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The vertical orientation of microdomains of a block copolymer (BCP) on a substrate is essential to applying nanolithography. Thin films of star-shaped block copolymers have shown vertical orientati...

We obtained the end-on orientation of poly(3-dodecylthiophene) (P3DDT) chains where the main chains are vertically oriented on a substrate by synthesizing poly(3-dodecylthiophene)-block-poly(3-(2-(...

We synthesized star-shaped 18-arm polystyrene-block-poly(3-dodecylthiophene) copolymers ((PS-b-P3DDT)18) having lamellar microdomains, based on the cyclodextrin (CD) core. Without any surface modifications on a silicon substrate, thin films of (PS-b-P3DDT)18 showed vertically oriented lamellar microdomains by thermal annealing. This is attributed to the entropic penalty induced by star-shaped chain architecture. In contrast, a parallel orientation was observed in the film morphology of the corresponding linear PS-b-P3DDT. We also found that the P3DDT crystals were confined in the lamellar microdomains of (PS-b-P3DDT)18 as edge-on structure.

The sequential synthesis of well-defined poly(vinyl acetate)-block-polystyrene copolymer (PVAc-b-PS) and poly(vinyl alcohol)-block-polystyrene copolymer (PVA-b-PS) is challenging due to inactive vinyl acetate monomer and active styrene monomer. In this study, sequential polymerizations of vinyl acetate and styrene monomer were carried out by reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) and atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) using an innovative amide based difunctional chloroamide-xanthate iniferter [S-(1-((3-(2-chloropropanamido)propyl) amino)-1-oxopropan-2-yl) O-ethyl xanthate]. Synthesized difunctional iniferter was very stable under basic condition and allowed the sequential reactions without chain-end modification and purification steps. Synthesized iniferter was first used for xanthate-mediated RAFT polymerization of VAc, followed by ATRP of styrene to achieve controlled molecular weight of PVAc-b-PS with lower polydispersity (≤1.3). Then, PVAc-b-PS was successfully converted to the corresponding PVA-b-PS by hydrolysis. Synthesized block copolymers were characterized by size exclusion chromatography, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and dynamic light scattering.

Block copolymers with various nanodomains, such as spheres, cylinders, and lamellae, have received attention for their applicability to nanolithography. However, those microdomains are determined by the volume fraction of one block. Meanwhile, nanopatterns with multiple shapes are required for the next-generation nanolithography. Although various methods have been reported to achieve dual nanopatterns, all the methods need sophisticated processes using E-beam. Here, we synthesized a miktoarm block copolymer capable of cleavage of one block by ultraviolet. Original cylindrical nanodomains of synthesized block copolymer were successfully transformed to lamellar nanodomains due to the change of molecular architecture by ultraviolet. We fabricated dual nanopatterns consisting of dots and lines at desired regions on a single substrate. We also prepared dual nanopatterns utilizing another phase transformation from spheres to cylinders in a block copolymer with higher interaction parameter. Since our concept has versatility to any block copolymer, it could be employed as next-generation nanolithography., Block copolymers that form nanodomains and are used in nanolithography usually do not form nanopatterns with multiple shapes. Here the authors report a block copolymer that allows for UV- induced cleavage of one arm and demonstrate the transformation of the cylindrical to the lamellar nanodomain.

For ultrahigh-density storage media and D-RAM, the feature size of lithography should be much reduced (say less than 10 nm). Though some research groups reported feature size of 5–6 nm, further reduced feature size is needed for next-generation lithography. We synthesized, via a reversible addition–fragmentation chain-transfer polymerization, polydihydroxystyrene-block-polystyrene (PDHS-b-PS) copolymers showing lamellar and cylindrical microdomains by adjusting the volume fraction of PS block (fPS). We found that the Flory–Huggins interaction parameter (χ) between PDHS and PS was very large, 0.7 at 170 °C. Because of the huge χ, the lamellar domain spacing (L) of PDHS-b-PS with a total molecular weight of 2.1 kg mol–1 and fPS = 0.5 was only 5.9 nm; thus, a sub-3 nm feature size (half-pitch) was successfully obtained. Furthermore, PDHS-b-PS with a molecular weight of 4.2 kg mol–1 and fPS = 0.79 showed hexagonally packed cylinders with 4 nm diameter. We also obtained thin films of PDHS-b-PS with cylindrical...

