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Purpose Since tumor mutational burden (TMB) and gene expression profiling (GEP) have complementary effects, they may have improved predictive power when used in combination. Here, we investigated the ability of TMB and GEP to predict the immunotherapy response in patients with non–small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and assessed if this combination can improve predictive power compared to that when used individually.Materials and Methods This retrospective cohort study included 30 patients with NSCLC who received immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) therapy at the Seoul National University Bundang Hospital. programmed cell death-ligand-1 (PD-L1) protein expression was assessed using immunohistochemistry, and TMB was measured by targeted deep sequencing. Gene expression was determined using NanoString nCounter analysis for the PanCancer IO360 panel, and enrichment analysis were performed.Results Eleven patients (36.7%) showed a durable clinical benefit (DCB), whereas 19 (63.3%) showed no durable benefit (NDB). TMB and enrichment scores (ES) showed significant differences between the DCB and NDB groups (p=0.044 and p=0.017, respectively); however, no significant correlations were observed among TMB, ES, and PD-L1. ES was the best single biomarker for predicting DCB (area under the curve [AUC], 0.794), followed by TMB (AUC, 0.679) and PD-L1 (AUC, 0.622). TMB and ES showed the highest AUC (0.837) among other combinations (AUC [TMB and PD-L1], 0.777; AUC [PD-L1 and ES], 0.763) and was similar to that of all biomarkers used together (0.832).Conclusion The combination of TMB and ES may be an effective predictive tool to identify patients with NSCLC patients who would possibly benefit from ICI therapies.

In this paper, the method of interference analysis and its simulation have been suggested for the frequency sharing between aeronautical radio navigation systems and Link-16 platforms. In order to get the criteria for interoperability, the algorithm of interference analysis and protection ratio are derived to assure frequency sharing. Also the receiving power of wireless system has been illustrated with the help of radio propagation model of ITU-R Rec. P.1546 in VHF-UHF band. Finally the required receiving power or separation distance between DME/TACAN beacons and Link-16 ground station terminals has been considered based on system link budget in terms of evaluating interoperability as well as actual applications. As a result, if the suggested interference analysis and test set-up are applied to the field trial, it will lead to easy means to make a decision on interoperability over the existing incumbent systems.

557 Background: Breast cancer (BC) is the most common cancer and the second leading cause of cancer death in women. Enormous effort has been conducted without success to develop a means to detect BC using the blood. We have reported that the level of thioredoxin 1 (Trx1) in serum could be a novel standard to evaluate the risk of BC. Therefore, we have investigated the clinical utility of Trx1 as a biomarker to detect BC by testing sera from normal women, women with BC, women with five other types of cancer. Methods: We have developed an ELISA kit that quantitates Trx1 in sera. The level of Trx1 was determined in each serum from normal healthy women (n = 114), as well as patients with BC (n = 106), cervical cancer (n = 17), lung cancer (n = 14), stomach cancer (n = 9), and thyroid cancer (n = 4). BC patients were recruited according to their age and cancer stage. Each test was duplicated more than three times, and test results were analyzed by ROC analysis, one-way ANOVA tests, and unpaired t-tests. Results: The mean value of Trx1 from normal women was 5.60±4.39(±SD) and that from BC was 22.25±7.07. The Trx1 level was effective to distinguish BC serum from healthy serum with a sensitivity of 94.3% and specificity of 93.9% (AUC 0.985, p< 0.001). The levels of Trx1 from BC patients were higher than the cut-off value of 14.13 U/ml regardless of age, stage, histological grade, type, ER/PR/HER2 expression profile, and proliferation activity of BC cells. The levels of Trx1 from the other five types of cancers (2.34±1.82 - 3.64±2.99) were low enough to be distinguishable from BC. Especially, Trx1 levels could rescue patients whose mammography resulted in a false judgement. Conclusions: These results indicated that the blood level of Trx1 is an effective and accurate method to detect breast cancer, and particularly as a complement to mammography.

