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Laser micro drilling is a non-conventional machining process which uses thermal energy to remove material from the workpiece. This paper presents the parametric study on Nd:YAG laser micro drilling of 2 mm thickness INCONEL 825 plate a Nickel based super alloy which have found purpose in nuclear, aerospace, and production industries due its high strength and resistant to oxidation at high temperature. The present work is to improve the geometrical characteristic like hole taper and hole circularity. Integrated grey Taguchi based Response surface methodology (GT-RSM) was used to predict optimal cutting condition . The effect of process parameters such as air pressure, trepanning speed, frequency and lamp current on the output response hole circularity at entry and hole taper is studied by grey based response surface methodology. Lamp current and air pressure is determined most influential parameter on hole circularity and hole taper.

Study Design Prospective comparative pre–post study. Purpose To evaluate the effects of game-based virtual reality (VR) training program for trunk postural control and balance in patients with spinal cord injury (SCI) and to assess the results according to the motor completeness (severity) of lesions using the American Spinal Injury Association Impairment Scale (AIS). Overview of Literature Training with VR based gaming has a role to play in improving balance in patients with SCI. Methods Patients with SCI (traumatic and non-traumatic) for 80%). One-third of them had tetraplegia and two-third had paraplegia. Between-group analyses showed no statistically significant differences in the main effects between groups (p-value: BBS, 0.396; POMA-B, 0.238; FRS, 0.294), suggesting that the EG group did not show significant improvement in the trunk and posture at the end of training sessions than the CG group. Similarly, no significant difference was observed according to the severity (completeness) of SCI in the between-group analyses using the AIS (A/B vs. C/D). Conclusions VR is an adjunctive therapy for balance rehabilitation in patients with SCI.

The vaccination game is a social dilemma that refers to the conundrum individuals face (to get immunized or not) when the population is exposed to an infectious disease. The model has recently gained much traction due to the COVID-19 pandemic since the public perception of vaccines plays a significant role in disease dynamics. This paper studies the vaccination game in the thermodynamic limit with an analytical method derived from the 1D Ising model called Nash equilibrium mapping. The individual dilemma regarding Vaccination comes from an internal conflict wherein one tries to balance the perceived advantages of immunizing with the apparent risks associated with Vaccination which they hear through different news media. We compare the results of Nash equilibrium(NE) mapping to other 1D Ising-based models, namely Darwinian evolution and agent-based simulation. This study aims to analyze the behaviour of an infinite population regarding what fraction of people choose to vaccinate or not vaccinate. While Nash equilibrium mapping and agent-based simulation agree mostly, Darwinian evolution strays far from the two models. It fails to predict the equilibrium behaviour of players in the population reasonably. We apply the results of our study to analyze the Astra-Zeneca(AZ) COVID-19 vaccine risk versus disease deaths debate, both via NE mapping and agent-based method. Both predict near 100% AZ vaccine coverage for people above 40, notwithstanding the risk. At the same time, younger people show a slight reluctance. We predict that while government intervention via vaccination mandates and advertisement campaigns is unnecessary for the older population, for the younger population (ages: 20-39), some encouragement from the government via media campaigns and vaccine mandates may be necessary., Comment: 11 pages, 4 figures