To apply well-defined block copolymer nanopatterns to next-generation lithography or high-density storage devices, small line edge roughness (LER) of nanopatterns should be realized. Although polystyrene-block-poly(methyl methacrylate) copolymer (PS-b-PMMA) has been widely used to fabricate nanopatterns because of easy perpendicular orientation of the block copolymer nanodomains and effective removal of PMMA block by dry etching, the fabricated nanopatterns show poorer line edge roughness (LER) due to relatively small Flory-Huggins interaction parameter (χ) between PS and PMMA chains. Here, we synthesized PS-b-PMMA with urea (U) and N-(4-aminomethyl-benzyl)-4-hydroxymethyl-benzamide (BA) moieties at junction of PS and PMMA chains (PS-U-BA-PMMA) to improve the LER. The U-BA moieties serves as favorable interaction (hydrogen bonding) sites. The LER of PS line patterns obtained from PS-U-BA-PMMA was reduced ∼25% compared with that obtained from neat PS-b-PMMA without BA and U moieties. This is attributed to narrower interfacial width induced by hydrogen bonding between two blocks, which is confirmed by small-angle X-ray scattering. This result implies that the introduction of hydrogen bonding into block copolymer interfaces offers an opportunity to fabricate well-defined nanopatterns with improved LER by block copolymer self-assembly, which could be a promising alternative to next-generation extreme ultraviolet lithography.

The copper(I)-catalyzed alkyne-azide cycloaddition (CuAAC), so-called “click” reaction, is one of most useful synthetic strategies to connect two polymer chains. 1,2,3-Triazole ring (TA) produced by the click reaction has good thermal and chemical stability. However, we observed that block copolymers synthesized by the click reaction showed thermal degradation to give homopolymers when they are thermally annealed at high temperature, which is required for obtaining equilibrium microdomain structure. To investigate the origin of thermal instability of block copolymers, we synthesized model polystyrenes (PSs) using systematically designed bi-functional atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) initiators containing TA. PS including both ester and TA groups showed thermal decomposition at relatively low temperature (e.g., 140 °C). MALDI-TOF analysis clearly demonstrated that the cleavage site is the ester group adjacent to TA. We also found that the bromine group located at the polymer chain end plays an important role in pyrolysis of ester groups at low temperature. The pyrolysis occurs by syn-elimination of the ester group. This result implies that the phase behavior of block copolymer synthesized by click reaction should be carefully investigated when high temperature thermal annealing is required. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2016.

Corn stalk is the lignocellulosic biomass, which remain as leftover after harvesting. To use the corn stalk as raw material for paper industry, soda pulping was applied. In chemical compositional analysis, extractive contents of corn stalk (45.1%) was higher than hard-wood. With corn stalk pith, soda pulp yield was 25.3% at 10.6 Kappa number, but 39.5% yield with 14.8 Kappa number for corn stalk rind. Higher extractives content in pith is one of the reason for lower pulp yield than rind. Pith pulp fibers had higher fines content than rind pulp. Pith parenchyma cell was removed as fines during pulping or washing process, which caused the lower yield. To use the corn stalks as a raw material for paper making, de-pith process is essential for higher pulp yield and longer pulp length.Keywords: Corn stalk, soda pulp, Kappa number, morphological properties http://dx.doi.org/10.7584/ktappi.2015.47.6.073Journal of Korea TAPPIVol. 47. No. 6, 2015, 73-80pISSN (Print): 0253-3200Printed in Korea

