17 results on '"Kristopher J. Hughes"'
Search Results
2. A national survey of anthelmintic resistance in ascarid and strongylid nematodes in Australian Thoroughbred horses
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Ghazanfar Abbas, Abdul Ghafar, Emma McConnell, Anne Beasley, Jenni Bauquier, Edwina J.A. Wilkes, Charles El-Hage, Peter Carrigan, Lucy Cudmore, John Hurley, Charles G. Gauci, Ian Beveridge, Elysia Ling, Caroline Jacobson, Mark A. Stevenson, Martin K. Nielsen, Kristopher J. Hughes, and Abdul Jabbar
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Horse ,Cyathostomins ,Parascaris spp. ,Anthelmintic resistance ,Egg reappearance period ,Macrocyclic lactones ,Infectious and parasitic diseases ,RC109-216 - Abstract
This study quantified the extent of anthelmintic resistance (AR) in ascarid and strongylid nematodes against commonly used anthelmintics in Australian Thoroughbred horses. Faecal egg count reduction tests (FECRTs, n = 86) and egg reappearance period (ERP) tests were conducted on 22 farms across Australia. Faecal egg counts (FECs) were determined using the modified McMaster technique, and percent faecal egg count reduction (%FECR) was calculated using the Bayesian hierarchical model and hybrid Frequentist/Bayesian analysis method. The results were interpreted using old (published in 1992) and new (2023) research guidelines of the World Association for the Advancement of Veterinary Parasitology (WAAVP). The species composition of strongylid nematodes was detected utilising a DNA-metabarcoding method using pre- and post-treatment samples. Resistance was observed in strongylid nematodes to commonly used single-active and combination anthelmintics, including ivermectin (IVM %FECR range: 82%–92%; 95% lower credible interval (LCI) range: 80%–90%), abamectin (ABM: 73%–92%; 65%–88%), moxidectin (MOX: 89%–91%; 84%–89%), oxfendazole (OFZ: 0%–56%; 0%–31%) and its combination with pyrantel (OFZ + PYR: 0%–82%; 0%–78%). Resistance in Parascaris spp. was observed to IVM (10%–43%; 0%–36%), ABM (0%; 0%) and MOX (0%; 0%). When the new thresholds recommended by the WAAVP were used, AR was detected in six additional FECRTs for strongylids and three more tests for Parascaris spp., introducing resistance to OFZ and OFZ + PYR in the latter. Shortened ERPs (4–6 weeks) of strongylids were observed in 31 FECRTs in which AR was not detected at 2 weeks post-treatment for all the anthelmintics tested. Among cyathostomins, Cylicocyclus nassatus, Cylicostephanus longibursatus and Coronocyclus coronatus were the most prevalent species at 2 weeks post-treatment, whereas the main species appearing at five weeks following treatments with macrocyclic lactones were Cylicocyclus nassatus, Cylicostephanus longibursatus and Cylicocyclus ashworthi. After treatment with OFZ + PYR, the latter three, plus Coronocyclus coronatus and Cyathostomum catinatum, were detected at 5 weeks post-treatment. Overall, the study highlights the prevalence of AR in both ascarids and strongylid nematodes against commonly used anthelmintic products to control worms in Australian horses. The results indicate that ML combination products provided acceptable efficacy at 2 weeks. However, ERP calculations suggest that products work less effectively than previously measured. It is suggested to regularly monitor the efficacy of the anthelmintics and consider changing the worm control practices to better manage worms and AR in Australian horses.