Background: The anticancer activities of host defense peptides (HDPs) are mainly attributed to their cell penetrating activity. Accordingly, several approaches based on machine learning, calculating the membrane pore formation ability, have been proposed for the anti-cancer peptide identification. Since the membranolytic activity can lead to nonspecific effects, like hemolysis, the therapeutic application of such molecules is limited. In this context, we considered the immunomodulatory activity of HDPs, which is regulated by specific membrane targets and immunomodulatory pathways in immune cells. As many immunomodulators are aberrantly expressed in cancer cells, the possibility of the activation of an immunomodulatory pathway was investigated for a novel anticancer HDP, SSTP1.Methods: The fourteen mature peptides identified by shotgun cloning from the frog-skin secretions were screened for cytotoxicity in oral cancer cells. The mechanism of action of the selected peptide, SSTP1 was investigated in comparison to its inactive mutant, SSTP2. An RNA-Seq coupled with pathway enrichment analysis was performed to identify the upstream signaling leading to the mitochondrial pathway of apoptosis. Since the activation of the IL6/IL6R pathway was suggested, we performed in silico docking studies to find the binding of SSTP1 to the IL6/IL6Rα/gp130 complex. The dynamic simulation predicted the conformational changes in the active site residues. The confocal co-localization studies, pull-down assay, FRET analysis, western blot and reporter assays were performed to elucidate the role of the IL6/IL6R pathway in SSTP1-induced apoptosis. Specific small molecule inhibitors and neutralizing antibodies were used to ascertain the role of the IL6/IL6Rα/gp130 complex in the activation of JNK/AP1 pathway-dependent cell death.Results: SSTP1, a novel temporin, modulates the IL6 pathway and induces apoptosis when it binds to IL6Rα on the active IL6/IL6Rα/gp130 complex, rearranging the active site residues. In contrast to the IL6 blockers inhibiting JAK/STAT activity, SSTP1 shifts the proliferative IL6/JAK/STAT signaling to the apoptotic IL6/JNK/AP1 pathway. In IL6Rα-overexpressing cancer cells, apoptosis is preferred over the membranolytic activity, upon SSTP1 treatment.Conclusions: Here, we provide the evidence of an HDP-induced signaling through immunomodulators, leading to apoptosis in cancer cells. Our study also implies the importance of identifying the targets of HDPs for their clinical application

This study investigated potential reactivity of fly ash for geopolymerization. A combined dissolution of fly ash in NaOH in conjunction with HCl extraction of fly ash-NaOH residue is proposed in this study to more accurately estimate the total reactive content and reactive Si/Al ratio of fly ash. Results show that the total reactive content of fly ash used in the current study is about 68.80%, similar to the amorphous content (66.28%) obtained using quantitative XRD and XRF. The values of reactive Si/Al ratios are between 2.65 and 2.98 depending on the duration of dissolution. The reactive Si/Al values differ significantly from the total Si/Al ratio (1.63) calculated using XRF results and also differ from the vitreous Si/Al ratio (3.75) calculated using combined XRF and XRD results. The results suggest that total or vitreous Si/Al ratio should not be used for mix proportioning of fly ash geopolymers as is generally used for metakaolin-based geopolymers. Instead, the reactive Si/Al ratio determined based on the current study should be used for fly ash geopolymer mix design.

How cooperation evolves and manifests itself in the thermodynamic or infinite player limit of social dilemma games is a matter of intense speculation. Various analytical methods have been proposed to analyse the thermodynamic limit of social dilemmas. In a previous work [Chaos Solitons and fractals 135, 109762(2020)] involving one among us, two of those methods, Hamiltonian Dynamics(HD) and Nash equilibrium(NE) mapping were compared. The inconsistency and incorrectness of HD approach vis-a-vis NE mapping was brought to light. In this work we compare a third analytical method, i.e, Darwinian evolution(DE) with NE mapping and a numerical agent based approach. For completeness, we give results for HD approach as well. In contrast to HD which involves maximisation of payoffs of all individuals, in DE, payoff of a single player is maximised with respect to its nearest neighbour. While, HD utterly fails as compared to NE mapping, DE method gives a false positive for game magnetisation -- the net difference between the fraction of cooperators and defectors -- when payoffs obey the condition a+d=b+c, wherein a, d represent the diagonal elements and b, c the off diagonal elements in symmetric social dilemma games. When either a+d =/= b+c or, when one looks at average payoff per player, DE method fails much like the HD approach. NE mapping and numerical agent based method on the other hand agree really well for both game magnetisation as well as average payoff per player for the social dilemmas in question, i.e., Hawk-Dove game and Public goods game. This paper thus bring to light the inconsistency of the DE method vis-a-vis both NE mapping as well as a numerical agent based approach., 15 pages, 4 figures, 2 tables