37 results on '"Kyungmin Hwang"'
Search Results
2. A prospective multicenter assessor blinded pilot study using confocal laser endomicroscopy for intraoperative brain tumor diagnosis
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Yoon Hwan Byun, Jae-Kyung Won, Duk Hyun Hong, Ho Kang, Jang Hun Kim, Mi Ok Yu, Min-Sung Kim, Yong Hwy Kim, Kyung-Jae Park, Min-Jae Jeong, Kyungmin Hwang, Doo-Sik Kong, Chul-Kee Park, and Shin-Hyuk Kang
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Medicine ,Science - Abstract
Abstract In this multi-center, assessor-blinded pilot study, the diagnostic efficacy of cCeLL-Ex vivo, a second-generation confocal laser endomicroscopy (CLE), was compared against the gold standard frozen section analysis for intraoperative brain tumor diagnosis. The study was conducted across three tertiary medical institutions in the Republic of Korea. Biopsy samples from newly diagnosed brain tumor patients were categorized based on location and divided for permanent section analysis, frozen section analysis, and cCeLL-Ex vivo imaging. Of the 74 samples from 55 patients, the majority were from the tumor core (74.3%). cCeLL-Ex vivo exhibited a relatively higher diagnostic accuracy (89.2%) than frozen section analysis (86.5%), with both methods showing a sensitivity of 92.2%. cCeLL-Ex vivo also demonstrated higher specificity (70% vs. 50%), positive predictive value (PPV) (95.2% vs. 92.2%), and negative predictive value (NPV) (58.3% vs. 50%). Furthermore, the time from sample preparation to diagnosis was notably shorter with cCeLL-Ex vivo (13 min 17 s) compared to frozen section analysis (28 min 28 s) (p-value
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- 2024
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3. Corrigendum: Clinical feasibility of miniaturized Lissajous scanning confocal laser endomicroscopy for indocyanine green-enhanced brain tumor diagnosis
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Duk Hyun Hong, Jang Hun Kim, Jae-Kyung Won, Hyungsin Kim, Chayeon Kim, Kyung-Jae Park, Kyungmin Hwang, Ki-Hun Jeong, and Shin-Hyuk Kang
- Subjects
brain neoplasm ,confocal microscopy ,Lissajous scanning ,indocyanine green ,real-time diagnosis ,Neoplasms. Tumors. Oncology. Including cancer and carcinogens ,RC254-282 - Published
- 2024
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4. Publisher Correction: A prospective multicenter assessor blinded pilot study using confocal laser endomicroscopy for intraoperative brain tumor diagnosis
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Yoon Hwan Byun, Jae-Kyung Won, Duk Hyun Hong, Ho Kang, Jang Hun Kim, Mi Ok Yu, Min-Sung Kim, Yong Hwy Kim, Kyung-Jae Park, Min-Jae Jeong, Kyungmin Hwang, Doo-Sik Kong, Chul-Kee Park, and Shin-Hyuk Kang
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Medicine ,Science - Published
- 2024
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5. Light Switching Microprojector Allows Endoscopic In Vivo 3D Imaging of Gastrointestinal Abnormalities
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Sung-Pyo Yang, Jae-Myeong Kwon, Jae-Won Seo, Han Jo Jun, Kyungmin Hwang, Eun-Sun Kim, and Ki-Hun Jeong
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3D imaging ,endoscopy ,in vivo imaging ,optical MEMS ,structural illumination ,Applied optics. Photonics ,TA1501-1820 ,Optics. Light ,QC350-467 - Abstract
Quantitative in vivo measurement helps physicians determine abnormal tissue size or resection margin accurately. Herein, in vivo 3D imaging of abnormal features during endoscopic operation using a light switching microprojector is reported. The microprojector features rotational offset microlens arrays and a customized illumination fiber bundle fully integrated through a single illumination channel of a clinical endoscope. The illumination channel switches white light into structured laser patterns on demand. The 3D profiles are precisely extracted by calculating the distortion of uniform structured patterns on a target surface. The 3D endoscope allows the precise measurement of the size and volume of polyp phantoms within 7.70% and 13.33% errors, respectively. The experimental results show the accurate measurements of abnormal ex vivo human abnormal tissue and in vivo volume changes in the inflated stomach wall of an anesthetized pig. The microprojector can provide a new opportunity for in vivo 3D endoscopic imaging and biometric applications.
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- 2023
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6. Clinical feasibility of miniaturized Lissajous scanning confocal laser endomicroscopy for indocyanine green-enhanced brain tumor diagnosis
- Author
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Duk Hyun Hong, Jang Hun Kim, Jae-Kyung Won, Hyungsin Kim, Chayeon Kim, Kyung-Jae Park, Kyungmin Hwang, Ki-Hun Jeong, and Shin-Hyuk Kang
- Subjects
brain neoplasm ,confocal microscopy ,Lissajous scanning ,indocyanine green ,real-time diagnosis ,Neoplasms. Tumors. Oncology. Including cancer and carcinogens ,RC254-282 - Abstract
BackgroundIntraoperative real-time confocal laser endomicroscopy (CLE) is an alternative modality for frozen tissue histology that enables visualization of the cytoarchitecture of living tissues with spatial resolution at the cellular level. We developed a new CLE with a “Lissajous scanning pattern” and conducted a study to identify its feasibility for fluorescence-guided brain tumor diagnosis.Materials and methodsConventional hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) histological images were compared with indocyanine green (ICG)-enhanced CLE images in two settings (1): experimental study with in vitro tumor cells and ex vivo glial tumors of mice, and (2) clinical evaluation with surgically resected human brain tumors. First, CLE images were obtained from cultured U87 and GL261 glioma cells. Then, U87 and GL261 tumor cells were implanted into the mouse brain, and H&E staining was compared with CLE images of normal and tumor tissues ex vivo. To determine the invasion of the normal brain, two types of patient-derived glioma cells (CSC2 and X01) were used for orthotopic intracranial tumor formation and compared using two methods (CLE vs. H&E staining). Second, in human brain tumors, tissue specimens from 69 patients were prospectively obtained after elective surgical resection and were also compared using two methods, namely, CLE and H&E staining. The comparison was performed by an experienced neuropathologist.ResultsWhen ICG was incubated in vitro, U87 and GL261 cell morphologies were well-defined in the CLE images and depended on dimethyl sulfoxide. Ex vivo examination of xenograft glioma tissues revealed dense and heterogeneous glioma cell cores and peritumoral necrosis using both methods. CLE images also detected invasive tumor cell clusters in the normal brain of the patient-derived glioma xenograft model, which corresponded to H&E staining. In human tissue specimens, CLE images effectively visualized the cytoarchitecture of the normal brain and tumors. In addition, pathognomonic microstructures according to tumor subtype were also clearly observed. Interestingly, in gliomas, the cellularity of the tumor and the density of streak-like patterns were significantly associated with tumor grade in the CLE images. Finally, panoramic view reconstruction was successfully conducted for visualizing a gross tissue morphology.ConclusionIn conclusion, the newly developed CLE with Lissajous laser scanning can be a helpful intraoperative device for the diagnosis, detection of tumor-free margins, and maximal safe resection of brain tumors.