As one of solutions to obtain efficient use of limited spectrum resource, we suggest a methodology for the co-channel multi-site radar operations with a shifted linear frequency modulation (SLFM) based on GPS clock. The proposed algorithm is that we find a candidate set of SLFM signals with the minimum acceptable level of the correlation from the cross-correlation characteristics among selected SLFM signals. To verify the proposed methodology, numerical analysis has been accomplished for several radars operating in the same channel with a sawtooth or triangle LFM signal. The computational results of detected distances as well as range profiles are also examined for interference, noise, and algorithm limitation including the error of clock synchronization.

With the help of radio propagation prediction of Rec. ITU-R P.1546 combined with geographic information, we present a comprehensive formulation of interference analysis based on the minimum coupling loss, which is applicable to the frequency coordination for wireless systems, and also suggest the S-I plane and local coordinate system for obtaining antenna gains resulting from azimuth and elevation angles between the victim receiver and the interferer. To check the presented methodology, the map with the land-sea mixed zone was taken for the given geographical area of

By using the radio propagation prediction of Rec. ITU-R P.1546, geographic information system, and S-I plane, we presented the methodology of interference analysis based on the minimum coupling loss, and also suggested the local coordinate system for calculating azimuth and elevation angles between the victim receiver and the interferer for an arbitrary antenna pattern. To check the presented algorithm, the map with the land-sea mixed area was taken for the given area of ×   as real geography information. Field strength, path profile, and protection ratio with maximum allowable interference level have been illustrated for radar and fixed wireless system for the assumed frequency. In addition interference power of the victim receiver was calculated asa function of azimuth and elevation angles of the interferer. The developed methodology of interference analysis in the VHF and UHF bands can be actually applied to assess interoperability as well as compatibility in the civil or military applications. Keyword : Rec. ITU-R P.1546, interference analysis, minimum coupling loss, signal-interference plane, geographic

By virtue of Rec. ITU-R P.1546 and geography information system, interference analysis for the fixed wireless system and radar has been presented based upon the frequency-distance rules with minimum coupling loss, and a comprehensive methodology for assessing interoperability between systems was examined in terms of received signal, protection ratio, frequency dependent rejection. Also to find the antenna gain from a discrimination angle, a useful S-I plane was introduced based on signal and interference vectors derived from the real map with geographic information. To show some computational results, geography information on the map was taken for the given area, and field strength and path profile were illustrated for the radar and fixed wireless system operating at 2.7 GHz, for convenience. In addition the interference effect of receiver was also checked as a function of radar beam direction including protection ratio and frequency dependent rejection. The developed interference analysis can be actually applied to evaluate interoperability for wireless systems in the VHF and UHF bands.Keywords : Rec. ITU-R P.1546, Interference Analysis(간섭분석), Frequency Dependent Rejection(주파수 의존제거), Protection Ratio(보호비), Geographic Information(지리정보)

In this paper, we proposed a collinear antenna with a stripline structure for IEEE 802.11b/g applications in ISM (Industrial, Scientific, Medical) band of 2.4~2.5 GHz, which supplements disadvantages of COCO(Coaxial Collinear) antenna and OMA(Omnidirectional planar Microstrip Antenna). By using the proposed 4-layer substrate, we obtained improved performances and advantages in production compared with the existing antenna. In order to get antenna arrays, the same phase structure is designed by alternatively connecting outer conductor to inner conductor with /2 antenna element, and the substrate of FR4 epoxy (

In this paper, using the Rec. ITU-R P.1546 explaining a propagation prediction model in the VHF and UHF bands, we propose the analytical methodology for calculating the service distance and field strength for analogue and digital TV receivers. From the derived formulation of the receiver field strength, some computation results are presented and discussed in terms of the equivalent level of service caused by analogue to digital TV conversion. The suggested method is also applicable to the analysis of frequency coordination or compatibility from unwanted signal in VHF and UHF bands.

