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Six organotin(IV) compounds (1–6) have been synthesized by reaction of the polydentate pro-ligands H3L and H2L, respectively, with the corresponding diorganotin chlorides. All of the compounds were characterized by FT-IR spectroscopy, 1H, 13C{1H}, and 119Sn (1H) NMR spectroscopy, HRMS spectrometry, and single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The solid-state structures show that all of the compounds are monomeric (except compound 3) and contain a penta-coordinated tin atom. Compound 3 is a dimer with two hexa-coordinated tin atoms. Compounds 1–3 contain a non-coordinated hydroxymethyl group. All of the compounds have been screened for their catalytic efficacy in the synthesis of 1,2 disubstituted benzimidazoles using o-phenylenediamine and aldehyde derivatives. It has been observed that both the Lewis acidic Sn(IV) centre and the hydroxymethyl group (hydrogen bond donor) catalyse the reactions with a product yield of up to 92%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The designed circuit features a dual-stage Low Noise Amplifier (LNA) in which, a common source (CS) configuration is employed to achieve high gain, while the subsequent stage adopts a Complementary Common Gate (CCG) setup provide the low power consumption. This arrangement ensures that both transistors share the same biasing current, promoting energy efficiency. The two stages are interconnected in a cascade configuration, amplifying the overall gain and concurrently mitigating noise. To facilitate wideband matching in the input stage, a parallel RC feedback mechanism is implemented. Additionally, a pair of mutually coupled inductors in the CS and CCG stages contribute to rendering the input impedance exclusively resistive, concurrently minimizing the overall size of the circuit. All simulations were done using 65 nm CMOS technology in Cadence Virtuoso. The proposed LNA showcases a Noise Figure (NF) of 3.2 dB, a Peak Power Gain (S21) of 19.8 dB, and an input reflection coefficient (S11) of –16.2 dB, spanning a bandwidth of 3.1-6.2 GHz. Operating on a 1V power supply, the proposed LNA demonstrates power efficiency by consuming only 2.8 mW. The overall performance assessment of the LNA is gauged using the Figure of Merit, yielding an obtained value of 18.2. Comparative analysis with other cutting-edge designs is presented in Table 1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We synthesized and characterized bioactive metal (II) complexes from a pyrimidine‐based Schiff base ligand, 4‐[2‐(4‐chlorobenzylidene) hydrazinyl]‐7H‐pyrrolo[2,3‐d]pyrimidine. Through thorough elemental analysis and various physicochemical techniques, we characterized both the ligand and its Zn(II), Cd(II), and Hg(II) complexes. Coordination of the metallic ion was established via nitrogen atoms from the ligand's pyrrolo and pyrimidine rings, yielding tetrahedral complexes of the type [M(PPHpCB)2]. These complexes are identified as non‐electrolytes due to their low molar conductance. Furthermore, we investigated the coordination behavior of the pyrimidine‐based Schiff base ligand (HPPHpCB) with metal ions through comprehensive spectroscopic analysis. 1H NMR spectral data showed bonding between HPPHpCB and metal ions, while UV spectra confirmed intra‐ligand and ligand‐to‐metal charge transfer transitions, indicating coordination through nitrogen atoms. The determination of tetrahedral geometry for metal complexes confirmed their diamagnetic properties. Analysis using 13C NMR and electrospray ionization mass spectra (ESI‐MS) revealed variations in chemical shifts, confirming successful complex formation and elucidating structural modifications, electronic interactions, and metal–ligand coordination modes. Moreover, evaluation of in vitro antimicrobial activities using the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) approach revealed significant antibacterial and antifungal activities for Hg(II) and Cd(II) complexes, respectively. The Hg(II) complex displayed superior antioxidant activity, while Zn(II) and Cd(II) complexes also demonstrated considerable potential. In vivo, cytotoxicity assessments against Artemia salina provided insights into the cytotoxic properties of ligands and metal complexes. Computational techniques suggested their potential in combating infectious ailments. Overall, our study establishes the synthesis, characterization, and multifaceted biological activities of metal (II) complexes derived from the pyrimidine‐based Schiff base ligand, highlighting their promising role in combating various infectious diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study analyses the trends of changing climatic elements in the hydrological regime of the Indian Himalayan Region with specific focus on Agro‐ecological zone II & III of Himachal Pradesh for the period of 1901−2021. The upper, middle, and lower catchment areas of Sutlej River Basin were studied to reveal regional trends in climatic parameters. The Mann‐Kendall test and Sen Slope analysis were used to estimate annual and seasonal trends and their magnitude. The results showed a significant decreasing trend in the lower catchment area, with a break point year estimated to be 1953 for the entire basin. Two blocks of analysis, 1901−1953 and 1954−2021, showed significant variations. Annual rainfall data revealed a statistically significant decreasing trend at different stations. The lower catchment area received a significant increase in rainfall compared to higher altitude stations. In terms of seasonal variation, the pre‐monsoon season showed a significant decrease, while the entire basin recorded a significant increase in average monthly temperature. The study concludes by generating future time series predictions using an ANN model for the period of 2022−2050. Overall, the study's findings indicate a significant change in climatic variables with signs of increasing monthly temperatures and decreasing annual rainfall. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Synthesizing nanoparticles through a green synthesis approach is common nowadays. Cyanobacteria have attained great importance in the field of biosynthesis of nanoparticles as there is no use of toxic chemicals as reducing or capping agents for the synthesis of metal oxide nanoparticles. Micronutrient-based nano-formulations have become a topic of great interest in recent times due to their various advantageous properties and applications in agriculture. The current study aims to exploit the potential cyanobacterial strains isolated from different locations such as freshwater and soil ecosystems. The potential cyanobacterial isolates were screened based on their multiple plant growth promoting (PGP) attributes such as Indol acetic acid (IAA) production, siderophores, and phosphate solubilization. After the screening of cyanobacteria based on multiple PGP activities, the cyanobacterial strain was identified at the species level as Pseudanabaena foetida RJ1, based on microscopy and molecular characterization using 16S rRNA gene sequencing. The cyanobacterial biomass extract and cell-free extracts are utilized for the synthesis of CuO micronutrient Nanoparticles (NPs). The cyanobacterial strain Pseudanabaena foetida RJ1 possesses plant growth-promoting (PGP) attributes that provide reduction and capping for CuO NPs. The synthesized NPs were characterized and subjected to make a nano-formulation, utilizing the cyanobacteria-mediated CuO NPs along with low-cost zeolite as an adsorbent. The application of cyanobacterial biomass extract and cell-free extract provided an excellent comparative aspect in terms of micronutrient NP synthesis. The NPs in the form of formulations were applied to germinated paddy seeds (Pusa Basmati -1509) with varying concentrations (5, 10, 15 mg/l). Effects of cyanobacteria based CuO NPs on hydroponically grown paddy crops were analyzed. The application of nano-formulations has shown a significant increase in plant growth promotion in rice plants under hydroponics conditions. There is no such type of comparative investigation reported earlier, and NPs of micronutrients can be utilized as a new economic nanofertilizer and can be applied to plants for their growth promotion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For any genuinely ramified morphism f : Y ⟶ X between irreducible smooth projective curves we prove that (Y × X Y) ∖ Δ ‾ is connected, where Δ ⊂ Y × X Y is the diagonal. Using this result the following are proved: (1) If f is further Morse then the Galois closure is the symmetric group S d , where d = degree (f). (2) The Galois group of the general projection, to a line, of any smooth curve X ⊂ P n of degree d , which is not contained in a hyperplane and contains a non-flex point, is S d. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) refers to tuberculosis that resists at least two primary drugs, namely isoniazid and rifampicin. To assess the management of MDR-TB, sputum culture conversion is performed. This study aimed to determine the culture conversion status of MDR-TB patients undergoing an all-oral longer regimen. Methods: This research constitutes an observational and prospective study conducted within a hospital setting. The study was done at the Department of Microbiology, IGIMS, Patna, from October 2020 to March 2022. Culture conversion in multidrug resistance pulmonary tuberculosis on all-oral longer regimens took one spot and one morning sample of sputum as per standard protocol after completing two months of all-oral longer regimens and culturing it in liquid broth using Mycobacterium Growth Indicator Tube (MGIT) 960 System at two, four then six months till we got a negative result. Results: Maximum number of the cases, 77 (74.8%), belonged to 19-35 years of age group. Males were 68 (66.1%) and females were 35 (33.9%), respectively, with male to female ratio of 1.9:1. After 2 months of oral longer regimen treatment, out of 103 cases, we found 98 (95.1%) patients had sputum for culture positive and only five (4.2%) patients had sputum for culture negative. After 6 months of oral longer regimen treatment, out of 101 cases, we found 16 (15.8%) patients had sputum for culture positive and 85 (85.2%) patients had sputum for culture negative. Conclusion: In patients with multidrug-resistant pulmonary tuberculosis (MDR-TB) who received an all-oral longer regimen, the introduction of bedaquiline led to positive outcomes as evidenced by a greater number of negative sputum cultures, a decrease in culture reversions, and a reduced risk of developing a more resistant form of MDR-TB. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study is to examine the CO2 gas adsorption capability of coals from Sohagpur coalfield, India. Coal bed CO2 sequestration is a technique utilized to mitigate carbon dioxide emissions and improve global warming. Various factors, including pore structure, pore volume, mineral composition, moisture content, cleats, coal quality, pressure, and temperature, influence the adsorption of CO2 in coal seams. To conduct this investigation, multiple coal samples were collected from the study area and subjected to proximate analysis, ultimate analysis, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform-infrared (FT-IR), Brunauer – Emmett–Teller (BET), and measurement of CO2 adsorption rates on the coal samples. Samples were characterized based on their geochemical properties, then pore and fracture properties and maximum adsorption of CO2 gas were determined. The interrelationship between the genetic properties of coal with the adsorption rate of CO2 gas was established. These coals lie mesopore in category with the presence of fractures and hydrogen bonds. The result of BET and kinetics rate indicates that the adsorption of gas was unrestricted multilayer type, and the maximum adsorption of CO2 gas at 50 bar is 2.15 moles gas/kg sample, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The mechanochemical ball milling process at 650°C for 5 h formed the single‐phase Bi2VO5.5 powder, which was tested as a catalyst for methylene blue (MB) dye degradation. X‐ray diffraction validated phase formation. A scanning electron microscope inspection verified the presence of grains with irregular shapes. Piezocatalytic MB dye degradation with a.4 g BV sample was ∼67% after 90 min in a ball mill and ∼49% after 180 min in an ultrasonicator. Utilizing a.4 g BV sample, the 90‐min investigation of piezocatalysis using a ball mill showed an 18% increase in degrading performance compared to the findings of the 180‐min study of piezocatalysis using ultrasonication. Ball mill employed piezocatalysis evaluation utilizing.4 g Bi2VO5.5 with 15 balls produces an excellent k value of.0109 min−1. Based on the results of a scavenger test, hole (h+) is the primary species in the ball mill‐induced piezocatalysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Present study focused on Phosphorus (P) enriched i.e., eutrophic biochar and its solubilization utilizing Pseudomonas aeruginosa (NCIM 8650). Previously established processes for lesser toxic and P rich biochar production (T-B-400, T-B-600 and T-B-800) using phosphogypsum pond wastewater soaked banana peduncles at three different pyrolysis temperatures (400, 600 and 800 °C) were utilized for the experiments. Bacteria inoculated in biochar loaded Pikovskaya (PVK) broth (modified: 0.2 g biochar/100 ml) was analyzed for 15 days about P solubilization along with control (modified broth without Pseudomonas aeruginosa). Gradual increase of P solubilization was observed with maximum values for T-B-400 and T-B-600 on 9th day in variation to 11th day of T-B-800. Different organic acids (Carbamic, Propanoic and Stearic hydrazide) ascertained through GCMS analysis along with significant pH change (7 to 3.41, 4.1 and 3.26 for T-B-400, T-B-600 and T-B-800 respectively) played major role toward P solubilization of modified PVK broth and highlighted significantly (p < 0.05) high release of P from T-B-400 (76%) than T-B-600 (65%) and T-B-800 (71%) over control. The FE-SEM, FTIR and XRD analysis (9th day: T-B-400/T-B-600; 11th day: T-B-800) of biochar residues in modified broth showed distinct morphological, structural and mineralogical changes in comparison to control. The findings highlights the potential of P solubilization by Pseudomonas aeruginosa from euthophic biochar, and hence provide opportunities for nutrients recovery from wastes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The solid-state route, conducted at a temperature of 700 °C over a span of 8 h, resulted in the production of a single phase of BiVO 4 powder. Subsequently, the BiVO 4 powder was used as a tribocatalyst to facilitate the degradation of the methylene blue (MB) dye, Rhodomine B (RB), and tetracycline pollutant. The confirmation of phase formation was achieved by employing X-ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopy techniques. The synthesised BiVO 4 powder was utilized as a tribocatalyst, where the maximum degradation for MB dye, RB dye, and tetracycline was observed to be ∼69 %, ∼74 %, and ∼49 in 24 h in a glass-PTFE interface system. The present work provides a systematic representation of the effect of speed (in rpm) in the tribocatalysis process. The findings derived from the scavenger test reveal that the mechanism of tribocatalysis in the degradation of MB dye is influenced by the presence of superoxide radicals (• O 2 −), which serve as the primary active species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The character of the electronic structure of acenes has been the subject of longstanding discussion. However, convincing experimental evidence of their open‐shell character has so far been missing. Here, we present the on‐surface synthesis of tridecacene molecules by thermal annealing of octahydrotridecacene on a Au(111) surface. We characterized the electronic structure of the tridecacene by scanning probe microscopy, which reveals the presence of an inelastic signal at 126 meV. We attribute the inelastic signal to spin excitation from the singlet diradical ground state to the triplet excited state. To rationalize the experimental findings, we carried out many‐body ab initio calculations as well as model Hamiltonians to take into account the effect of the metallic substrate. Moreover, we provide a detailed analysis of how the dynamic electron correlation and virtual charge fluctuation between the molecule and metallic surface reduces the singlet‐triplet band gap. Thus, this work provides the first experimental confirmation of the magnetic character of tridecacene. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Prior evidence demonstrated that Regulator of G protein Signaling 6 (RGS6) translocates to the nucleolus in response to cytotoxic stress though the functional significance of this phenomenon remains unknown. Methods: Utilizing in vivo gene manipulations in mice, primary murine cardiac cells, human cell lines and human patient samples we dissect the participation of a RGS6-nucleolin complex in chemotherapy-dependent cardiotoxicity. Results: Here we demonstrate that RGS6 binds to a key nucleolar protein, Nucleolin, and controls its expression and activity in cardiomyocytes. In the human myocyte AC-16 cell line, induced pluripotent stem cell derived cardiomyocytes, primary murine cardiomyocytes, and the intact murine myocardium tuning RGS6 levels via overexpression or knockdown resulted in diametrically opposed impacts on Nucleolin mRNA, protein, and phosphorylation.RGS6 depletion provided marked protection against nucleolar stress-mediated cell death in vitro, and, conversely, RGS6 overexpression suppressed ribosomal RNA production, a key output of the nucleolus, and triggered death of myocytes. Importantly, overexpression of either Nucleolin or Nucleolin effector miRNA-21 counteracted the pro-apoptotic effects of RGS6. In both human and murine heart tissue, exposure to the genotoxic stressor doxorubicin was associated with an increase in the ratio of RGS6/Nucleolin. Preventing RGS6 induction via introduction of RGS6-directed shRNA via intracardiac injection proved cardioprotective in mice and was accompanied by restored Nucleolin/miRNA-21 expression, decreased nucleolar stress, and decreased expression of pro-apoptotic, hypertrophy, and oxidative stress markers in heart. Conclusion: Together, these data implicate RGS6 as a driver of nucleolar stress-dependent cell death in cardiomyocytes via its ability to modulate Nucleolin. This work represents the first demonstration of a functional role for an RGS protein in the nucleolus and identifies the RGS6/Nucleolin interaction as a possible new therapeutic target in the prevention of cardiotoxicity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The character of the electronic structure of acenes has been the subject of longstanding discussion. However, convincing experimental evidence of their open‐shell character has so far been missing. Here, we present the on‐surface synthesis of tridecacene molecules by thermal annealing of octahydrotridecacene on a Au(111) surface. We characterized the electronic structure of the tridecacene by scanning probe microscopy, which reveals the presence of an inelastic signal at 126 meV. We attribute the inelastic signal to spin excitation from the singlet diradical ground state to the triplet excited state. To rationalize the experimental findings, we carried out many‐body ab initio calculations as well as model Hamiltonians to take into account the effect of the metallic substrate. Moreover, we provide a detailed analysis of how the dynamic electron correlation and virtual charge fluctuation between the molecule and metallic surface reduces the singlet‐triplet band gap. Thus, this work provides the first experimental confirmation of the magnetic character of tridecacene. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The reliability of the communication link is quite common and challenging to handle as the topology changes frequently in vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs). Another problem with VANETs is that the vehicles are from different manufacturers. Hence, the heterogeneity of hardware is obvious. These heterogeneity and reliability problems affect the message dissemination in VANETs. This paper aims to address these challenges by proposing a robust routing protocol capable of ensuring reliable, scalable, and heterogeneity-tolerant message dissemination in VANETs. We first introduced a hybrid hierarchical architecture based on software-defined networking (SDN) principles for VANETs, leveraging SDN's inherent scalability and adaptability to heterogeneity. Further, a road-side unit (RSU)-assisted cloud-based location-aware hybrid routing for software-defined VANETs (SD-VANETs) that we call RC-LAHR was proposed. RC-LAHR was rigorously tested and analyzed for its performance in terms of packet delivery ratio (PDR) and end-to-end delay (EED), along with a comprehensive assessment of network traffic and load impacts on cloud infrastructure and RSUs. The routing protocol is compared with state-of-the-art protocols, Greedy Perimeter Stateless Routing (GPSR) and Opportunistic and Position-Based Routing (OPBR). The proposed routing protocol performs well as compared to GPSR and OPBR. The result shows that the EED is reduced to 20% and the PDR is increased to 30%. The network reliability is also increased up to 5% as compared to the OPBR and GPSR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We report the orbital decay rate of the high-mass X-ray binary GX 301–2 from an analysis of its long-term X-ray light curves and pulsed flux histories from CGRO /BATSE, RXTE /ASM, Swift /BAT, Fermi /GBM, and MAXI by timing the pre-periastron flares over a span of almost 30 yr. The time of arrival of the pre-periastron flares exhibits an energy dependence (hard lag) and the orbital period decay was estimated after correcting for it. This method of orbital decay estimation is unaffected by the fluctuations in the spin rate of the X-ray pulsar associated with variations in the mass accretion rate. The resulting |$\dot{P}_\textrm {orb}$|  = −(1.98 ± 0.28) × 10−6 s s−1 indicates a rapid evolution time-scale of |$|P_\textrm {orb}/\dot{P}_\textrm {orb}|\sim 0.6\times 10^{5}$| yr, making it the high mass X-ray binary with the fastest orbital decay. Our estimate of |$\dot{P}$| orb is off by a factor of ∼2 from the previously reported value of −(3.7 ± 0.5) × 10−6 s s−1 estimated from pulsar TOA analysis. We discuss various possible mechanisms that could drive this rapid orbital decay and also suggest that GX 301–2 is a prospective Thorne–Żytkow candidate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The parameter extraction of Photovoltaic (PV) cell and module is a necessary to simulate and evaluate the performance of the PV system. The parameter extraction is a complex and challenging task due to its non-linear nature. Researchers are used several metaheuristic algorithms to solve the non-linear problem of parameter extraction. However, the demand for most accurate and reliable methods is increasing to get precise estimation of parameters. In this paper, a novel hybrid optimization algorithm is proposed based on the Spotted-Hyena optimization (SHO) and Ant Lion Optimization (ALO). The hybrid method is called as Spotted Hyena - Ant Lion (SH-AL) optimization. The optimization algorithm is applied in two stages. In stage 1, essential parameters are identified and extracted using SHO and passed to stage 2. In stage 2, identified parameters are optimized using ALO for accurate model of PV cell. Different type of PV cells such as thin film, mono and multi crystalline are examined under various irradiance conditions to extract the parameters. The proposed algorithm is validated by comparing the results with other algorithms and proposed algorithm is proved its superiority. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Traffic signs are the globally essential map features for the era of autonomous driving and smart cities. Traffic sign recognition is a difficult task due to their multiple shapes, sizes, color, occlusions and complicated driving scenes. For automatic traffic signs and classification, a robust and efficient system is needed with a highly accurate prediction rate. Therefore, a novel goat-based convolutional neural–Kalman framework (GbCN-KF) is proposed to detect the traffic signs for smart cities. Primarily, the input traffic sign images are noise-filtered by the Kalman function and the relative features for the recognition process were extracted. Further, traffic signs are recognized by matching the features with the trained set and classified using the goat fitness function. The system is tested with the BTSC and GTSRB database. The performance score was evaluated for the datasets and compared with the prevailing recognition models. The model recorded a high accuracy percentage of 99.89% and 99.94% for the tested BTSC and GTSRB datasets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the major problems that cause continual trouble in deep learning networks is that training a large network requires massive labelled datasets. The preparation of a massive labelled dataset is a cumbersome task and requires lot of human interventions. This paper proposes a novel generator network 'Sim2Real' transfer is a recent and fast-developing field in machine learning used to bridge the gap between simulated and real data. Training with simulated datasets often converges due to its size but fails to generalize real-world applications. Simulated datasets can be used to train and test deep learning models, enables the development and evaluation of new algorithms and architectures. By simulating road dataset, researchers can generate large amounts of realistic road-traffic dataset that can be used to study and understand several problems such as vehicular object tracking and classification, traffic situation analysis etc. The main advantage of such a transfer algorithm is to use the abundance of a simulated dataset to generate huge realistic-looking datasets to solve data-intense tasks. This work presents a novel, robust sim2real algorithm that converts the labels of a semantic segmentation map to a realistic-looking street view using the Cityscapes dataset and aims to achieve robust urban mobility for smart cities. Further, the generalizability of the Cycle Generative Adversarial Network (CycleGAN) architecture was tested by using an origami robot dataset for sim2real transfer. We show that the results were found to be qualitatively satisfactory for different traffic analysis applications. In addition, road perception was done using a lightweight SVM pipeline and evaluated on the KITTI dataset. We have incorporated Cycle Consistency Loss and Identity Loss as the metrics to evaluate the performance of the proposed Cycle GAN model. We inferred that the proposed Cycle GAN model provides an Identity loss of less than 0.2 in both the Cityscapes dataset and KITTI datasets. Also, we understand that the super-pixel resolution has a good impact on the quantitative results of the proposed Cycle GAN models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Calculating power and delay in VLSI circuits are two main challenges in designing CMOS VLSI circuits. The manuscript proposes a lector technique-based foot-driven stack transistor domino logic for power and delay reduction. The lector technique uses two leakage-controlled transistors, PMOS and NMOS. The gate terminal of PMOS is connected to the source of NMOS, and the gate terminal of NMOS is connected to the source of PMOS. NMOS transistor N5 is used in the proposed circuit, driven by a dynamic node, which helps to reduce the power. This manuscript uses the proposed technique to design a buffer, two-input – AND gate, OR gate, and XOR gate circuits. The logic gates are simulated on the gpdk 45 nm cadence virtuoso software tool. The simulation result shows that the proposed domino logic circuit significantly reduces power, delay, energy, and leakage current. Monte Carlo analysis is performed to study the mean and standard deviation of the proposed circuit with 1000 samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The mental foramen is a significant anatomical landmark that plays a crucial role in performing various types of surgical procedures and administering local anesthetics for oral and maxillofacial surgeries. Having a thorough understanding of the anatomy of this area is essential for performing effective nerve blocks and avoiding any damage to the neurovascular bundles. Hence, we aim to study the anatomical location, size, and shape of the mental foramen of the mandible in the population of Bihar and compare it with the findings of other studies. The mental foramen is a significant anatomical landmark that plays a crucial role in performing various types of surgical procedures and administering local anesthetics for oral and maxillofacial surgeries. Having a thorough understanding of the anatomy of this area is essential for performing effective nerve blocks and avoiding any damage to the neurovascular bundles. Hence, we aim to study the anatomical location, size, and shape of the mental foramen of the mandible in the population of Bihar and compare it with the findings of other studies. Materials and Methods: The 120 dried fully ossified dentulous adult human mandibles (240 sides), of unknown gender and age, were used in the current cross -sectional investigation. Only those well-preserved mandibles that belonged to adults, were complete in all respects, and allowed for precise morphological observations were included in the study. Results: Our study found that the mental foramen is most commonly round (60.42%) and exits in the postero-superior direction on both sides with a frequency of 92.92%. The mean transverse diameter is 3.22 mm on the right side and 3.74 mm on the left side, with a statistically significant difference (p-value ≤0.05). The mean vertical diameter is 3.37 mm on the right side and 3.48 mm on the left side. Our findings show that the most common position of the mental foramen in relation to the lower teeth is below the apex of the second premolar, accounting for 37.08% on the right side and 36.67% on the left side. The second most frequent position is between the first and second premolar, representing 7.92% on the right side and 7.08% on the left side. Additionally, a position between the second premolar and first molar teeth was observed, accounting for 5% on the right side and 6.25% on the left side. On the right side, the distance between the mental foramen and the symphysis menti was found to be 28.71±1.36 mm, while on the left side, it was 28.94±1.19 mm. Similarly, the distance between the mental foramen and the posterior border of the ramus was 73.83±1.12 mm on the right side and 78.91±1.86 mm on the left side. The distance between the mental foramen and the alveolar crest was 17.87±1.73 mm on the right side and 18.69±1.63 mm on the left side. Finally, the distance between the mental foramen and the inferior border of the body of the mandible was found to be 16.91±1.23 mm on both sides. Conclusion: This study provides data on the location and morphometry of the mental foramen, aiding dental surgeons in avoiding nerve damage during surgeries in this region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Forest fires have significant impacts on economies, cultures, and ecologies worldwide. Developing predictive models for forest fire probability is crucial for preventing and managing these fires. Such models contribute to reducing losses and the frequency of forest fires by informing prevention efforts effectively. The objective of this study was to assess and map the forest fire susceptibility (FFS) in the Indian Western Himalayas (IWH) region by employing a GIS-based fuzzy analytic hierarchy process (Fuzzy-AHP) technique, and to evaluate the FFS based on forest type and at district level in the states of Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, and Uttarakhand. Seventeen potential indicators were chosen for the vulnerability assessment of the IWH region to forest fires. These indicators encompassed physiographic factors, meteorological factors, and anthropogenic factors that significantly affect the susceptibility to fire in the region. The significant factors in FFS mapping included FCR, temperature, and distance to settlement. An FFS zone map of the IWH region was generated and classified into five categories of very low, low, medium, high, and very high FFS. The analysis of FFS based on the forest type revealed that tropical moist deciduous forests have a significant vulnerability to forest fire, with 86.85% of its total area having very high FFS. At the district level, FFS was found to be high in sixteen districts and very high in seventeen districts, constituting 25.7% and 22.6% of the area of the IWH region. Particularly, Lahul and Spiti had 63.9% of their total area designated as having very low FSS, making it the district least vulnerable to forest fires, while Udham Singh Nagar had a high vulnerability with approximately 86% of its area classified as having very high FFS. ROC-AUC analysis, which provided an appreciable accuracy of 79.9%, was used to assess the validity of the FFS map produced in the present study. Incorporating the FFS map into sustainable development planning will assist in devising a holistic strategy that harmonizes environmental conservation, community safety, and economic advancement. This approach can empower decision makers and relevant stakeholders to take more proactive and informed actions, promoting resilience and enhancing long-term well-being. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We report a new excited‐state intramolecular proton transfer (ESIPT)‐inspired hydroxyl (OH)‐substituted pyrene‐imidazole that promote unprecedented intramolecular proton transfer in the ground state (GSIPT). The enol and keto isomers are in equilibrium, with a high keto‐isomer component in the solid state. In conjunction with DFT calculations, the photophysical studies and crystal structure analysis shred substantial evidence for the ground state transformation. The ESIPT‐active compounds also show the rare feature of high dual solution (φf=70 %) and solid state (φf=41 %) emission characteristics and counter‐intuitive stronger intermolecular interactions in the solid state versus the ESIPT‐inactive counterparts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The interactive role of life-history traits and environmental factors on plant water relations is crucial for understanding the responses of species to climate change, but it remains poorly understood in secondary tropical montane forests (TMFs). In this study, we examined differences in sap flow between the pioneer species Symplocos racemosa and Eurya acuminata , and the late-successional species Castanopsis hystrix that co-occur in a biodiverse Eastern Himalayan secondary broadleaved TMF. The fast-growing pioneers had sap flux densities that were 1.6–2.1 times higher than the late-successional species, and exhibited characteristics of long-lived pioneer species. Significant radial and azimuthal variability in sap flow (V) between species was observed and could be attributed to the life-history trait and the access of the canopy to sunlight. Nocturnal V was 13.8% of the daily total and was attributable to stem recharge during the evening period (18.00–23.00 h) and to endogenous stomatal controls during the pre-dawn period (00.00–05.00 h). The shallow-rooted pioneer species both exhibited midday depression in V that was attributable to photosensitivity and diel moisture stress responses. In contrast, the deep-rooted late-successional species showed unaffected transpiration across the dry season, indicating their access to groundwater. Thus, our results suggest that secondary broadleaved TMFs, with a dominance of shallow-rooted pioneers, are more prone to the negative impacts of drier and warmer winters than primary forests, which are dominated by deep-rooted species. Our study provides an empirical understanding of how life-history traits coupled with microclimate can modulate plant water use in the widely distributed secondary TMFs in Eastern Himalaya, and highlights their vulnerability to warmer winters and reduced winter precipitation due to climate change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We establish factoriality and non-injectivity in full generality for the mixed q-Araki–Woods von Neumann algebra associated to a separable real Hilbert space H R with dim H R ≥ 2 , a strongly continuous one parameter group of orthogonal transformations on H R , a direct sum decomposition H R = ⊕ i H R (i) , and a real symmetric matrix (qij) with supi,j|qij| < 1. This is achieved by first proving the existence of conjugate variables for a finite number of generators of the algebras (when dim H R < ∞), following the lines of Miyagawa–Speicher and Kumar–Skalski–Wasilewski. The conjugate variables belong to the factors in question and satisfy certain Lipschitz conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tremendous research is going on in the field of preparing low calorie diet for diabetes, obesity, hypertension, and heart disease, providing potential area for growth to the food and pharmaceutical industry. Dosage forms prepared for diabetic patients lack sucrose as breakdowns into glucose and fructose which starts from the mouth itself and majority of it is digested in the small intestine. As soon as it is digested, it gives rise to blood glucose level. In order to control such glucose spikes in blood, their diet is immediately shifted toward low calorie food and medications with low glycemic index. Artificial intense sweeteners e.g. acesulfame potassium, sucralose, xylitol etc. in moderate amount, intensity of sweetness and physical characteristics were proved safe by USFDA. This review covers a brief description, stability conditions and pharmacokinetic analysis of artificial sugars. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We establish factoriality of q-Araki-Woods von Neumann algebras (with the number of generators at least two) in full generality, exploiting the approach via conjugate variables developed recently in the tracial case by Akihiro Miyagawa and Roland Speicher, and abstract results of Brent Nelson. We also establish non-injectivity and determine the type of the factors in question. The factors are solid and full when the number of generators is finite. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Energy-efficient electric transportation systems offer reduced power demand and also increase the runtime for a single charge. Efficiency of an electric vehicle can be enhanced up to certain extent by operating it with reduced flux level. However, straightforward minimization of flux level may lead to drive instability. Therefore, this paper presents a loss model control approach to minimize the losses by optimal weakening of the flux for the drive. Flux optimization is achieved with constraints and bounds on the key variables like stator current. The performance of an electric vehicle propelled by a poly-phase induction motor is analyzed with the proposed approach. The performance of the drive is also compared with rated rotor flux, differentially calculated rotor flux, copper loss, and core loss equalizing rotor flux estimator. The effectiveness of the proposed strategy is analyzed in terms of efficiency, transient behavior, power factor, and parameter sensitivity under various operating conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Acid mine drainage and soil erosion are significant problems in the coal mining area. It affects the water quality and soil quality, henceforth affecting plant growth and most aquatic life. During the last two decades, coal mining areas were increased by 194 hectares in Makum coalfield (Assam), which led to an increase in acid mine drainage and soil loss. In this paper, the water chemistry of water samples was analyzed, and annual soil loss near the area of Makum coalfield was calculated to investigate the most affected region by Acid Mine Drainage (AMD) and soil erosion. The Watershed delineation, slope angle, elevation contour map, and drainage system of 57 km2 of the study area were developed by ArcGIS Pro. The Universal Soil Loss Equation was used to estimate the amount of annual soil loss. The USLE parameter was assessed using a Digital Elevation Model with a 30-meter X 30-meter resolution. The result indicates that the quality of drainage near the mines was highly acidic. Also, compared to the area near the riverside, the proximity of mines is more affected by soil erosion and needs improvement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A typical ferrite/martensitic heat-resistant steel (T91) is widely used in reheaters, superheaters and power stations. Cr3C2-NiCr-based composite coatings