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- 2024
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3. Assessment of worm control practices recommended by equine veterinarians in Australia
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Ghazanfar Abbas, Mark A. Stevenson, Jenni Bauquier, Anne Beasley, Caroline Jacobson, Charles El-Hage, Edwina J. A. Wilkes, Peter Carrigan, Lucy Cudmore, John Hurley, Ian Beveridge, Martin K. Nielsen, Kristopher J. Hughes, and Abdul Jabbar
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questionnaire survey ,equine veterinarians ,thoroughbred ,worm control ,Australia ,Veterinary medicine ,SF600-1100 - Abstract
This study aimed to assess Australian veterinarians’ knowledge, perceptions and treatment strategies for worm control in horses with an online questionnaire. The questionnaire comprised 64 questions covering various aspects of: (i) veterinary practice; (ii) the veterinarian’s knowledge of gastrointestinal nematodes (GINs) and the importance of parasites in different age groups of horses; (iii) the diagnosis and control of worms; (iv) anthelmintics and anthelmintic resistance (AR); (v) grazing management; and (vi) the means of communication and the discussion between veterinarians and their clients regarding worm control. Following a pilot survey, a link for the questionnaire survey was sent to all (n = 1,148) registered members of Equine Veterinarians Australia in April 2020. The response rate for the questionnaire was 10% (118 of 1,148). The findings of this study illustrate veterinarians’ good understanding of aspects of equine parasites, including control. However, respondents mainly recommended frequent, interval-based prophylactic deworming in young horses, and only 40% (96 of 239) diagnosed GIN infections based on faecal egg count (FEC) results in all age groups of horses. Furthermore, only 27% (88 of 330) of the respondents made deworming decisions based on FECs. Most of the respondents recommended macrocyclic lactones (MLs) for all age groups of horses (71%, 481 of 677), and the most frequently used method to calculate the dose of anthelmintics was by estimating the weight of animals visually (53%, 63 of 118). Although the majority of respondents (97%, 115 of 118) perceived AR to be a critical issue in managing worms in horses, 58% (67 of 118) of them were unaware of the status of AR on their clients’ properties. Forty-two percent (50 of 118) of the respondents perceived the presence of AR in worms, including pinworms (16%), strongylins (15%), species of Draschia and Habronema (6%), Strongyloides westeri (2%) and tapeworms (1%). Twenty-seven percent (32 of 118) of the respondents rarely discussed equine worm control practices with their clients. This study provides insights into the perception and worm control practices recommended by Australian veterinarians to manage equine parasites. The findings highlight the importance of continued education and awareness of AR, and the use of non-chemical methods as well as consideration of the legislation of prescription-only use of anthelmintics based on FECs to achieve sustainable control of GINs in Australian horses.
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- 2023
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4. Egg reappearance periods of anthelmintics against equine cyathostomins: The state of play revisited
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Stephanie L. Macdonald, Ghazanfar Abbas, Abdul Ghafar, Charles G. Gauci, Jenni Bauquier, Charles El-Hage, Brett Tennent-Brown, Edwina J.A. Wilkes, Anne Beasley, Caroline Jacobson, Lucy Cudmore, Peter Carrigan, John Hurley, Ian Beveridge, Kristopher J. Hughes, Martin K. Nielsen, and Abdul Jabbar
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Egg reappearance period ,Cyathostomins ,Anthelmintics ,Anthelmintic resistance ,Strongylid ,Horse ,Infectious and parasitic diseases ,RC109-216 - Abstract
Cyathostomins are the most common and highly prevalent parasites of horses worldwide. Historically, the control of cyathostomins has mainly relied on the routine use of anthelmintic products. Increasing reports on anthelmintic resistance (AR) in cyathostomins are concerning. A potential method proposed for detecting emerging AR in cyathostomins has been estimating the egg reappearance period (ERP). This paper reviews the data available for the ERP of cyathostomins against the three major classes of anthelmintics, macrocyclic lactones, tetrahydropyrimidines, and benzimidazoles. Published peer-reviewed original research articles were obtained from three databases (PubMed, CAB Direct and Web of Science) and were evaluated for their inclusion in a systematic review. Subsets of articles were then subjected to a review of ERP data. A total of 54 (of 134) studies published between 1972 and 2022 met the criteria for inclusion in the systematic review. Until the beginning of 2022, there was no agreed definition of the ERP; eight definitions of ERP were identified in the literature, complicating the comparison between studies. Additionally, potential risk factors for the shortening of the ERP, including previous anthelmintic use and climate, were frequently not described. Reports of shortened ERP for moxidectin and ivermectin are frequent: 20 studies that used comparable ERP definitions reported shortened moxidectin and ivermectin ERPs of 35 and 28 days, respectively. It is unclear whether the ERPs of these anthelmintics reduced to such levels are due to the development of AR or some biological factors related to horses, cyathostomin species, and/or the environment. The ERPs for other anthelmintics, such as fenbendazole and pyrantel, were frequently not reported due to established resistance against these drugs. Future research in horses is required to understand the mechanism(s) behind the shortening of ERP for cyathostomins. Based on this systematic review, we propose recommendations for future ERP studies.
