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1. From Sweat to Strain: An Epidemiological Analysis of Training-Related Injuries in CrossFit&reg

Author: Lenz JE, Szymski D, Krueckel J, Weber J, Krieger F, Karius T, Meffert R, Alt V, and Fehske K
Subjects: fitness, weightlifting, bodyweight, barbell, sport injury, gymnastics, Sports medicine, RC1200-1245
Abstract: Julia Elisabeth Lenz,1 Dominik Szymski,1 Jonas Krueckel,1 Johannes Weber,1 Felix Krieger,2 Thomas Karius,3 Rainer Meffert,4 Volker Alt,1 Kai Fehske3,4 1Department of Trauma Surgery, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany; 2Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Passau Hospital, Passau, Germany; 3Department of Orthopedic and Trauma Surgery, Johanniter Waldkrankenhaus, Bonn, Germany; 4Department of Trauma-, Hand-, Plastic- and Reconstructive Surgery, University Hospital Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, GermanyCorrespondence: Julia Elisabeth Lenz, Department of Trauma Surgery, University Hospital Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauss-Allee 11, Regensburg, 93053, Germany, Tel +0049 941 944 6805, Email julia1.lenz@ukr.dePurpose: This study aims to conduct an epidemiological investigation into the types and causes of injuries during CrossFit® training in Germany.Patients and Methods: Voluntary athletes from various German CrossFit® gyms participated, providing personal information, training habits, and details on injuries through a standardized questionnaire.Results: The study involved 308 participants, with an equal sex split, a peak age of 20– 40, and a BMI of 24.3 ± 3.3 kg/m2. Most participants trained for over two years (49.4%), primarily in supervised groups. Motivations for engaging in CrossFit® included health prevention (33.1%), athletic training (32.8%), and work-life balance support (17%). Injuries were reported by 28.6% of participants, with 61.4% experiencing single injuries. The majority of injuries (55.3%) occurred during the middle of workouts. Injury types included wounds (23.3%), contusions, sprains, or strains (cumulative 30.8%), and fractures (2.9%). Almost all injured individuals (96.5%) had a time-loss injury, with a return to sport ranging from a day to over three months. Treatments varied, with 50.6% not requiring medical intervention, 34.1% undergoing physiotherapy, 21.2% receiving medication and 8.2% needing surgery. Barbell exercises, notably Snatch and Clean, were main exercises with association to injuries, accounting for 36.3%. The Box Jump stood out as the exercise with the highest isolated injury prevalence (14.3%). Notable injury causes included falls during Pull-Ups and lumbar disc herniation linked to Deadlifts. Following injuries, 45.8% of participants made training adjustments.Conclusion: This study provides an epidemiological investigation into the types and causes of injuries during CrossFit® training in Germany. The shoulder and knee joint exhibited the highest injury prevalence. Barbell exercises, box jumps, and bar pull-ups were identified as major exercises with association to injuries. Prevention through technical training and the incorporation of soft boxes could reduce the risk of injuries in CrossFit®.Plain language summary: This study looks at the types and causes of injuries during CrossFit® training in Germany. A total of 308 CrossFit® athletes took part, with an equal number of men and women, mostly aged 20-40, and an average BMI of 24.3 ± 3.3 kg/m². Most had trained for over two years, often in supervised groups, and were motivated by health, fitness, and balancing work and life.About 28.6% of participants reported injuries, mostly single injuries happening in the middle of workouts. The types of injuries included cuts, bruises, sprains, strains, and fractures, with the shoulder and knee being the most commonly affected areas. Notably, exercises involving barbells like the Snatch and Clean caused a significant number (36.3%) of injuries, followed by Box Jumps (14.3%) and bar pull-ups. Causes of injuries included falls during pull-ups and back injuries from Deadlifts.After getting injured, nearly half of the participants changed their training routines. Treatments varied, with some not needing medical help and others undergoing physiotherapy, taking medication, or having surgery.The findings suggest that focusing on proper technique and using softer equipment, like softer landing surfaces for Box Jumps, could help reduce the risk of injuries in CrossFit® training.Keywords: fitness, weightlifting, bodyweight, barbell, sport injury, gymnastics
Published: 2024