Sheonhyangheukmi, black pericarp and aromatic rice (Oryza sativa L.) variety, was developed by the rice breeding team of National Institute of Crop Science (NICS), RDA in 2011. This variety was derived from the cross between Suweon477 and CG2-2-75-4-1-22-3 in 2002 summer season, and selected by a promising line, SR28684-9-2-2-2, was selected and designated as the line of Suweon532 in 2009. The local adaptability test of Suweon532 was carried out from 2009 to 2011 and it was named as Sheonhyangheukmi in 2011. This variety is medium matured with heading date of August 11 in central plain area of Korea. This variety is about 89 cm tall culm length and 122 spikelets per panicle. Its 1,000 grain-weight of brown rice is 17.0 g. This variety is susceptible to leaf blast and and insect pest, but resistant to bacterial leaf blight and moderately resistant to stripe virus disease. This variety has tolerance to unfavorable environment such as cold. Milled rice of Sheonhyanghuekmi is non-glutinous and aromatic endorsperm. This variety has higher anthocyanin content compared to black pigmented variety Heukjinju. The yield potential of Sheonhyangheukmi in brown rice was about 4.75 MT/ha at ordinary fertilizer level in local adaptability test for three years. This variety would be adaptable to the southern plain and middle plain of Korea.

`Mogwoo`, a new high yield and whole crop silage rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivar, was developed by the rice breeding team of the National Institute of Crop Science, RDA, Suwon, Korea, from 1999 to 2009, and was released in 2010. It was derived in 1999 from a cross between Dasanbyeo, having a high yield, and Suweon431/IR71190-45-2-1. A promising line, SR25848-C99-1-2-1, selected by the pedigree breeding method, was designated the name of `Suweon 519` in 2007. This cultivar has about 155 days of growth period from seeding to heading, and is tolerance to lodging, with erect pubescent leaves as well as a long and thick culm. This cultivar has the same number of tillers per hill and higher spikelet numbers per panicle compared to Nokyang. `Mogwoo` has longer leaves compared with other Tongil-type varieties. This new variety is resistant to grain shattering, leaf blast, bacterial leaf blight, and small brown planthopper. The biomass yield of `Mogwoo` was 1,956 kg/10a in a regional test over three years. The result shows that `Mogwoo` is adaptable to central and south-east plain areas of Korea.

This study was conducted to examine the basis for the information to select the suitable potato varieties grown in new reclaimed land. The potatoes of five varieties were planted in the port with 4 different electrical conductivities of saturated extracts of soil taken the Saemangeum reclamation area, which was made of non-treatment salt and three concentrations of salt treatment, 1.6 dS , 3.2 dS , 4.8 dS , respectively. All of the potato varieties were uniformly emerged without missing plant in all treatment groups, even 4.8 dS treatment group. According to the salt concentration of soil, required date to the emergence of the potato comparing to non-treatment salt was delayed 3-4 days in 1.6 dS , 6-10 days in 3.2 dS , 7-13 days in 4.8 dS , respectively, and the number of its branch decreased by 14-58% comparing to non-treatment salt depending on varieties. Since the increase of the salt concentration of the soil was more serious the decrease of the number of its branch, but plant height tended to increase when branch number per plant was small, which was depending on more number of its branch than salt concentration. Fresh tuber yield of potato comparing to non-treatment salt were decrease 33.7% in 1.6 dS , 59.5% in 3.2 dS , 79.3% 7-13 days in 4.8 dS , respectively. The threshold EC starting the growth inhibition of fresh weight decreased was 1.2 dS for Chudong, 1.8 for Chubeak, 1.9 for Chugang and Chuyeong, and 2.0 for Sumi, and EC which decreased 50% of dry weight index was 2.4 dS for Chubaek, 2.45 dS for Chudong, 2.81 dS for Chugang, 3.03 dS for Chuyeong, and 3.29 dS for Sumi. The present results suggest that Sumi is considered to the suitable potato variety grown on saline soils.