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- 2023
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5. Cyathostomin resistance to moxidectin and combinations of anthelmintics in Australian horses
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Ghazanfar Abbas, Abdul Ghafar, John Hurley, Jenni Bauquier, Anne Beasley, Edwina J. A. Wilkes, Caroline Jacobson, Charles El-Hage, Lucy Cudmore, Peter Carrigan, Brett Tennent-Brown, Charles G. Gauci, Martin K. Nielsen, Kristopher J. Hughes, Ian Beveridge, and Abdul Jabbar
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Australian thoroughbred horses ,Cyathostomins ,Egg reappearance period ,Moxidectin ,Resistance ,FECRT ,Infectious and parasitic diseases ,RC109-216 - Abstract
Abstract Background Cyathostomins are the most important and common parasitic nematodes of horses, with > 50 species known to occur worldwide. The frequent and indiscriminate use of anthelmintics has resulted in the development of anthelmintic resistance (AR) in horse nematodes. In this study we assessed the efficacy of commonly used anthelmintics against cyathostomins in Australian thoroughbred horses. Methods Two drug efficacy trials per farm were conducted on two thoroughbred horse farms in the state of Victoria, Australia. In the first trial, the horses on Farm A were treated with single and combinations of anthelmintics, including oxfendazole (OFZ), abamectin (ABM), abamectin and morantel (ABM + MOR), moxidectin (MOX) and oxfendazole and pyrantel (OFZ + PYR), at the recommended doses, whereas the horses on Farm B only received MOX, at the recommended dose. The faecal egg count reduction test (FECRT) was used to determine the efficacy and egg reappearance period (ERP) of anthelmintics. Based on the results of the first trial, the efficacies of MOX and a combination of ABM + MOR were reassessed to confirm their activities against cyathostomins. Results Of the five anthelmintic products tested on Farm A, resistance against OFZ, ABM and OFZ + PYR was found, with efficacies of − 41% (− 195% lower confidence limit [LCL]), 73% (60% LCL) and 82% (66% LCL) at 2 weeks post-treatment, respectively. The FECRT showed high efficacies of MOX and ABM + MOR (100%) at 2 week post-treatment and shortened ERPs for these anthelmintics (ABM + MOR: 4 weeks; MOX: 5 weeks). Resistance to MOX was found on Farm B, with a reduced efficacy of 90% (70% LCL) and 89% (82% LCL) at 2 weeks post-treatment in trials one and two, respectively. Conclusions This study provides the first evidence of MOX- and multidrug-resistant (ABM and combinations of anthelmintics) cyathostomins in Australia and indicates the need for continuous surveillance of the efficacy of currently effective anthelmintics and large-scale investigations to assess the ERP for various anthelmintics. Graphical Abstract
- Published
- 2021
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6. Molecular detection of Strongyloides sp. in Australian Thoroughbred foals
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Ghazanfar Abbas, Abdul Ghafar, Anson V. Koehler, Jenni Bauquier, Edwina J. A. Wilkes, Caroline Jacobson, Anne Beasley, John Hurley, Lucy Cudmore, Peter Carrigan, Brett Tennent-Brown, Charles El-Hage, Martin K. Nielsen, Charles G. Gauci, Kristopher J. Hughes, Ian Beveridge, and Abdul Jabbar
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Australian Thoroughbred horses ,Strongyloides sp. ,Genetic characterisation ,Sanger sequencing ,Infectious and parasitic diseases ,RC109-216 - Abstract
Abstract Background Strongyloides westeri is found in the small intestine of young horses, mainly in foals up to about 16 weeks of age. The main source of infection for foals is through transmammary transmission, and foals can develop acute diarrhoea, weakness, dermatitis and respiratory signs. The epidemiology of S. westeri in Australia is largely unknown. Further, molecular techniques have never been employed for detection of S. westeri in horses. This pilot study aimed to assess the utility of a molecular phylogenetic method for the detection of S. westeri in the faeces of foals. Methods Faecal samples were collected from a foal of less than 2 months of age, and eggs of Strongyloides sp. were detected using the modified McMaster technique. DNA was extracted from purified eggs, and a partial fragment of the small subunit of the nuclear ribosomal DNA (18S) was characterised using polymerase chain reaction, DNA sequencing and phylogenetic methods. Results Microscopic examination of faeces revealed small ellipsoidal eggs typical of Strongyloides sp. The 18S sequence generated by PCR in this study revealed 98.4% identity with that of a reference sequence of S. westeri available from GenBank. Phylogenetic analyses revealed a polyphyletic clustering of S. westeri sequences. Conclusion This is the first study reporting the detection of DNA of Strongyloides sp. in faeces of a foal using a molecular phylogenetic approach targeting the variable region of 18S rDNA. It is anticipated that this study will allow future molecular epidemiological studies on S. westeri in horses. Graphical abstract