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- 2023
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7. Scanning MEMS Mirror for High Definition and High Frame Rate Lissajous Patterns
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Yeong-Hyeon Seo, Kyungmin Hwang, Hyunwoo Kim, and Ki-Hun Jeong
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MEMS mirror ,Lissajous scanning ,pseudo-resonant ,sensing ,imaging ,display ,Mechanical engineering and machinery ,TJ1-1570 - Abstract
Scanning MEMS (micro-electro-mechanical system) mirrors are attractive given their potential use in a diverse array of laser scanning display and imaging applications. Here we report on an electrostatic MEMS mirror for high definition and high frame rate (HDHF) Lissajous scanning. The MEMS mirror comprised a low Q-factor inner mirror and frame mirror, which provided two-dimensional scanning at two similar resonant scanning frequencies with high mechanical stability. The low Q inner mirror enabled a broad frequency selection range. The high definition and high frame rate (HDHF) Lissajous scanning of the MEMS mirror was achieved by selecting a set of scanning frequencies near its resonance with a high greatest common divisor (GCD) and a high total lobe number. The MEMS mirror had resonant scanning frequencies at 5402 Hz and 6702 Hz in x and y directions, respectively. The selected pseudo-resonant frequencies of 5450 Hz and 6700 Hz for HDHF scanning provided 50 frames per second with 94% fill factor in 256 × 256 pixels. This Lissajous MEMS mirror could be utilized for assorted HDHF laser scanning imaging and display applications.
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- 2019
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8. Real-time Histological Evaluation of Gastric Cancer Tissue by Using a Confocal Laser Endomicroscopic System.
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HYUNSIK BAE, HAEYON CHO, YEONJU JO, SO MI HEO, JINAH CHU, SANGJOON CHOI, KYUNGMIN HWANG, KYUYOUNG KIM, and SEOKHWI KIM
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CONFOCAL microscopy ,STOMACH cancer patients ,STOMACH cancer treatment ,HISTOLOGY ,PATHOLOGISTS - Abstract
Background/Aim: The need for instant histological evaluation of fresh tissue, especially in cancer treatment, remains paramount. The conventional frozen section technique has inherent limitations, prompting the exploration of alternative methods. A recently developed confocal laser endomicroscopic system provides real-time imaging of the tissue without the need for glass slide preparation. Herein, we evaluated its applicability in the histologic evaluation of gastric cancer tissues. Materials and Methods: A confocal laser endomicroscopic system (CLES) with a Lissajous pattern laser scanning, was developed. Fourteen fresh gastric cancer tissues and the same number of normal gastric tissues were obtained from advanced gastric cancer patients. Fluorescein sodium was used for staining. Five pathologists interpreted 100 endomicroscopic images and decided their histologic location and the presence of cancer. Following the review of matched hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) slides, their performance was evaluated with another 100 images. Results: CLES images mirrored gastric tissue histology. Pathologists were able to detect the histologic location of the images with 65.7% accuracy and differentiate cancer tissue from normal with 74.7% accuracy. The sensitivity and specificity of cancer detection were 71.9% and 76.1%. Following the review of matched H&E images, the accuracy of identifying the histologic location was increased to 92.8% (p<0.0001), and that of detecting cancer tissue was also increased to 90.9% (p<0.001). The sensitivity and specificity of cancer detection were enhanced to 89.1% and 93.2% (p<0.0001). Conclusion: High-quality histological images were immediately acquired by the CLES. The operator training enabled the accurate detection of cancer and histologic location raising its potential applicability as a realtime tissue imaging modality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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9. Clinical feasibility of miniaturized Lissajous scanning confocal laser endomicroscopy for indocyanine green-enhanced brain tumor diagnosis.
