Haan, M. Fedorov, Z. Alherz, S. J. Cohen, A. I. Barnes, A. Y. Chakicherla, and J. L. Reynolds
Subjects: Physics, business.industry, Physics::Optics, General Physics and Astronomy, Implosion, Radiation, Laser, law.invention, Ignition system, Optics, Physics::Plasma Physics, Hohlraum, law, Laser power scaling, Atomic physics, National Ignition Facility, business, Inertial confinement fusion, Astrophysics::Galaxy Astrophysics
Abstract: We demonstrate the hohlraum radiation temperature and symmetry required for ignition-scale inertial confinement fusion capsule implosions. Cryogenic gas-filled hohlraums with 2.2 mm-diameter capsules are heated with unprecedented laser energies of 1.2 MJ delivered by 192 ultraviolet laser beams on the National Ignition Facility. Laser backscatter measurements show that these hohlraums absorb 87% to 91% of the incident laser power resulting in peak radiation temperatures of T(RAD)=300 eV and a symmetric implosion to a 100 μm diameter hot core.
Published: 2011

25. Oxide and Fluoride Laser Crystals

Author: L. J. Atherton, Stephen A. Payne, and C. D. Brandle
Subjects: Materials science, business.industry, Ruby laser, Inorganic chemistry, Doping, Oxide, New materials, Crystal growth, Laser, law.invention, chemistry.chemical_compound, chemistry, law, Optoelectronics, General Materials Science, business, Luminescence, Fluoride
Abstract: Crystals doped with metal ions have long been recognized as useful laser media. In fact, laser action was first demonstrated in 1960 on the basis of a ruby laser rod (or Cr3+-doped A1203) (I). Following the discovery that crystals doped with metal ions provide a viable route by which to develop solid-state laser media, hundreds of additional doped crystals have been shown to lase. Many of the early crystals that were of interest to researchers entailed well-known luminescent materials which, by happenstance, also exhibited laser action. Later, many new materials were developed specifi cally to serve as laser crystals. In spite of the proliferation of solid-state gain media, few crystals have proven to be useful under practical cir cumstances. In fact, the gap between demonstration exercises of laser action and the engineering of practical systems is often wide and difficult to bridge. In order to develop and test new laser crystals, it is first crucial to identify the appropriate means by which to grow and fabricate the crystals. To further optimize the crystal growth conditions, it is necessary to understand the basic physical properties of the melt and solid. In order to successfully
Published: 1993

26. Performance of large-aperture optical switches for high-energy inertial-confinement fusion lasers

Author: David H. Roberts, Bruce W. Woods, Mark A. Rhodes, L. J. Atherton, and Jim J. DeYoreo
Subjects: Materials science, Spatial filter, business.industry, Materials Science (miscellaneous), Polarizer, Laser, Optical switch, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering, Pockels effect, law.invention, Crystal, Light intensity, Optics, law, Optoelectronics, Business and International Management, business, Inertial confinement fusion
Abstract: We describe the design and performance of large-aperture (>30 cm × 30 cm) optical switches that have demonstrated, for the first time to our knowledge, active switching of a high-energy (>5 kJ) optical pulse in an inertial-confinement fusion laser. These optical switches, which consist of a plasma-electrode Pockels cell (PEPC) and a passive polarizer, permit the design of efficient, multipass laser amplifiers. In a PEPC, plasma discharges on the faces of a thin (1-cm) electro-optic crystal (KDP or KD*P) act as highly conductive and transparent electrodes. These plasma electrodes facilitate rapid (
Published: 2010

27. The first measurements of soft x-ray flux from ignition scale Hohlraums at the National Ignition Facility using DANTE (invited)

Author: E. L. Dewald, L. J. Atherton, Denise Hinkel, Cliff Thomas, J. H. Kamperschroer, J. D. Kilkenny, B. J. MacGowan, E. A. Williams, B. K. F. Young, Stephen P. Vernon, M. D. Rosen, Otto Landen, Alastair Moore, M. Schneider, B. M. Van Wonterghem, N. Meezan, R. E. Olson, S. N. Dixit, W. W. Hsing, John R. Celeste, J. Liebman, Debra Callahan, C. A. Haynam, P. Torres, A. Conder, S. Azevedo, L. V. Berzins, R. J. Wallace, Robert L. Kauffman, L. J. Suter, Siegfried Glenzer, D. Larson, John Kline, Klaus Widmann, Daniel H. Kalantar, A. L. Warrick, R G Beeler, and V. Tran
Subjects: Physics, business.industry, Energy conversion efficiency, Nova (laser), Radiation, Laser, law.invention, Ignition system, Optics, Hohlraum, law, National Ignition Facility, business, Instrumentation, Beam (structure)
Abstract: The first 96 and 192 beam vacuum Hohlraum target experiments have been fielded at the National Ignition Facility demonstrating radiation temperatures up to 340 eV and fluxes of 20 TW/sr as viewed by DANTE representing an ∼20 times flux increase over NOVA/Omega scale Hohlraums. The vacuum Hohlraums were irradiated with 2 ns square laser pulses with energies between 150 and 635 kJ. They produced nearly Planckian spectra with about 30±10% more flux than predicted by the preshot radiation hydrodynamic simulations. To validate these results, careful verification of all component calibrations, cable deconvolution, and software analysis routines has been conducted. In addition, a half Hohlraum experiment was conducted using a single 2 ns long axial quad with an irradiance of ∼2×1015 W/cm2 for comparison with NIF Early Light experiments completed in 2004. We have also completed a conversion efficiency test using a 128-beam nearly uniformly illuminated gold sphere with intensities kept low (at 1×1014 W/cm2 over 5 ns) to avoid sensitivity to modeling uncertainties for nonlocal heat conduction and nonlinear absorption mechanisms, to compare with similar intensity, 3 ns OMEGA sphere results. The 2004 and 2009 NIF half-Hohlraums agreed to 10% in flux, but more importantly, the 2006 OMEGA Au Sphere, the 2009 NIF Au sphere, and the calculated Au conversion efficiency agree to ±5% in flux, which is estimated to be the absolute calibration accuracy of the DANTEs. Hence we conclude that the 30±10% higher than expected radiation fluxes from the 96 and 192 beam vacuum Hohlraums are attributable to differences in physics of the larger Hohlraums.The first 96 and 192 beam vacuum Hohlraum target experiments have been fielded at the National Ignition Facility demonstrating radiation temperatures up to 340 eV and fluxes of 20 TW/sr as viewed by DANTE representing an ∼20 times flux increase over NOVA/Omega scale Hohlraums. The vacuum Hohlraums were irradiated with 2 ns square laser pulses with energies between 150 and 635 kJ. They produced nearly Planckian spectra with about 30±10% more flux than predicted by the preshot radiation hydrodynamic simulations. To validate these results, careful verification of all component calibrations, cable deconvolution, and software analysis routines has been conducted. In addition, a half Hohlraum experiment was conducted using a single 2 ns long axial quad with an irradiance of ∼2×1015 W/cm2 for comparison with NIF Early Light experiments completed in 2004. We have also completed a conversion efficiency test using a 128-beam nearly uniformly illuminated gold sphere with intensities kept low (at 1×1014 W/cm2 over 5 ...
Published: 2010

28. Elimination of scattering centers from Cr : LiCaAlF6

Author: J. J. De Yoreo, L. J. Atherton, and David H. Roberts
Subjects: chemistry.chemical_classification, Chemistry, Scattering, Annealing (metallurgy), Crystal growth, Condensed Matter Physics, Molecular physics, Fick's laws of diffusion, Inorganic Chemistry, Impurity, Materials Chemistry, Melting point, Inorganic compound, Order of magnitude, Nuclear chemistry
Abstract: We describe the morphology of micron-sized defects present in all samples of the laser crystal Cr3+ : LiCaAlF6 (LiCAF). We further describe the results of a set of annealing experiments which demonstrate that annealing within 50°C of the melting point eliminates these defects and reduces passive scattering losses in the crystal by an order of magnitude. We present evidence which shows that during annealing, these defects dissolve into the matrix and then diffuse out of the crystal. We estimate that the diffusion constant for the atomically dispersed defect species is on the order of 10−7 cm2/s. Finally, we hypothesize a mechanism for the growth and elimination of defects in LiCAF.
Published: 1991