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- 2021
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7. Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic effects of 2 registered omeprazole preparations and varying dose rates in horses
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Jessica C. Wise, Kristopher J. Hughes, Scott Edwards, Glenn A. Jacobson, Christian K. Narkowicz, and Sharanne L. Raidal
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bioavailability ,enteric‐coated omeprazole ,gastric ulcer healing ,gastric ulcers ,Veterinary medicine ,SF600-1100 - Abstract
Abstract Background Omeprazole preparations vary in bioavailability in horses. Hypothesis/Objectives To characterize the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of an existing enteric‐coated oral omeprazole paste (REF) and a novel, in‐feed, enteric‐coated dry granule preparation (NOV). Animals Twelve Standardbred/Thoroughbred mares free from clinical disease. Methods A prospective, blinded randomized interventional study was trial, conducted in 3 parts: (a) bioavailability study, (b) dose titration study, and (c) comparative clinical pharmacodynamic study, each using a blocked crossover design. Results Consistent with the larger dose administered, Cmax (median, 1032 ng/mL; range, 576‐1766) and AUC0‐24 (median, 63.9 μg/mL*min; range, 42.4‐152.4) were greater after single oral administration of NOV than REF (282.7 ng/mL; range, 94.8‐390.2, and 319 23.8 μg/mL*min; range, 8.2‐42.3, respectively; both P = .004). No differences were observed between products for absolute oral bioavailability (NOV 55% range, 15‐88; REF 17% range, 10‐77; P = .25). Treatment with both preparations was associated with reduced gastric squamous ulcer scores and increased pH of gastric fluid. Bioequivalence was demonstrated for pharmacodynamic measures with the exception of % time pH
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- 2021
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8. Interobserver and intraobserver reliability for 2 grading systems for gastric ulcer syndrome in horses
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Jessica C. Wise, Edwina J.A. Wilkes, Sharanne L. Raidal, Gang Xie, Danielle E. Crosby, Josephine N. Hale, and Kristopher J. Hughes
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EGUS ,grading systems ,horse ,reliability ,VAS ,Veterinary medicine ,SF600-1100 - Abstract
Abstract Background Grading of equine gastric ulcer syndrome (EGUS) is undertaken in clinical and research settings, but the reliability of EGUS grading systems is poorly understood. Hypothesis/Objectives Investigate interobserver and intraobserver reliability of an established ordinal grading system and a novel visual analog scale (VAS), and assess the influence of observer experience. Animals Sixty deidentified gastroscopy videos. Methods Six observers (3 specialists and 3 residents) graded videos using the EGUS Council (EGUC) system and VAS. Observers graded the videos three 3 for each system, using a cross‐over design with at least 1 week between each phase. The order of videos was randomized for each phase. Methods Interobserver and intraobserver reliability were estimated using Gwet's agreement coefficient with ordinal weights applied (AC2) for the EGUC system and the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) for the VAS. Results Using the EGUC system, interobserver reliability was substantial for squamous (AC2 = 0.69; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.57‐0.80) and glandular mucosa (AC2 = 0.72; 95% CI, 0.70‐0.75), and intraobserver reliability was substantial for squamous (AC2 = 0.80; 95% CI, 0.71‐0.90) and glandular mucosa (AC2 = 0.80; 95% CI, 0.74‐0.86). Interobserver reliability using the VAS was moderate for squamous (ICC = 0.64; 95% CI, 0.31‐0.96) and poor for glandular mucosa (ICC = 0.35; 95% CI, 0.06‐0.64), and intraobserver reliability was moderate for squamous (ICC = 0.74; 95% CI, 0.62‐0.86) and glandular mucosa (ICC = 0.56; 95% CI, 0.39‐0.72). Conclusions and Clinical Importance The EGUC system had acceptable intraobserver and interobserver reliability and performed well regardless of observer experience. Familiarity and observer experience improved reliability of the VAS.