are known for wear-resistant coatings at elevated temperature applications. The current work compares the microstructural studies of 75 wt% Cr3C2- 25 wt% NiCr-based composite clads developed through laser and microwave energy on a T91 steel substrate. The developed clads of both processes were characterized through a field emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM) attached with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and assessment of Vickers microhardness. The Cr3C2-NiCr based clads of both processes revealed better metallurgical bonding with the chosen substrate. The microstructure of the developed laser clad shows a distinctive dense solidified structure, with a rich Ni phase occupying interdendritic spaces. In the case of microwave clad, the hard chromium carbide particles consistently dispersed within the soft nickel matrix. EDS study evidenced that the cell boundaries are lined with chromium where Fe and Ni were found inside the cells. The X-ray phase analysis of both the processes evidenced the common presence of phases like chromium carbides (Cr7C3, Cr3C2, Cr23C6), Iron Nickel (FeNi3) and chromium-nickel (Cr3Ni2, CrNi), despite these phases iron carbides (Fe7C3) are observed in the developed microwave clads. The homogeneous distributions of such carbides in the developed clad structure of both processes indicated higher hardness. The typical microhardness of the laser-clad (1142 ± 65HV) was about 22% higher than the microwave clad (940 ± 42 HV). Using a ball-on-plate test, the study analyzed microwave and laser-clad samples' wear behavior. Laser-cladding samples showed superior wear resistance due to hard carbide elements. At the same time, microwave-clad samples experienced more surface damage and material loss due to micro-cutting, loosening, and fatigue-induced fracture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

β-Enaminones derived from cyclohexane-1,3-diones reveal a vast variety of bioactivities including anticonvulsant, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, etc. Further, these β-Enaminones are versatile precursors for the synthesis of several other important heterocycles that illustrates antimicrobial, antibacterial, antifungal, antitumor, calcium channel antagonist, cardiovascular, antiviral activities, etc. Recently, reactions of various β-enaminones with their counterpart for example aldehydes, Meldrum's acid, N-arylitaconimides, malononitriles, cyanoacetamide, arylglyoxals, ortho-hydroxybenzyl alcohols, o-hydroxystyrenes, and acenaphthoquinone have been recognized for the synthesis of different nitrogen and oxygen heterocycles involving 2-quinolone, 1,4-dihydropyridine, acridine-1,8-dione, indoles, xanthenes, chromenones, etc. These significances of β-enaminones enthused us to assemble all newly developed methods for the creation of important nitrogen and oxygen-containing heterocycles, which are the chief attraction of this review article. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Coke plays multiple roles in blast furnace operation. Preparation of formed coke from inferior coal provides an alternate way to utilize inferior coal for metallurgical uses. In this process briquettes of coal, char were prepared to produce similar properties to the conventional coke and sufficient strength to maintain the shape during transport, storage and utilization. In this study formed coke was prepared using devolatilized coal at different temperature. The effect of use of this devolatilized coal was studied in terms of point crushing strength. In general, it was observed that higher devolatilization temperature (550 °C) and longer duration (3 hr) increases the point crushing strength and fixed carbon. Fast volatilization process during carbonization significantly decreases the coke mechanical strength. The use of devolatilized coal reduces the volatile matter content and in turn reduces the fast volatilization which increase the point crushing strength. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel class of reagents (L1–3) containing arylazopyrazole moiety linked to a Schiff base have been synthesized and investigated for anion sensing applications. All three compounds exhibited excellent sensitivity and selectivity toward selective colorimetric detection of F– in dimethyl sulfoxide. F– sensing mechanisms have been explored by various spectroscopic techniques, viz., 1H NMR, IR, UV-visible, and fluorescence spectroscopy. A clear qualitative and quantitative detection of F– was possible with specificity and good sensitivity with L2 giving optimum results. The LOD value of L2 toward F– was found to be 7 µM. These reagents were applied for fluoride detection in commercial toothpaste as well. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ephedra is a genus of gymnosperms that belongs to the Ephedraceae family and order Gnetales. The majority of Ephedra species grow as shrubs and is found in arid and semiarid climates across the world. Ephedra intermedia, Ephedra gerardiana, Ephedra alata, Ephedra aphylla, Ephedra foliata, Ephedra campylopoda, and others are some of the most common Ephedra species. Ephedra spp. are used for therapeutic purposes in many regions of the globe as a stimulant, diaphoretic, antiasthmatic, respiratory sedative, and also for digestive system problems, fever, flu, cough therapy, and so on. Phenolics, flavonoids, alkaloids, volatile organic compounds, and other phytochemicals have been identified from the different Ephedra species. Ephedra crude extracts and pure molecules have been reported for a variety of bioactivities including antioxidant, antiinflammatory, antibacterial, anticancer, wound healing, diabetic, arthritis, and more. In the current review, we have compiled, discussed, and highlighted the data obtained about numerous bioactivities and phytochemicals of Ephedra species for their significance as therapeutic agents in the drug development sector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The number of complex and novel malware attacks is increasing exponentially in the cyberworld. Malware detection systems are facing new challenges due to the volume, velocity, and complexity of malware. The current malware detection system relies on a time-consuming, resource-intensive, and knowledge-intensive classification approach. Most of the existing malware detection system is ineffective in detecting novel malware attacks. A deep learning approach can be used to build a malware detection system that can effectively detect novel malware attacks without much human intervention. The current circumstance necessitates not just a malware system with excellent accuracy, but also one that can serve a large volume of demand in near real-time. A scalable malware detection system capable of detecting complex attacks is the need of time. This article discusses a scalable and distributed deep learning approach for malware detection using convolutional neural network and bidirectional long short-term memory (CNN-BiLSTM). The deep learning approach has been used to make the system learn and make predictive decisions without human intervention. The performance of the deep learning approach depends on various parameters and training data sets. Hence, different combinations of deep learning algorithms have been used to design and test the models to achieve the desired result. The experimental results show that the double layer of CNN and BiLSTM has better performance than single-layer CNN. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study examines the fractional Triki-Biswas model, which provides insight into the ultrashort pulse propagation phenomenon in optical fibers. A classical symmetry analysis is conducted to obtain generalized symmetries and solutions, including functions such as Weierstrass elliptic and Jacobi elliptic. Additionally, the generalized Arnous scheme is employed to derive more general solutions, including hyperbolic functions. The dynamic behavior of these solutions is studied using 2D and 3D graphs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Viscoelastic flow through porous media is important in industrial applications such as enhanced oil recovery (EOR), microbial mining, and groundwater remediation. It is also relevant in biological processes such as drug delivery, infectious biofilm formation, and transport during respiration and fertilization. The porous medium is highly disordered and viscoelastic instability-induced flow states at the pore-scale regulate the transport in porous media. In the present study, we systematically explore the effect of geometrical asymmetry on pore-scale viscoelastic instability. The asymmetric geometry used in the present study consists of two cylinders confined inside a channel, where the front cylinder is located on the centerline of the channel and the rear cylinder is situated off-center of the channel. The geometrical asymmetry facilitates asymmetric flow around both cylinders. An eddy also appears in the region between the cylinders at intermediate Weissenberg numbers, where the Weissenberg number characterizes the relative importance of elastic and viscous forces in viscoelastic flows. We further explore the effect of the strength of geometrical asymmetry and fluid rheological properties on flow asymmetry and eddy formation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The mechanochemical ball milling followed by heating at 650 °C for 5 h successfully produced the single-phase Bi2VO5.5 powder. Catalytic activity for methylene blue dye degradation was investigated. Raman spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction were used to confirm the phase formation. The sample's charge carrier transportation behavior was ascertained using time-dependent photocurrent analysis. The piezo-photocatalysis experiment yielded a 63% degradation efficiency for the ball-milled Bi2VO5.5 sample. The pseudo-first-order kinetics of the piezo-photocatalytic dye degradation are discerned, and the significant k value of 0.00529 min−1 is achieved. The scavenger test declares the h+ radical is the predominant active species during the piezo-photocatalysis experiment. Vigna radiata seeds were used in a phytotoxicity test to evaluate the germination index. The mechanochemical activation method facilitates reactions by lowering reaction temperature and time. The effect of improved piezo-photocatalytic efficiency on the ball-milled Bi2VO5.5 powder is an unexplored area, and we have attempted to investigate it. Here, ball-milled Bi2VO5.5 powder achieved improved dye degradation performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Exposure to mechanical stresses developed due to different components of spraying system may cause permanent damage to the microbes of bio-pesticide solutions. To achieve maximum effectiveness of spray application, proper selection of nozzle size and operating pressure is critical. Two different classes of bio-pesticides viz. bacterial-based Bacillus thuringiensis (BBP solution) and fungal-based Beauveria bassiana (FBP solution) were evaluated for spray application by three hollow cone nozzles (1.14, 2.35 and 3.56 mm in diameter) at four operating pressures (145, 245, 345 and 445 kPa). It was observed that viability of bio-pesticide solutions increases with decrease in operating pressure and increase in nozzle size. The nozzle orifice diameter and operating pressure of the spraying system were optimized to get desired application rate, volume median diameter (VMD) and coefficient of variation (CV) of spray for maximum microbial viability of bio-pesticide solutions. The optimized values of application rate (323.94-and 325.58 L ha−1), VMD (225.88 and 231.89 µm), CV (84.49 and 85.99%) and viability (6.63 × 106 and 6.06 × 106 cfu ml−1) were obtained for BBP and FBP solutions, respectively at nozzle orifice size of 3.56 mm and 145 kPa operating pressure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Small open reading frames (smORFs) encoding proteins less than 100 amino acids (aa) are known to be important regulators of key cellular processes. However, their computational identification remains a challenge. Based on a comprehensive analysis of known prokaryotic small ORFs, we have developed the ProsmORF-pred resource which uses a machine learning (ML)-based method for prediction of smORFs in the prokaryotic genome sequences. ProsmORF-pred consists of two ML models, one for initiation site recognition in nucleic acid sequences upstream of putative start codons and the other uses translated amino acid sequences to decipher functional protein like sequences. The nucleotide sequence-based initiation site recognition model has been trained using longer ORFs (>100 aa) in the same genome while the ML model for identification of protein like sequences has been trained using annotated smORFs from Escherichia coli. Comprehensive benchmarking of ProsmORF-pred reveals that its performance is comparable to other state-of-the-art approaches on the annotated smORF set derived from 32 prokaryotic genomes. Its performance is distinctly superior to other tools like PRODIGAL and RANSEPS for prediction of newly identified smORFs which have a length range of 10–30 aa, where prediction of smORFs has been a major challenge. Apart from identification of smORFs in genomic sequences, ProsmORF-pred can also aid in functional annotation of the predicted smORFs based on sequence similarity and genomic neighbourhood similarity searches in ProsmORFDB, a well-curated database of known smORFs. ProsmORF-pred along with its backend database ProsmORFDB is available as a user-friendly web server (http://www.nii.ac.in/prosmorfpred.html). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Skin diseases occur in all age groups in developed and developing countries. Various types of skin diseases are found worldwide and depend on factors like environment, surrounding ecology, dietary habits, socioeconomic status, mental health, and literacy. Health-related quality of life (HRQOL) improves after treatment or cure of the diseases. Objectives: To estimate the pattern of skin disease. To find out the quality of life and association of skin disease with sociodemographic factors among patients. Methods: This observational cross-sectional study was done in skin OPD at the tertiary care center, Banda district of Uttar Pradesh, India from May 2022 to July 2022. All patients who attended to skin OPD during study period were included in the study after taking informed verbal consent. Results: Skin diseases had further divided in subcategories which were infectious conditions, pigmentary disorders, inflammatory dermatoses, miscellaneous skin conditions, benign tumor and other lesions with their percentage 44.8, 10.5, 28.6, 7.1, 2.9 and 6.2%, respectively in this study Classes of DQLI where major portion of patients (49.52%) were in 'Small effect on patient's life' category. The relation of age, religion, education and member of household with history of skin disease were found to be highly statistically significant. Conclusion: Infectious skin diseases were found more common in study area. Male populations were more commonly affected. Skin diseases were more common in age group of 18-60 years. Study participants showed no predominant effect on quality of life. But small effect class had major effect on participant's quality of life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Urinary bladder cancer is a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. As per the data from the US cancer registry, it was diagnosed in nearly 71,000 patients and led to 14000 deaths in 2013. The Indian data in this regard are lacking with few case reports and epidemiological data only. The paucity of treatment data in this regard led us to undertake this prospective study at our radiation oncology canter. Carcinoma urinary bladder is a heterogeneous disease with variable natural history. Male preponderance and association with cigarette smoking appears to be the foremost in natural history of the disease. Our data analyzed the management of muscle-invasive medically and surgically inoperable carcinoma urinary bladder in a resource constraint setting at a tertiary care center by bladder preservation protocol (BPP). Materials and Methods: This prospective study was aimed to evaluate the treatment outcome in surgically inoperable muscle-invasive carcinoma urinary bladder in a resource