29. Erratum: 'Review of the National Ignition Campaign 2009-2012' [Phys. Plasmas 21, 020501 (2014)]

Author: B. J. Haid, R G Beeler, D. Latray, J. M. Di Nicola, T. Kohut, Damien Hicks, J. A. Koch, S. V. Weber, Frank E. Merrill, P. Gauthier, M. Hoppe, M. Fedorov, S. Woods, D. Meeker, Nathan Meezan, J. R. Kimbrough, A. S. Moore, V. A. Smalyuk, Pamela K. Whitman, R. K. House, Jose Milovich, J. Adams, H. Wilkens, V. E. Fatherley, Robert L. Kauffman, J. N. E. Palmer, Brian Felker, Jon Eggert, R. Sawicki, R. A. Lerche, G.D. Kerbel, Kumar Raman, E. L. Dewald, F. Ravizza, B. P. Golick, J.-L. Bourgade, L. J. Lagin, Mahalia Jackson, Laurent Divol, K. A. Moreno, Nobuhiko Izumi, R. M. Bionta, Owen B. Drury, A. M. Manuel, S. J. Cohen, M. H. Key, R. J. Fortner, T. Frazier, R. T. Shelton, F. Philippe, D. H. Schneider, D. Trummer, R. Tommasini, C. Marshall, N. Guler, J. L. Peterson, Thomas G. Phillips, M. A. Rever, J. S. Taylor, Stephan Friedrich, L. J. Atherton, Otto Landen, N. Simanovskaia, G. W. Cooper, A. J. Mackinnon, R. Lowe-Webb, A. Wang, G. Gururangan, R. Hawley, C. Choate, John M. Dzenitis, W. Garbett, C. F. Walters, A. C. Riddle, B. E. Yoxall, M.S.Hutton, R. Seugling, J. D. Kilkenny, Gabriel M. Guss, J. P. Holder, R. Saunders, J. R. Nelson, D. A. Smauley, Joseph Koning, D. T. Casey, N. Masters, M. C. Witte, H.-S. Park, D. A. Shaughnessy, Rachna Prasad, J. E. Peterson, R. Zacharias, D. H. Munro, Christopher J. Stolz, Edward I. Moses, D. D. Martinson, C. J. Cerjan, James McNaney, J. R. Rygg, T. N. Malsbury, J. B. Horner, N. Shingleton, T A Biesiada, Mike C. Nostrand, Tilo Döppner, L. F. Berzak Hopkins, T. A. Land, C. R. Gibson, D. Mason, D. R. Jedlovec, J. R. Cox, P. Datte, D. A. Barker, Kenneth S. Jancaitis, R. F. Burr, F. H. Séguin, Erik Storm, R. A. London, S. R. Qiu, Laurent Masse, R. A. Sacks, E. A. Williams, M. Mintz, Robert Hatarik, B. A. Hammel, Daniel H. Kalantar, D. Hoover, R. Von Rotz, Mark Eckart, Laura Robin Benedetti, E. S. Palma, V.J. Hernandez, M J O'Brien, J. Gaylord, George B. Zimmerman, J. C. Moreno, A. L. Kritcher, Evan Mapoles, A. B. Langdon, B. J. MacGowan, R. D. Petrasso, John E. Heebner, C. W. Carr, A. L. Warrick, G. L. Tietbohl, Charles D. Orth, David R. Farley, T. M. Guymer, Ted A. Laurence, C. B. Yeamans, M. Emerich, Carlos E. Castro, J.-P. Leidinger, J. E. Ralph, M. Norton, Gordon A. Chandler, Shahab Khan, Y. Kim, O. S. Jones, Peter M. Celliers, Michael R. Borden, K. Wilhelmsen, J. L. Reynolds, B. J. Kozioziemski, J. D. Moody, Marilyn Schneider, Christopher Danly, Chimpén Ruiz, James A. Folta, S. C. Burkhart, T. M. Spinka, E. G. Dzenitis, Shon Prisbrey, E. P. Hartouni, M. J. Richardson, David Strozzi, Kyle Peterson, B. Rittmann, E. J. Bond, M. Chiarappa-Zucca, Michael J. Moran, K. C. Chen, M. A. Barrios, I. Matthews, Steven H. Batha, P. T. Springer, G. W. Krauter, Nick Antipa, P. A. Arnold, Raluca A. Negres, Howard A. Scott, K. D. Hahn, R. B. Ehrlich, A. V. Hamza, Scott Sepke, Pierre Michel, Marcus V. Monticelli, Denise Hinkel, D. M. Holunga, S. W. Haan, L. J. Suter, Maria Gatu Johnson, Cliff Thomas, S. H. Glenzer, J. Edwards, C. K. Li, C. C. Widmayer, K. Schaffers, M. M. Marinak, R. K. Kirkwood, Steven H. Langer, I. Bass, Salmaan H. Baxamusa, Michael Stadermann, David N. Fittinghoff, G. Heestand, N. Dorsano, T. McCarville, J. Chang, D. D. Ho, Mark D. Wilke, Daniel Clark, Z. Liao, William L. Kruer, D. K. Bradley, P. K. Patel, Donald F. Browning, L. A. Bernstein, Arthur C. Carpenter, Hans W. Herrmann, Peter Amendt, S. M. Glenn, Jay D. Salmonson, M. J. Shaw, James S. Stolken, R. E. Olson, Gilbert Collins, J. A. Caggiano, Mark R. Hermann, Bruce Remington, B. Butlin, Paul J. Wegner, Alex Zylstra, K. Primdahl, J. T. Salmon, B. W. Hatch, D. R. Speck, S. P. Hatchett, Brian Spears, C. A. Haynam, Richard C. Montesanti, P. M. Bell, B. V. Beeman, R. J. Wallace, A. Conder, Jeffrey D. Bude, J. J. Klingman, Klaus Widmann, K. N. LaFortune, P. Di Nicola, R. Finucane, Jeremy Kroll, Tayyab I. Suratwala, S. Weaver, J. D. Sater, Michael Rosenberg, J. Fair, V. Draggoo, N. Shen, Laura M. Kegelmeyer, B. Raymond, S. Frieders, K. M. Knittel, S. Azevedo, George A. Kyrala, D. C. Eder, D. A. Callahan, D. L. Bleuel, T. G. Parham, T. Ma, Suhas Bhandarkar, Wolfgang Stoeffl, D. G. Mathisen, M. D. Rosen, L. Wong, H. G. Rinderknecht, S. N. Dixit, P. E. Miller, Robbie Scott, K. Manes, Mark W. Bowers, M. Spaeth, G. Erbert, Andrew MacPhee, B. K. Young, Sebastien LePape, K. G. Krauter, James Ross, R. J. Leeper, J. Liebman, Michael A. Johnson, J. Menapace, G. LaCaille, R. D. Wood, T. J. Clancy, R. W. Patterson, John Kline, Rebecca Dylla-Spears, J. D. Lindl, B.M. VanWonterghem, Yekaterina Opachich, J. Fry, Carl Wilde, Aaron Fisher, P. Graham, Art Pak, G. Frieders, Gary Grim, G. A. Deis, J. A. Frenje, D. Larson, John Honig, G Brunton, S. Yang, John R. Celeste, and Doug Wilson
Subjects: Ignition system, Physics, Nuclear physics, law, Plasma, Condensed Matter Physics, law.invention
Published: 2014

30. Radiation-driven hydrodynamics of high- hohlraums on the national ignition facility

Author: B. A. Hammel, Daniel H. Kalantar, M. J. Shaw, Franz A. Weber, R. E. Turner, Paul J. Wegner, B. R. Thomas, K. M. Campbell, Pamela K. Whitman, L. J. Atherton, A. J. Mackinnon, R. E. Bonanno, G. Holtmeier, Edward I. Moses, R. J. Wallace, Siegfried Glenzer, B. M. Van Wonterghem, Marilyn Schneider, David C. Eder, B. K. F. Young, Alice Koniges, D. H. Munro, Jochen Schein, B. J. MacGowan, C. A. Haynam, T. G. Parham, John R. Murray, L. J. Suter, Otto Landen, K. Piston, Christoph Niemann, Kenneth R. Manes, F. D. Lee, Dustin Froula, John R. Celeste, S. N. Dixit, D. Pellinen, Eduard Dewald, J. W. McDonald, Robert L. Kauffman, J. P. Holder, and John Foster
Subjects: Physics, General Physics and Astronomy, Plasma, Radiation, Coronal radiative losses, Electromagnetic radiation, law.invention, Nuclear physics, Ignition system, Physics::Plasma Physics, Hohlraum, law, Electron temperature, National Ignition Facility
Abstract: The first hohlraum experiments on the National Ignition Facility (NIF) using the initial four laser beams tested radiation temperature limits imposed by plasma filling. For a variety of hohlraum sizes and pulse lengths, the measured x-ray flux shows signatures of filling that coincide with hard x-ray emission from plasma streaming out of the hohlraum. These observations agree with hydrodynamic simulations and with an analytical model that includes hydrodynamic and coronal radiative losses. The modeling predicts radiation temperature limits with full NIF (1.8 MJ), greater, and of longer duration than required for ignition hohlraums.
Published: 2005