- Author
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Duk Hyun Hong, Jang Hun Kim, Jae-Kyung Won, Hyungsin Kim, Chayeon Kim, Kyung-Jae Park, Kyungmin Hwang, Ki-Hun Jeong, and Shin-Hyuk Kang
- Subjects
CANCER diagnosis ,BRAIN tumors ,INTRACRANIAL tumors ,HEMATOXYLIN & eosin staining ,SURGICAL margin ,INDOCYANINE green - Abstract
Background: Intraoperative real-time confocal laser endomicroscopy (CLE) is an alternative modality for frozen tissue histology that enables visualization of the cytoarchitecture of living tissues with spatial resolution at the cellular level. We developed a new CLE with a "Lissajous scanning pattern" and conducted a study to identify its feasibility for fluorescence-guided brain tumor diagnosis. Materials and methods: Conventional hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) histological images were compared with indocyanine green (ICG)-enhanced CLE images in two settings (1): experimental study with in vitro tumor cells and ex vivo glial tumors of mice, and (2) clinical evaluation with surgically resected human brain tumors. First, CLE images were obtained from cultured U87 and GL261 glioma cells. Then, U87 and GL261 tumor cells were implanted into the mouse brain, and H&E staining was compared with CLE images of normal and tumor tissues ex vivo. To determine the invasion of the normal brain, two types of patient-derived glioma cells (CSC2 and X01) were used for orthotopic intracranial tumor formation and compared using two methods (CLE vs. H&E staining). Second, in human brain tumors, tissue specimens from 69 patients were prospectively obtained after elective surgical resection and were also compared using two methods, namely, CLE and H&E staining. The comparison was performed by an experienced neuropathologist. Results: When ICG was incubated in vitro, U87 and GL261 cell morphologies were well-defined in the CLE images and depended on dimethyl sulfoxide. Ex vivo examination of xenograft glioma tissues revealed dense and heterogeneous glioma cell cores and peritumoral necrosis using both methods. CLE images also detected invasive tumor cell clusters in the normal brain of the patient-derived glioma xenograft model, which corresponded to H&E staining. In human tissue specimens, CLE images effectively visualized the cytoarchitecture of the normal brain and tumors. In addition, pathognomonic microstructures according to tumor subtype were also clearly observed. Interestingly, in gliomas, the cellularity of the tumor and the density of streak-like patterns were significantly associated with tumor grade in the CLE images. Finally, panoramic view reconstruction was successfully conducted for visualizing a gross tissue morphology. Conclusion: In conclusion, the newly developed CLE with Lissajous laser scanning can be a helpful intraoperative device for the diagnosis, detection of tumor-free margins, and maximal safe resection of brain tumors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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- View/download PDF
10. Development of real-time imaging tool for intraoperative brain tumor diagnosis and preliminary study of optimization conditions
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Shin Kang, Hyungsin Kim, Chayeon Kim, Kyung-Jae Park, Kyuha Chong, Kyungmin Hwang, and Ki-Hun Jeong
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- 2022
11. Handheld laser scanning microscope catheter for real-time and
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Jaehun, Jeon, Hyunwoo, Kim, Hyunwoo, Jang, Kyungmin, Hwang, Kyuyoung, Kim, Young-Gyun, Park, and Ki-Hun, Jeong
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Article - Abstract
A handheld confocal microscope using a rapid MEMS scanning mirror facilitates real-time optical biopsy for simple cancer diagnosis. Here we report a handheld confocal microscope catheter using high definition and high frame rate (HDHF) Lissajous scanning MEMS mirror. The broad resonant frequency region of the fast axis on the MEMS mirror with a low Q-factor facilitates the flexible selection of scanning frequencies. HDHF Lissajous scanning was achieved by selecting the scanning frequencies with high greatest common divisor (GCD) and high total lobe number. The MEMS mirror was fully packaged into a handheld configuration, which was coupled to a home-built confocal imaging system. The confocal microscope catheter allows fluorescence imaging of in vivo and ex vivo mouse tissues with 30 Hz frame rate and 95.4% fill factor at 256 × 256 pixels image, where the lateral resolution is 4.35 μm and the field-of-view (FOV) is 330 μm × 330 μm. This compact confocal microscope can provide diverse handheld microscopic applications for real-time, on-demand, and in vivo optical biopsy.
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- 2021
12. Light Switching Microprojector Allows Endoscopic In Vivo 3D Imaging of Gastrointestinal Abnormalities
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Sung-Pyo Yang, Jae-Myeong Kwon, Jae-Won Seo, Han Jo Jun, Kyungmin Hwang, Eun-Sun Kim, and Ki-Hun Jeong
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General Medicine - Published
- 2022
13. Objective-lens-free confocal endomicroscope using Lissajous scanning lensed-fiber
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Jaehun Jeon, Jae-Beom Kim, Daniel Kim, Kyungmin Hwang, and Ki-Hun Jeong
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Materials science ,Optical fiber ,Silica fiber ,business.industry ,Confocal ,law.invention ,Lissajous curve ,Lens (optics) ,Optics ,law ,Confocal microscopy ,Fusion splicing ,Fiber ,business - Abstract
We report an objective-lens-free endomicroscopic catheter for compact Lissajous scanned confocal endomicroscopic system using a scanning lensed-fiber. The fiber scanner comprises a single-mode fiber (SMF) spliced with a coreless silica fiber segment and quadrupole piezoelectric tube. An objective lens was directly formed at the distal end of an SMF using a fusion splicer. The lensed fiber eliminates the need for conventional beam focusing elements such as a gradient index rod lens and precise optical alignment, allowing low cost and facile fabrication of an exceptionally short endomicroscopic catheter. The endomicroscopic scanner was fully packaged within a stainless tube of 2.6 mm in outer diameter and 20 mm in length, which can be easily inserted through the working channel of conventional laparoscope or colonoscope. The microscopic images of a stained kidney section and ear of a mouse were successfully obtained with the Lissajous scanning confocal endomicroscope. The compact Lissajous scanning lensed fiber can provide a new route for diverse in vivo endomicroscopic applications.
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- 2021
14. Abstract 5978: Real time pathologic diagnosis of digital biopsy during lung cancer surgery using confocal laser endomicroscopy
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Tae-Jung Kim, Young Jo Sa, Sung Ah Kim, and Kyungmin Hwang
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Cancer Research ,Oncology - Abstract
Purpose: Portable hand held confocal laser endomicroscopy is a novel, noninvasive technology that provides real time imaging during biopsy procedure and could be used to perform rapid histopathological diagnosis. However, its ability of determining whether the ex vivo samples obtained during lung cancer surgery or biopsy are tumor or non tumor is yet to be evaluated. Methods: Real time imaging of 75 surgical samples was performed. In preanalytic process, the samples were stained with fluorescent dye. Benign and malignant histologic structures were classified by cell density, nuclear size variability, and nuclear arrangement, which are compared with HE images from the same section. Results: We defined the confocal laser endomicroscopy atypia classification from the findings of the cells and made a comprehensive atlas of digital biopsy images for pleural surface, bronchus, and lung parenchyma. A total of 3,734 digital images were correlated with 75 frozen lung specimens. Three pathologists assessed digital biopsy images for defining cancer versus non cancer. Overall accuracy was 92.2%, The sensitivity for malignancy was 100% and the specificity was 84.4%. Both inter observer (k = 0.51) and intra observer (k = 0.52) agreement confirmed moderate agreement. Conclusion: Portable confocal laser endomicroscopy was useful to differentiate malignant from benign, to assess the histology of pleural surface and bronchial margin and might be substitute for rapid on site evaluation of pathologic diagnosis during surgical or biopsy procedure. Citation Format: Tae-Jung Kim, Young Jo Sa, Sung Ah Kim, Kyungmin Hwang. Real time pathologic diagnosis of digital biopsy during lung cancer surgery using confocal laser endomicroscopy [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2022; 2022 Apr 8-13. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2022;82(12_Suppl):Abstract nr 5978.