As the health conscious culture, or the so-called 'well-being culture' arose in our society, consumers started to have higher standards upon choosing which goods to purchase. Nowadays, products which are not harmful to the body as well as which are environmental friendly are being preferred. In relation to this movement, the demand of natural fibers in the global market has been continuously increasing compared to synthetic fibers which are made by harmful chemicals. In this study, we have conducted a survey on the production and the uses of the finished products of natural fibers after being processed. The objective of this study was to provide an up-to-date information on Cambodia's natural fiber industry to Korean investors, open to the possibility of the future development of natural fiber market in Cambodia. The industry of natural fibers in Cambodia relies mainly on domestic materials wherein the products are handcrafted and the craftsmen earn a small amount of income since large scale production has not yet been established. According to our survey, crops in Cambodia which can be used to make natural fiber are Kapok, Jute, Screw pine etc. including silk, Cotton and Cyperus grown in temperate areas. Despite of the abundance in resources, these are not optimally utilized for the production of natural fibers due to the lack of the natural fiber processing technologies. The future of natural fiber industry in Cambodia is very promising. Creating a favorable environment conducive for growing natural fiber crops will be crucial for the production of natural fibers. In addition, intensive and integrated training to come up with qualified technicians for natural fiber processing would be as key factor that would greatly contribute to the acceleration of Cambodia's natural fiber industry’s development.

This review was to elucidate the fate of Bentazon(3-isopropyl- 1H-2,1,3-benzothiadiazin-4(3H)-one-2,2-dioxide) and its metabolites in soil. Bentazon is rapidly degraded to form polar metabolites which are mostly adsorbed to soil components, such as humin or fulvic acid, as non extractable forms and mineralized into CO2 by light or micro-organisms in both aerobic or nonaerobic condition. The degradation of Bentazon is dependent on the rate of organic matters in soil and the use of land for the tillage. The degradation rate is decreased as the amount of organic matters in soil increases and if the land is under use for tillage. Sorption and mobility of Bentazon depends on soil pH and the content of organic matters in soil. Usually, the sorption of the metabolites of Bentazon is decreased with increase in the mobility and pH. Almost all of Bentazon is degraded within rhizosphere or forms conjugate bonds with soil organic matters before it reaches to the ground water.

This research was carried out to choose the suitable seedling type to transplanting in order to stabilize rice yield. The brief of this research to transplant the seedling divided into 10-day seedling, 20-day seedling, 30-day seedling, 33-day pot seedling in the field of Saemangeum Gyehwa, newly re-claimed land were following; Average salt content in 2 years was reduced from 0.16% to 0.04% after transplanting. Heading date of seedling type was Aug. 14 at 33-day pot seedling compared to 2 days at 30-day seedling, 3 days at 20-day seedling, 5 days late at 10-day seedling. Lodging index was highest at 30-day seedling, and also, field lodging was 50%. Ripening ratio and 1,000 grain weight were similar and panicle number was higher 20-day seedling > 10-day seedling > 33-day pot seedling > 30- day seedling. Rice yield was higher 10-day seedling = 20-day seedling > 33-day pot seedling > 30-day seedling. Head rice ratio was higher in 20-day seedling > 30-day seedling = 10-day seedling > 33-day pot seedling. Amylose content and protein content was not significantly different between seedling types. With this results, the suitable seedling types in newly reclaimed land are 10-day and 20-day seedling.

BACKGROUND: Odor-active compounds have been studied in cooked aromatic rice, but not in specialty rice types that have distinctly different flavors. We analyzed the odor-active compounds emanating from three different types of specialty rice (premium-quality, waxy and black-pigmented) and identified the differences in odor-active compounds among them. RESULTS: Twenty-one, 21 and 23 odorants were detected using GC-O for cooked samples of premium-quality, waxy and black-pigmented rice cultivars, respectively. Hexanal was the main odorant in premium-quality and waxy cultivars; however, waxy cultivars had 16 times higher hexanal odor activity values (OAVs) than premium-quality cultivars, indicating premium-quality rice had a less pronounced overall aroma. 2-Acetyl-1-pyrroline was the main contributor to overall aroma in black-pigmented rice, followed by guaiacol. The three types of specialty rice were clearly discriminated based on the OAVs of their odor-active compounds using multivariate analyses. Six odor-active compounds [2-acetyl-1-pyrroline, guaiacol, hexanal, (E)-2-nonenal, octanal and heptanal] contributed the most in discriminating the three types of specialty rice. Six very similar superior cultivars of premium rice could likewise be readily separated using aroma chemistry. CONCLUSION: The ability to discriminate the aroma among rice types using the OAVs of the principal odor-active compounds facilitates our understanding of the aroma chemistry of specialty rice. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry

For biological control of larva of Cnaphalocrocis medinalis and Naranga aenescens do considerable damage to crops by folding and scraping the leaf tissue of rice, a large number of Bacillus thuringiensis isolates have been obtained from soil samples in Korea and the pesticidal activity was assayed against two insect pest species described above. Among 53 Bt isolates tested in bioassay, 18 and 13 isolates showed over 90% mortality against C. medinalis and N. aenescens, respectively. Some isolates (11 isolates including CAB141) presented dual activity against C. medinalis and N. aenescens. These isolates showed over 96% control effect in pest control in laboratory against larvae of C. medinalis. Also, it was investigated that pupation, pupal length, and adult emergence of larvae exposed to Bt suspension decreased. Especially, the pupal length of C. medinalis after being fed corn seedling leaves treated Bt suspension for 10 days, were much smaller than that of control.

Volatile compounds emanating from three cultivars of cooked rice milled to different degrees (0, 8, and 30% by weight) were compared to ascertain their site of origin and the effect of pigmentation on synthesis. The cultivars tested were Ilpumbyeo (traditional white rice), Heugjinjubyeo (black pigmented), and Jeogjinjubyeo (red pigmented). In total, 29, 38, and 27 volatile compounds were identified in dehulled, unmilled Ilpumbyeo, Heugjinjubyeo, and Jeogjinjubyeo, respectively. Significant quantitative and qualitative differences were found among the cultivars in their volatile profiles. 2-Acetyl-1-pyrroline, guaiacol, 1-nonanol, 3-octen-2-one, 1,2-dimethoxybenzene, pyridine, and pyrrole were found only in Heugjinjubyeo and phenylacetaldehyde only in Jeogjinjubyeo. Removal of the bran, partial endosperm, and pigment qualitatively and quantitatively affected the volatile compounds formed, with certain volatiles higher in unmilled rice (0% milling), indicating the pericarp and aleurone layer (bran)...

To investigate alleviation effects of salt stress by low dose gamma-irradiation on seedling growth of rice (Oryza shrive L), in plants of two rice cultivars (Ilpumbyeo and Gancheokbyeo), seeds were irradiated with the different doses of gamma-ray by irradiator (, ca.150 TBq of capacity, AECL). The salt stress caused a remarkable decrease of seedling growth, particularly for dry weight. In addition, relative growth rate was decreased over 50% by the salt stress. However, the salt stress-induced inhibition of growth was alleviated by gamma-irradiation. Especially, the relative growth rate of shoot showed the reduction effect over 30% at 4 Gy-irradiated groups as compared with that of control. Also, electrolyte leakage and relative water content were damaged, respectively 4 times and 30% by the salt stress but the damages were alleviated by the gamma-irradiation. These alleviation effects were observed similarly in both the cultivars tested. These results suggest that the low dose gamma-irradiation may have a better protection or the salt stress.

Leaching behavior is the major waste characteristic that is critical for a long-term assessment prior to disposal. The extent of leaching depends on the initial contact of the glass surface with leachant. There is a need to analyze the behavior of glass materials on surfaces altered after the leaching test to prove the leaching mechanism. Based on the results of SIMS, the postleaching penetration depth for sodium and lithium was larger than those of silicon and calcium while hydrogen concentration was gradually decreasing. Such analysis agreed with their grouping into two categories by leaching mechanisms, one by initial wash-off and diffusion control and another by dissolution associated with diffusion. Single and multilayer terraces on the surface of waste glass were found and characterized by SEM. In the XRD results, a crystallized precipitation layer was not detected. Results of a leaching mechanism model and EPMA measurements were also consistent in explaining the leaching behavior of glass materials...