31. Producing KDP and DKDP crystals for the NIF laser

Author: J. J. De Yoreo, R. C. Combs, Paul J. Wegner, Michael J. Runkel, Alan K. Burnham, R. C. Montesant, M. Yan, Michael C. Staggs, R. A. Hawley-Fedder, H. F. Robey, Natalia Zaitseva, S. A. Couture, and L. J. Atherton
Subjects: Materials science, Spatial filter, business.industry, Amplifier, chemistry.chemical_element, Polarizer, Laser, Neodymium, Pockels effect, law.invention, Optics, chemistry, law, Optical cavity, business, Inertial confinement fusion
Abstract: The cost and physics requirements of the NIF have established two important roles for potassium dihydrogen phosphate (KDP) crystals. 1. To extract more laser energy per unit of flashlamp light and laser glass, the NIF has adopted a multipass architecture as shown in Figure 1. Light is injected in the transport spatial filter, first traverses the power amplifiers, and then is directed to main amplifiers, where it makes four passes before being redirected through the power amplifiers towards the target. To enable the multipass of the main amplifiers, a KDP-containing Pockels cell rotates the polarization of the beam to make it either transmit through or reflect off a polarizer held at Brewster's angle within the main laser cavity. If transmitted, the light reflects off a mirror and makes another pass through the cavity. If reflected, it proceeds through the power amplifier to the target. the original seed crystal as the pyramid faces grow. Unfortunately, this pyramidal growth is very slow, and it takes about two years to grow a crystal to NIF size. To provide more programmatic flexibility and reduce costs in the long run, we have developed an alternative technology commonly called rapid growth. Through a combination of higher temperatures and higher supersaturation of the growth solution, a NIF-size boule can be grown in 1 to 2 months from a small ''point'' seed. However, growing boules of adequate size is not sufficient. Care must be taken to prevent inclusions of growth solution and incorporation of atomically substituted 2. Implosions for ICF work far better at shorter wavelengths due to less generation of hot electrons, which preheat the fuel and make it harder to compress. Compromising between optic lifetime and implosion efficiency, both Nova and the NIF operate at a tripled frequency of the 1053-nm fundamental frequency of a neodymium glass laser. This tripling is accomplished by two crystals, one made of KDP and one made of deuterated KDP (DKDP). The first one mixes two 1053-nm photons to make 526-nm light, and the second one combines a residual 1053-nm photon with a 526-nm photon to make 351-nm light.
Published: 1999

32. Progress toward ignition at the National Ignition Facility

Author: Daniel S. Clark, Debra Callahan, C. A. Haynam, James Ross, B. A. Hammel, Daniel H. Kalantar, E. L. Dewald, O. S. Jones, A. L. Kritcher, Peter M. Celliers, David R. Farley, M. D. Rosen, O. L. Landen, Edward I. Moses, D. H. Edgell, Tilo Doeppner, M. Gatu Johnson, Barbara F. Lasinski, A. J. Mackinnon, L. F. Berzak Hopkins, J. H. Hammer, John Moody, Tammy Ma, S. N. Dixit, Erik Storm, R. P. Petrasso, D. H. Munro, J. P. Knauer, J. D. Kilkenny, John Kline, Peter Amendt, B. J. MacGowan, S. W. Haan, D. L. Bleuel, T. G. Parham, L. J. Atherton, E. A. Williams, H. S. Park, R. Benedetti, Darwin Ho, Jon Eggert, D. K. Bradley, T. R. Boehly, C. J. Cerjan, S. M. Glenn, J. D. Lindl, Hans W. Herrmann, Harry Robey, Richard Town, Arthur Pak, R. Rygg, Charles Yeamans, Nathan Meezan, Robert L. Kauffman, Brian Spears, A. J. Macphee, Gilbert Collins, Laurent Divol, Jay D. Salmonson, George A. Kyrala, J. A. Koch, S. V. Weber, Paul J. Wegner, J. A. Caggiano, Bruce Remington, R. E. Olson, Denise Hinkel, Cliff Thomas, T. C. Sangster, Alex Zylstra, K. N. LaFortune, Hans Rinderknecht, Joseph Ralph, T. R. Dittrich, V. Y. Glebov, Doug Wilson, B. M. Van Wonterghem, W. W. Hsing, M. J. Edwards, L. J. Suter, Robert Heeter, Abbas Nikroo, P. T. Springer, Marilyn Schneider, A. V. Hamza, K. Opachich, V. A. Smalyuk, Jose Milovich, Pierre Michel, P. K. Patel, Klaus Widmann, Alastair Moore, Susan Regan, Johan Frenje, Evan Mapoles, Omar Hurricane, David Strozzi, N. Izumi, and Don Meeker
Subjects: Materials science, business.industry, Nuclear engineering, Implosion, Nanocrystalline diamond, Condensed Matter Physics, Laser, law.invention, Ignition system, Optics, Nuclear Energy and Engineering, law, Hohlraum, Laser power scaling, National Ignition Facility, business, Beam (structure)
Abstract: Progress toward ignition at the National Ignition Facility (NIF) has been focused on furthering the understanding of implosion performance. Implosion performance depends on the capsule fuel shape, on higher mode asymmetries that may cause hydrodynamic instabilities to quench ignition, on time-dependent asymmetries introduced by the hohlraum target, and on ablator performance. Significant findings in each of these four areas is reported. These investigations have led to improved in-flight capsule shape, a demonstration that a capsule robust to mix can generate high levels of neutrons (7.7 × 10 14 ), hohlraum modifications that should ultimately provide improved beam propagation and better laser coupling, and fielding of capsules with high-density carbon (HDC) ablators. A capsule just fielded with a HDC ablator and filled with DT gas generated a preliminary record level of neutrons at 1.6 × 10 15 , or 5kJ of energy. Future plans include further improvements to fuel shape and hohlraum performance, fielding robust capsules at higher laser power and energy, and tuning the HDC capsule. A capsule with a nanocrystalline diamond (HDC) ablator on a DT ice layer will be fielded at NIF later this year.
Published: 2013

33. Progress towards ignition on the National Ignition Facility

Author: Hans W. Herrmann, Charles Yeamans, J. D. Moody, E. L. Dewald, Gary Grim, Gilbert Collins, John Kline, Nobuhiko Izumi, S. P. Hatchett, K. C. Chen, D. E. Hinkel, P. M. Celliers, Riccardo Betti, A. V. Hamza, A. Nikroo, Edward I. Moses, Scott Sepke, Paul J. Wegner, Johan Frenje, Evan Mapoles, M. Meezan, Cliff Thomas, P. T. Springer, H.-S. Park, C. L. Olson, Pierre Michel, M. M. Marinak, P. K. Patel, J. D. Lindl, D. A. Callahan, Daniel Clark, V. A. Smalyuk, M. Mauldin, Andrew MacPhee, M. Gatu Johnson, T. Ma, Fredrick Seguin, Damien Hicks, Jose Milovich, Wolfgang Stoeffl, O. L. Landen, M. J. Edwards, R. J. Leeper, J. D. Sater, B. Jacoby, M. Hoppe, D. K. Bradley, Art Pak, L. J. Atherton, N. Hein, J. P. Knauer, J. D. Kilkenny, V. Yu. Glebov, M. D. Rosen, L. J. Suter, G. A. Kyrala, E. M. Giraldez, D. A. Shaughnessy, Tilo Doeppner, Robert L. Kauffman, C. J. Cerjan, Doug Wilson, Siegfried Glenzer, Kathy Opachich, L. A. Bernstein, Michael Farrell, Sean Regan, H. G. Rinderknecht, S. N. Dixit, D. H. Munro, Mark D. Wilke, Richard Town, Laurent Divol, T. C. Sangster, P. W. McKenty, D. H. Schneider, B. J. Kozioziemski, O. S. Jones, B. J. MacGowan, Matthew Moran, Harry Robey, Steven Ross, R. A. Lerche, D. H. Edgell, D. L. Bleuel, James E. Fair, K. Widman, Christian Stoeckl, T. G. Parham, J. A. Koch, R. Benedetti, T. R. Boehly, S. V. Weber, R. Tommasini, Steven H. Batha, Jay D. Salmonson, D. R. Harding, S. Le Pape, J. A. Caggiano, Bruce Remington, Alex Zylstra, R. J. Fortner, Joseph Ralph, W. W. Hsing, B. A. Hammel, Daniel H. Kalantar, R. D. Petrasso, A. J. Mackinnon, S. W. Haan, Brian Spears, and K. N. LaFortune
Subjects: Physics, Thermonuclear fusion, Nuclear engineering, Implosion, Nova (laser), Fusion power, Condensed Matter Physics, law.invention, Ignition system, Fusion ignition, law, Atomic physics, National Ignition Facility, Inertial confinement fusion
Abstract: The National Ignition Facility (NIF) at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory includes a precision laser system now capable of delivering 1.8 MJ at 500 TW of 0.35-μm light to a target. NIF has been operational since March 2009. A variety of experiments have been completed in support of NIF's mission areas: national security, fundamental science, and inertial fusion energy. NIF capabilities and infrastructure are in place to support its missions with nearly 60 X-ray, optical, and nuclear diagnostic systems. A primary goal of the National Ignition Campaign (NIC) on the NIF was to implode a low-Z capsule filled with ∼0.2 mg of deuterium-tritium (DT) fuel via laser indirect-drive inertial confinement fusion and demonstrate fusion ignition and propagating thermonuclear burn with a net energy gain of ∼5–10 (fusion yield/input laser energy). This requires assembling the DT fuel into a dense shell of ∼1000 g/cm3 with an areal density (ρR) of ∼1.5 g/cm2, surrounding a lower density hot spot with a temperature of ∼10 keV and a ρR ∼0.3 g/cm2, or approximately an α-particle range. Achieving these conditions demand precise control of laser and target parameters to allow a low adiabat, high convergence implosion with low ablator fuel mix. We have demonstrated implosion and compressed fuel conditions at ∼80–90% for most point design values independently, but not at the same time. The nuclear yield is a factor of ∼3–10× below the simulated values and a similar factor below the alpha dominated regime. This paper will discuss the experimental trends, the possible causes of the degraded performance (the off-set from the simulations), and the plan to understand and resolve the underlying physics issues.
Published: 2013