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- 2022
15. Handheld laser scanning microscope catheter for real-time and in vivo confocal microscopy using a high definition high frame rate Lissajous MEMS mirror
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Jaehun Jeon, Hyunwoo Kim, Hyunwoo Jang, Kyungmin Hwang, Kyuyoung Kim, Young-Gyun Park, and Ki-Hun Jeong
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Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics ,Biotechnology - Abstract
A handheld confocal microscope using a rapid MEMS scanning mirror facilitates real-time optical biopsy for simple cancer diagnosis. Here we report a handheld confocal microscope catheter using high definition and high frame rate (HDHF) Lissajous scanning MEMS mirror. The broad resonant frequency region of the fast axis on the MEMS mirror with a low Q-factor facilitates the flexible selection of scanning frequencies. HDHF Lissajous scanning was achieved by selecting the scanning frequencies with high greatest common divisor (GCD) and high total lobe number. The MEMS mirror was fully packaged into a handheld configuration, which was coupled to a home-built confocal imaging system. The confocal microscope catheter allows fluorescence imaging of in vivo and ex vivo mouse tissues with 30 Hz frame rate and 95.4% fill factor at 256 × 256 pixels image, where the lateral resolution is 4.35 μm and the field-of-view (FOV) is 330 μm × 330 μm. This compact confocal microscope can provide diverse handheld microscopic applications for real-time, on-demand, and in vivo optical biopsy.
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- 2022
16. Prediction Modeling on Effective Thermal Conductivity of Porous Insulation in Thermal Protection System
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Kyungmin Hwang, Yongha Kim, Myungjun Kim, Hee-Soo Lee, and Jungsun Park
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Thermal conductivity ,Materials science ,Thermal bridge ,Thermal insulation ,business.industry ,Space Shuttle thermal protection system ,Composite material ,Porosity ,business - Published
- 2017
17. Thermal Characteristic Analysis of Thermal Protection System with Porous Insulation
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Jungjin Lee, Jungsun Park, Kyungmin Hwang, and Yongha Kim
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Pipe insulation ,Vacuum insulated panel ,Materials science ,Thermal bridge ,Thermal insulation ,business.industry ,Space Shuttle thermal protection system ,Thermal ,Multi-layer insulation ,Composite material ,business ,Porosity - Published
- 2016
18. Handheld endomicroscope using a fiber-optic harmonograph enables real-time and in vivo confocal imaging of living cell morphology and capillary perfusion
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Hyungsin Kim, Sangyong Jon, So-Young Lee, Koun-Hee Lee, Yeong-Hyeon Seo, Ki-Hun Jeong, Kate E. Yu, Pilhan Kim, Kyung Hee Han, Jinhyo Ahn, Shin Hyuk Kang, Daniel Kim, and Kyungmin Hwang
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Microscope ,Materials science ,Image quality ,Materials Science (miscellaneous) ,Confocal ,ComputingMethodologies_IMAGEPROCESSINGANDCOMPUTERVISION ,lcsh:Technology ,01 natural sciences ,Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering ,law.invention ,010309 optics ,03 medical and health sciences ,law ,0103 physical sciences ,Microscopy ,Electrical and Electronic Engineering ,030304 developmental biology ,0303 health sciences ,lcsh:T ,Single-mode optical fiber ,Optical Biopsy ,Condensed Matter Physics ,Frame rate ,Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics ,Lissajous curve ,lcsh:TA1-2040 ,lcsh:Engineering (General). Civil engineering (General) ,Biomedical engineering - Abstract
Confocal laser endomicroscopy provides high potential for noninvasive and in vivo optical biopsy at the cellular level. Here, we report a fully packaged handheld confocal endomicroscopic system for real-time, high-resolution, and in vivo cellular imaging using a Lissajous scanning fiber-optic harmonograph. The endomicroscopic system features an endomicroscopic probe with a fiber-optic harmonograph, a confocal microscope unit, and an image signal processor. The fiber-optic harmonograph contains a single mode fiber coupled with a quadrupole piezoelectric tube, which resonantly scans both axes at ~ 1 kHz to obtain a Lissajous pattern. The fiber-optic harmonograph was fully packaged into an endomicroscopic probe with an objective lens. The endomicroscopic probe was hygienically packaged for waterproofing and disinfection of medical instruments within a 2.6-mm outer diameter stainless tube capable of being inserted through the working channel of a clinical endoscope. The probe was further combined with the confocal microscope unit for indocyanine green imaging and the image signal processor for high frame rate and high density Lissajous scanning. The signal processing unit delivers driving signals for probe actuation and reconstructs confocal images using the auto phase matching process of Lissajous fiber scanners. The confocal endomicroscopic system was used to successfully obtain human in vitro fluorescent images and real-time ex vivo and in vivo fluorescent images of the living cell morphology and capillary perfusion inside a single mouse. A fiber-optic microscopy system collects real-time imaging data with high resolution from within the tissue of living organisms. Endoscopically-coupled microscopes systems have become increasingly commonplace, but these systems often suffer from stability issues and trade-offs in terms of imaging speed and resolution. Researchers led by Ki-Hun Jeong of the KAIST Institute of Health Science and Technology have now developed an endomicroscope based on a system known as a Lissajous fiber scanner, a design that delivers excellent stability and uniform image quality. The researchers demonstrate the capacity to obtain micron-resolution imaging data from cultured cells, isolated organs, and live mice at a rate of 10 frames per second. The device is compact and designed for handheld use, and the researchers already envision opportunities to further improve imaging depth and resolution in the near future.
- Published
- 2019
19. Switchable Dot Projection Module for 3D Flexible Endoscopes
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Ki-Hun Jeong, Kyungmin Hwang, Yeong-Hyeon Seo, and Sung-Pyo Yang
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Microlens ,Optics ,Offset (computer science) ,Materials science ,Projector ,business.industry ,law ,Dot array ,Physics::Optics ,Condensed Matter::Mesoscopic Systems and Quantum Hall Effect ,business ,Optical switch ,law.invention - Abstract
This work reports switchable dot projection module for 3D flexible endoscopes. The dot projector is composed of the switchable fiber-bundle and diffractive optical elements with double-sided microlens arrays with rotational offset to generate diffractive dot array patterns and uniform illumination at the same time. The overall diameter of the packaged dot projector is small and flexible enough to replace one of the illumination channels in conventional 2D endoscopes to make the structured-light based 3D surface imaging possible.