In this paper, a new linearization algorithm for DPD(Digital PreDistorter) is suggested. This new algorithm uses DFP(Davidon-Fletcher-Powell) method. This algorithm is more accurate than that of the existing algorithms, and this method renew the best-fit value in every routine with out setting the initial value of step-size. In modeling power amplifier, the memory polynomial model which can model the memory effect of the power amplifier is used. And the overall structure of linearizer is based on an indirect learning architecture. In order to verify for performance of proposed algorithm, we compared with LMS(Least Mean-Squares), RLS(Recursive Least squares) algorithm.

In this paper, we propose a calculation methodology of the service distance to assure the satisfactory quality of service for analogue and digital TV receivers. Using the field strength formulation for TV receiver based upon Rec. ITU-R P.1546, computational results are presented and discussed for both systems, and some important factors are reviewed in terms of the equivalent level of service, which must be kept due to ATV to DTV conversion. The presented method provides the predicted values of field strength at receiver areas to check whether transmission quality can be satisfied or not, and it can be also used for obtaining the protection ratio or separated distance from co-channel or adjacent interference signal.

In this paper, we propose the methodology of prediction of field strength for a digital television (DTV) receiver by virtue of Recommendation ITU-R P.1546. The curves shown in this recommendation represent the point-to area field strength for 1.0 kW effective radiated power in the 30 MHz ~ 3000 MHz. Based upon the procedures described in this Recommendation, computation results are presented here from the derived formulation of field strength for DTV receiver. To show the validity of this method, some results are compared with the analysis by Okumura-Hata model and it was shown that the error of field strength is in the range of 6.9 ~ 11.5 %. The presented method provides not only the predicted values of field strength for DTV receiving area to check the quality of transmitted signal, but also an appropriate site selection for obtaining good propagation environment. In addition, it can be directly used for analyzing the protection ratio or separated distance for frequency sharing in the same band.

In this paper, a VCHO(Voltage Controlled Harmonic Oscillator) for K-band application has been designed and implemented. The proposed oscillator has a structure of two hair-pin resonators placed on input and output of active device. Using in/out common frequency tuning structure, the VCHO yields some advantages of the enhanced fundamental frequency suppression characteristic as well as the improved output power of second harmonic. According to implementation and measurement results, it was shown that a VCHO provides an output power of -2.41 dBm, a fundamental frequency suppression of -21.84 dBc, and phase noise of -101.44 dBc/Hz at 100 kHz offset. In addition, as for the bias voltage from 0 V to -10 V for the varactor diode, output frequency range of 10.58 MHz is obtained with a power variation of over its frequency range.

In this paper, the technical analyzing methodology has been suggested to preserve the same transmission quality of a M/W system used for FM broadcasting link after the frequency reallocation. The simulation was also performed for the actual M/W system operating in each frequency band, and its results were evaluated in terms of an availability based upon a fade margin. It was confirmed that only if the relative fade margin of more than 2.6 dB at 1700 MHz is provided, the equivalent service quality may be obtained regardless of the frequency reallocation. The suggested method will be expected to be widely used for accessing service quality of the M/W system concerned with the frequency reallocation.

The method to determine allowable interference criteria is required due to new digital FWSs(Fixed Wireless Systems) adding to allowable frequency bands, besides current FWSs and digital FWSs. In this paper, we suggested a method to define allowable interference between digital FWSs. Types of interference for FWS were defined and channel characteristics were analyzed. Allowable interference criteria were analyzed using the suggested method for M-ary QAM modulations, which is typical modulation technique of digital FWS.