34. X-ray driven implosions at ignition relevant velocities on the National Ignition Facility

Author: O. S. Jones, E. L. Dewald, Daniel Clark, George A. Kyrala, D. C. Eder, Nathan Meezan, Edward I. Moses, R. Tommasini, L. J. Atherton, Jeremy Kroll, J. D. Kilkenny, Shon Prisbrey, Tilo Döppner, S.H. Glenzer, Damien Hicks, Harry Robey, B. R. Nathan, E. G. Dzenitis, D. Hoover, M.B. Schneider, Debra Callahan, David R. Farley, Klaus Widmann, A. J. Mackinnon, Y. P. Opachich, J. A. Koch, Andrew MacPhee, Melissa Edwards, A. Nikroo, Laura Robin Benedetti, A. S. Moore, S. Le Pape, Cliff Thomas, Shahab Khan, B. J. MacGowan, K. A. Moreno, W. W. Hsing, P. Di Nicola, Daniel H. Kalantar, Otto Landen, John Kline, S. N. Dixit, T. Ma, D. K. Bradley, S. M. Glenn, Jay D. Salmonson, R. E. Olson, A. V. Hamza, Jose Milovich, and L. J. Suter
Subjects: Physics, business.product_category, business.industry, Implosion, Radius, Fusion power, Condensed Matter Physics, Computational physics, law.invention, Ignition system, Optics, Rocket, law, Plasma diagnostics, Center of mass, National Ignition Facility, business
Abstract: Backlit convergent ablator experiments on the National Ignition Facility [E. I. Moses et al., Phys. Plasmas 16, 041006 (2009)] are indirect drive implosions that study the inflight dynamics of an imploding capsule. Side-on, backlit radiography provides data used by the National Ignition Campaign to measure time-dependent properties of the capsule ablator including its center of mass radius, velocity, and unablated mass. Previously, Callahan [D. A. Callahan et al., Phys. Plasmas 19, 056305 (2012)] and Hicks [D. H. Hicks et al., Phys. Plasmas 19, 122702 (2012)] reported backlit convergent ablator experiments demonstrating velocities approaching those required for ignition. This paper focuses on implosion performance data in the “rocket curve” plane, velocity vs. ablator mass. These rocket curve data, along with supporting numerical simulations, show that the nominal 195 μm-thick ignition capsule would reach the ignition velocity goal V = 370 km/s with low ablator mass remaining–below the goal of M = 0.25 mg...
Published: 2013

35. Hohlraum energetics scaling to 520 TW on the National Ignition Facility

Author: J. L. Kline, D. A. Callahan, S. H. Glenzer, N. B. Meezan, J. D. Moody, D. E. Hinkel, O. S. Jones, A. J. MacKinnon, R. Bennedetti, R. L. Berger, D. Bradley, E. L. Dewald, I. Bass, C. Bennett, M. Bowers, G. Brunton, J. Bude, S. Burkhart, A. Condor, J. M. Di Nicola, P. Di Nicola, S. N. Dixit, T. Doeppner, E. G. Dzenitis, G. Erbert, J. Folta, G. Grim, S. Glenn, A. Hamza, S. W. Haan, J. Heebner, M. Henesian, M. Hermann, D. G. Hicks, W. W. Hsing, N. Izumi, K. Jancaitis, D. Kalantar, S. F. Khan, R. Kirkwood, G. A. Kyrala, K. LaFortune, O. L. Landen, L. Lagin, D. Larson, S. Le Pape, T. Ma, A. G. MacPhee, P. A. Michel, P. Miller, M. Montincelli, A. S. Moore, A. Nikroo, M. Nostrand, R. E. Olson, A. Pak, H. S. Park, J. P. Patel, L. Pelz, J. Ralph, S. P. Regan, H. F. Robey, M. D. Rosen, J. S. Ross, M. B. Schneider, M. Shaw, V. A. Smalyuk, D. J. Strozzi, T. Suratwala, L. J. Suter, R. Tommasini, R. P. J. Town, B. Van Wonterghem, P. Wegner, K. Widmann, C. Widmayer, H. Wilkens, E. A. Williams, M. J. Edwards, B. A. Remington, B. J. MacGowan, J. D. Kilkenny, J. D. Lindl, L. J. Atherton, S. H. Batha, and E. Moses
Subjects: Physics, Ignition system, Hohlraum, law, Implosion, Plasma diagnostics, Radiation, Atomic physics, Condensed Matter Physics, National Ignition Facility, Laser, Inertial confinement fusion, law.invention
Abstract: Indirect drive experiments have now been carried out with laser powers and energies up to 520 TW and 1.9 MJ. These experiments show that the energy coupling to the target is nearly constant at 84% ± 3% over a wide range of laser parameters from 350 to 520 TW and 1.2 to 1.9 MJ. Experiments at 520 TW with depleted uranium hohlraums achieve radiation temperatures of ∼330 ± 4 eV, enough to drive capsules 20 μm thicker than the ignition point design to velocities near the ignition goal of 370 km/s. A series of three symcap implosion experiments with nearly identical target, laser, and diagnostics configurations show the symmetry and drive are reproducible at the level of ±8.5% absolute and ±2% relative, respectively.
Published: 2013

