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Introduction: Fungal diseases are not an exception to the current antibiotic resistance situation. Antimicrobial stewardship programs and high drug screening are two of the measures that are being used. Today, fungal infections are severe health problems. Utilizing plant-based natural compounds that are effective against various human pathogenic fungi is one method for preventing the issues associated with fungal infection. In this research, extracts are used as an option to treat patients with Candida albicans infection. The research aimed to examine the antifungal properties of an ethanol extract from Parameria laevigata (Juss.) Moldenke stem bark against C. albicans isolated from patients. Methods: This research used a microdilution method. C. albicans from patients diagnosed with vulvovaginal candidiasis. The test sample is 70% and 96% ethanol extracted from P. laevigata stem bark. Data analysis used One-way ANOVA with a P value of 0.000. Results: The result showed that PLE-70 can inhibit the growth of C. albicans with the highest %inhibition for ATCC 14053, CP-1, CP-2, CP-3, and CP-4, respectively 36.39%; 37.51%; 38.66%; 45.78%; 84.87%. PLE-96 can inhibit the growth of C. albicans with the highest %inhibition for ATCC 14053, CP-1, CP-2, CP-3, and CP-4 respectively 17.49%; 17.77%; 29.27%; 34.12%; 38.42%. Conclusion: It was concluded that the ethanol extract from P. laevigata stem bark can inhibit C. albicans isolated from vulvovaginal candidiasis patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The roselle flower (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.), is known as a potential functional food source because of its antioxidant and antibacterial properties. Apart from that, it is also used as a natural dye because of its red color. Antioxidant compounds in roselle flowers include neo-chlorogenic acid, chlorogenic acid, cryptochlorogenic acid, routine, and isoquercitrin. The high content of these antioxidant compounds often causes color instability. For this reason, this research will analyze the effect of temperature and long storage on color changes and the antioxidant activity of a red roselle flower infusion. Storage conditions are carried out with three temperature variations, namely cold temperature (2-8℃), cool temperature (8-15 ℃), and room temperature (15-30℃), with a long storage of 8 days. The stability parameters used are color changes and activity as an antioxidant. Color changes were measured using a chromameter, while the antioxidant activity was measured by the IC50 value using the DPPH method. The principle of this method is that a purple color change reaction based, which fades, and then the inhibitory intensity against DPPH is measured using UV-Vis spectrophotometer. It was found that the color values have significant differences visible from the first day storage at the room temperature (30℃), cool temperature (11℃), and cold temperature (6 ℃). So, there was an influence of temperature and long storage on the color change of boiled red roselle flower calyx. A significant decrease in activity was seen on the first day storage at room temperature (30 ℃) and third day storage at cool temperature (11 ℃). Meanwhile, at cold temperatures (6 ℃), there was no significant effect on the reduction in activity from boiling red roselle flower calyx for up to 8 days of storage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Chromatography is one of the analytical techniques widely used for the quality control process in the pharmaceutical industry. One of the analytical methods used in drug analysis is Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC). The analysis process of TLC can be performed using densitometry (scanner) or videodensitometry (videoscan). The principal analysis of densitometry (scanner) is based on the density measured from each spot on the TLC plate using a specific wavelength range, and videodensitometry (videoscan) is performed by taking pictures of the plate using a Visualizer at a specific wavelength. Objective: This review article discusses the application of densitometry and videodensitometry methods for quantitative analysis of pharmaceutical products. Methods: This study was conducted using a systematic review method using the PRISMA statement from January to April 2023. Four databases were searched: PubMed, ScienceDirect, Scopus, and Google Scholar with inclusion criteria: studies on thin layer chromatography analysis using densitometry and videodensitometry. Results: Based on the ten articles in this study, it is known that the active ingredient concentrations in pharmaceutical products can be determined using densitometry and videodensitometry. The statistical analysis results show no significant difference between the two methods' chemical concentrations of active ingredients in pharmaceutical products. Conclusion: TLC densitometry and videodensitometry is a valid methods analysis that can be used for quantitating the active pharmaceutical ingredient concentration in finished pharmaceutical products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Red passion fruit (Passiflora edulis Sims) and yellow passion fruit (Passiflora edulis f. flavicarpa) are