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OBJECTIVE To test whether the occupational conditions of professional truck drivers are associated with amphetamine use after demographic characteristics and ones regarding mental health and drug use are controlled for.METHODS Cross-sectional study, with a non-probabilistic sample of 684 male truck drivers, which was collected in three highways in Sao Paulo between years 2012 and 2013. Demographic and occupational information was collected, as well as data on drug use and mental health (sleep quality, emotional stress, and psychiatric disorders). A logistic regression model was developed to identify factors associated with amphetamine use. Odds ratio (OR; 95%CI) was defined as the measure for association. The significance level was established as p < 0.05.RESULTS The studied sample was found to have an average age of 36.7 (SD = 7.8) years, as well as low education (8.6 [SD = 2.3] years); 29.0% of drivers reported having used amphetamines within the twelve months prior to their interviews. After demographic and occupational variables had been controlled for, the factors which indicated amphetamine use among truck drivers were the following: being younger than 38 years (OR = 3.69), having spent less than nine years at school (OR = 1.76), being autonomous (OR = 1.65), working night shifts or irregular schedules (OR = 2.05), working over 12 hours daily (OR = 2.14), and drinking alcohol (OR = 1.74).CONCLUSIONS Occupational aspects are closely related to amphetamine use among truck drivers, which reinforces the importance of closely following the application of law (Resting Act (“Lei do Descanso”); Law 12,619/2012) which regulates the workload and hours of those professionals. Our results show the need for increased strictness on the trade and prescription of amphetamines in Brazil.

OBJECTIVE: To verify how conduct disorder and conduct problems are associated with gender, age at onset of drug use and categories of drugs used. METHOD: A test of association was conducted between the presence of comorbidity and gender. Mean age of first use of each drug was compared to mean age of first arrest, of first robbery/theft, and of first drug dealing. RESULTS: In this sample, approximately 59% of adolescents had already robbed and/or stolen, 38.6% had already been arrested, 32.3% had prior history of drug dealing, 24.1% had depression, and 9.6% had conduct disorder. Prevalence of conduct problems was 65.2%. Tobacco, alcohol, marijuana and cocaine were used before the first robbery and/or theft, first drug dealing, and first arrest. DISCUSSION: The fact that drug use onset preceded illegal acts suggests that the latter are the consequence of the consumption of the former, or perhaps, the consequence of "social invisibility" (feeling of not belonging to anything or to anybody) by which these youths undergo. CONCLUSIONS: Labeling these youths as conduct-disordered adolescents may cloud a rather different reality, and it may submit them to more social isolation and stigmatization as well.OBJETIVO: Verificar como o transtorno de conduta e os problemas de conduta se associam ao gênero, a idade de início do uso de drogas e aos tipos de drogas consumidas. MÉTODO: Realizou-se teste de associação entre presença de comorbidade e sexo. As médias de idade do primeiro uso de cada droga foram comparadas com as médias de idade da primeira prisão e das práticas do primeiro roubo e do primeiro tráfico. RESULTADOS: Aproximadamente 59% dos adolescentes já haviam praticado algum tipo de roubo, 38,6% já haviam sido presos, 32,3% possuíam história pregressa de tráfico de drogas, 24,1% tinham depressão e 9,6% transtorno de conduta. A prevalência de problemas de conduta foi de 65,2%. Tabaco, álcool, maconha e cocaína foram usados antes do primeiro roubo, do primeiro tráfico e da primeira prisão. DISCUSSÃO: Os atos ilegais ocorreram posteriormente ao início do uso de drogas, denotando ser conseqüência deste consumo ou, talvez, conseqüência da "invisibilidade social" (sensação de não-pertencimento a nada ou a ninguém) pela qual passam estes jovens. CONCLUSÕES: A rotulação destes jovens como portadores de transtorno de conduta pode ofuscar uma realidade bem diferente, além de submetê-los a uma maior marginalização e estigmatização.