In this paper, the formulation of the protection ratio based upon a composite fade margin and availability is newly presented for the detailed planning of frequency coordination in the microwave relay system network, and computed results for co-channel and adjacent channel protection ratios are illustrated over an actual system with 6.2 ㎓. It is shown that the protection ratio to assure a quality of service can be expressed in terms of the composite fade margin, noise-to-interference ratio, net filter discrimination, and system parameters. In addition, the net filter discrimination, depending upon the transmitter spectrum mask and the overall receiver filter characteristic, has been examined to investigate the effect of the adjacent channel protection ratio caused by the adjacent channel interference. Regarding simulated results for 6.2 ㎓, 60 km, 64-QAM, and N/I=6 ㏈ at the bit error rate of 10??, composite fade margin and co-channel protection ratio yield 25.14 and 50.3 ㏈, respectively. Also, the net filter discrimination of 26.5 ㏈ and the adjacent channel protection ratio of 23.8 ㏈ are obtained at the first adjacent channel of 30 ㎒. The proposed method provides some merits in view of a comprehensive and practical application with more detailed and various system parameters needed to access the criteria for making the proper frequency coordination.

In this paper, the derivation of protection ratio is newly proposed for the detailed planning of frequency coordination in microwave relay networks, and computed results for protection ratio of co-channel and adjacent channel are illustrated over the actual system and its frequency. It is shown that the suggested method based upon availability prediction can be expressed in terms of composite fade margin, interference-to-noise ratio(I/N), net filter discrimination, and system parameters. According to results, for 6.7 GHz, 60 km, 64-QAM, and I/N

The implementation of a simplified analog group delay equalizer is presented for a high-capacity SDH radio relay system. It provides good performance in terms of simple hardware and easy tuning, and the measured results are in good agreement with the simulated ones. To suggest practical applications, experimental results are illustrated here for a cochannel 64-QAM radio relay system. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 30: 397–400, 2001.

Blocked HI (BHI) was synthesized by the reaction of HI (2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate combined with isophorone diisocyanate) with ϵ-caprolactam (CPL). CPL was used as a blocking agent to improve storage stability of HI. From the Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H-NMR) spectra it was found that NH group in CPL reacted with remaining isocyanate (NCO) groups in HI at 80°C for 8 hours. Grafting of BHI onto HDPE was carried out in a xylene solution using a radical initiator. By the FT-IR spectra, we confirmed the introduction of BHI onto HDPE and measured the relative extent of grafting. Deblocking temperature of BHI grafted onto HDPE was determined by monitoring the regeneration of isocyanate group at 2270 cm−1 with FT-IR spectra. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analysis was used to determine the thermal properties of HDPE and BHI functionalized HDPE. DSC results showed that there was no crosslinking reaction during the grafting reaction of BHI onto...

The diffraction slice-projection theorem is developed and implemented numerically for microwave imaging of two-dimensional dielectric objects. While the convolution-backprojection algorithm is used, the projection direction of the presented theorem is normal to the wavelength vector. Based on this algorithm, computer simulations provide fairly good images of weak inhomogeneities. For strong inhomogeneities, the physical mechanism on the degradation of images is explained by the fact that the distribution of the projection function leaks out its real extent along the range direction. Hence, the compression of the projection function is expected to be an effective tool for reconstructing strong inhomogeneous objects even if the necessary condition on the first-order Born approximation is violated. >

In this paper, we presented a K-band Voltage Controlled Harmonic Oscillator(VCHO) with novel structure. The proposed VCHO is a structure of two hair-pin resonators placed on input and output of active device. By using in/out common frequency tuning structure, the VCHO produced some advantages of the enhanced characteristics of fundamental frequency suppression as well as the improved second harmonic output power. According to measurement results, it has been shown that a VCHO provide the output power of −2.41 dBm, fundamental frequency suppression of −21.84 dBc, and phase noise of −101.44 dBc/Hz@100 kHz. In addition, output frequency range of 10.58 MHz could be obtained with a power variation of +/−0.19 dB over its frequency range with respect to the bias voltage from 0 to −10 V for the varactor diode.

An improved Born inversion for microwave imaging of lossless dielectric cylinder is suggested. It extends the validity of the first-order Born approximation for the reconstruction about 10 times in the multiplication of the size of the object and the square root of the relative dielectric constant minus one. The reconstructed image using the conventional Born and the improved Born are compared and shown. © 1992 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Microwave imaging for dielectric objects under the Born approximation is suggested by using the computerized tomography based on projection. Limiting factors of degradation in reconstructed images are identified and explored in terms of projection function and necessary condition on the first-order Born approximation. To illustrate the usefulness of the presented method, simulation and experiment are performed in this article.

