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The development and use of standards for online systems supports the on-going integration of electronic serials with local library systems. Examples of standards having an impact on digital access are SGML, HTML, XML, the ISSN, Serial Item and Contribution Identifiers (SICIs), Z39.50, standards for serial holdings' statements, and MARC. The DOI (Digital Object Identifier) is also receiving much attention, especially in the area of serials' rights management. OCLC has directed its attention to standards in the development of the new version of its FirstSearch product. Numerous organizations are involved in developing both generic and specialized standards to improve access and linking.

A spray is [1] “a dispersion of droplets with sufficient momentum to penetrate the surrounding medium”. The nozzle or other device that produces the spray is referred to as an atomizer and the surrounding medium is gaseous. Processes utilizing droplets require enough momentum to transport the droplets to where they are utilized or to provide mixing with the gas. We may go outside this definition of a spray to cover other processes that utilize liquid droplets such as; (1) those that use orderly arrays of droplets and (2) those that use a suspension of fine droplets (an aerosol) or droplets falling under the action of gravity.

The share of continuous casting in the world of steel production is steadily increasing. An essential reason for the rapid advance of continuous casting methods in steel-making is the capability of producing slabs, blooms or billets, as a “strand” directly from the melt. This universal method offers great advantages over former casting and rolling of single ingots; advantages are: fewer phases of operation, higher output of raw steel and high productivity. However, technology and quality demands on steel grades are steadily increasing. A constantly growing range of high alloy steels must be cast without cracks whilst giving optimized metallurgical properties.

Steady industrial fuel sprays produced by “burners” are used to generate heat in several types of fixed plant equipment. The utilization and description has been treated in this section under the broad headings of burners, boilers and furnaces. However, the overlapping designs of plant burners and their atomizers, for different applications, should be recognized. For example, a given plant may constitute a burner and a boiler with a particular atomizer design (e.g. pressure jet) to generate heat and power for the refinery and petrochemical industry, or a burner, boiler and furnace may be combined, with the same atomizer, and used in the paper manufacturing industry. Furnaces can be used with a burner, incorporating essentially the same pressure jet atomizer, for iron making, kilns, reforming or cracking. Additionally, burners, with the same atomizers, can be utilized in processes for distilleries. In the “Developed World” natural gas is generally more readily available, it is relatively inexpensive, and is burnt more easily and cleanly than fuel oils. Thus oil firing is often a fall-back option whereby dual-fuel burners may operate with gas most of the time. In the Developing World, and the Third World, oil-firing is, however, often the most convenient option. Furthermore, in the latter areas, emissions legislation is generally weaker, making oil-firing an attractive option.

Crop protection and fertilization are important to the efficiency of agricultural production. With a constantly growing world population applying pesticides to crops is considered to be indispensable in order to guarantee the supply of food. The technology of crop protection uses spray nozzles for an even distribution of atomized liquid onto the plants. The chemicals to be sprayed can be subdivided into herbicides, fungicides, insecticides, liquid fertilizers and bio-regulators. Improper application in agriculture, however, can cause severe environmental contamination. This necessitates the use of precise and high quality spray equipment.

Metal spray forming, sometimes called spray casting or spray deposition, can be traced back to as early as 1910 and has been used for the production of shapes such as billets, tubes, or “near net shapes”, for various alloys. It is an alternative to conventional methods, including casting (see Section 7.1), ingot metallurgy, electrode remelting processes and powder metallurgy. The process involves spraying the molten metallic particles onto a previously prepared base material to form a coating, which is normally in a controlled atmosphere in a spray chamber and often with an inert gas such as nitrogen. The science behind this technology with its wide industrial applicability is still under investigation and the implementation of full production has not yet proved to be economically viable as a substitute for conventional methods. The application of the science and technology of sprays and atomization plays a pivotal role in the deposition of molten materials in spray forming, and this is reflected in the final product quality. In this section the various process applications of spray forming are briefly described, the principal concern being the properties of the sprays and nozzle (or atomizer) designs. Measurement techniques together with problems and future challenges involved in this fast moving new metal manufacturing technology are also described.

Fire has two faces: one is friendly, it gives light and warmth. It has set in motion the process of civilization. Through its force the human race has developed. But when it gets out of control it shows its other nature. Then fire devours and destroys everything. Its destructive force cannot be subdued. It becomes an incalculable enemy of man. Among historical events, which have shaken the world, there have been disasters like the one in the year 64 in Rome, the Great Fire of London in 1666 and the big bush fires of 1994 in Sydney [1].

Today, food processing includes well-established techniques such as membrane filtration, evaporation, and spray drying and fluidized beds. These processes can operate either individually or in a combination depending on the desired end-products. The main requirements for these processes are sanitation, flexibility and adaptive capability and also ensuring the quality and functional properties of many established products. Examples of typical food product ingredients and tailor-made food products are: coconut, cream powder, egg products, cappuccino powder, soy milk powder, flavours, non-dairy creamers, shorteners, gelatin, biscuits, chocolate, pizza, various vegetables, meat (e.g. burgers), cornflakes, etc.

We report the case of a 3 yrs old boy with the most serious complication of Kawasaki disease. 2 dimensional echocardiography detected multiple coronary aneurysms and in the giant left coronary aneurysm a thrombus formation. The thrombus disappeared after one week anticoagulant therapy. In addition the aneurysm were proved by coronarography. During the 2 years follow-up period the child is on anticoagulant therapy and he is symptom free. This is the first case in our country with a huge thrombus in a giant coronary aneurysm due to Kawasaki disease who was successfully treated using anticoagulant therapy.