36. Nuclear imaging of the fuel assembly in ignition experiments

Author: L. A. Bernstein, D. T. Casey, D. G. Mathisen, B. M. Van Wonterghem, Christopher Danly, J. M. Di Nicola, G. Erbert, W. W. Hsing, D. H. Edgell, Frank E. Merrill, H. G. Rinderknecht, S. N. Dixit, S. M. Glenn, Pamela K. Whitman, Jay D. Salmonson, R. E. Olson, E. L. Dewald, Robert L. Kauffman, J. P. Knauer, Mahalia Jackson, John Kline, Mark Eckart, Laura Robin Benedetti, R. Zacharias, D. H. Munro, Mark W. Bowers, M. A. Barrios, Owen B. Drury, J. R. Cradick, Carlos E. Castro, B. R. Nathan, Denise Hinkel, L. V. Berzins, L. J. Atherton, J. A. Koch, Cliff Thomas, Michael J. Moran, Edward I. Moses, T. L. Lewis, J. D. Kilkenny, Richard Town, R. Saunders, S. V. Weber, C. Choate, David N. Fittinghoff, Carl Wilde, Rachna Prasad, L. J. Suter, R. J. Fortner, James McNaney, Petr Volegov, R. J. Leeper, A. S. Moore, Arthur Pak, D. L. Bleuel, B. J. MacGowan, J. R. Cox, G. LaCaille, D. K. Bradley, E. G. Dzenitis, P. Datte, Laurent Divol, T. G. Parham, Pierre Michel, Richard Berger, P. W. McKenty, Marilyn Schneider, Chimpén Ruiz, Otto Landen, N. Simanovskaia, G. W. Cooper, G. Gururangan, D. H. Schneider, Hans W. Herrmann, G. Frieders, Gary Grim, J. A. Frenje, T. R. Boehly, K. N. La Fortune, A. L. Kritcher, K. D. Hahn, George A. Kyrala, Evan Mapoles, D. C. Eder, B. A. Hammel, Daniel H. Kalantar, P. K. Patel, J. E. Ralph, David R. Farley, Charles D. Orth, D. Larson, D. M. Holunga, Gordon A. Chandler, T. C. Sangster, J. P. Holder, E. P. Hartouni, S. W. Haan, C. J. Cerjan, G. L. Morgan, Tammy Ma, M. J. Shaw, R. A. Buckles, G Brunton, Gilbert Collins, Jeremy Kroll, Brian Felker, G. W. Krauter, Mark R. Hermann, R. C. Ashabranner, Suhas Bhandarkar, C. R. Gibson, Jon Eggert, N. Izumi, P. A. Arnold, S. P. Hatchett, Jose Milovich, Rebecca Dylla-Spears, Wolfgang Stoeffl, Paul J. Wegner, R. D. Petrasso, K. A. Moreno, A. J. Traille, C. Marshall, R. M. Bionta, R. Tommasini, Kumar Raman, J. D. Lindl, M. I. Kauffman, L. J. Lagin, S. C. Burkhart, Christian Stoeckl, Klaus Widmann, Stephan Friedrich, R. Lowe-Webb, Riccardo Betti, G. Ross, J. A. Caggiano, S. Weaver, Alex Zylstra, Susan Regan, E. M. Giraldez, S. H. Glenzer, C. C. Widmayer, Melissa Edwards, A. Nikroo, Nathan Meezan, J. R. Kimbrough, Doug Wilson, R. M. Malone, K. M. Knittel, Robert Hatarik, D. Latray, T. Kohut, O. S. Jones, Peter M. Celliers, A. J. Mackinnon, B. J. Kozioziemski, E T Alger, R. W. Patterson, E. J. Bond, Steven H. Batha, S. J. Cohen, R. B. Ehrlich, Andrew MacPhee, T. A. Land, R. F. Burr, F. H. Séguin, B. K. Young, Sebastien LePape, K. G. Krauter, R. D. Wood, N. Guler, Brian Spears, Shahab Khan, J. D. Moody, R. K. Kirkwood, Daniel Clark, A. J. Nelson, J. D. Sater, J. Fair, V. Y. Glebov, T. N. Malsbury, J. B. Horner, H. Huang, Harry Robey, E. S. Palma, Kenneth S. Jancaitis, Maria Gatu-Johnson, Debra Callahan, C. A. Haynam, P. M. Bell, R. J. Wallace, P. T. Springer, Damien Hicks, P. Di Nicola, and A. V. Hamza
Subjects: Physics, Nuclear engineering, Condensed Matter Physics, law.invention, Ignition system, Nuclear physics, Physics::Plasma Physics, law, Hotspot (geology), Nuclear fusion, Plasma diagnostics, Neutron, Area density, Stagnation pressure, Inertial confinement fusion
Abstract: First results from the analysis of neutron image data collected on implosions of cryogenically layered deuterium-tritium capsules during the 2011-2012 National Ignition Campaign are reported. The data span a variety of experimental designs aimed at increasing the stagnation pressure of the central hotspot and areal density of the surrounding fuel assembly. Images of neutrons produced by deuterium–tritium fusion reactions in the hotspot are presented, as well as images of neutrons that scatter in the surrounding dense fuel assembly. The image data are compared with 1D and 2D model predictions, and consistency checked using other diagnostic data. The results indicate that the size of the fusing hotspot is consistent with the model predictions, as well as other imaging data, while the overall size of the fuel assembly, inferred from the scattered neutron images, is systematically smaller than models' prediction. Preliminary studies indicate these differences are consistent with a significant fraction (20%–25%) of the initial deuterium-tritium fuel mass outside the compact fuel assembly, due either to low mode mass asymmetry or high mode 3D mix effects at the ablator-ice interface.
Published: 2013

37. Ignition tuning for the National Ignition Campaign

Author: David R. Farley, L. J. Atherton, A. V. Hamza, N. Meezan, John Kline, O. S. Jones, Peter M. Celliers, Brian Spears, Cliff Thomas, J. Edwards, Abbas Nikroo, Joseph Ralph, Otto Landen, D. K. Bradley, J. D. Kilkenny, J. D. Lindl, K. N. LaFortune, S. M. Glenn, J. D. Moody, R. E. Olson, S. W. Haan, Nelson M. Hoffman, Debra Callahan, C. A. Haynam, A. J. Mackinnon, D. H. Munro, Susan Regan, Jose Milovich, B. J. MacGowan, B. A. Hammel, Siegfried Glenzer, Tilo Doeppner, Richard Town, Jon Eggert, Pierre Michel, E. L. Dewald, Edward I. Moses, George A. Kyrala, Harry Robey, Damien Hicks, S. N. Dixit, T. R. Boehly, N. Izumi, J. A. Frenje, L. J. Suter, and Doug Wilson
Subjects: Engineering, business.industry, Physics, QC1-999, Nuclear engineering, Implosion, Mechanical engineering, Laser, Residual, law.invention, Ignition system, Physics::Plasma Physics, Hohlraum, law, business, Inertial confinement fusion
Abstract: The overall goal of the indirect-drive inertial confinement fusion (1) tuning campaigns (2 )i s to maximize the probability of ignition by experimentally correcting for likely residual uncertainties in the implosion and hohlraum physics (3) used in our radiation-hydrodynamic computational models, and by checking for and resolving unexpected shot-to-shot variability in performance (4). This has been started successfully using a variety of surrogate capsules that set key laser, hohlraum and capsule parameters to maximize ignition capsule implosion velocity, while minimizing fuel adiabat, core shape asymmetry and ablator-fuel mix.
Published: 2013

38. Symmetry tuning with megajoule laser pulses at the National Ignition Facility

Author: E. L. Dewald, C. C. Widmayer, Joseph Ralph, P. Di Nicola, Daniel H. Kalantar, Otto Landen, N. Simanovskaia, K. Widmann, John Kline, S. V. Weber, J. D. Moody, S. N. Dixit, O. S. Jones, B. J. MacGowan, N. Izumi, T. G. Parham, R. Benedetti, A. J. Mackinnon, Denise Hinkel, Cliff Thomas, E. J. Bond, Nathan Meezan, L. J. Atherton, Harry B. Radousky, George A. Kyrala, Siegfried Glenzer, Kenneth S. Jancaitis, Robert Heeter, J. D. Kilkenny, Richard Town, Debra Callahan, C. A. Haynam, Tilo Doeppner, Tammy Ma, B Van Wontergheman, E. A. Williams, D. K. Bradley, Marilyn Schneider, S. M. Glenn, M. J. Edwards, L. J. Suter, R. Prasad, K.N. LaFortune, Michael J. Moran, and Pierre Michel
Subjects: Physics, Thermonuclear fusion, business.industry, QC1-999, Implosion, Laser, law.invention, Radiation pattern, Ignition system, Optics, Physics::Plasma Physics, law, Hohlraum, Equivalent weight, National Ignition Facility, business
Abstract: Experiments conducted at the National Ignition Facility using shaped laser pulses with more than 1 MJ of energy have demonstrated the ability to control the implosion symmetry under ignition conditions. To achieve thermonuclear ignition, the low mode asymmetries must be small to minimize the size of the hotspot. The symmetry tuning experiments use symmetry capsules, “symcaps”, which replace the DT fuel with an equivalent mass of CH to emulate the hydrodynamic behavior of an ignition capsule. The x-ray self-emission signature from gas inside the capsule during the peak compression correlates with the surrounding hotspot shape. By tuning the shape of the self-emission, the capsule implosion symmetry can be made to be “round.” In the experimental results presented here, we utilized crossbeam energy transfer [S. H. Glenzer, et al., Science 327, 1228 (2010)] to change the ratio of the inner to outer cone power inside the hohlraum targets on the NIF. Variations in the ratio of the inner cone to outer cone power affect the radiation pattern incident on the capsule modifying the implosion symmetry.
Published: 2013