In this paper, a study is presented of the dynamic behavior of an automatic transmit power control (ATPC) loop in a single fixed wireless system (FWS) link subject to multipath fading and an uncorrelated co-channel interferer that does not use ATPC (this represents a so-called non-ATPC FWS link or a fixed satellite link). Fundamental questions include the sensitivity of an ATPC link to multipath interference and the co-channel interference that may be caused by a non-ATPC interferer. In the context of the present project, a good example of a non-ATPC interferer is a fixed satellite to which one antenna in a fixed microwave link has partial view. A computer model was developed that constitutes a useful tool in describing; simulating and analyzing an ATPC loop in a single FWS link. With the aid of this model, results are presented on the sensitivity of an ATPC loop in a FWS link with respect to channel conditions, non-ATPC interference and parameter settings.

[1] This paper proposes an efficient and comprehensive algorithm for computing the protection ratio and illustrates some results applicable to the initial planning of frequency coordination for fixed wireless networks. A net filter discrimination depending upon transmitter spectrum mask and overall receiver filter characteristic is also examined to see the effect of adjacent channel interferences. Numerical simulations for cochannel and adjacent channel protection ratios are performed for the 6.2 GHz frequency band, including transmitter spectrum mask and receiver filter response. According to results for 64-QAM (quadrature amplitude modulation) and 60 km at bit error ratio 10−6, fade margin and cochannel protection ratio are 41.1 and 74.9 dB, respectively. In addition, it is shown that the net filter discrimination for 30 MHz channel bandwidth provides 26.5 dB at the first adjacent channel, which yields adjacent channel protection ratio of 48.4 dB. The proposed method gives an easy and systematic method to compute the protection ratio and can be applied to frequency coordination in fixed wireless networks up to the millimeter wave band.

This paper suggests an efficient and comprehensive algorithm of protection ratio derivation and illustrates some calculated results applicable to the initial planning for frequency coordination in the fixed wireless access networks. The net filter discrimination associated with Tx spectrum mask and overall Rx filter characteristic has been also examined to show the effect of the adjacent channel interference. The calculations for co-channel and adjacent channel protection ratios are performed for the current M/W frequency band of 6.7 GHz including Tx spectrum mask and Rx filter response. The proposed method gives some advantages of an easy and systematic extension for protection ratio calculation and is also capable of applying the same concept to frequency coordination of the fixed millimeter wave networks.

As an oxidation resistant layer, silicon nitride film has been widely used in semiconductor processes. Normally, silicon nitride deposition induces strong tensile stress on the silicon wafer. This stress also contributes to the wafer warpage. In order to investigate the relationship between this phenomenon and electrical properties of device, we prepared silicon nitride coated wafers with different film thickness. After the silicon nitride deposition on both sides of wafers, we stripped full of the film or half of the film on the backside surface. For each and every wafer, the degree of warpage and the electrical characteristics were measured. In this paper, we reported the warpage trend according to the silicon nitride film thickness and to the area of nitride stripped backside surface. Besides, we observed breakdown voltage difference depending on the degree of warpage.

The growing demand for high capacity transmission in digital radio systems (DRS) has led to the adoption of a highly spectral efficient system comprising cochannel operation and multilevel QAM. Due to the vulnerability of such a system to the channel conditions, great efforts have been made on counteracting multipath fading and depolarization. The authors propose a powerful multitask chip with 150 K gate array for DRS. This chip was implemented with state of the art 0.6 /spl mu/ HCMOS technology and was designed to be used not only as an equalizer for multipath fading and a canceller for cochannel operation, but also as a digital filter for pulse shaping in modems using up to 1024-QAM or TCM. The performance of cochannel of 64-QAM DRS combined with digital slope equalizer is presented. >