native Indonesian fruits with numerous health benefits. This study used de Man, Rogosa, and Sharpe (MRS) medium for fermentation. Probiotics are beneficial microorganisms obtained from fermented food or drink (Hamid et al., 2020). Probiotics and lactic acid bacteria, which are known to have various benefits, particularly as antibacterial, are among the active components identified in passion fruit pulp. Objective: This study examinedthe antibacterial activity of red and yellow passion fruits. Methods: Freshly collected passion fruit pulps were fermented in MRS medium in a shaker incubator for 48 hours at 24°C. The filtrates from the fermented broth were tested against clinical isolates of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing bacteria. The analyses applied the streak plate method and the total plate count method. Results: The Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations (MICs) of red passion fruit ferment filtrate against MRSA 10 and MRSA 11 were 50% and 60%, respectively, and of yellow passion fruit ferment filtrate against MRSA 10 and MRSA 11 were both 30%. Meanwhile, the MICs of red passion fruit ferment filtrates were 35% against ESBL 41 and ESBL 43 and 25% against ESBL 45 and ESBL 47, whereas the MICs of yellow passion fruit (Passiflora edulis f. favicarpa) ferment filtrates were 25% against ESBL 41 and ESBL 43, and 12.5% against ESBL 45 and ESBL 47. Red passion fruit (Passiflora edulis Sims) and yellow passion fruit (Passiflora edulis f. flavicarpa) ferment filtrates became growth inhibitors against the clinical isolates of MRSA and ESBL-producing bacteria with an optimal fermentation time of 24 hours and an optimal concentration of 75%. Conclusion: The results of this study found that the fermented filtrates of red and yellow passion fruits in MRS media could be developed as an antibacterial against MRSA and ESBL-producing bacteria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To identify the bioactive compounds in Cinnamomum burmannii and their biological activity. Cinnamon bark originating from Batu Malang, East Java, which was located 700-1300 meters above sea level, was processed into dry extract by maceration method with 96% ethanol solvent. Furthermore, cinnamon ethanol extract was analyzed using the GCMS method to look at the content of the bioactive component for further testing biological activity with the server Way2Drug PASS. GCMS results showed 40 active compounds such as trans-cinnamaldehyde, trans-anethole, cinnamyl acetate, calacorene, cadina-1, 4-diene, delta-cadinene. Furthermore, of the 40 compounds, the biological activity potential was tested for 29 bioactive compounds based on PA (probable to be active) values predicted by the Way2Drug PASS server. Cinnamomum was tested against the potential as anti-fungi, anti-bacterial, anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic, anti-neoplastic. Trans-cinnamaldehyde showed PA 0,583 as anti inflammatory, L-limonene PA0,818 as anti neoplastic, Tans-anethole PA 0,614 as anti neoplastic, Cinnamyl acetate PA 0,669 as anti inflammatory, calacorene PA 0,698 as anti inflammatory, Deltacadinene PA 0,651 as anti neoplastic, Cathechin PA 0,828 as anti oxidant, alpha.-Cubebene PA 0,888 as anti inflammatory and PA 0,837 as anti neoplastic, melilotin PA 0,929 as anti neoplastic, Caryophyllene PA0,915 as anti neoplastic. Cinnamomum burmannii had biological potency based on potential activity (PA) 0,432 (+0,117) as antifungi, PA 0,335 (+0,090) as antibacterial, PA 0,304 (+0,199) as antioxidan, PA 0,561 (+0,190) as anti inflammatory, PA 0,373 (+0,170) as antidiabetic, PA 0,584 (+0,234) as antineoplastic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Photodynamic Inactivation (PDI) is a modality of antimicrobial therapy. Oxygen peroxidation in cell membranes has caused antimicrobial effects by inhibiting cell metabolism. The effectiveness of PDI depends on light sources, photosensitizer agents (Ps) and oxygen. This study is to investigate the antimicrobial effect of PDI using Curcuma longa (CL) extract as a photosensitizer (Ps) agent activated by 403 nm laser diode on Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus). CL extract was prepared by maceration of turmeric rhizome using 96% ethanol with concentration 0.15% (Ps1) and 0.3% (Ps2), respectively. The samples were divided into three groups; control (C1), treatments with Ps1 (C2) and Ps2 (C2'), treatment with laser irradiations (T1), PDI treatment with Ps1 (T2) and Ps2 (T3). The bacterial growth has been monitored by ELISA reader and measured by Colony Counter. The percentage of bacterial reduction was analyzed by one-way ANOVA test. PDI treatment with CL extract is more effective to reduce S. aureus compared without exogenous CL extract. The highest reduction was given at high level irradiation with an energy density of 15.83 J/cm2 where treatment with Ps1 and Ps2 gave 79.18% and 85.48% reduction, respectively. Exogenous photosensitizer addition in PDI can increased bacterial reduction to 85.48% with 0.3% CL extracts at high level irradiation. CL extracts as exogenous photosensitizer activated by laser diode provides an increase the effectiveness of PDI on S. aureus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]