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- 2021
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9. Pituitary Pars Intermedia Dysfunction (PPID) in Horses
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Naomi C. Kirkwood, Kristopher J. Hughes, and Allison J. Stewart
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endocrine ,geriatric ,hypertrichosis ,immune dysfunction ,laminitis ,insulin dysregulation ,Veterinary medicine ,SF600-1100 - Abstract
Substantial morbidity results from pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction (PPID) which is often underestimated by owners and veterinarians. Clinical signs, pathophysiology, diagnostic tests, and treatment protocols of this condition are reviewed. The importance of improved recognition of early clinical signs and diagnosis are highlighted, as initiation of treatment will result in improved quality of life. Future research should be targeted at improving the accuracy of the diagnosis of PPID, as basal adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) concentration can lack sensitivity and thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) used to assess ACTH response to TRH stimulation is not commercially available as a sterile registered product in many countries. The relationship between PPID and insulin dysregulation and its association with laminitis, as well as additional management practices and long-term responses to treatment with pergolide also require further investigation.
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- 2022
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10. Prospective Case Series of Clinical Signs and Adrenocorticotrophin (ACTH) Concentrations in Seven Horses Transitioning to Pituitary Pars Intermedia Dysfunction (PPID)
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Naomi C. Kirkwood, Kristopher J. Hughes, and Allison J. Stewart
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endocrine ,geriatric ,hypertrichosis ,immune dysfunction ,α-melanocyte stimulating hormone (α-MSH) ,proopiomelanocortin (POMC) derived peptides ,Veterinary medicine ,SF600-1100 - Abstract
Poor recognition of subtle clinical abnormalities and equivocal ACTH concentrations make early diagnosis of PPID difficult. Progressive clinical findings and corresponding ACTH concentrations in horses transitioning to PPID over time have not been documented. Seven horses with ACTH concentrations equivocal for PPID (utilizing locally derived, seasonally adjusted diagnostic-cut off values (DCOV)) and no clinical signs of PPID were selected. Sequential measurement of basal and thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)-stimulated ACTH concentrations and recording of clinical findings occurred from October 2017 to November 2021 in a prospective case series. In two horses, marked hypertrichosis developed. Although 1/11 basal ACTH concentrations were below DCOV in 2018, subsequently all basal ACTH concentrations in these two horses without treatment were greater than DCOV. One horse was treated with pergolide which normalized basal ACTH concentrations. Four horses developed intermittent, mild hypertrichosis, and one horse never developed hypertrichosis. Basal ACTH concentrations in these five horses were greater than DCOV in 63/133 (47.4%) of testing points. TRH-stimulated ACTH concentrations in these five horses were greater than DCOV in 77/133 (57.9%) of testing points, sometimes markedly increased and greater than the assay upper limit of detection (LoD) of 1250pg/mL. TRH-stimulated ACTH concentrations were most frequently positive in late summer and early autumn, with 24/37 (64.9%) of TRH-stimulated ACTH concentrations greater than the DCOV in February and March. Horses transitioning to PPID can have subtle clinical signs and equivocal ACTH concentrations. However, TRH-stimulated ACTH concentrations can be markedly greater than DCOV, especially in late summer and early autumn (February and March) allowing for identification of subclinical and transitional cases.
