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Top-emittng organic light-emitting diodes (TEOLEDs) are used in small displays, due to the high aperture ratios, unblurred imaging, and high color purity. However, the strong cavity structures responsible for these advantages result in a high optical loss within metal electrodes. Here, we present a facile and effective method for light extraction of TEOLEDs. When 1,5-diaminoanthraquinone (DAAQ) is deposited on the Ag electrode, crystallization occurs immediately and nanowire arrays are formed in the out-of-plane direction. The shape and distribution of nanowire arrays can be controlled by deposition thickness and evaporation rate. In addition, morphological changes affect the transmittance of DAAQ-deposited Ag thin films. DAAQ nanowire arrays were applied to a red phosphorescent inverted TEOLED, enhancing the external quantum efficiency (EQE) by 8.6 % in a narrow full-width-at-half-maximum (FWHM) device, and by 10.6 % in a wide FWHM device. The emission spectra of the out-coupled devices are similar to those of the reference devices, as the DAAQ layer is located outside the OLED stacks sandwiched between two highly reflective metal electrodes. The method is useful for OLED displays because it is simple, vacuum-processable, and does not compromise device lifetime or the emission spectrum.

In tri-partite systems, there are three basic biseparability, $A$-$BC$, $B$-$CA$ and $C$-$AB$ biseparability according to bipartitions of local systems. We begin with three convex sets consisting of these basic biseparable states in the three qubit system, and consider arbitrary iterations of intersections and/or convex hulls of them to get convex cones. One natural way to classify tri-partite states is to consider those convex sets to which they belong or do not belong. This is especially useful to classify partial entanglement of mixed states. We show that the lattice generated by those three basic convex sets with respect to convex hull and intersection has infinitely many mutually distinct members, to see that there are infinitely many kinds of three qubit partial entanglement. To do this, we consider an increasing chain of convex sets in the lattice and exhibit three qubit Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger diagonal states distinguishing those convex sets in the chain., 9 pages, more detailed calculations was added. Accepted to Journal of Mathematical Physics

We explore the polytope structures for genuine entanglement, biseparability, full biseparability and Bell inequality of multi-qubit GHZ diagonal states. We first show that biseparable GHZ diagonal states make hypersimplices inside the simplices consisting of all GHZ diagonal states. Next, we consider full biseparability which is equivalent to positive partial transpose for GHZ diagonal states, and show that they make the convex hulls of simplices and cubes. We also visualize which part of the simplex violates multipartite Bell inequality. Finally, we compute precise volumes for genuine entanglement, biseparability, full biseparability and states violating Bell inequality among all GHZ diagonal states., 13 pages, to appear in Journal of Physics A: Mathematical and Theoretical

It is known that the partial entanglement/separability violates distributive rules with respect to the operations of taking convex hull and intersection. In this note, we give criteria for three qubit partially entangled states arising from distributive rules, together with the corresponding witnesses. The criteria will be given in terms of diagonal and anti-diagonal entries. They actually characterize those partial entanglement completely when all the entries are zero except for diagonal and anti-diagonal entries. Important states like Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger diagonal states fall down in this class., Comment: 24 pages, to appear in Quantum Information Processing

In order to increase the out-coupling efficiency of organic light emitting diodes, conical Si oxide nanostructures were formed on a glass substrate using nanoimprint lithography with hydrogen silsesquioxane. Then, the substrate was planarized with TiO2 nanoparticles. Since TiO2 nanoparticles have a higher refractive index than Si oxide, the surface of substrate is physically flat, but optically undulated in a manner that enables optical scattering and suppression of total internal reflection. Subsequently, OLEDs formed on a substrate with nanostructured Si oxide and a TiO2 planarization layer exhibit a 25% increase in out-coupling efficiency by suppressing total internal reflection.

In order to increase the outcoupling efficiency of organic light emitting diodes (OLEDs), a hexagonal array of air void optical scattering structures was formed on a glass substrate. The air void structure was fabricated by first depositing a monolayer of polystyrene (PS) spheres having a diameter of 820 nm on the substrate. A layer of hydrogen silsesquioxane (HSQ) was then coated on the resulting monolayer and finally, annealing was carried out to burn out the PS spheres and to cure the HSQ layer. The air void optical scattering structure on the glass substrate interacted with the generated photons and suppressed the total internal reflection of light at the surface of the glass. As a result, the OLED fabricated on this glass exhibited a 10% increase in the optical output.