- Published
- 2019
20. Switchable pattern projector module with rotational offset of double microlens arrays for 3D endoscopy (Conference Presentation)
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Kyungmin Hwang, Sung-Pyo Yang, Ki-Hun Jeong, and Jae-Beom Kim
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Microlens ,Materials science ,business.industry ,Laser ,Collimated light ,law.invention ,Optics ,Projector ,law ,Medical imaging ,Miniaturization ,Photolithography ,business ,Microfabrication - Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) endoscopes provide depth information and help determining the surgical sites more accurately. Among the conventional 3D endoscopic techniques, efforts on implementation of structured illumination method into 3D imaging system was actively made due to the potential of light environmental robustness and miniaturization. However, structured illumination methods are suffering from the low resolution, which is affected by the light patterns density and uniformity with minimized projector. In this work, we demonstrate switchable pattern projector module using rotational offsets of double microlens arrays (MLAs) for 3D endoscopic imaging with structured illumination method. The pattern projector module includes diffractive optical element part of double MLAs with rotational offsets for double diffraction pattern generation and the switchable light source part of fiber bundle comprised of the GRIN fiber for collimating laser at the center and other surrounding fibers for white-light illumination. The double MLAs was fabricated using double-sided photolithography on 4-inch borosilicate wafer, thermal reflow with hydrophobic nano film, and parylene-c coating. The period, curvature and rotational offset angle of double MLAs were determined to have high density and uniformity of the projected dot array patterns. The calculated disparity map of non-textured 3D object showed increase on resolution and robustness on surrounding light environment compared to the disparity map with stereoscopic imaging method. The 3D imaging system using the projector module can provide depth information with miniaturized system and lead to various applications for medical imaging as well as other imaging applications in industrial and military fields.
- Published
- 2019
21. High Resolution 3D Surface Imaging Using Variable Structured Illumination via Lissajous Scanning MEMS Mirror Module
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Kyungmin Hwang, Yeong-Hyeon Seo, Won-Kyung Lee, Ki-Hun Jeong, Sung-Pyo Yang, and Hyunwoo Kim
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Microelectromechanical systems ,Materials science ,business.industry ,Bandwidth (signal processing) ,Stereoscopy ,02 engineering and technology ,021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology ,Structured illumination ,01 natural sciences ,law.invention ,010309 optics ,Lissajous curve ,Optics ,law ,0103 physical sciences ,Greatest common divisor ,0210 nano-technology ,business ,Frequency modulation ,Stereo camera - Abstract
We report a high resolution 3D imaging using variable structured illumination via Lissajous scanning MEMS mirror module. The Lissajous scanning MEMS mirror was operated at pseudo-resonant frequencies within the bandwidth. The structured illumination pattern density was controlled by selecting the greatest common divisor (GCD) of two scanning frequencies. Scanning frequency selection with high GCD provides a coarse illumination pattern. The constant pattern was obtained by modulating a laser beam at the least common multiple (LCM) of the two selected scanning frequencies. A low-Q inner mirror provides wide frequency tuning range as well as enables variable structured illumination. 3D stereoscopic image has been successfully obtained by using a variable structured illumination and stereoscopic camera. Structured illumination effectively enhances 3D imaging resolution. This structured illumination module can provide a new breakthrough for 3D MEMS imaging applications.
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- 2019
22. Scanning MEMS Mirror for High Definition and High Frame Rate Lissajous Patterns
- Author
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Ki-Hun Jeong, Kyungmin Hwang, Hyunwoo Kim, and Yeong-Hyeon Seo
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Materials science ,Laser scanning ,lcsh:Mechanical engineering and machinery ,Microscanner ,02 engineering and technology ,01 natural sciences ,Article ,010309 optics ,Optics ,0103 physical sciences ,lcsh:TJ1-1570 ,Electrical and Electronic Engineering ,pseudo-resonant ,sensing ,MEMS mirror ,Microelectromechanical systems ,Pixel ,business.industry ,Mechanical Engineering ,Resonance ,imaging ,021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology ,Frame rate ,display ,Lissajous curve ,Control and Systems Engineering ,Lissajous scanning ,High definition ,0210 nano-technology ,business - Abstract
Scanning MEMS (micro-electro-mechanical system) mirrors are attractive given their potential use in a diverse array of laser scanning display and imaging applications. Here we report on an electrostatic MEMS mirror for high definition and high frame rate (HDHF) Lissajous scanning. The MEMS mirror comprised a low Q-factor inner mirror and frame mirror, which provided two-dimensional scanning at two similar resonant scanning frequencies with high mechanical stability. The low Q inner mirror enabled a broad frequency selection range. The high definition and high frame rate (HDHF) Lissajous scanning of the MEMS mirror was achieved by selecting a set of scanning frequencies near its resonance with a high greatest common divisor (GCD) and a high total lobe number. The MEMS mirror had resonant scanning frequencies at 5402 Hz and 6702 Hz in x and y directions, respectively. The selected pseudo-resonant frequencies of 5450 Hz and 6700 Hz for HDHF scanning provided 50 frames per second with 94% fill factor in 256 ×, 256 pixels. This Lissajous MEMS mirror could be utilized for assorted HDHF laser scanning imaging and display applications.
- Published
- 2019
23. Lissajous scanned variable structured illumination for dynamic stereo depth map
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Yeong-Hyeon Seo, Sung-Pyo Yang, Hyunwoo Kim, Ki-Hun Jeong, and Kyungmin Hwang
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Materials science ,business.industry ,02 engineering and technology ,021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology ,Laser ,01 natural sciences ,Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics ,law.invention ,010309 optics ,Lissajous curve ,Amplitude ,Optics ,law ,Depth map ,0103 physical sciences ,Greatest common divisor ,0210 nano-technology ,business ,Intensity modulation ,Stereo camera ,Diode - Abstract
Structured illumination plays an important role in advanced photographic and microscopic imaging applications. Here we report variable structured illumination (VSI) using Lissajous scanning techniques. The variable structured illumination module comprises Lissajous scanning micromirror and fiber-based diode pumped solid state (DPSS) laser with intensity modulation, combined with a stereo camera for dynamic stereo depth map. The micromirror projects static and discrete patterns by modulating the intensity of a laser beam at the least common multiple (LCM) of two scanning frequencies. The pattern density is increased by either decreasing the greatest common divisor (GCD) of scanning frequencies or decreasing the duty rate of the laser modulation. The scanning amplitude also controls the field-of-view (FOV) for the exact illumination of a target object for dynamic stereo depth map. The variable structured illumination module provides a new route for advanced imaging applications such as high-quality depth map, super-resolution, or motion recognition.