OBJECTIVE: This study compared the pattern of alcohol, legal and illegal drugs use among students of the Universidade de São Paulo (Brazil) in 1996 and 2001. METHOD: Samples of 2.564 (1996) and 2.837 (2001) students answered a questionnaire proposed by the World Health Organization, which characterizes the consumption of alcohol, legal and illegal drugs in lifetime, in the last 12 months and in the last 30 days. RESULTS: Men showed a significant increase in lifetime use of tobacco (44.8% to 50.9%), marijuana (33.7% to 39.5%) and hallucinogens (6.6% to 14.1%) between 1996 and 2001. No significant change was observed among women between 1996 and 2001 in tranquilizer use. Concerning the consumption reported in the last 12 months, both genders displayed significant increases in the consumption of marijuana (22.3% to 27.1% for men and 12.9% to 16.9% for women), amphetamines (1.9% to 5.0% for men and 3.4% to 5.6% for women), and inhalants (9.8% to 15.7% for men and 5.4% to 10.6% for women). The greatest gender difference was observed in consumption reported in the last 30 days with significant increases in male use of tobacco (19.6% to 23.5%), marijuana (15.8% to 20.5%), amphetamines (1.1% to 3.2%), and inhalants (4.0% to 7.9%). Substance use reported in the last 30 days remained stable among women between the 2 surveys. CONCLUSION: Rates of substance use among university students increased. These gender differences in substance consumption should be taken into account in the development of preventive and treatment strategies for undergraduate university students.OBJETIVO: Este estudo comparou o padrão de consumo de álcool e de drogas lícitas e ilícitas entre estudantes da Universidade de São Paulo nos anos de 1996 e 2001. MÉTODO: Amostragens de 2.564 (1996) e 2.837 (2001) estudantes responderam ao questionário proposto pela Organização Mundial de Saúde que caracteriza o consumo de drogas durante a vida, nos últimos 12 meses e nos últimos 30 dias. RESULTADOS: Entre os homens, observou-se aumento significativo no uso durante a vida de tabaco (de 44,8% para 50,9%), maconha (de 33,7% para 39,5%) e alucinógenos (de 6,6% para 14,1%) entre os anos de 1996 e 2001. Não foi observada diferença significativa entre as mulheres no uso de tranquilizantes ao longo da vida entre 1996 e 2001. Para o consumo relatado nos últimos 12 meses, para ambos os gêneros observou-se aumento significativo no uso de maconha (de 22,3% para 27,1% entre os homens e de 12,9% para 16,9% entre as mulheres), anfetaminas (de 1,9% para 5,0% entre os homens e de 3,4% para 5,6% entre as mulheres) e inalantes (de 9,8% para 15,7% entre os homens e de 5,4% para 10,6% entre as mulheres). A maior diferença entre os gêneros foi observada no consumo relatado nos últimos 30 dias, com aumento significativo no consumo de tabaco entre os homens (de 19,6% para 23,5%), maconha (de 15,8% para 20,5%), anfetaminas (de 1,1% para 3,2%) e inalantes (de 4,0% para 7,9%). O uso de substâncias relatado nos últimos 30 dias permaneceu estável para as mulheres entre os dois levantamentos. CONCLUSÃO: Observou-se aumento no uso de diversas substâncias entre os estudantes universitários. As diferenças observadas entre os gêneros quanto ao uso de substâncias devem ser levadas em conta quando do desenvolvimento de estratégias preventivas e de tratamento para essa população.

Abstract Background Reliable mortality data are essential for the development of public health policies. In Brazil, although there is a well-consolidated universal system for mortality data, the quality of information on causes of death (CoD) is not even among Brazilian regions, with a high proportion of ill-defined CoD. Verbal autopsy (VA) is an alternative to improve mortality data. This study aimed to evaluate the performance of an adapted and reduced version of VA in identifying the underlying causes of non-forensic deaths, in São Paulo, Brazil. This is the first time that a version of the questionnaire has been validated considering the autopsy as the gold standard. Methods The performance of a physician-certified verbal autopsy (PCVA) was evaluated considering conventional autopsy (macroscopy plus microscopy) as gold standard, based on a sample of 2060 decedents that were sent to the Post-Mortem Verification Service (SVOC-USP). All CoD, from the underlying to the immediate, were listed by both parties, and ICD-10 attributed by a senior coder. For each cause, sensitivity and chance corrected concordance (CCC) were computed considering first the underlying causes attributed by the pathologist and PCVA, and then any CoD listed in the death certificate given by PCVA. Cause specific mortality fraction accuracy (CSMF-accuracy) and chance corrected CSMF-accuracy were computed to evaluate the PCVA performance at the populational level. Results There was substantial variability of the sensitivities and CCC across the causes. Well-known chronic diseases with accurate diagnoses that had been informed by physicians to family members, such as various cancers, had sensitivities above 40% or 50%. However, PCVA was not effective in attributing Pneumonia, Cardiomyopathy and Leukemia/Lymphoma as underlying CoD. At populational level, the PCVA estimated cause specific mortality fractions (CSMF) may be considered close to the fractions pointed by the gold standard. The CSMF-accuracy was 0.81 and the chance corrected CSMF-accuracy was 0.49. Conclusions The PCVA was efficient in attributing some causes individually and proved effective in estimating the CSMF, which indicates that the method is useful to establish public health priorities.