We found three qubit Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger diagonal states which tells us that the partial separability of three qubit states violates the distributive rules with respect to the two operations of convex sum and intersection. The gaps between the convex sets involving the distributive rules are of nonzero volume., 15 pages, to appear in Quantum Information Processing

In order to classify partial entanglement of multi-partite states, it is natural to consider the convex hulls, intersections and differences of basic convex cones obtained from partially separable states with respect to partitions of systems. In this paper, we consider convex cones consisting of X-shaped three qubit states arising in this way. The class of X-shaped states includes important classes like Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger diagonal states. We find all the extreme rays of those convex cones to exhibit corresponding partially separable states. We also give characterizations for those cones which give rise to necessary criteria in terms of diagonal and anti-diagonal entries for general three qubit states., 23 pages, to appear in Journal of Physics A: Mathematical and Theoretical

We construct seven kinds of three-qubit biseparable states to show that every class of biseparable states in the partial separability classification proposed by Szalay and K\"ok\'enyesi [S. Szalay and Z. K\"ok\'enyesi, Phys. Rev. A 86, 032341 (2012)] is nonempty., Comment: 6 pages; to appear in Physical Review A; title changed

Recently, we have addressed that a formation mechanism of a nanolens array (NLA) fabricated by using a maskless vacuum deposition is explained as the increase in surface tension of organic molecules induced by their crystallization. Here, as another research using finite difference time domain simulations, not electric field intensities but transmitted energies of electromagnetic waves inside and outside top-emitting blue organic light-emitting diodes (TOLEDs), without and with NLAs, are obtained, to easily grasp the effect of NLA formation on the light extraction of TOLEDs. Interestingly, the calculations show that NLA acts as an efficient light extraction structure. With NLA, larger transmitted energies in the direction from emitting layer to air are observed, indicating that NLAs send more light to air otherwise trapped in the devices by reducing the losses by waveguide and absorption. This is more significant for higher refractive index of NLA. Simulation and measurement results are consistent. A successful increase in both light extraction efficiency and color stability of blue TOLEDs, rarely reported before, is accomplished by introducing the highly process-compatible NLA technology using the one-step dry process. Blue TOLEDs integrated with a N, N'-di(1-naphthyl)- N, N'-diphenyl-(1,1'-biphenyl)-4,4'-diamine NLA with a refractive index of 1.8 show a 1.55-times-higher light extraction efficiency, compared to those without it. In addition, viewing angle characteristics are enhanced and image blurring is reduced, indicating that the manufacturer-adaptable technology satisfies the requirements of highly efficient and color-stable top-emission displays.

We give separability criteria for general multi-qubit states in terms of diagonal and anti-diagonal entries. We define two numbers which are obtained from diagonal and anti-diagonal entries, respectively, and compare them to get criteria. They give rise to characterizations of separability when all the entries are zero except for diagonal and anti-diagonal, like Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger diagonal states. The criteria is strong enough to get nonzero volume of entanglement with positive partial transposes., Comment: 26 pages, to appear in Quantum Information Processing

To date, all deposition equipment has been developed to produce planar films. Thus lens arrays with a lens diameter of

For a C ∗ -algebra A and a von Neumann algebra R , we describe the predual of space D ( A , R ) of decomposable maps from A into R equipped with decomposable norm. This predual is found to be the matrix regular operator space structure on A ⊗ R ∗ with a certain universal property. Its matrix norms are the largest and its positive cones on each matrix level are the smallest among all possible matrix regular operator space structures on A ⊗ R ∗ under the two natural restrictions: (1) ‖ x ⊗ y ‖ ≤ ‖ x ‖ ‖ y ‖ for x ∈ M k ( A ) , y ∈ M l ( R ∗ ) and (2) v ⊗ w is positive if v ∈ M k ( A ) + and w ∈ M l ( R ∗ ) + .

The research targeted 108 male and female students in the Korean language course of the education institutes and graduate school courses of the universities in the capital area of South Korea. The data analysis included frequency analysis, descriptive statistics, t-test, correlation analysis, hierarchical regression analysis using the SPSS program. According to the research, First, This research showed a higher adaptation of the international students from Mongolia with close Korean friends to the Korean culture. Second, The international students from Mongolia had higher adaptation to the Korean culture was indicated when the students from Mongolia had close Korean friends and lower stress of cultural adaptation. Third, The international students from Mongolia had higher adaptation to the Korean culture as the stress of cultural adaptation is lower when they had close Korean friends, and the moderating effect from the social support in the relationship between the stress of cultural adaptation and adaptation to the Korean culture had statistically significant impacts.