Several glassy waste forms are fabricated from two different incineration ashes, respectively, at different mixing ratios of ashes to base glass. Incineration ashes used in the experiments are hazardous waste (HW) incineration ash from a paint factory and simulated radioactive waste (RW) incineration ash from a nuclear power plant. To assess the chemical durability, which is known to be the most important factor in the waste form integrity, of glassy waste forms, long-term leaching tests such as MCC-4S (for HW glassy waste form) and ISO (for RW glassy waste form) methods were conducted at 70°C for over 500 days. By observing the initial leach ratio of glass components, it was found that silicon and calcium uniformly leached out after the early leaching of sodium and boron. For sodium and boron, diffusion is a dominant leaching mechanism, while dissolution associated with diffusion affects the leaching of silicon and calcium. Like glass constituents, leaching characteristics of hazardous metals and surrogate nuclides are also dependent upon solubility.

Using a dynamic headspace system with Tenax trap, GC-MS, GC-olfactometry (GC-O), and multivariate analysis, the aroma chemistry of six distinctly different rice flavor types (basmati, jasmine, two Korean japonica cultivars, black rice, and a nonaromatic rice) was analyzed. A total of 36 odorants from cooked samples were characterized by trained assessors. Twenty-five odorants had an intermediate or greater intensity (odor intensity >or= 3) and were considered to be major odor-active compounds. Their odor thresholds in air were determined using GC-O. 2-Acetyl-1-pyrroline (2-AP) had the lowest odor threshold (0.02 ng/L) followed by 11 aldehydes (ranging from 0.09 to 3.1 ng/L), guaiacol (1.5 ng/L), and 1-octen-3-ol (2.7 ng/L). On the basis of odor thresholds and odor activity values (OAVs), the importance of each major odor-active compound was assessed. OAVs for 2-AP, hexanal, ( E)-2-nonenal, octanal, heptanal, and nonanal comprised >97% of the relative proportion of OAVs from each rice flavor type, even though the relative proportion varied among samples. Thirteen odor-active compounds [2-AP, hexanal, ( E)-2-nonenal, octanal, heptanal, nonanal, 1-octen-3-ol, ( E)-2-octenal, ( E, E)-2,4-nonadienal, 2-heptanone, ( E, E)-2,4-decadienal, decanal, and guaiacol] among the six flavor types were the primary compounds explaining the differences in aroma. Multivariate analysis demonstrated that the individual rice flavor types could be separated and characterized using these compounds, which may be of potential use in rice-breeding programs focusing on flavor.

Black rice ( Oryza sativa L.), an aromatic specialty rice popular in Asia, has a unique flavor, the volatile chemistry of which has not been reported. The objectives of this research were to study volatile profiles of cooked black rice and to characterize the odor-active compounds. Thirty-five volatile compounds were identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry using a dynamic headspace system with Tenax trapping. Aldehydes and aromatics were quantitatively in the greatest abundance, accounting for 80.1% of total relative concentration of volatiles. The concentration of 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline (2-AP) was high, exceeded only by hexanal, nonanal, and 2-pentylfuran. A total of 25 odor-active compounds, determined by gas chromatography-olfactometry, were applied to principal component analysis, demonstrating significant differences between a black and a traditional white rice cultivar in terms of aroma and explaining 93.0% of the total variation. 2-AP, guaiacol, indole, and p-xylene largely influenced the difference between the aroma in cooked black and white rice. 2-AP and guaiacol were major contributors to the unique character of black rice based on odor thresholds, relative concentrations, and olfactometry.

Salt tolerance was evaluated at the young seedling stage of rice (Oryza sativa L.) using recombinant inbred lines (MG RILs) from a cross between Milyang 23 (japonica/indica) and Gihobyeo (japonica). 22 of 164 MG RILs were classified as tolerant with visual scores of 3.5-5.0 in 0.7% NaCl. Interval mapping of QTLs related to salt tolerance was conducted on the basis of the visual scores at the young seedling stage. Two QTLs, qST1 and qST3, conferring salt tolerance, were detected on chromosome 1 and 3, respectively, and the total phenotypic variance explained by the two QTLs was 36.9% in the MG RIL population. qST1 was the major QTL explaining 27.8% of the total phenotypic variation. qST1 was flanked by Est12-RZ569A, and qST3 was flanked by RG179-RZ596. The detection of new QTLs associated with salt tolerance will provide important information for the functional analysis of rice salt tolerance.

The quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for the seedling vigor traits under 12°C cold water irrigation, such as the seedling height, the seedling fresh weight, the seedling dry weight, and their cold response index, were identified using an F 2–3 population including 200 individuals and lines derived from a cross of indica and japonica “Milyang 23/Jileng 1” with microsatellite markers. All seedling vigor traits exhibited a continuous distribution near normal in F3 lines; these traits were quantitative traits controlled by multiple genes. Twelve QTLs conferring the seedling vigor traits under cold water irrigation were detected on chromosomes 1, 2, 7, 8, and 12, which explained the observed phenotypic variance from 5.2% to 17.9%. Among them, qCSH2 and qCSH12 were located in RM262-RM263 on chromosome 2 and RM270-RM17 on chromosome 12, respectively, which were associated with the seedling height. qSDW12 and qCSDW1 were located in RM19-RM270 on chromosome 12 and RM129-RM9 on chromosome 1, respectively, which were correlated with the seedling dry weight and its cold response index, and the explained 16.6%, 17.9%, 15.9%, and 16.2% of the observed phenotypic variation, respectively. These QTLs alleles were derived from cold-tolerant parent Jileng 1; the gene actions of the two front genes showed their additive effect, and the two genes belind showed dominant and over dominant effects, respectively.

Objectives. To summarize the results of our 31 consecutive laparoscopic nephrectomies for renal tuberculosis and compare them with 45 laparoscopic nephrectomies performed for other benign etiologies. We previously reported our initial successful experiences in expanding the role of laparoscopic surgery with the introduction of laparoscopic nephrectomy for renal tuberculosis. Methods. Thirty-one laparoscopic nephrectomies for renal tuberculosis were performed between June 1996 and December 2001. The patients consisted of 11 men and 20 women with a mean age of 44.2 years (range 29 to 64). The control group consisted of 17 men and 28 women with a mean age of 48.6 years (range 17 to 60). The two groups were comparable with regard to demographic data. Statistical analyses were used to compare the two groups in terms of various parameters, including surgical time, blood loss, analgesic requirements, resumption of oral intake, and hospital stay. Results. Laparoscopic nephrectomy was successful in 30 cases of the tuberculosis group and 44 cases of the control group. The two groups showed comparable perioperative and postoperative parameters, except for mean operative time, which, at 244 minutes for the tuberculosis group, was significantly greater than the 216 minutes for the control group (P

In order to identify the degree of salinity tolerance of the indica and japonica rice groups, 10 varieties were tested under saline and non-saline conditions. Twelve-day-old seedlings were grown in normal culture solution, then initially salinized at an electrical conductivity (EC) of 6 dS/m for 4 days, and finally salinized at an EC of 12 dS/m for the next 14 days. The growth parameters, and Na and K absorption in the shoot were measured to characterize the tolerance level of the two rice groups. Reduction in all growth parameters of tolerant varieties was significantly lower in indica varieties than in japonica varieties. Tolerant indica varieties were good Na excluders, absorbed high amounts of K, and maintained a low Na/K ratio in the shoot. Tolerant japonica varieties also absorbed less Na but were not as good excluders as indica varieties. Shoot K concentration alone did not show any relationship to salinity tolerance. These results indicate that, for all parameters measured, the tolerance level of indica was higher than that of japonica.