Este estudo teve o objetivo de estimar a prevalência de sintomas depressivos em uma amostra de idosos hospitalizados, bem como a sua relação com o prognóstico do paciente 90 e 180 dias após a alta hospitalar. Trata-se de um estudo transversal, realizado com 213 idosos internados em um hospital geral-secundário da zona sul da cidade de São Paulo, durante os anos de 2016-2017. Os participantes foram solicitados a responder questionários sobre dados pessoais, sintomas depressivos e variáveis de confusão, tendo sido contatados novamente aos 90 e 180 dias após a alta. Um modelo de regressão logística foi ajustado individualmente para indicadores de saúde; a hipótese nula foi refutada quando p

Summary: Background: Accurate cause of death data are essential to guide health policy. However, mortality surveillance is limited in many low-income countries. In such settings, verbal autopsy (VA) is increasingly used to provide population-level cause of death data. VAs are now widely interpreted using the automated algorithms SmartVA and InterVA. Here we use conventional autopsy as the gold standard to validate SmartVA methodology. Methods: This study included adult deaths from natural causes in São Paulo and Recife for which conventional autopsy was indicated. VA was conducted with a relative of the deceased using an amended version of the SmartVA instrument to suit the local context. Causes of death from VA were produced using the SmartVA-Analyze program. Physician coded verbal autopsy (PCVA), conducted on the same questionnaires, and Global Burden of Disease Study data were used as additional comparators. Cause of death data were grouped into 10 broad causes for the validation due to the real-world utility of VA lying in identifying broad population cause of death patterns. Findings: The study included 2,060 deaths in São Paulo and 1,079 in Recife. The cause specific mortality fractions (CSMFs) estimated using SmartVA were broadly similar to conventional autopsy for: cardiovascular diseases (46.8% vs 54.0%, respectively), cancers (10.6% vs 11.4%), infections (7.0% vs 10.4%) and chronic respiratory disease (4.1% vs 3.7%), causes accounting for 76.1% of the autopsy dataset. The SmartVA CSMF estimates were lower than autopsy for “Other NCDs” (7.8% vs 14.6%) and higher for diabetes (13.0% vs 6.6%). CSMF accuracy of SmartVA compared to autopsy was 84.5%. CSMF accuracy for PCVA was 93.0%. Interpretation: The results suggest that SmartVA can, with reasonable accuracy, predict the broad cause of death groups important to assess a population's epidemiological transition. VA remains a useful tool for understanding causes of death where medical certification is not possible.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the frequency of drug use among Brazilian college students and its relationship to gender and age. METHODS: A nationwide sample of 12,721 college students completed a questionnaire concerning the use of drugs and other behaviors. The Alcohol, Smoking and Substance Involvement Screening Test (ASSIST-WHO) criteria were used to assess were used to assess hazardous drug use. A multivariate logistic regression model tested the associations of ASSIST-WHO scores with gender and age. The same analyses were carried out to measure drug use in the last 30 days. RESULTS: After controlling for other sociodemographic, academic and administrative variables, men were found to be more likely to use and engage in the hazardous use of anabolic androgenic steroids than women across all age ranges. Conversely, women older than 34 years of age were more likely to use and engage in the hazardous use of amphetamines. CONCLUSIONS: These findings are consistent with results that have been reported for the general Brazilian population. Therefore, these findings should be taken into consideration when developing strategies at the prevention of drug use and the early identification of drug abuse among college students.OBJETIVO: Avaliar a prevalência do uso de drogas entre universitários brasileiros, assim como sua relação com gênero e idade. MÉTODOS: Uma amostra nacional de 12.721 universitários que preecheram um questionário sobre o uso de drogas e outros comportamentos. Os critérios da escala Alcohol, Smoking and Substance Involvement Screening Test (ASSIST-WHO) avaliaram o uso de drogas de risco. Um modelo de regressão logística multivariada testou a associação entre a pontuação do ASSIST-WHO com o gênero, bem como a idade do