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- 2022
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11. Comparative studies on faecal egg counting techniques used for the detection of gastrointestinal parasites of equines: A systematic review
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Abdul Ghafar, Ghazanfar Abbas, Justine King, Caroline Jacobson, Kristopher J. Hughes, Charles El-Hage, Anne Beasley, Jenni Bauquier, Edwina J.A. Wilkes, John Hurley, Lucy Cudmore, Peter Carrigan, Brett Tennent-Brown, Martin K. Nielsen, Charles G. Gauci, Ian Beveridge, and Abdul Jabbar
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Anoplocephala ,Ascarid ,Comparison ,Equine ,Faecal egg counting technique ,Strongyle ,Infectious and parasitic diseases ,RC109-216 - Abstract
Faecal egg counting techniques (FECT) form the cornerstone for the detection of gastrointestinal parasites in equines. For this purpose, several flotation, centrifugation, image- and artificial intelligence-based techniques are used, with varying levels of performance. This review aimed to critically appraise the literature on the assessment and comparison of various coprological techniques and/or modifications of these techniques used for equines and to identify the knowledge gaps and future research directions. We searched three databases for published scientific studies on the assessment and comparison of FECT in equines and included 27 studies in the final synthesis. Overall, the performance parameters of McMaster (81.5%), Mini-FLOTAC® (33.3%) and simple flotation (25.5%) techniques were assessed in most of the studies, with 77.8% of them comparing the performance of at least two or three methods. The detection of strongyle, Parascaris spp. and cestode eggs was assessed for various FECT in 70.4%, 18.5% and 18.5% studies, respectively. A sugar-based flotation solution with a specific gravity of ≥1.2 was found to be the optimal flotation solution for parasitic eggs in the majority of FECT. No uniform or standardised protocol was followed for the comparison of various FECT, and the tested sample size (i.e. equine population and faecal samples) also varied substantially across all studies. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first systematic review to evaluate studies on the comparison of FECT in equines and it highlights important knowledge gaps in the evaluation and comparison of such techniques.
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- 2021
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12. Absence of Polymorphisms in Codons 167, 198 and 200 of All Seven β-Tubulin Isotypes of Benzimidazole Susceptible and Resistant Parascaris spp. Specimens from Australia
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Murat Özben, Georg von Samson-Himmelstjerna, Malene K. B. Freiin von Streit, Edwina J. A. Wilkes, Kristopher J. Hughes, and Jürgen Krücken
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Parascaris ,benzimidazoles ,anthelmintic resistance ,beta-tubulin paralogs ,genotyping ,Medicine - Abstract
Benzimidazoles resistance is widespread in strongyle parasitic nematodes and associated with polym orphisms in the codons 167, 198 and 200 of isotype 1 β-tubulin (tbb-1). In ascarids, benzimidazole (BZ) resistance has rarely been reported and in none of these cases were any of these polymorphisms detected. Here, available genome and transcriptome data from WormBase ParaSite were used to compare the complete β-tubulin reservoirs of Parascaris univalens, Ascaris suum and Ascaris lumbricoides. Adult Parascaris spp. specimens collected in Australia from horses after BZ treatment (susceptible, n = 13) or surviving BZ treatment and collected after ivermectin treatment (resistant, n = 10) were genotyped regarding codons 167, 198 and 200 using Sanger sequencing. Phylogenetic analyses clearly showed that there are no one-to-one ascarid orthologs of strongyle tbb-1 genes. In the reference genomes, as well as phenotypically susceptible and resistant Parascaris spp. from Australia, six out of seven β-tubulin genes showed a BZ-susceptible genotype (F167, E198, F200). The only exception were the testis-specific β-tubulin D genes from all three ascarid species that encode tyrosine at codon 200. This was observed independently of the BZ-susceptibility phenotype of Parascaris spp. These data suggest that different mechanisms lead to BZ resistance in ascarid and strongyle nematodes.