- Published
- 2020
24. Lissajous Scanning Two-photon Endomicroscope for In vivo Tissue Imaging
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Sangyong Jon, Yong Jeong, Jae-Beom Kim, Jinhyo Ahn, Jin-Hui Yoon, So-Young Lee, Yeong-Hyeon Seo, Pilhan Kim, Eunji Kong, Daniel Youngsuk Kim, Ki-Hun Jeong, and Kyungmin Hwang
- Subjects
0301 basic medicine ,Scanner ,Materials science ,Laser scanning ,Optical Phenomena ,lcsh:Medicine ,Kidney ,Article ,03 medical and health sciences ,Mice ,0302 clinical medicine ,Two-photon excitation microscopy ,Animals ,lcsh:Science ,Mechanical Phenomena ,Microscopy ,Photons ,Multidisciplinary ,lcsh:R ,Endoscopy ,Optical Biopsy ,Lissajous curve ,Autofluorescence ,Optical phenomena ,030104 developmental biology ,lcsh:Q ,030217 neurology & neurosurgery ,Preclinical imaging ,Biomedical engineering - Abstract
An endomicroscope opens new frontiers of non-invasive biopsy for in vivo imaging applications. Here we report two-photon laser scanning endomicroscope for in vivo cellular and tissue imaging using a Lissajous fiber scanner. The fiber scanner consists of a piezoelectric (PZT) tube, a single double-clad fiber (DCF) with high fluorescence collection, and a micro-tethered-silicon-oscillator (MTSO) for the separation of biaxial resonant scanning frequencies. The endomicroscopic imaging exhibits 5 frames/s with 99% in scanning density by using the selection rule of scanning frequencies. The endomicroscopic scanner was compactly packaged within a stainless tube of 2.6 mm in diameter with a high NA gradient-index (GRIN) lens, which can be easily inserted into the working channel of a conventional laparoscope. The lateral and axial resolutions of the endomicroscope are 0.70 µm and 7.6 μm, respectively. Two-photon fluorescence images of a stained kidney section and miscellaneous ex vivo and in vivo organs from wild type and green fluorescent protein transgenic (GFP-TG) mice were successfully obtained by using the endomicroscope. The endomicroscope also obtained label free images including autofluorescence and second-harmonic generation of an ear tissue of Thy1-GCaMP6 (GP5.17) mouse. The Lissajous scanning two-photon endomicroscope can provide a compact handheld platform for in vivo tissue imaging or optical biopsy applications.
- Published
- 2018
25. Variable Structured Illumination Using Lissajous Scanning MEMS Mirror
- Author
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Kyungmin Hwang, Ki-Hun Jeong, Yeong-Hyeon Seo, Sung-Pyo Yang, and Won-Kyung Lee
- Subjects
0301 basic medicine ,Microelectromechanical systems ,Materials science ,business.industry ,Bandwidth (signal processing) ,Automatic frequency control ,Structured illumination ,Lissajous curve ,03 medical and health sciences ,030104 developmental biology ,Optics ,Greatest common divisor ,business ,Frequency modulation ,Least common multiple - Abstract
We report the realization of variable structured illumination using a controlled Lissajous scanning MEMS mirror. The MEMS mirror was electrostatically operated at pseudo-resonant frequencies within the bandwidth. The pattern density was controlled by selecting the scanning frequencies with the greatest common divisor (GCD) greater than 1. The constant pattern was achieved by modulating a laser beam at the least common multiple (LCM) of the scanning frequencies. Variable structured illumination was successfully achieved by controlling both the GCD of scanning frequencies as well as the phase of operating signals. This method can provide a new direction for 3D MEMS imaging applications.
- Published
- 2018
26. Fully packaged confocal endomicroscopic system using Lissajous fiber scanner for indocyanine green in-vivo imaging
- Author
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Kyungmin Hwang, Jinhyo Ahn, Ki-Hun Jeong, Jeo-Beom Kim, Kyunghee Han, Pilhan Kim, Daniel Kim, and Yeong-Hyeon Seo
- Subjects
Scanner ,Materials science ,business.industry ,Confocal ,Frame rate ,law.invention ,Lissajous curve ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Optics ,chemistry ,Confocal microscopy ,law ,Endomicroscopy ,business ,Indocyanine green ,Preclinical imaging - Abstract
This work presents a fully packaged confocal endomicroscopic system using Lissajous fiber scanner for in-vivo imaging. The confocal endomicroscopic system consists of a scanning probe part, an optical part, and an electrical part. The scanning probe uses resonant Lissajous fiber scanner based on a piezoelectric tube. The scanner successfully achieves 10 frame rate with ~ 1 kHz scanning frequencies. The probe was fully packaged for waterproofing and disinfection of medical instruments into the outer diameter of 3.4 mm. The endomicroscopic system and successfully obtained 2D reflectance imaging results, human ex-vivo imaging results and a real-time in-vivo imaging results.
- Published
- 2018
27. Mouse tissue imaging using real-time Lissajous confocal endomicroscopic system
- Author
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Ki-Hun Jeong, Sangyong Jon, Jinhyo Ahn, Yeong-Hyeon Seo, So-Young Lee, Daniel Kim, Kyungmin Hwang, Pilhan Kim, and Jae-Beom Kim
- Subjects
Materials science ,business.industry ,Confocal ,Mouse tissue ,Image processing ,02 engineering and technology ,021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology ,01 natural sciences ,010309 optics ,Lissajous curve ,Optics ,Confocal imaging ,0103 physical sciences ,0210 nano-technology ,business - Abstract
We present mouse tissue imaging using real-time Lissajous confocal endomicroscopic system. The system consists of endomicroscopic catheter, confocal imaging system, and image processing module. The system obtained 2D fluorescence ex-vivo imaging results of mouse tissue.