Data of 12 children (mean age = 3.1 yrs, range 0.4-11.1 yrs) with valvular pulmonary stenosis are reported. Balloon valvuloplasty was attempted for the treatment, first in the pediatric practice in our country. Echocardiography and cardiac catheterisation was used for the indication of the procedure and evaluation of the results. Strong correlation was found between the echocardiographic and haemodynamic data before (correlation coeff. = 0.9) and less strong after (correlation coeff. = 0.4) the procedure. As a result of the balloon dilatation the initial gradient of 62 mmHg (sd = +/- 17 mmHg) decreased to 20 mmHg (sd = +/- 10 mmHg) assessed by invasive technique. The difference is significant, p0.001. No major complication was observed. The procedure is recommended for widespread practice both in medical and financial sense.

We investigated infants with Kawasaki disease, congenital coronary artery fistulas and anomalous origin of the left coronary artery from the pulmonary trunc (Bland-White-Garland syndrome) by 2-dimensional and Doppler echocardiography. We describe the systematic approach for visualizing in detail coronary anatomy by two-dimensional echocardiography. Our results suggest that this echocardiographic technique is useful for detecting coronary anomalies and has a great rolbefore angiocardiography especially in sick babies. We recommend performing 2-dimensional echocardiography in the acute and chronic stage of Kawasaki disease for evaluating coronary arterial aneurysms.

A case of enormous Chiari's network in a 7-year-old girl is described. It formed a parachute or spinnaker-like sack which moved freely into the pulmonary artery causing mild pulmonic stenosis. The preoperative diagnosis was believed to be myxoma of the right ventricle. The real condition was recognized during the operation. This is the seventh reported case of correction of so-called cor triatriatum dextrum.

In the post decade seven patients have been operated for pulmonary arteriovenous fistula at the 3rd Department of Surgery of the Semmelweis University Medical School, Budapest. Three of the patients were adults, the others being children and adolescents. Fistules were localized in the left lower lobe in four cases, and in the right upper lobe in three cases. Two of the patients displayed bilateral fistules. The type of the operation was lobectomy in six cases and enucleation in one case. The symptoms, the diagnostic and surgical methods and the results obtained are discussed.

The new intracardiac electrophysiological method: His bundle electrocardiography, combined with the electrophysiological examination used in routine clinical practice, has considerably improved our knowledge of the cardiac dysrhythmias. It helps to localize the focus of the atypical junctional and other supraventricular premature beats complicated with either organic or functional intraventricular conduction disturbance. The various forms of paroxysmal tachycardias can be differentiated more exactly from each other. In pre-excitation syndrome, it has become possible to detect the abnormal pathway and to screen the patients susceptible to life-threatening arrhythmias. By means of this the diagnosis of sick sinus syndrome and estimation of its severity can be made more exactly. In addition to the diagnosis, the electrophysiological examinations connected with pharmacological tests give valuable information whether medical or pacemaker therapy should be applied. Six cases of various forms of cardiac dysrhythmias are presented to demonstrate the superiority of this method.

The authors report on 134 heart operations performed with infants and children on the basis of echocardiography (2-dimensional and Doppler's). Correction was made in 77 cases and palliation in 57 cases. The majority of the operations was performed with infants suffering from left heart obstruction and being in critical state. Diagnostic error or pseudo-negative cases influencing unfavourably the course of the illness did not occur. It is stated that a 2-dimensional echocardiography furnishing detailed anatomical diagnosis concerning each intracardiac segment is the condition of heart operations. Hemodynamic information given by Doppler's echocardiography are of importance firstly in the indication for operation in complex cardiac failures.

Aortic blood flow velocity indexes measured by Doppler echocardiography to assess systolic function in infants and children. The obtained M-mode parameters were correlated with Doppler findings. We found the closest correlation between lin. EF and peak flow velocity integral (r = 0.83 p less than 0.001) Echocardiography completed by Doppler studies proved to be a safe noninvasive method not only estimating left ventricle dysfunction but in assessment the changes in the follow up too.

Chronic effects of captopril were studied in 29 patients (age, 4 months to 16 years; mean, 6.9 years) suffering from digitalis and diuretic resistant congestive heart failure (CHF) or hypertension of different etiology. Twenty two patients with CHF (13 dilated, 4 restrictive cardiomyopathy, 5 congenital heart defects) and 7 cases with hypertension were treated for 1 to 31 months (mean, 9 months). The dose of captopril varied from 1 to 3 mg/kg/day (mean, 2.2 mg) in CHF and from 1.1 to 6.8 mg/kg/day (mean, 3.7 mg) in hypertension. In CHF digoxin therapy was maintained while the dose of diuretics could be reduced or discontinued. In 4 severely hypertensive patients the addition of a diuretic or beta blockers was necessary. In CHF clinical improvement was observed in 13 patients (59%), while there was no response in 4 and 5 patients died. The survivors exhibited a significant decrease of the cardiothoracic index (p less than 0.05), the PEP/LVET ratio (p less than 0.05) and an increase of the echocardiographic linear ejection fraction (p less than 0.001). If hypertension was present, blood pressure decreased in all patients (p less than 0.05). Captopril was well tolerated by all patients except one who developed anaemia. This side effect disappeared after having discontinued the drug. These findings suggest that captopril is of benefit in controlling chronic CHF. Captopril alone or in combination with other drugs is effective in the management of severe hypertension.