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- 2022
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13. Factors Associated With Survival and Return to Function Following Synovial Infections in Horses
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Danielle E. Crosby, Raphael Labens, Kristopher J. Hughes, Sharon Nielsen, and Bryan J. Hilbert
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horse ,joint ,synovial structure ,outcome ,prognosis ,Veterinary medicine ,SF600-1100 - Abstract
Synovial infections (SI) are common in horses of all ages and can be associated with high rates of morbidity and mortality. Identifying factors influencing survival and return to function may be useful for management of affected individuals and determination of prognosis. The objectives of this study were to identify factors associated with survival and return to function of horses and foals with SI presented to an equine hospital. This study is a retrospective case series. Data were collected from medical records of all horses with SI that were presented to a single equine hospital between April 1st, 2008 and May 1st, 2017. Long–term follow up was obtained by a semi-structured telephone questionnaire of clinical outcomes and analysis of online race records. Univariate models were created using generalized linear and linear mixed models to assess factors associated with outcomes. Multivariable models were created using generalized linear and linear mixed models to determine factors significantly associated with outcomes. Of 186 horses presented with SI, 161/186 (86.6%) were treated and 145/161 (90.1%) survived to discharge. The majority of joints were treated with synovial lavage (93.8%). One hundred and twenty horses were included in the return to function analysis and 79 (65%) returned to function. Increasing number of days of treatment with systemic antimicrobials was associated with increased likelihood of survival for each horse (OR 1.15, 95% CI 1.04−1.27, P = 0.025) and when considering each individual synovial structure (OR 1.11, 95% CI 1.04−1.17, P = 0.004). Horses treated with doxycycline were less likely to return to function (OR 0.39, 95% CI 0.19−0.8, P = 0.031). The overall rate of survival of horses treated with SI is good. The likelihood of return to function is lower than for survival. The findings of this study, combined with relevant antimicrobial stewardship practices, can be used as a part of evidence-based decision-making when veterinarians are treating horses with SI.
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- 2019
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14. Molecular diagnostics for gastrointestinal helminths in equids: Past, present and future
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Abdul Ghafar, Ghazanfar Abbas, Anne Beasley, Jenni Bauquier, Edwina J.A. Wilkes, Caroline Jacobson, Emma McConnell, Charles El-Hage, Peter Carrigan, Lucy Cudmore, Brett Tennent-Brown, John Hurley, Martin K. Nielsen, Charles G. Gauci, Ian Beveridge, Kristopher J. Hughes, and Abdul Jabbar
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Anthelmintics ,Strongyloidea ,Strongylus ,General Veterinary ,Helminths ,Animals ,Parasitology ,Horse Diseases ,General Medicine ,Horses ,Pathology, Molecular - Abstract
This review is aimed to (i) appraise the literature on the use of molecular techniques for the detection, quantification and differentiation of gastrointestinal helminths (GIH) of equids, (ii) identify the knowledge gaps and, (iii) discuss diagnostic prospects in equine parasitology. Following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines for systematic reviews, we retrieved 54 studies (horses: 50/54; donkeys and zebras: 4/54) from four databases. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was employed in all of the studies whereas PCR amplicons were sequenced in only 18 of them. Other techniques used (including modifications of PCR) were reverse line blot, quantitative (q)PCR, restriction fragment length polymorphism, nested-PCR, PCR-directed next-generation sequencing, Southern blotting, single strand conformation polymorphism, PCR-enzyme linked immunosorbent assay, matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionisation-time of flight and random amplification of polymorphic DNA. Most of the studies (53/54) used nuclear ribosomal RNA (including the internal transcribed spacers, intergenic spacer, 5.8 S, 18 S, 28 S and 12 S) as target loci while cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 and random genomic regions were targeted in only three and one studies, respectively. Overall, to date, the majority of molecular studies have focused on the diagnosis and identification of GIHs of equids (i.e. species of Anoplocephala, Craterostomum, cyathostomins, Oesophagodontus, Parascaris, Strongylus, Strongyloides and Triodontophorus), with a recent shift towards investigations on anthelmintic resistance and the use of high-throughput nemabiome metabarcoding. With the increasing reports of anthelmintic resistance in equid GIHs, it is crucial to develop and apply techniques such as advanced metabarcoding for surveillance of parasite populations in order to gain detailed insights into their diversity and sustainable control. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first systematic review that evaluates molecular investigations published on the diagnosis and quantification of equid GIHs and provides useful insights into important knowledge gaps and future research directions in equid molecular parasitology.