universitário. O mesmo foi realizado para a medida de uso de drogas nos últimos 30 dias. RESULTADOS: Após o controle de outras variáveis sociodemográficas, acadêmicas e administrativas, os homens foram os mais prováveis de usar e se engajar no uso de risco de esteroides anabolizantes androgênicos, mais do que as mulheres, e para todas as faixas etárias. Por outro lado, mulheres > 34 anos foram mais prováveis de usar e se engajar no uso de risco de anfetaminas. CONCLUSÕES: Estes resultados são consistentes com o que tem sido descrito para a população geral brasileira. Portanto, eles deveriam ser considerados no desenvolvimento de estratégias de prevenção do uso de drogas, bem como para o reconhecimento precoce do abuso de drogas entre universitários.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze drug use trends among college students in 1996, 2001 and 2009. METHODS: A cross-sectional epidemiological study with a multistage stratified cluster sample with 9,974 college students was conducted in the city of São Paulo, southeastern Brazil. An anonymous self-administered questionnaire was used to collect information on drug use assessed in lifetime, the preceding 12 months and the preceding 30 days. The Bonferroni correction was used for multiple comparisons of drug use rates between surveys. RESULTS: There were changes in the lifetime use of tobacco and some other drugs (hallucinogens [6.1% to 8.8%], amphetamines [4.6% to 8.7%], and tranquilizers [5.7% to 8.2%]) from 1996 to 2009. Differences in the use of other drugs over the 12 months preceding the survey were also seen: reduced use of inhalants [9.0% to 4.8%] and increased use of amphetamines [2.4% to 4.8%]. There was a reduction in alcohol [72.9% to 62.1%], tobacco [21.3% to 17.2%] and marijuana [15.0% to 11.5%] use and an increase in amphetamine use [1.9% to 3.3%] in the preceeding 30 days. CONCLUSIONS: Over the 13-year study period, there was an increase in lifetime use of tobacco, hallucinogens, amphetamines, and tranquilizers. There was an increase in amphetamine use and a reduction in alcohol use during the preceding 12 months. There was an increase in amphetamine use during the preceding 30 days.

The objective of this study was to investigate whether differences in diet and in single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) found in paraoxonase-1 (PON-1), 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase (HMGCR), cholesterol ester transfer protein (CETP) and apolipoprotein E (APOE) genes, are associated with oxidative stress biomarkers and consequently with susceptibility of low-density cholesterol (LDL) to oxidation. A multivariate approach was applied to a group of 55 patients according to three biomarkers: plasma antioxidant activity, malondialdehyde and oxidized LDL (oxLDL) concentrations. Individuals classified in Cluster III showed the worst prognoses in terms of antioxidant activity and oxidative status. Individuals classified in Cluster I presented the lowest oxidative status, while individuals grouped in Cluster II presented the highest levels of antioxidant activity. No difference in nutrient intake was observed among the clusters. Significantly higher γ- and δ-tocopherol concentrations were observed in those individuals with the highest levels of antioxidant activity. No single linear regression was statistically significant, suggesting that mutant alleles of the SNPs selected did not contribute to the differences observed in oxidative stress response. Although not statistically significant, the p value of the APO E coefficient for oxLDL response was 0.096, indicating that patients who carry the TT allele of the APO E gene tend to present lower plasma oxLDL concentrations. Therefore, the differences in oxidative stress levels observed in this study could not be attributed to diet or to the variant alleles of PON-1, CETP, HMGCR or APO E. This data supports the influence of γ-tocopherol and δ-tocopherol on antioxidant activity, and highlights the need for further studies investigating APO E alleles and LDL oxidation.O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar se diferenças na dieta e em polimorfismos de nucleotídeos únicos (SNPs) encontrados no gene da paraoxonase 1 (PON-1), da 3-hidroxi-3-metilglutaril-coenzima A reductase (HMGCR), da proteína de transferência de ésteres de colesterol (CETP) e da apolipoproteina E (APOE) estariam associadas com biomarcadores do estresse oxidativo e, consequentemente, com