39. Large-aperture, high-damage-threshold optics for beamlet

Author: J H Campbell, L J Atherton, and J J DeYoreo
Published: 1996

40. Implosion dynamics measurements at the National Ignition Facility

Author: S. M. Glenn, Jay D. Salmonson, R. E. Olson, David R. Farley, E. L. Dewald, Damien Hicks, John Kline, Siegfried Glenzer, Laura Robin Benedetti, B. R. Nathan, Shahab Khan, Jeremy Kroll, L. J. Atherton, W. W. Hsing, Yekaterina Opachich, J. D. Kilkenny, Andrew MacPhee, J. D. Moody, J Eggert, Rachna Prasad, Daniel H. Kalantar, James McNaney, R. D. Petrasso, Nobuhiko Izumi, B. J. MacGowan, P. Di Nicola, R. Tommasini, Daniel Clark, E. G. Dzenitis, Marilyn Schneider, A. V. Hamza, A. J. Mackinnon, Alex Zylstra, Peter M. Celliers, H. G. Rinderknecht, S. N. Dixit, Johan Frenje, J. P. Holder, Nathan Meezan, Harry Robey, Brian Spears, Tilo Döppner, D. A. Callahan, T. Ma, G. A. Kyrala, Michael J. Moran, Gilbert Collins, J. R. Rygg, Robert Heeter, Joseph Ralph, Otto Landen, N. Simanovskaia, Klaus Widmann, Melissa Edwards, A. Nikroo, and D. K. Bradley
Subjects: Physics, Thermonuclear fusion, Laser ablation, business.industry, Pulse duration, Implosion, Condensed Matter Physics, law.invention, Ignition system, Optics, Hohlraum, law, Rise time, business, National Ignition Facility
Abstract: Measurements have been made of the in-flight dynamics of imploding capsules indirectly driven by laser energies of 1–1.7 MJ at the National Ignition Facility [Miller et al., Nucl. Fusion 44, 228 (2004)]. These experiments were part of the National Ignition Campaign [Landen et al., Phys. Plasmas 18, 051002 (2011)] to iteratively optimize the inputs required to achieve thermonuclear ignition in the laboratory. Using gated or streaked hard x-ray radiography, a suite of ablator performance parameters, including the time-resolved radius, velocity, mass, and thickness, have been determined throughout the acceleration history of surrogate gas-filled implosions. These measurements have been used to establish a dynamically consistent model of the ablative drive history and shell compressibility throughout the implosion trajectory. First results showed that the peak velocity of the original 1.3-MJ Ge-doped polymer (CH) point design using Au hohlraums reached only 75% of the required ignition velocity. Several capsule, hohlraum, and laser pulse changes were then implemented to improve this and other aspects of implosion performance and a dedicated effort was undertaken to test the sensitivity of the ablative drive to the rise time and length of the main laser pulse. Changing to Si rather than Ge-doped inner ablator layers and increasing the pulse length together raised peak velocity to 93% ± 5% of the ignition goal using a 1.5 MJ, 420 TW pulse. Further lengthening the pulse so that the laser remained on until the capsule reached 30% (rather than 60%–70%) of its initial radius, reduced the shell thickness and improved the final fuel ρR on companion shots with a cryogenic hydrogen fuel layer. Improved drive efficiency was observed using U rather than Au hohlraums, which was expected, and by slowing the rise time of laser pulse, which was not. The effect of changing the Si-dopant concentration and distribution, as well as the effect of using a larger initial shell thickness were also examined, both of which indicated that instabilities seeded at the ablation front are a significant source of hydrodynamic mix into the central hot spot. Additionally, a direct test of the surrogacy of cryogenic fuel layered versus gas-filled targets was performed. Together all these measurements have established the fundamental ablative-rocket relationship describing the dependence of implosion velocity on fractional ablator mass remaining. This curve shows a lower-than-expected ablator mass at a given velocity, making the capsule more susceptible to feedthrough of instabilities from the ablation front into the fuel and hot spot. This combination of low velocity and low ablator mass indicates that reaching ignition on the NIF will require >20 μm (∼10%) thicker targets and laser powers at or beyond facility limits.
Published: 2012

41. Large-aperture, high-damage-threshold optics for beamlet

Author: J. H. Campbell, L. J. Atherton, L. M. Sheehan, M. R. Kozlowski, R. T. Maney, C. E. Barker, R. C. Montesanti, and J. J. Deyoreo
Subjects: Wavefront, Materials science, business.industry, Nova (laser), Laser, Pockels effect, law.invention, Optics, Transmission (telecommunications), law, Modulation, Optical cavity, business, Inertial confinement fusion
Abstract: Beamlet serves as a test bed for the proposed NIF laser design and components. Therefore, its optics are similar in size and quality to those proposed for the NIF. In general, the optics in the main laser cavity and transport section of Beamlet are larger and have higher damage thresholds than the optics manufactured for any of our previous laser systems. In addition, the quality of the Beamlet optical materials is higher, leading to better wavefront quality, higher optical transmission, and lower-intensity modulation of the output laser beam than, for example, that typically achieved on Nova. In this article, we discuss the properties and characteristics of the large-aperture optics used on Beamlet.
Published: 1995

42. Progress in the indirect-drive National Ignition Campaign

Author: Hans W. Herrmann, Charles Yeamans, Johan Frenje, Gilbert Collins, S. M. Glenn, Evan Mapoles, Robert L. Kauffman, Jay D. Salmonson, Paul J. Wegner, R. E. Olson, A. J. Macphee, L. J. Atherton, D. L. Bleuel, T. G. Parham, Klaus Widmann, R. Benedetti, T. R. Boehly, Jose Milovich, Susan Regan, A. V. Hamza, Siegfried Glenzer, Richard Town, P. T. Springer, D. H. Munro, T. C. Sangster, K. Opachich, Denise Hinkel, O. S. Jones, Peter M. Celliers, Cliff Thomas, B. J. MacGowan, M. D. Rosen, E. L. Dewald, D. K. Bradley, R. P. Petrasso, Abbas Nikroo, James Ross, S. N. Dixit, Nathan Meezan, Pierre Michel, S. W. Haan, David R. Farley, John Kline, P. K. Patel, J. D. Kilkenny, N. Izumi, Marilyn Schneider, Tammy Ma, Alastair Moore, Edward I. Moses, B. M. Van Wonterghem, M. Gatu Johnson, J. D. Lindl, Daniel S. Clark, Debra Callahan, W. W. Hsing, C. A. Haynam, Brian Spears, J. A. Caggiano, Bruce Remington, Alex Zylstra, Damien Hicks, K. N. LaFortune, Hans Rinderknecht, Joseph Ralph, V. Y. Glebov, A. J. Mackinnon, Otto Landen, J. H. Hammer, H. S. Park, John Moody, Jon Eggert, Robert Heeter, Tilo Doeppner, George A. Kyrala, J. A. Koch, S. V. Weber, B. A. Hammel, Daniel H. Kalantar, M. J. Edwards, J. P. Knauer, Doug Wilson, Arthur Pak, L. J. Suter, Harry Robey, V. Smalyuk, D. H. Edgell, and C. J. Cerjan
Subjects: Physics, Shock (fluid dynamics), Nuclear engineering, Hot spot (veterinary medicine), Nanotechnology, Condensed Matter Physics, law.invention, Ignition system, Minimum ignition energy, Nuclear Energy and Engineering, Physics::Plasma Physics, Fusion ignition, Hohlraum, law, Area density, Physics::Chemical Physics, Inertial confinement fusion
Abstract: We have carried out precision optimization of inertial confinement fusion ignition scale implosions. We have achieved hohlraum temperatures in excess of the 300 eV ignition goal with hot-spot symmetry and shock timing near ignition specs. Using slower rise pulses to peak power and extended pulses resulted in lower hot-spot adiabat and higher main fuel areal density at about 80% of the ignition goal. Yields are within a factor of 5–6 of that required to initiate alpha dominated burn. It is likely we will require thicker shells (+15–20%) to reach ignition velocity without mixing of ablator material into the hot spot.
Published: 2012

43. The velocity campaign for ignition on NIF

Author: O. S. Jones, M. D. Rosen, S. N. Dixit, Peter M. Celliers, Tilo Döppner, George A. Kyrala, J. D. Moody, Damien Hicks, L. J. Suter, A. J. Mackinnon, Harry Robey, H. Wilkins, R. A. London, E. G. Dzentitis, Siegfried Glenzer, Laura Robin Benedetti, David Strozzi, Richard Town, E. A. Williams, Denise Hinkel, L. J. Atherton, J. D. Kilkenny, Alastair Moore, Joseph Ralph, Otto Landen, John R. Celeste, S. W. Haan, Debra Callahan, C. A. Haynam, Pierre Michel, Klaus Widmann, Susan Regan, Melissa Edwards, A. Nikroo, Marilyn Schneider, S. M. Glenn, Nathan Meezan, R. E. Olson, John Kline, D. H. Edgell, J. D. Lindl, Andrew MacPhee, B. J. MacGowan, and D. K. Bradley
Subjects: Physics, business.industry, Implosion, Plasma, Condensed Matter Physics, Laser, law.invention, Ignition system, Wavelength, Optics, Hohlraum, law, National Ignition Facility, business, Inertial confinement fusion
Abstract: Achieving inertial confinement fusion ignition requires a symmetric, high velocity implosion. Experiments show that we can reach 95 ± 5% of the required velocity by using a 420 TW, 1.6 MJ laser pulse. In addition, experiments with a depleted uranium hohlraum show an increase in capsule performance which suggests an additional 18 ± 5 μm/ns of velocity with uranium hohlraums over gold hohlraums. Combining these two would give 99 ± 5% of the ignition velocity. Experiments show that we have the ability to tune symmetry using crossbeam transfer. We can control the second Legendre mode (P2) by changing the wavelength separation between the inner and outer cones of laser beams. We can control the azimuthal m = 4 asymmetry by changing the wavelength separation between the 23.5 and 30 degree beams on NIF. This paper describes our “first pass” tuning the implosion velocity and shape on the National Ignition Facility laser [Moses et al., Phys. Plasmas, 16, 041006 (2009)].
Published: 2012