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- 2022
15. Absence of Polymorphisms in Codons 167, 198 and 200 of All Seven β-Tubulin Isotypes of Benzimidazole Susceptible and Resistant Parascaris spp. Specimens from Australia
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Krücken, Murat Özben, Georg von Samson-Himmelstjerna, Malene K. B. Freiin von Streit, Edwina J. A. Wilkes, Kristopher J. Hughes, and Jürgen
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parasitic diseases ,Parascaris ,benzimidazoles ,anthelmintic resistance ,beta-tubulin paralogs ,genotyping - Abstract
Benzimidazoles resistance is widespread in strongyle parasitic nematodes and associated with polym orphisms in the codons 167, 198 and 200 of isotype 1 β-tubulin (tbb-1). In ascarids, benzimidazole (BZ) resistance has rarely been reported and in none of these cases were any of these polymorphisms detected. Here, available genome and transcriptome data from WormBase ParaSite were used to compare the complete β-tubulin reservoirs of Parascaris univalens, Ascaris suum and Ascaris lumbricoides. Adult Parascaris spp. specimens collected in Australia from horses after BZ treatment (susceptible, n = 13) or surviving BZ treatment and collected after ivermectin treatment (resistant, n = 10) were genotyped regarding codons 167, 198 and 200 using Sanger sequencing. Phylogenetic analyses clearly showed that there are no one-to-one ascarid orthologs of strongyle tbb-1 genes. In the reference genomes, as well as phenotypically susceptible and resistant Parascaris spp. from Australia, six out of seven β-tubulin genes showed a BZ-susceptible genotype (F167, E198, F200). The only exception were the testis-specific β-tubulin D genes from all three ascarid species that encode tyrosine at codon 200. This was observed independently of the BZ-susceptibility phenotype of Parascaris spp. These data suggest that different mechanisms lead to BZ resistance in ascarid and strongyle nematodes.
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- 2022
- Full Text
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16. Author response for 'Pre‐race and race management impacts serum muscle enzyme activity in Australian endurance horses'
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null Petra Buckley, null David J. Buckley, null Rafael Freire, and null Kristopher J. Hughes
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- 2020
17. Ultrasonographic examination of the painful equine eye
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Kristopher J. Hughes
- Subjects
medicine.medical_specialty ,genetic structures ,General Veterinary ,business.industry ,Hospital setting ,food and beverages ,Ocular ultrasonography ,Ultrasonographic examination ,eye diseases ,Periocular swelling ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,Ophthalmology ,Medicine ,Optometry ,sense organs ,Ultrasonography ,business ,Ocular pain ,Orbit (anatomy) - Abstract
ULTRASONOGRAPHY is a non‐invasive diagnostic procedure that can be used to examine the equine optic globe, orbit and periocular tissues. In particular, ultrasonographic examination can provide valuable information that cannot be obtained by direct visualisation or the use of other diagnostic techniques when periocular swelling or opacity of the ocular media is present. Ultrasonography is also useful for assessing globe size and position. Given the location of the eye, the procedure is usually simple to perform and a systematic examination can be undertaken quickly, producing good-quality images. However, an understanding of the normal sonographic appearance of the ocular and orbital tissues is of paramount importance to facilitate image interpretation. Painful conditions of the equine eye are encountered commonly in veterinary practice and ocular ultrasonography can be performed without the need for specialist equipment in a field or hospital setting, and findings can facilitate selection of appropriate treatment and allow meaningful prognostication. This article describes how to carry out ocular ultrasonography and discusses image interpretation, with particular reference to horses presenting with ocular pain.
- Published
- 2009
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