a suscetibilidade da LDL à oxidação. Técnicas da estatística multivariada foram aplicadas a um grupo de 55 pacientes usando 3 biomarcadores: atividade antioxidante plasmática, concentrações de malondialdeído e LDL oxidada. Indivíduos classificados no cluster III apresentaram um prognóstico negativo em termos de atividade antioxidante e estado oxidativo. Os indivíduos agrupados no cluster I apresentaram o mais baixo nível de estado oxidativo, enquanto que indivíduos no cluster II apresentaram os mais altos níveis de atividade antioxidante. Nenhuma diferença na ingestão de nutrientes foi observada entre os clusters. Concentrações estatísticamente mais altas de γ- e δ-tocoferol foram observadas em indivíduos com mais altos níveis de atividade antioxidante. A regressão linear aplicada não foi estaticamente significativa, sugerindo que os alelos mutantes dos SNPs selecionados não contribuíram para as diferenças nos níveis de estresse oxidativo. Embora não tenha sido estatisticamente significativa, o valor da probabilidade associado ao coeficiente da relação entre ApoE e oxLDL foi de 0,096, indicando que pacientes que carregam o alelo TT da ApoE tendem a apresentar menores concentrações plasmáticas de LDL oxidada. Portanto, as diferenças no estresse oxidativo observadas em nosso estudo não puderam ser atribuídas à dieta e alelos variantes de PON-1, CETP, HMGCR ou ApoE. Nossos dados suportam a influência γ- tocoferol e δ-tocoferol na atividade antioxidante e reforçam a necessidade de mais pesquisas que investiguem a relação entre alelos da Apo E e a oxidação da LDL.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze alcohol, tobacco and other drug use among medical students. METHOD: Over a five-year period (1996-2001), we evaluated 457 students at the Universidade de São Paulo School of Medicine, located in São Paulo, Brazil. The students participated by filling out an anonymous questionnaire on drug use (lifetime, previous 12 months and previous 30 days). The influence that gender and academic year have on drug use was also analyzed. RESULTS: During the study period, there was an increase in the use of illicit drugs, especially inhalants and amphetamines, among the medical students evaluated. Drug use (except that of marijuana and inhalants) was comparable between the genders, and academic year was an important influencing factor. DISCUSSION: Increased inhalant use was observed among the medical students, especially among males and students in the early undergraduate years. This is suggestive of a specific behavioral pattern among medical students. Our findings corroborate those of previous studies. CONCLUSION: Inhalant use is on the rise among medical students at the Universidade de São Paulo School of Medicine. Because of the negative health effects of illicit drug use, further studies are needed in order to deepen the understanding of this phenomenon and to facilitate the development of preventive measures.OBJETIVO: Analisar o consumo de álcool, tabaco e outras drogas entre os estudantes de Medicina da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo dentro de um período de cinco anos (1996-2001). MÉTODO: Participaram 457 universitários que responderam a um questionário anônimo sobre o uso de drogas (medidas: uso na vida, nos últimos 12 meses e nos últimos 30 dias). A influência do gênero e do ano letivo do universitário sobre o uso de drogas também foi analisada. RESULTADOS: Em cinco anos, houve um aumento do uso de drogas ilegais entre os estudantes de Medicina da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, especialmente de inalantes e anfetaminas. Há uma convergência desse consumo entre os gêneros (exceto para maconha e inalantes) e o ano letivo é fator interferente de relevância. DISCUSSÃO: Entre os estudantes de Medicina da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, observou-se um aumento do uso de inalantes, especialmente entre os alunos do sexo masculino e dos primeiros anos de graduação. Sugere-se que seja um comportamento específico dos estudantes de Medicina, tendo corroborado com os resultados de estudos prévios. CONCLUSÃO: O uso de inalantes é crescente entre os universitários de Medicina da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo. Devido aos seus efeitos nocivos sobre a saúde, outros estudos são necessários para aprofundar a compreensão desse fenômeno, assim como para que sejam desenvolvidas medidas de prevenção que interrompam sua evolução.