- Published
- 2017
28. Fully packaged video-rate confocal laser scanning endomicroscope using Lissajous fiber scanner
- Author
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Ki-Hun Jeong, Jinhyo Ahn, Kyungmin Hwang, Yeong-Hyeon Seo, Pilhan Kim, and Jae-Beon Kim
- Subjects
Scanner ,Materials science ,Laser scanning ,business.industry ,Video rate ,Confocal ,Frame rate ,01 natural sciences ,Reflectivity ,030218 nuclear medicine & medical imaging ,010309 optics ,Lissajous curve ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Optics ,0103 physical sciences ,Fiber ,business - Abstract
This paper reports a fully packaged confocal endomicroscope high resolution and high frame-rate (HRHF) Lissajous fiber scanning. The confocal endomicroscope features a resonant scanning fiber with ∼1kHz actuated by a piezoelectric tube (PZT). The Lissajous scanning with high resolution and high frame rate has been successfully achieved by using the selection rule of scanning frequency, i.e., strong correlation between the total lobe number of Lissajous images and the greatest common divisor (GCD) between two scanning frequencies. Our main results clearly demonstrate exceptional fill factor of 85 % at 10 Hz in frame rate. Besides, this fully packaged endomicroscopic catheter was further combined with a portable confocal microscopic system to obtain video-rate 2D reflectance as well as in-vivo mouse vascular imaging.
- Published
- 2017
29. Microscanners for optical endomicroscopic applications
- Author
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Yeong-Hyeon Seo, Ki-Hun Jeong, and Kyungmin Hwang
- Subjects
Materials science ,Laser scanning ,medicine.diagnostic_test ,Microscanner ,Biomedical Engineering ,02 engineering and technology ,Optical Biopsy ,021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology ,01 natural sciences ,law.invention ,010309 optics ,Biomaterials ,Optical coherence tomography ,Confocal microscopy ,law ,0103 physical sciences ,medicine ,Endomicroscopy ,Medical imaging ,Miniaturization ,0210 nano-technology ,Biomedical engineering - Abstract
MEMS laser scanning enables the miniaturization of endoscopic catheters for advanced endomicroscopy such as confocal microscopy, multiphoton microscopy, optical coherence tomography, and many other laser scanning microscopy. These advanced biomedical imaging modalities open a great potential for in vivo optical biopsy without surgical excision. They have huge capabilities for detecting on-demand early stage cancer with non-invasiveness. In this article, the scanning arrangement, trajectory, and actuation mechanism of endoscopic microscanners and their endomicroscopic applications will be overviewed.
- Published
- 2017
30. Frequency selection rule for high definition and high frame rateLissajous scanning
- Author
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Ki-Hun Jeong, Yeong-Hyeon Seo, Pilhan Kim, Kyungmin Hwang, and Jinhyo Ahn
- Subjects
Scanner ,Laser scanning ,lcsh:Medicine ,02 engineering and technology ,01 natural sciences ,Article ,010309 optics ,Optics ,0103 physical sciences ,Computer vision ,lcsh:Science ,Physics ,Multidisciplinary ,business.industry ,Bandwidth (signal processing) ,lcsh:R ,021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology ,Frame rate ,Lissajous curve ,Greatest common divisor ,High definition ,lcsh:Q ,Artificial intelligence ,0210 nano-technology ,business ,Voltage - Abstract
Lissajous microscanners are very attractive in compact laser scanning applications such as endomicroscopy or pro-projection display owing to high mechanical stability and low operating voltages. The scanning frequency serves as a critical factor for determining the scanning imaging quality. Here we report the selection rule of scanning frequencies that can realize high definition and high frame-rate (HDHF) full-repeated Lissajous scanning imaging. The fill factor (FF) monotonically increases with the total lobe number of a Lissajous curve, i.e., the sum of scanning frequencies divided by the great common divisor (GCD) of bi-axial scanning frequencies. The frames per second (FPS), called the pattern repeated rate or the frame rate, linearly increases with GCD. HDHF Lissajous scanning is achieved at the bi-axial scanning frequencies, where the GCD has the maximum value among various sets of the scanning frequencies satisfying the total lobe number for a target FF. Based on this selection rule, the experimental results clearly demonstrate that conventional Lissajous scanners substantially increase both FF and FPS by slightly modulating the scanning frequencies at near the resonance within the resonance bandwidth of a Lissajous scanner. This selection rule provides a new guideline for HDHF Lissajous scanning in compact laser scanning systems.
- Published
- 2017
31. Compact OCT endomicroscopic catheter using flip-chip bonded Lissajous scanned electrothermal MEMS fiber scanner
- Author
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Ki-Hun Jeong, Yeong-Hyeon Seo, and Kyungmin Hwang
- Subjects
Microelectromechanical systems ,Scanner ,Materials science ,Optical fiber ,genetic structures ,medicine.diagnostic_test ,business.industry ,Single-mode optical fiber ,eye diseases ,law.invention ,Lissajous curve ,Printed circuit board ,Optics ,Optical coherence tomography ,law ,embryonic structures ,medicine ,Gradient-index optics ,sense organs ,business - Abstract
We report a compact optical coherence tomography (OCT) endomicroscope with a Lissajous scanned electrothermal MEMS fiber scanner. Two-dimensional Lissajous scanning was realized by Joule heating of the electrothermal MEMS fiber scanner. The compact packaging of MEMS scanner has a primary challenge, particularly in inserting it into an endomicroscopic catheter. The electrothermal MEMS fiber scanner was precisely designed and flip-chip bonded with a thin printed circuit board and completely packaged with 1.65 mm diameter housing tube, 1 mm diameter GRIN lens, and a single mode optical fiber. A 1.65 mm diameter OCT endomicroscopic catheter was successfully combined with a spectral-domain OCT system. Two-dimensional OCT image of a finger nail was successfully obtained with the endomicroscopic catheter.
- Published
- 2017
32. High resolution and high frame rate Lissajous scanning using MEMS fiber scanner
- Author
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Ki-Hun Jeong, Yeong-Hyeon Seo, and Kyungmin Hwang
- Subjects
Physics ,Microelectromechanical systems ,Scanner ,Laser scanning ,business.industry ,Resolution (electron density) ,02 engineering and technology ,021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology ,01 natural sciences ,law.invention ,010309 optics ,Lissajous curve ,Transverse plane ,Optics ,Projector ,law ,0103 physical sciences ,Fiber ,0210 nano-technology ,business - Abstract
We present a high resolution and high frame rate (HRHF) Lissajous scanning. The Lissajous scanning was achieved by the selection rule of scanning frequencies, i.e., optimizing the greatest common divisor of transverse driving frequencies and the sum of transverse driving frequency ratios. HRHF Lissajous fiber scanner provides 10 fps with 89.5 % fill factor at driving frequencies of 1000 Hz and 1210 Hz, unlike conventional Lissajous scanners. This new method offers the highest fill factor during the shortest period to provide a new direction for real-time high resolution laser scanning. HRHF MEMS Lissajous scanners can be applied for an endomicroscopy and a pico projector.