In the microwave imaging of conducting scatterer, a spatial slice theorem may be introduced and a computerized tomographic (CT) algorithm may directly be employed in reconstructing images without interpolation processing. It is noted that the same concept may also be applied to the reconstruction of dielectric objects in the sense of the Born approximation. It is shown that the discrete Fourier transform of the normalized backscattered field yields the projection function which makes possible the reconstruction of the distribution of dielectric constants through the CT algorithm. Furthermore, the limiting factors in the degraded reconstructed image due to the Born approximation are identified in terms of the projection function, and its modification is suggested for improving the algorithm based upon the Born approximation. >

The limited frequency resources and the growing demand for high capacity transmission in digital radio systems (DRS) have led to the adoption of multi-level QAM and cochannel operation with cross polarization interference canceler (XPIC). This article describes a powerful multi-task ASIC chip with 165 K gate array for DRS applications. This was implemented on one chip by a state of the art 0.6 /spl mu/m HCMOS technology and designed not only for a complex equalizer and a canceler of up to 256QAM for multipath fading and cochannel operation, but also for a digital filter (DF) for pulse shaping up to 1024QAM or TCM. The superior performance for cochannel DRS with 64QAM is presented by numerical analysis and experimental results.

Phytosociological investigation of the Afforest vegetation was carried out in Okgu-park and Siheung buffer forest zone at the period of from April to June 2011 by line transect method and Braun-Blanquet's method. The list of vascular plant identified in these investigation were 42 families, 77 genera, 84 species 10 varieties and summing up to 94 kinds total. As a result the major forest vegetation was classified into Pinus thunbergii communities, Pinus rigida communities, Sophora japonica communities, Koelreuteria paniculata communities. The species composition of insect over each result from Green Buffer Zone in Siheung-si was a total of 6 orders, 20 families, 38 species including 1 Endermic species and 50 Designated species; 18 species of family Hemiptera which is the highest and 16 species of family Coleoptera. Site 3 had the highest indices diversity. In contrast, Site 1 indices diversity, different from the other survey points, were significantly low. In each survey period, dominant species was Onthophagus (Phanaeomorphus) fodiens and Aelia fieberi. This study was intented to understand the insect diversity and forest in Okgu-park and Siheung buffer forest zone, and provide data and information required to preserve living creatures and geological management, and basic information for the management and preservation policies.

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The ZnO nanorods TFT using solution process was investigated. The nanorods were well-chemically synthesized by ultrasonic methods and their length and diameter were adjusted to about 50∼150nm and 5∼15nm, respectively. The nanorods were coated onto SiO2 substrate by spin casting. The nanorods films were treated at room temperature condition. The device exhibits an on-to-off current ratio of 8.6 × 105 and a field mobility 2.1 cm2V−1s−1.

목 적 : 바이러스에 의한 급성 하기도염은 병원에 입원하게 되는 가장 흔한 질병으로 이를 진단하는데는 역학적 진단이 절대적으로 중요하다. 이에 저자들은 서로 다른 두 지역에서의 바이러스성 급성 하기도염의 역학조사를 시행함으로써 지역간의 차이를 알아보고자 하였다. 방 법 : 2000년 6월부터 2001년 6월까지 마산 파티마병원과 삼성서울병원에 급성 하기도염으로 입원한 환자 796명을 대상으로 하였으며, 바이러스 검출은 비인두 분비물을 통해 시행하였다. 두 병원간 원인 바이러스, 연령분포, 임상증상, 계절 유행양상 등을 비교하였다. 결 과 : 1) 바이러스가 배양된 환아는 208명(26.1%)였다. 바이러스 검출율은 삼성서울병원 21.9%, 마산 파티마병원 30.0%였다. 삼성서울병원에서의 연령분포는 2세 이하의 환아가 60.2%였으며 5세 이상의 환아는 12.8%이었는데 비해 마산 파티마병원에서는 2세 이하의 환아가 90.0%였으며 5세 이상의 환자는 0.8%였다(P