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a confiabilidade do Instrumento para Classificação de Idosos quanto à Capacidade para o Autocuidado, desenvolvido para auxiliar o terapeuta ocupacional na atenção a idosos em unidades básicas de saúde. MÉTODOS: Foram realizados testes de estabilidade e consistência interna. Para validação do Instrumento, os testes foram aplicados à amostra de 30 indivíduos com 60 anos ou mais, em dois momentos. A análise estatística foi realizada a partir de agrupamentos criteriosos de respostas, o que levou à formulação de uma versão simplificada do Instrumento. A estabilidade desta versão foi avaliada pelo coeficiente kappa e a consistência interna pelo coeficiente alpha de Cronbach. RESULTADOS: A estabilidade variou de moderada a excelente. A consistência interna foi verificada somente para áreas que se mostraram adequadas para o uso da metodologia baseada no cálculo do alpha de Cronbach: três das seis questões da área "perfil social" e os blocos das atividades básicas e instrumentais de vida diária da área "capacidade funcional", respectivamente com nove e oito atividades. CONCLUSÕES: Após os testes de estabilidade e consistência interna, o Instrumento possibilita classificação sucinta e simplificada de idosos quanto à capacidade funcional para atividades básicas e instrumentais e sua caracterização quanto aos demais aspectos do autocuidado. Evidências acerca de sua confiabilidade e validade podem ser ampliadas por meio de novos estudos.OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the reliability of an instrument for classifying elderly people regarding their capacity for self-care, which was developed to assist occupational therapists in attending elderly people at primary healthcare units. METHODS: Stability and internal consistency tests were carried out. To validate the instrument, tests were applied to a sample of 30 individuals aged 60 years and over, on two occasions. The statistical analysis was performed after careful grouping of the responses. This led to the formulation of a simplified version of the instrument. The stability of this version was assessed using the kappa coefficient and the internal consistency by Cronbach's alpha coefficient. RESULTS: The stability ranged from moderate to excellent. The internal consistency was checked only for areas that were shown to be appropriate for using the methodology, based on calculations of Cronbach's alpha: three of the six questions in the "social profile" area and the blocks of basic and instrumental activities of daily living in the "functional capacity" area, which respectively consisted of nine and eight activities. CONCLUSIONS: Following the stability and internal consistency tests, the instrument made it possible to succinctly and simply classify elderly people with regard to their functional capacity for basic and instrumental activities, and to characterize them regarding other aspects of self-care. The evidence regarding its reliability and validity could be expanded by means of new studies.

This study evaluated the effects of aging methods on the microleakage of an adhesive system used for sealing pit and fissure surfaces. After acid etching, the occlusal surfaces of 60 permanent teeth were contaminated with 1mL of human plasma and then sealed with OptiBond dual cure, activated in the ramp mode (Optilux 501). The sample was then divided into eight experimental and a control groups. Aging was performed for 20 days in 5, 37, 55 and 5-55ºC (200 cycles/day) under water contact or not. After subjecting the specimens to the AgNO3 technique, they were sectioned twice. Dye penetration was measured and the mean values were subjected to ANOVA. No group provided hermetic seal against dye penetration, even the control group (without treatment). Significant aging x water interaction effect (p=0.033) was observed. The group without water contact at 5ºC (p=0.015) showed the least dye penetration value. The results led to the main conclusions: 1) all groups showed dye penetration, even the control group; 2) storage teeth at 5ºC on dry condition provided the lowest degree of dye penetration; 3) in the presence of water, the temperature variations seem not to affect the microleakage values.Este estudo avaliou os efeitos de métodos para envelhecimento na microinfiltração de um sistema adesivo usado para selar superfícies oclusais. Após o condicionamento com ácido, as superfícies de 60 dentes permanentes foram contaminadas com 1 mL de plasma e seladas com OptiBond dual cure, ativado pelo Optilux 501, no modo rampa. A amostra foi dividida em oito grupos experimentais e um grupo controle ou imediato O envelhecimento dos espécimes foi realizado por 20 dias a 5, 37, 55 e 5-55°C (200 ciclos/dia) em contato com a água ou não. Após submeter os espécimes à técnica de infiltração com AgNO3, eles foram secionados duas vezes e os valores médios da penetração do corante foram tratados por análise de variância. Nenhum grupo apresentou vedamento hermético na interface, nem mesmo o grupo sem envelhecimento (imediato ou controle). O grupo que permaneceu a 5°C sem contato com a água mostrou o menor grau de penetração (p=0,015) e a interação envelhecimento x água foi significante (p=0,033). Os resultados levam às seguintes conclusões: 1) todos os grupos mostram microinfiltração, inclusive o controle; 2) o grupo mantido a 5ºC sem contato com a água mostrou os menores valores de microinfiltração; 3) em contato com a água, as variações térmicas parecem não afetar o grau de penetração do corante.