- Published
- 2016
33. Electrothermal MEMS fiber scanner for optical endomicroscopy
- Author
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Hyeon Cheol Park, Ki-Hun Jeong, Kyungmin Hwang, and Yeong-Hyeon Seo
- Subjects
Microelectromechanical systems ,Scanner ,Materials science ,Optical fiber ,medicine.diagnostic_test ,Laser scanning ,business.industry ,02 engineering and technology ,021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology ,01 natural sciences ,Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics ,law.invention ,010309 optics ,Microactuator ,Optics ,Optical coherence tomography ,law ,Fiber laser ,0103 physical sciences ,medicine ,Fiber ,0210 nano-technology ,business - Abstract
We report a novel MEMS fiber scanner with an electrothermal silicon microactuator and a directly mounted optical fiber. The microactuator comprises double hot arm and cold arm structures with a linking bridge and an optical fiber is aligned along a silicon fiber groove. The unique feature induces separation of resonant scanning frequencies of a single optical fiber in lateral and vertical directions, which realizes Lissajous scanning during the resonant motion. The footprint dimension of microactuator is 1.28 x 7 x 0.44 mm(3). The resonant scanning frequencies of a 20 mm long optical fiber are 239.4 Hz and 218.4 Hz in lateral and vertical directions, respectively. The full scanned area indicates 451 mu m x 558 mu m under a 16 V-pp pulse train. This novel laser scanner can provide many opportunities for laser scanning endomicroscopic applications. (C)2016 Optical Society of America
- Published
- 2016
34. 165 mm diameter forward-viewing confocal endomicroscopic catheter using a flip-chip bonded electrothermal MEMS fiber scanner
- Author
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Ki-Hun Jeong, Yeong-Hyeon Seo, and Kyungmin Hwang
- Subjects
Microelectromechanical systems ,Scanner ,Materials science ,medicine.diagnostic_test ,Laser scanning ,business.industry ,Confocal ,Single-mode optical fiber ,02 engineering and technology ,021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology ,01 natural sciences ,Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics ,010309 optics ,Optics ,Optical coherence tomography ,0103 physical sciences ,medicine ,Gradient-index optics ,Fiber ,0210 nano-technology ,business - Abstract
We report a 1.65 mm diameter forward-viewing confocal endomicroscopic catheter using a flip-chip bonded electrothermal MEMS fiber scanner. Lissajous scanning was implemented by the electrothermal MEMS fiber scanner. The Lissajous scanned MEMS fiber scanner was precisely fabricated to facilitate flip-chip connection, and bonded with a printed circuit board. The scanner was successfully combined with a fiber-based confocal imaging system. A two-dimensional reflectance image of the metal pattern 'OPTICS' was successfully obtained with the scanner. The flip-chip bonded scanner minimizes electrical packaging dimensions. The inner diameter of the flip-chip bonded MEMS fiber scanner is 1.3 mm. The flip-chip bonded MEMS fiber scanner is fully packaged with a 1.65 mm diameter housing tube, 1 mm diameter GRIN lens, and a single mode optical fiber. The packaged confocal endomicroscopic catheter can provide a new breakthrough for diverse in-vivo endomicroscopic applications.
- Published
- 2018
35. Micromachined tethered silicon oscillator for an endomicroscopic Lissajous fiber scanner
- Author
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Yeong-Hyeon Seo, Seung Zhoo Yoon, Jae Kwan Lim, Kyungmin Hwang, Ki-Hun Jeong, and Hyeon Cheol Park
- Subjects
medicine.medical_specialty ,Scanner ,Silicon ,Materials science ,Optical fiber ,Catheters ,Swine ,chemistry.chemical_element ,law.invention ,Optics ,Optical coherence tomography ,law ,Intestine, Small ,medicine ,Medical imaging ,Animals ,Fiber Optic Technology ,medicine.diagnostic_test ,business.industry ,Endoscopy ,Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics ,Spectral imaging ,Lissajous curve ,chemistry ,Microtechnology ,business ,Preclinical imaging - Abstract
This work reports micromachined tethered silicon oscillators (MTSOs) for endoscopic Lissajous fiber scanners. An MTSO comprises an offset silicon spring for stiffness modulation of a scanning fiber and additional mass for modulation of resonant scanning frequency in one body. MTSOs were assembled with a resonant fiber scanner and enhanced scanning reliability of the scanner by eliminating mechanical cross coupling. The fiber scanner with MTSOs was fully packaged as an endomicroscopic catheter and coupled with a conventional laparoscope and spectral domain OCT system. The endomicroscope was maneuvered with the integrated laparoscope and in vivo swine tissue OCT imaging was successfully demonstrated during open surgery. This new component serves as an important element inside an endoscopic Lissajous fiber scanner for early cancer detection or on-demand minimum lesional margin decision during noninvasive endoscopic biopsy.
- Published
- 2014
36. Real‐world evidence for subcutaneous infliximab (CT‐P13 SC) treatment in patients with ankylosing spondylitis during the coronavirus disease (COVID‐19) pandemic: A case series
- Author
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Sooraj Vijayan, Kyungmin Hwangbo, and Nick Barkham
- Subjects
ankylosing spondylitis ,case report ,case series ,COVID‐19 ,CT‐P13 ,CT‐P13 SC ,Medicine ,Medicine (General) ,R5-920 - Abstract
Abstract The COVID‐19 pandemic emphasized the utility of subcutaneous (SC) biologics for pressured healthcare systems. The first SC form of infliximab, CT‐P13 SC, provided safe and effective treatment for ankylosing spondylitis in our case series, with increased convenience relative to intravenous treatment benefitting patients both during the pandemic and beyond.
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
37. Micromachined tethered silicon oscillator for an endomicroscopic Lissajous fiber scanner.
- Author
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Hyeon-Cheol Park, Yeong-Hyeon Seo, Kyungmin Hwang, Jae-Kwan Lim, Seung Zhoo Yoon, and Ki-Hun Jeong
- Published
- 2014
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
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