constraint setting at a tertiary care center by BPP. All patients were treated with telecobalt 60 machine up to a dose of 60--66 Gy along with concurrent chemotherapy. Interim assessment was done at 40 Gy. Results: A total of nine patients were taken up for treatment with BPP. All patients were evaluated with standard evaluation protocol. All patients were followed up till any event occurred and till 6 years. Out of nine patients treated, six patients are still alive without any progression of disease and are disease free with standard evaluation on follow-up. Two patients died during the 1st year of follow-up. One patient progressed with lung and abdominal metastases 5 months after the completion of treatment and one patient was lost to follow-up. Conclusion: BPP using trimodality therapy is a suitable alternative to radical cystectomy in medically and surgically inoperable carcinoma urinary bladder. These patients should be highly compliant for regular follow-up, and acute and long-term toxicity should be evaluated in detail at each visit. BPP gives a ray of hope in such settings and should be done with caution. In our study, we treated all these patients in our resource constraint settings with good results and high survival rates. Our integrated team of radiation oncologists, medical oncologists, and urologists closely followed up these patients in order to optimize outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The presence of a crack in a blade can change the natural frequencies of that blade. It has long been a goal to detect blade cracks by assessing the change in a measured vibration frequency of the blade over time. It has been found that prior frequency assessment methods can be less accurate than is desirable to reliably detect the relatively small frequency changes that are typically associated with blade crack sizes of practical interest. This paper describes a method in which potential temporal changes in the frequencies of individual blades are assessed by periodically analyzing complete rows of blades using mistuning analysis techniques that treat the blade rows as coupled systems, in contrast to other techniques that consider each blade individually in turn. This method, while computationally complicated and challenging, has been found to be capable of detecting blade root cracks that are much smaller than those that can be detected using other techniques. Moreover, this method has been demonstrated to detect cracks that are much smaller than the critical size for mechanical separation of the blade from the rotor. This improved frequency assessment technique has been used to identify more than 30 blades with frequency changes that were considered to be potential indicators of blade cracks. Subsequent inspections verified indications in all of those blades. In addition to providing operational guidance, the frequency change data were used to infer the time periods during which crack growth had occurred. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For the perovskite halides, current voltage hysteresis is the biggest puzzle to be solved before industrialization in spite of promising features for future photo-voltaic applications. All the possible causes, from the classical (viz., morphology, defects, slow transient capacitance, etc.) to quantum (viz., spin–orbit interaction) ones, are investigated. However, its origin is still under debate, as possibilities showed some ambiguity on the science known until now. In the present work, we have studied the time dependent photo-conduction behavior of CsPbBr 3 in continuous illumination of AM 1.5 G Sun light for 3 h. We observed a negative differential resistance for a forward scanned current–voltage curve in AM 1.5 G Sun light. Our investigations suggest that the photo-current voltage hysteresis is primarily affected by the thermionic-field emission, which slows down the drift velocity of hot charge carriers with field applications. This study will further lead the scientific community to investigate whether this slowdown in drift velocity is related to the Gunn effect or the Rashba effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study pertains to magnetoelectric coupling and energy storage analysis of (1 − x)BiFe0.95Mn0.05O3-xBaTiO3 (BFMO-BT) with x = 0.1, 0.2, 0.3 lead free solid solutions. BFMO-BT solid solutions possessed a cubic structure as confirmed from powder XRD and the Rietveld refinement. A maximum ferroelectric polarization of 0.82 μC/cm2 was observed in BFMO-0.3BT. BFMO-0.3BT exhibited a maximum energy storage density (WU) of 1.97 J/cm3 and an energy conversion efficiency of 81.7%. Enhanced bulk magnetization was associated with the lattice defects; however, it decreased with increased BT content. For BFMO-0.3BT, temperature dependent susceptibility, dielectric measurement, and differential scanning calorimetry measurement revealed the magnetic transition temperature to be 275 °C, 293 °C, and 223 °C, respectively. The linear magnetoelectric coupling coefficient was measured by quantifying change in maximum polarization with respect to the applied magnetic field and was found to be 28.55 mV cm−1 Oe for BFMO-0.3BT. Conductivity measurements of BFMO-0.3BT revealed a maximum value of activation energy, i.e., 0.21 eV at 1 kHz. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We report the development of a finite-element-based solver to compute transport of mass, momentum and energy during evaporation of a sessile droplet on a heated surface. The evaporation is assumed to be quasi-steady and diffusion-limited. The heat transfer between the droplet and substrate and mass transfer of liquid-vapor are solved using a two-way coupling. In particular, here, we develop and implement the formulation of fluid flow inside the droplet in the model. The continuity and Navier–Stokes equations are solved in axisymmetric, cylindrical coordinates. Jump velocity boundary condition is applied on the liquid–gas interface using the evaporation mass flux. The governing equations are discretized in the framework of the Galerkin weight residual approach. A mesh of finite triangular elements with six nodes is utilized, and quadratic shape functions are used to obtain the second-order accurate numerical solution. Two formulations, namely, penalty function and velocity pressure, are employed to obtain discretized equations. The numerical results are the same using both methods, and the latter is around 30–50% faster than the former for the cases of refined grid. Computed flow fields are in excellent agreement with published results. The solver’s capability is demonstrated by solving the internal flow field for a case of a heated substrate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carbohydrate is the major source of energy in our diet, but it spikes blood glucose. A rich carboholic diet with a sedentary lifestyle turned India into a diabetic volcano. Considering the need of the hour, many tools have been developed to analyze and estimate the effect of food on blood glucose (glycemia), like glycemic load (GL), glycemic index (GI) and glycemic glucose equivalents (GGE), etc. Even though the food types are classified based on GI, considering the limitations, GL is a better way for analyzing the effect of food on postprandial blood glucose release. Different food components such as carbohydrates, dietary fibers, proteins, and fats affect the access to the digestive enzyme and thus affecting the rise in blood glucose levels. So, it's vital to understand the interplay of various components- starch, lipid, and protein. Starch quality and digestibility are important parameters. It forms complex with other components and embedded in a matrix, it becomes inaccessible for digestive enzymes and slowly raises blood glucose levels. Study about the appropriate descriptors and factors affecting glycemic response can help in diabetes management. This paper reviews the importance of appropriate descriptors to analyze the glycemic response of food. Also, the factors affecting glycemic response are highlighted that play a key role in the management of blood glucose levels from a nutritional viewpoint. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]