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the rate of drug use prevalence and to investigate opinions regarding such use among undergraduate students at the University of São Paulo - São Paulo campus in 1996 and again in 2001. METHODS: Both studies followed the same procedures of sampling and data collection. A random sample of undergraduate students, divided into the areas Humanities, Exact Sciences and Biologic Sciences, responded to an anonymous and self-report survey regarding the use of licit and illicit drugs within the last 30 days, within the last 12 months and over the lifetime of the subject. The two surveys were compared through the construction of (95%) confidence intervals for the prevalence differences for each substance by area and by total number of students. The Wald test for homogeneity was applied in order to compare the prevalences. RESULTS: High approval of regularly trying and using cocaine, crack, amphetamines and inhalants was observed. The drugs that showed statistic significant increasing were:lifetime use: alcohol, tobacco, marijuana, inhalants, hallucinogens, amphetamines, anticholines, barbiturics and any illicit drug;last-12-month use: marijuana, inhalants, amphetamines, hallucinogens and any illicit drug;last-30-day use: marijuana, inhalants, amphetamines and any illicit drug. DISCUSSON: The observed difference in the use of some drugs between the two surveys appears to be a consequence of the higher rates of favorable opinions regarding trying and regularly using some psychoactive substances, a finding that mirrors global trends in drug use.OBJETIVO: Esta pesquisa teve como objetivo comparar as prevalências de uso de diversas drogas e as opiniões sobre esses usos entre estudantes de graduação da Universidade de São Paulo (USP) nos anos de 1996 e 2001. MÉTODOS: Os dois estudos seguiram as mesmas metodologias de amostragem e coleta de dados. Os alunos foram randomicamente selecionados de acordo com suas áreas de estudo (Biológicas, Exatas e Humanas) e responderam a um questionário anônimo e de autopreenchimento, desenhado de modo a levantar o uso na vida, nos últimos 12 meses e nos últimos 30 dias de substâncias psicoativas lícitas e ilícitas. Para a comparação entre as duas pesquisas foram aplicados testes de Wald da igualdade das prevalências e construídos intervalos de confiança (95%) para a diferença entre as prevalências para cada substância investigada pelo total de alunos. RESULTADOS: Observou-se aumento na aprovação do uso experimental e regular de cocaína, crack, anfetaminas e inalantes. As drogas que apresentaram aumento de uso estatisticamente significativo foram: na vida: álcool, tabaco, maconha, inalantes, alucinógenos, anfetaminas, anticolinérgicos, barbitúricos e ilícitas em geral; nos últimos 12 meses: maconha, inalantes, anfetaminas, alucinógenos e ilícitas em geral; nos últimos 30 dias: maconha, inalantes, anfetaminas e ilícitas em geral. DISCUSSÃO: Os aumentos de uso observados entre as duas pesquisas parecem refletir as atitudes e opiniões favoráveis acerca do uso experimental e regular de algumas substâncias psicoativas e seguir uma tendência mundial de aumento do uso de drogas.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze drug use trends among college students in 1996, 2001 and 2009. METHODS: A cross-sectional epidemiological study with a multistage stratified cluster sample with 9,974 college students was conducted in the city of São Paulo, southeastern Brazil. An anonymous self-administered questionnaire was used to collect information on drug use assessed in lifetime, the preceding 12 months and the preceding 30 days. The Bonferroni correction was used for multiple comparisons of drug use rates between surveys. RESULTS: There were changes in the lifetime use of tobacco and some other drugs (hallucinogens [6.1% to 8.8%], amphetamines [4.6% to 8.7%], and tranquilizers [5.7% to 8.2%]) from 1996 to 2009. Differences in the use of other drugs over the 12 months preceding the survey were also seen: reduced use of inhalants [9.0% to 4.8%] and increased use of amphetamines [2.4% to 4.8%]. There was a reduction in alcohol [72.9% to 62.1%], tobacco [21.3% to 17.2%] and marijuana [15.0% to 11.5%] use and an increase in amphetamine use [1.9% to 3.3%] in the preceeding 30 days. CONCLUSIONS: Over the 13-year study period, there was an increase in lifetime use of tobacco, hallucinogens, amphetamines, and tranquilizers. There was an increase in amphetamine use and a reduction in alcohol use during the preceding 12 months. There was an increase in amphetamine use during the preceding 30 days.