44. A high-resolution integrated model of the National Ignition Campaign cryogenic layered experiments

Author: H. Wilkens, Michael J. Moran, Harry Robey, M. V. Patel, Pierre Michel, M. M. Marinak, John Kline, D. H. Munro, A. J. Mackinnon, L. J. Atherton, B. J. MacGowan, J. D. Kilkenny, Scott Sepke, Tilo Döppner, Brian Spears, C. J. Cerjan, Doug Wilson, Laura Robin Benedetti, James McNaney, Klaus Widmann, Richard Town, J. A. Frenje, Evan Mapoles, Daniel Clark, O. S. Jones, B. J. Kozioziemski, Melissa Edwards, A. Nikroo, David R. Farley, Nathan Meezan, Peter M. Celliers, Rebecca Dylla-Spears, J. D. Lindl, S. M. Dixit, K. N. LaFortune, P. T. Springer, Otto Landen, J. D. Sater, J. D. Moody, E. J. Bond, V. Y. Glebov, Jose Milovich, Debra Callahan, C. A. Haynam, D. K. Bradley, Damien Hicks, S. V. Weber, Hans W. Herrmann, S. W. Haan, S. H. Glenzer, E. G. Dzentitis, C. C. Widmayer, D. L. Bleuel, T. G. Parham, T. R. Boehly, George A. Kyrala, J. P. Knauer, E. A. Williams, L. J. Suter, S. M. Glenn, J. A. Caggiano, R. E. Olson, and B. J. Haid
Subjects: Physics, Opacity, business.industry, Implosion, Cryogenics, Mechanics, Condensed Matter Physics, Shock (mechanics), law.invention, Ignition system, Optics, Hohlraum, law, Laser power scaling, Stagnation pressure, business
Abstract: A detailed simulation-based model of the June 2011 National Ignition Campaign cryogenic DT experiments is presented. The model is based on integrated hohlraum-capsule simulations that utilize the best available models for the hohlraum wall, ablator, and DT equations of state and opacities. The calculated radiation drive was adjusted by changing the input laser power to match the experimentally measured shock speeds, shock merger times, peak implosion velocity, and bangtime. The crossbeam energy transfer model was tuned to match the measured time-dependent symmetry. Mid-mode mix was included by directly modeling the ablator and ice surface perturbations up to mode 60. Simulated experimental values were extracted from the simulation and compared against the experiment. Although by design the model is able to reproduce the 1D in-flight implosion parameters and low-mode asymmetries, it is not able to accurately predict the measured and inferred stagnation properties and levels of mix. In particular, the measured yields were 15%–40% of the calculated yields, and the inferred stagnation pressure is about 3 times lower than simulated.
Published: 2012

45. Cryogenic thermonuclear fuel implosions on the National Ignition Facility

Author: S. H. Glenzer, D. A. Callahan, A. J. MacKinnon, J. L. Kline, G. Grim, E. T. Alger, R. L. Berger, L. A. Bernstein, R. Betti, D. L. Bleuel, T. R. Boehly, D. K. Bradley, S. C. Burkhart, R. Burr, J. A. Caggiano, C. Castro, D. T. Casey, C. Choate, D. S. Clark, P. Celliers, C. J. Cerjan, G. W. Collins, E. L. Dewald, P. DiNicola, J. M. DiNicola, L. Divol, S. Dixit, T. Döppner, R. Dylla-Spears, E. Dzenitis, M. Eckart, G. Erbert, D. Farley, J. Fair, D. Fittinghoff, M. Frank, L. J. A. Frenje, S. Friedrich, M. Gatu Johnson, C. Gibson, E. Giraldez, V. Glebov, S. Glenn, N. Guler, S. W. Haan, B. J. Haid, B. A. Hammel, A. V. Hamza, C. A. Haynam, G. M. Heestand, M. Hermann, H. W. Hermann, D. G. Hicks, D. E. Hinkel, J. P. Holder, D. M. Holunda, J. B. Horner, W. W. Hsing, H. Huang, N. Izumi, M. Jackson, O. S. Jones, D. H. Kalantar, R. Kauffman, J. D. Kilkenny, R. K. Kirkwood, J. Klingmann, T. Kohut, J. P. Knauer, J. A. Koch, B. Kozioziemki, G. A. Kyrala, A. L. Kritcher, J. Kroll, K. La Fortune, L. Lagin, O. L. Landen, D. W. Larson, D. LaTray, R. J. Leeper, S. Le Pape, J. D. Lindl, R. Lowe-Webb, T. Ma, J. McNaney, A. G. MacPhee, T. N. Malsbury, E. Mapoles, C. D. Marshall, N. B. Meezan, F. Merrill, P. Michel, J. D. Moody, A. S. Moore, M. Moran, K. A. Moreno, D. H. Munro, B. R. Nathan, A. Nikroo, R. E. Olson, C. D. Orth, A. E. Pak, P. K. Patel, T. Parham, R. Petrasso, J. E. Ralph, H. Rinderknecht, S. P. Regan, H. F. Robey, J. S. Ross, M. D. Rosen, R. Sacks, J. D. Salmonson, R. Saunders, J. Sater, C. Sangster, M. B. Schneider, F. H. Séguin, M. J. Shaw, B. K. Spears, P. T. Springer, W. Stoeffl, L. J. Suter, C. A. Thomas, R. Tommasini, R. P. J. Town, C. Walters, S. Weaver, S. V. Weber, P. J. Wegner, P. K. Whitman, K. Widmann, C. C. Widmayer, C. H. Wilde, D. C. Wilson, B. Van Wonterghem, B. J. MacGowan, L. J. Atherton, M. J. Edwards, and E. I. Moses
Subjects: Physics, Thermonuclear fusion, Laser ablation, Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Nuclear engineering, Implosion, Condensed Matter Physics, law.invention, Nuclear physics, Ignition system, Physics::Plasma Physics, Hohlraum, law, Plasma diagnostics, National Ignition Facility, Inertial confinement fusion
Abstract: The first inertial confinement fusion implosion experiments with equimolar deuterium-tritium thermonuclear fuel have been performed on the National Ignition Facility. These experiments use 0.17 mg of fuel with the potential for ignition and significant fusion yield conditions. The thermonuclear fuel has been fielded as a cryogenic layer on the inside of a spherical plastic capsule that is mounted in the center of a cylindrical gold hohlraum. Heating the hohlraum with 192 laser beams for a total laser energy of 1.6 MJ produces a soft x-ray field with 300 eV temperature. The ablation pressure produced by the radiation field compresses the initially 2.2-mm diameter capsule by a factor of 30 to a spherical dense fuel shell that surrounds a central hot-spot plasma of 50 μm diameter. While an extensive set of x-ray and neutron diagnostics has been applied to characterize hot spot formation from the x-ray emission and 14.1 MeV deuterium-tritium primary fusion neutrons, thermonuclear fuel assembly is studied by m...
Published: 2012

46. Progress towards ignition on the National Ignition Facility

Author: O. L. Landen, J. P. Knauer, G. A. Kyrala, E. L. Dewald, B. J. Kozioziemski, K. N. La Fortune, Gary Grim, A. V. Hamza, M. Wilke, Mark Herrmann, D. L. Bleuel, T. G. Parham, Jay D. Salmonson, D. R. Harding, R. E. Olson, R.C. Cook, T. R. Boehly, M. Shaw, B. Jacoby, R. J. Fortner, P. T. Springer, Marilyn Schneider, K. Widman, R. W. Patterson, E. A. Williams, L. J. Suter, Joseph Ralph, Darwin Ho, Hans W. Herrmann, Edward I. Moses, John Kline, T. N. Malsbury, S. P. Hatchett, David Larson, N. Meezan, Jose Milovich, L. J. Atherton, O. S. Jones, R. A. Lerche, D. A. Callahan, S.M. Sepke, S. M. Pollaine, J. A. Koch, Brian Spears, D. D. Meyerhofer, S. V. Weber, Dave Braun, Daniel S. Clark, Kyle Peterson, J. D. Lindl, C. A. Haynam, Harry Robey, M. D. Rosen, D. E. Hinkel, P. M. Celliers, Steven H. Batha, B.M. VanWonterghem, Doug Wilson, Riccardo Betti, Abbas Nikroo, V. Yu. Glebov, Gilbert Collins, D. H. Munro, R. Tommasini, Sean Regan, S. N. Dixit, Damien Hicks, P. Bell, H. Wilkens, Cliff Thomas, R. K. Kirkwood, B. J. MacGowan, R. A. Sacks, B. K. Young, Paul J. Wegner, J. D. Kilkenny, Michael J. Moran, K. A. Moreno, Pierre Michel, Richard Berger, Siegfried Glenzer, Nobuhiko Izumi, M. J. Edwards, M. M. Marinak, T. C. Sangster, Richard Town, S. Le Pape, Johan Frenje, James E. Fair, Evan Mapoles, Nelson M. Hoffman, D. K. Bradley, C. J. Cerjan, P. W. McKenty, P.A. Amednt, Roger Alan Vesey, Christian Stoeckl, Robert L. Kauffman, Laurent Divol, D. H. Schneider, E. G. Dzenitis, S. W. Haan, B. A. Hammel, Daniel H. Kalantar, R. D. Petrasso, C. Clay Widmayer, A. J. Mackinnon, John Moody, R. A. London, and H. Huang
Subjects: Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Nuclear engineering, Ignition point, Implosion, Nova (laser), Condensed Matter Physics, Laser, law.invention, Ignition system, Hohlraum, law, Environmental science, National Ignition Facility, Hot electron
Abstract: The National Ignition Facility at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory was formally dedicated in May 2009. The hohlraum energetics campaign with all 192 beams began shortly thereafter and ran until early December 2009. These experiments explored hohlraum-operating regimes in preparation for experiments with layered cryogenic targets. The hohlraum energetic series culminated with an experiment that irradiated an ignition scale hohlraum with 1 MJ. The results demonstrated the ability to produce a 285 eV radiation environment in an ignition scale hohlraum while meeting ignition requirements for symmetry, backscatter and hot electron production. Complementary scaling experiments indicate that with ∼1.3 MJ, the capsule drive temperature will reach 300 eV, the point design temperature for the first ignition campaign. Preparation for cryo-layered implosions included installation of a variety of nuclear diagnostics, cryogenic layering target positioner, advanced optics and facility modifications needed for tritium operations and for routine operation at laser energy greater than 1.3 MJ. The first cyro-layered experiment was carried out on 29 September 2010. The main purpose of this shot was to demonstrate the ability to integrate all of the laser, target and diagnostic capability needed for a successful cryo-layered experiment. This paper discusses the ignition point design as well as findings and conclusions from the hohlraum energetics campaign carried out in 2009. It also provides a brief summary of the initial cryo-layered implosion.
Published: 2011