尿素飼料給与ヤギの体内窒素蓄積はメチオニン添加によって増加するので,これと関連して各窒素成分の吸収に及ぼすメチオニン添加の影響を調査した.その結果,十二指腸に流入するアンモニア濃度は,尿素飼料およびこれにメチオニンを添加した飼料のいずれにおいても給飼後2時間で最高になり,かつその全量が小腸内で吸収された.血漿中尿素含量は,尿素飼料給与後4時間まで増加したが,メチオニン添加により2時間で最高になった.このことは,反芻胃からのアンモニア吸収速度がメチオニン添加によって影響されることを示している.十二指腸起始部内容液の各窒素成分は,給飼後8時間の平均で全窒素,蛋白態窒素および非蛋白態窒素ともにメチオニン添加によって多くなった.十二指腸内容液中の各窒素成分について回腸末端部までにおける8時間の平均吸収率をみると,全窒素では尿素飼料給与の50%からメチオニン添加によって60%まで改善された.蛋白態窒素の吸収率はそれぞれ52%と61%であった大,非蛋白態窒素の吸収率は39%より57%に増加し,さらに遊離アミノ酸の吸収率も2倍以上になると考えられた.以上の結果より,尿素飼料給与ヤギにメチオニンを添加給与すると,反芻胃内で合成された菌体蛋白質のアミノ酸組成が改善され,また合成された蛋白質および遊離アミノ酸の吸収率も向上することが示唆された.

乳用雄子牛の肉用育成肥育に際し,飼育法がある程度確立している濃厚飼料多給舎飼牛を対照とし,放牧育成時の増体と摂取養分との関係,ならびに濃厚飼料加給の効果を調査した.供試牛は平均体重187kgの6.5か月齢ホルスタイン雄子牛で,放牧牛は濃厚飼料を毎日3kg加給する放牧A区と,牧草のみに依存する放牧B区に分け,対照には濃厚飼料多給の舎飼区を設けた.なお試験期間は4月18日より9月26日までの161日間であった.実験期間中の増体量は,1頭1日当たり舎飼区では平均1.33kg,放牧A区では0.92kg,放牧3区では0.61kgであり,養分摂取量は,DCPおよび可消化粗繊維摂取量において放牧牛が舎飼牛よりも非常に多く,可消化粗脂肪摂取量は舎飼区および放牧A区が放牧B区よりも多かった.TDN摂取量は,舎飼区では1頭1日当たり平均5.42kg,放牧A区では5.38kg,放牧B区では4.92kgであり,またでんぷん価摂取量を計算すると,舎飼区では4.93kg,放牧A区では4.83kg,放牧B区では4.05kgとなり,放牧のみではエネルギー摂取量が少ないことがわかった.刈取法による実測乾物摂取量と,TDN要求量に基づいて計算した推定乾物摂取量との間には,放牧A区ではγ=+0.80(p

尿素飼料給与ヤギの体内窒素蓄積はメチオニン添加によって増加するが,これに関連して小腸内容液中のアミノ酸組成とその吸収に及ぼすメチオニン添加の影響を調査した.その結果,十二指腸に流入する各アミノ酸の濃度は,バリンを除く全アミノ酸においてメチオニン添加尿素飼料給与ヤギで高い傾向を示し,特にメチオニン,リジン,スレオニン,プロリン,チロシン,ヒスチジンの濃度は有意に増加した.メチオニン濃度にもとづいて計算した十二指腸内容液のケミカルスコアは,尿素飼料給与時の44よりメチオニン添加時には53まで向上し,合成された菌体蛋白質の栄養価値の改善されることが明らかになった.十二指腸内容液量に相当する回腸内容液中のアミノ酸含量は,メチオニンを除く全アミノ酸においてメチオニン添加尿素飼料給与時においても高い傾向を示した.また小腸内での各アミノ酸の吸収量を計算すると,メチオニン,リジン,プロリン,チロシン,アルギニンで有意に多くなった.十二指腸に出現したアミノ酸のうち小腸内で吸収された量の割合は,メチオニン添加尿素飼料給与時で57%,尿素飼料給与時では59%であり両者間にほとんど差がみられなかった.これらの結果より,尿素飼料給与ヤギの窒素蓄積に及ぼすメチオニン添加給与の効果は,反芻胃内で合成されたアミノ酸の濃度増加と,その組成変化による菌体蛋白質の栄養価の向上によることが示唆された.