We propose separability criteria for three-qubit states in terms of diagonal and anti-diagonal entries to detect entanglement with positive partial transposes. We report that the phases, that is, the angular parts of anti-diagonal entries, play a crucial role in determining whether a given three-qubit state is separable or entangled, and they must obey even an identity for separability in some cases. These criteria are strong enough to detect PPT (positive partial transpose) entanglement with nonzero volume. In several cases when all the entries are zero except for diagonal and anti-diagonal entries, we characterize separability using phases. These include the cases when anti-diagonal entries of such states share a common magnitude, and when ranks are less than or equal to six. We also compute the lengths of rank six cases, and find three-qubit separable states with lengths $8$ whose maximum ranks of partial transposes are $7$., Comment: 25 pages; to appear in Journal of Mathematical Physics

Aim: Polycystic ovarian syndrome is the most common endocrine disorder affecting infertile women of reproductive age. This study evaluated the activation of heat shock protein 90 (Hsp 90) during the formation of stress-induced polycystic ovaries. Material & Methods: Female Sprague–Dawley rats (180–200 g) were subjected to one of two stress-inducing conditions; animals were either treated with adrenocorticotropic hormone daily for 18 days or were exposed to daily cold stress for three weeks. Non-treated rats sampled during proestrus or diestrous served as controls. Blood samples were collected from the left ventricles of anesthetized rats and concentrations of follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, estradiol, testosterone and corticosterone were measured in all rats. The expression of messenger RNA for androgen receptor, estrogen receptor-α and -β, nerve growth factor receptor, and glucocorticoid receptor, and protein expression for Hsp 90 was also assessed in the rat ovaries. Results: Stress increased glucocorticoid receptor and androgen receptor expression, and decreased estrogen expression. Nerve growth factor receptor expression was greater in treated than diestrous rats and less in treated than proestrous rats. Ovarian Hsp 90 protein expression was increased in rats treated with adrenocorticotropic hormone or cold stress. Serum follicle-stimulating hormone levels were reduced and testosterone and corticosterone levels increased by stress, whilst luteinizing hormone and estradiol levels were similar to levels in diestrous and proestrus control rats respectively. Conclusions: The results indicate that stress, via the activation of ovarian Hsp 90 and changes in steroid hormone receptor expression and serum reproductive hormone levels, may be involved in the induction of polycystic ovaries in rats.

We introduce quotient maps in the category of operator systems and show that the maximal tensor product is projective with respect to them. Whereas, the maximal tensor product is not injective, which makes the $({\rm el},\max)-nuclearity distinguish a class in the category of operator systems. We generalize Lance's characterization of $C^*$-algebras with the WEP by showing that $({\rm el},\max)$-nuclearity is equivalent to the weak expectation property. Applying Werner's unitization to the dual spaces of operator systems, we consider a class of completely positive maps associated with the maximal tensor product and establish the duality between quotient maps and complete order embeddings., Comment: 15 pages, to appear in JMAA

We show that noncommutative L p L_p -spaces satisfy the axioms of the (nonunital) operator system with a dominating constant 2 1 p 2^{1 \over p} . Therefore, noncommutative L p L_p -spaces can be embedded into B ( H ) B(H) 2 1 p 2^{1 \over p} -completely isomorphically and complete order isomorphically.

We show that there exists a natural embedding from the tensor product V ∗ ∗ ⊗ W ∗ ∗ of the biduals of operator spaces V and W into the bidual ( V ⊗ ˇ W ) ∗ ∗ of the injective tensor product of V and W, which is separately weak ∗ continuous. From this, we define condition C for operator spaces.

We report here that an ultra-thin oxide layer formed in the gate metal by plasma oxidation can serve the same role as self-assembled monolayer (SAM) dielectric, yielding the device performance similar to that for SAM-based organic thin film transistors. In addition, this simple plasma oxidation, unlike the case of SAM dielectrics, allows a smooth coating of the oxide dielectric with a thin (~ 20 nm) polymer dielectric of poly (vinyl phenol) (PVPh). This organic transistor with the bilayer dielectric is robust. It has a subthreshold swing of 110 mV per decade, which is the best subthreshold voltage reported for an organic transistor.

We consider bi-linear analogues of $s$-positivity for linear maps. The dual objects of these notions can be described in terms of Schimdt ranks for tri-tensor products and Schmidt numbers for tri-partite quantum states. These tri-partite versions of Schmidt numbers cover various kinds of bi-separability, and so we may interpret witnesses for those in terms of bi-linear maps. We give concrete examples of witnesses for various kinds of three qubit entanglement., Comment: 28 pages

We give a separability criterion for three qubit states in terms of diagonal and anti-diagonal entries. This gives us a complete characterization of separability when all the entries are zero except for diagonal and anti-diagonals. The criterion is expressed in terms of a norm arising from anti-diagonal entries. We compute this norm in several cases, so that we get criteria with which we can decide the separability by routine computations., Comment: 29 pages, to appear in Journal of Physics A: Mathematical and Theoretical