47. The experimental plan for cryogenic layered target implosions on the National Ignition Facility—The inertial confinement approach to fusion

Author: D. H. Edgell, O. S. Jones, D. H. Munro, Brian Spears, R. A. Lerche, Sean Regan, C. J. Cerjan, Scott Sepke, R. J. Leeper, B. J. MacGowan, B. A. Hammel, M. Mauldin, Wolfgang Stoeffl, T. C. Sangster, Gary Grim, B. J. Kozioziemski, R. D. Petrasso, Steven H. Batha, Siegfried Glenzer, P. T. Springer, D. K. Bradley, Hans W. Herrmann, L. A. Bernstein, D. L. Bleuel, B. Jacoby, David C. Clark, V. Yu. Glebov, R. J. Fortner, Gilbert Collins, K. C. Chen, T. R. Boehly, Otto Landen, L. J. Atherton, J. D. Kilkenny, D. A. Shaughnessy, M. J. Edwards, N. Hein, P. W. McKenty, J. P. Knauer, E. M. Giraldez, Doug Wilson, G. A. Kyrala, A. J. Mackinnon, Debra Callahan, J. D. Lindl, D. H. Schneider, A. V. Hamza, Edward I. Moses, Christian Stoeckl, Mark D. Wilke, Michael J. Moran, M. M. Marinak, S. P. Hatchett, Riccardo Betti, A. Nikroo, D. R. Harding, Johan Frenje, Evan Mapoles, R. Tommasini, M. Hoppe, James E. Fair, S. W. Haan, K. A. Moreno, Nobuhiko Izumi, J. A. Koch, S. V. Weber, and H. Huang
Subjects: Physics, Implosion, Condensed Matter Physics, Kinetic energy, law.invention, Nuclear physics, Ignition system, Physics::Plasma Physics, law, Yield (chemistry), Plasma diagnostics, Neutron, National Ignition Facility, Inertial confinement fusion
Abstract: Ignition requires precisely controlled, high convergence implosions to assemble a dense shell of deuterium-tritium (DT) fuel with ρR>∼1 g/cm2 surrounding a 10 keV hot spot with ρR ∼ 0.3 g/cm2. A working definition of ignition has been a yield of ∼1 MJ. At this yield the α-particle energy deposited in the fuel would have been ∼200 kJ, which is already ∼10 × more than the kinetic energy of a typical implosion. The National Ignition Campaign includes low yield implosions with dudded fuel layers to study and optimize the hydrodynamic assembly of the fuel in a diagnostics rich environment. The fuel is a mixture of tritium-hydrogen-deuterium (THD) with a density equivalent to DT. The fraction of D can be adjusted to control the neutron yield. Yields of ∼1014−15 14 MeV (primary) neutrons are adequate to diagnose the hot spot as well as the dense fuel properties via down scattering of the primary neutrons. X-ray imaging diagnostics can function in this low yield environment providing additional information about the assembled fuel either by imaging the photons emitted by the hot central plasma, or by active probing of the dense shell by a separate high energy short pulse flash. The planned use of these targets and diagnostics to assess and optimize the assembly of the fuel and how this relates to the predicted performance of DT targets is described. It is found that a good predictor of DT target performance is the THD measurable parameter, Experimental Ignition Threshold Factor, ITFX ∼ Y × dsf 2.3, where Y is the measured neutron yield between 13 and 15 MeV, and dsf is the down scattered neutron fraction defined as the ratio of neutrons between 10 and 12 MeV and those between 13 and 15 MeV.
Published: 2011

48. Point design targets, specifications, and requirements for the 2010 ignition campaign on the National Ignition Facility

Author: Debra Callahan, K. A. Moreno, L. J. Atherton, Robert Cook, S. P. Hatchett, D. D. Meyerhofer, H. Wilkens, D. E. Hinkel, Edward I. Moses, B. A. Hammel, A. Nikroo, O. S. Jones, M. M. Marinak, Siegfried Glenzer, Kyle Peterson, Doug Wilson, Richard Town, John Kline, S. W. Haan, L. J. Suter, H. Huang, Joseph Ralph, Harry Robey, Otto Landen, Jay D. Salmonson, R. E. Olson, J. D. Lindl, M. J. Edwards, Daniel Clark, Brian Spears, S. V. Weber, A. V. Hamza, P. T. Springer, Cliff Thomas, Mark Herrmann, Jose Milovich, Darwin Ho, G. A. Kyrala, D. H. Munro, S. M. Pollaine, B. J. MacGowan, and Roger Alan Vesey
Subjects: Physics, Nuclear engineering, Radiation temperature, Experimental validation, Condensed Matter Physics, law.invention, Nuclear physics, Ignition system, Formalism (philosophy of mathematics), Hohlraum, Plasma instability, law, National Ignition Facility, Inertial confinement fusion
Abstract: Point design targets have been specified for the initial ignition campaign on the National Ignition Facility [G. H. Miller, E. I. Moses, and C. R. Wuest, Opt. Eng. 443, 2841 (2004)]. The targets contain D-T fusion fuel in an ablator of either CH with Ge doping, or Be with Cu. These shells are imploded in a U or Au hohlraum with a peak radiation temperature set between 270 and 300 eV. Considerations determining the point design include laser-plasma interactions, hydrodynamic instabilities, laser operations, and target fabrication. Simulations were used to evaluate choices, and to define requirements and specifications. Simulation techniques and their experimental validation are summarized. Simulations were used to estimate the sensitivity of target performance to uncertainties and variations in experimental conditions. A formalism is described that evaluates margin for ignition, summarized in a parameter the Ignition Threshold Factor (ITF). Uncertainty and shot-to-shot variability in ITF are evaluated, and...
Published: 2011

49. Improvements in laser-damage thresholds of KDP and KD*P crystals

Author: F. Rainer, L. J. Atherton, J. J. De Yoreo, and I. M. Thomas
Abstract: High laser fluences, employed in large-scale lasers used for Inertial Confinement Fusion (ICF), have required optical materials with improved damage thresholds.
Published: 1993

50. Erratum: 'National Ignition Campaign Hohlraum energetics' [Phys. Plasmas 17, 056304 (2010)]

Author: Otto Landen, George A. Kyrala, A. L. Warrick, E. L. Dewald, Debra Callahan, C. A. Haynam, L. J. Atherton, Klaus Widmann, Melissa Edwards, A. Nikroo, Nathan Meezan, L. J. Suter, Pierre Michel, Jose Milovich, E. G. Dzenitis, S. N. Dixit, S.H. Glenzer, Richard Town, Denise Hinkel, Marilyn Schneider, Cliff Thomas, R. A. London, S. V. Weber, B. J. MacGowan, J. D. Moody, John Kline, O. S. Jones, and E. J. Bond
Subjects: Physics, Nuclear physics, Ignition system, Hohlraum, law, Optical measurements, Energetics, Magnetic confinement fusion, Plasma diagnostics, Plasma, Condensed Matter Physics, Inertial confinement fusion, law.invention
Published: 2010

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