We characterize the separability of three qubit GHZ diagonal states in terms of entries. This enables us to check separability of GHZ diagonal states without decomposition into the sum of pure product states. In the course of discussion, we show that the necessary criterion of G\"uhne for (full) separability of three qubit GHZ diagonal states is sufficient with a simpler formula. The main tool is to use entanglement witnesses which are tri-partite Choi matrices of positive bi-linear maps., Comment: 17 pages, to appear in Journal of Physics A: Mathematical and Theoretical

We construct operator systems $\mathfrak C_I$ that are universal in the sense that all operator systems can be realized as their quotients. They satisfy the operator system lifting property. Without relying on the theorem by Kirchberg, we prove the Kirchberg type tensor theorem $$\mathfrak C_I \otimes_{\min} B(H) = \mathfrak C_I \otimes_{\max} B(H).$$ Combining this with a result of Kavruk, we give a new operator system theoretic proof of Kirchberg's theorem and show that Kirchberg's conjecture is equivalent to its operator system analogue $$\mathfrak C_I \otimes_{\min} \mathfrak C_I =\mathfrak C_I \otimes_{\rm c} \mathfrak C_I.$$ It is natural to ask whether the universal operator systems $\mathfrak C_I$ are projective objects in the category of operator systems. We show that an operator system from which all unital completely positive maps into operator system quotients can be lifted is necessarily one-dimensional. Moreover, a finite dimensional operator system satisfying a perturbed lifting property can be represented as the direct sum of matrix algebras. We give an operator system theoretic approach to the Effros-Haagerup lifting theorem., Comment: 27 pages, to appear in Pacific Journal of Mathematics

Lee, J. H., Kim, J. D., Kim, J. H., Kim, I. H., Han, In K. 2001. Effect of different dietary CP levels on the growth, nutrient utilization and carcass characteristics of finishing barrows and gilts reared in phase feeding regimen. J. Appl. Anim. Res., 19: 145–163. This experiment was to investigate the effects of different crude protein (CP) sequences on growth performance, nutrients utilization and carcass characteristics of finishing barrows and gilts under three phase feeding regimen. A total of 120 finishing pigs (LandracexLarge WhitexDuroc) averaging 53.3±0.91 kg of body weight and 30 pigs (averaging 52.5±0.57. 81.8±0.79 and 100.7±0.89, respectively) were assigned to the feeding and the metabolic trial, respectively. Experiment was arranged as a 2x3 factorial design, barrows and gilts and three dietary treatments. Each treatment had four replicates with five pigs per replicate. Finishing period (53 to 107 kg) was divided into three phases (53 to 69 kg, 69 to 88 kg and 88 to 107 kg). Dietary ...

OBJECTIVE This study was conducted to elucidate neuroprotective effect of carnosine in early stage of stroke. METHODS Early stage of rodent stroke model and neuroblastoma chemical hypoxia model was established by middle cerebral artery occlusion and antimycin A. Neuroprotective effect of carnosine was investigated with 100, 250, and 500 mg of carnosine treatment. And antioxidant expression was analyzed by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and western blot in brain and blood. RESULTS Intraperitoneal injection of 500 mg carnosine induced significant decrease of infarct volume and expansion of penumbra (p

We interpret multi-partite genuine entanglement witnesses as simultaneous positivity of various maps arising from them. We apply this result to multi-qubit {\sf X}-shaped Hermitian matrices, and characterize the conditions for them to be genuine entanglement witnesses, in terms of entries. Furthermore, we find all optimal ones among them. They turn out to have the spanning properties, and so they detect non-zero volume set of multi-qubit genuine entanglement. We also characterize decomposability for {\sf X}-shaped entanglement witnesses., 17 pages, to appear in Journal of Physics A: Mathematical and Theoretical

We have demonstrated a simple and efficient method to fabricate OLEDs with enhanced out-coupling efficiencies and with low pixel blurring by inserting nano-pillar arrays prepared through the lateral phase separation of two immiscible polymers in a blend film. By selecting a proper solvent for the polymer and controlling the composition of the polymer blend, the nano-pillar arrays were formed directly after spin-coating of the polymer blend and selective removal of one phase, needing no complicated processes such as nano-imprint lithography. Pattern size and distribution were easily controlled by changing the composition and thickness of the polymer blend film. Phosphorescent OLEDs using the internal light extraction layer containing the nano-pillar arrays showed a 30% enhancement of the power efficiency, no spectral variation with the viewing angle, and only a small increment in pixel blurring. With these advantages, this newly developed method can be adopted for the commercial fabrication process of OLEDs for lighting and display applications. (C) 2016 Optical Society of America