2. Large-scale cosmic ray anisotropies with 19 years of data from the Pierre Auger Observatory

Author: The Pierre Auger Collaboration, Halim, A. Abdul, Abreu, P., Aglietta, M., Allekotte, I., Cheminant, K. Almeida, Almela, A., Aloisio, R., Alvarez-Muñiz, J., Ambrosone, A., Yebra, J. Ammerman, Anastasi, G. A., Anchordoqui, L., Andrada, B., Dourado, L. Andrade, Andringa, S., Apollonio, L., Aramo, C., Ferreira, P. R. Araújo, Arnone, E., Velázquez, J. C. Arteaga, Assis, P., Avila, G., Avocone, E., Bakalova, A., Barbato, F., Mocellin, A. Bartz, Bellido, J. A., Berat, C., Bertaina, M. E., Bhatta, G., Bianciotto, M., Biermann, P. L., Binet, V., Bismark, K., Bister, T., Biteau, J., Blazek, J., Bleve, C., Blümer, J., Boháčová, M., Boncioli, D., Bonifazi, C., Arbeletche, L. Bonneau, Borodai, N., Brack, J., Orchera, P. G. Brichetto, Briechle, F. L., Bueno, A., Buitink, S., Buscemi, M., Büsken, M., Bwembya, A., Caballero-Mora, K. S., Cabana-Freire, S., Caccianiga, L., Campuzano, F., Caruso, R., Castellina, A., Catalani, F., Cataldi, G., Cazon, L., Cerda, M., Čermáková, B., Cermenati, A., Chinellato, J. A., Chudoba, J., Chytka, L., Clay, R. W., Cerutti, A. C. Cobos, Colalillo, R., Conceição, R., Condorelli, A., Consolati, G., Conte, M., Convenga, F., Santos, D. Correia dos, Costa, P. J., Covault, C. E., Cristinziani, M., Sanchez, C. S. Cruz, Dasso, S., Daumiller, K., Dawson, B. R., de Almeida, R. M., de Errico, B., de Jesús, J., de Jong, S. J., Neto, J. R. T. de Mello, De Mitri, I., de Oliveira, J., Franco, D. de Oliveira, de Palma, F., de Souza, V., De Vito, E., Del Popolo, A., Deligny, O., Denner, N., Deval, L., di Matteo, A., Dobrigkeit, C., D'Olivo, J. C., Mendes, L. M. Domingues, Dorosti, Q., Anjos, J. C. dos, Anjos, R. C. dos, Ebr, J., Ellwanger, F., Emam, M., Engel, R., Epicoco, I., Erdmann, M., Etchegoyen, A., Evoli, C., Falcke, H., Farrar, G., Fauth, A. C., Fehler, T., Feldbusch, F., Fernandes, A., Fick, B., Figueira, J. M., Filip, P., Filipčič, A., Fitoussi, T., Flaggs, B., Fodran, T., Freitas, M., Fujii, T., Fuster, A., Galea, C., García, B., Gaudu, C., Ghia, P. L., Giaccari, U., Gobbi, F., Gollan, F., Golup, G., Berisso, M. Gómez, Vitale, P. F. Gómez, Gongora, J. P., González, J. M., González, N., Góra, D., Gorgi, A., Gottowik, M., Guarino, F., Guedes, G. P., Guido, E., Gülzow, L., Hahn, S., Hamal, P., Hampel, M. R., Hansen, P., Harvey, V. M., Haungs, A., Hebbeker, T., Hojvat, C., Hörandel, J. R., Horvath, P., Hrabovský, M., Huege, T., Insolia, A., Isar, P. G., Janecek, P., Jilek, V., Jurysek, J., Kampert, K. -H., Keilhauer, B., Khakurdikar, A., Covilakam, V. V. Kizakke, Klages, H. O., Kleifges, M., Knapp, F., Köhler, J., Krieger, F., Kubatova, M., Kunka, N., Lago, B. L., Langner, N., de Oliveira, M. A. Leigui, Lema-Capeans, Y., Letessier-Selvon, A., Lhenry-Yvon, I., Lopes, L., Lundquist, J. P., Payeras, A. Machado, Mandat, D., Manning, B. C., Mantsch, P., Mariani, F. M., Mariazzi, A. G., Mariş, I. C., Marsella, G., Martello, D., Martinelli, S., Bravo, O. Martínez, Martins, M. A., Mathes, H. -J., Matthews, J., Matthiae, G., Mayotte, E., Mayotte, S., Mazur, P. O., Medina-Tanco, G., Meinert, J., Melo, D., Menshikov, A., Merx, C., Michal, S., Micheletti, M. I., Miramonti, L., Mollerach, S., Montanet, F., Morejon, L., Mulrey, K., Mussa, R., Namasaka, W. M., Negi, S., Nellen, L., Nguyen, K., Nicora, G., Niechciol, M., Nitz, D., Nosek, D., Novotny, V., Nožka, L., Nucita, A., Núñez, L. A., Oliveira, C., Palatka, M., Pallotta, J., Panja, S., Parente, G., Paulsen, T., Pawlowsky, J., Pech, M., Pękala, J., Pelayo, R., Pelgrims, V., Pereira, L. A. S., Martins, E. E. Pereira, Bertolli, C. Pérez, Perrone, L., Petrera, S., Petrucci, C., Pierog, T., Pimenta, M., Platino, M., Pont, B., Pothast, M., Shahvar, M. Pourmohammad, Privitera, P., Prouza, M., Querchfeld, S., Rautenberg, J., Ravignani, D., Akim, J. V. Reginatto, Reuzki, A., Ridky, J., Riehn, F., Risse, M., Rizi, V., Rodriguez, E., Rojo, J. Rodriguez, Roncoroni, M. J., Rossoni, S., Roth, M., Roulet, E., Rovero, A. C., Saftoiu, A., Saharan, M., Salamida, F., Salazar, H., Salina, G., Sampathkumar, P., Gomez, J. D. Sanabria, Sánchez, F., Santos, E. M., Santos, E., Sarazin, F., Sarmento, R., Sato, R., Schäfer, C. M., Scherini, V., Schieler, H., Schimassek, M., Schimp, M., Schmidt, D., Scholten, O., Schoorlemmer, H., Schovánek, P., Schröder, F. G., Schulte, J., Schulz, T., Sciutto, S. J., Scornavacche, M., Sedoski, A., Segreto, A., Sehgal, S., Shivashankara, S. U., Sigl, G., Simkova, K., Simon, F., Šmída, R., Sommers, P., Squartini, R., Stadelmaier, M., Stanič, S., Stasielak, J., Stassi, P., Strähnz, S., Straub, M., Suomijärvi, T., Supanitsky, A. D., Svozilikova, Z., Szadkowski, Z., Tairli, F., Tapia, A., Taricco, C., Timmermans, C., Tkachenko, O., Tobiska, P., Peixoto, C. J. Todero, Tomé, B., Torrès, Z., Travaini, A., Travnicek, P., Tueros, M., Unger, M., Uzeiroska, R., Vaclavek, L., Vacula, M., Galicia, J. F. Valdés, Valore, L., Varela, E., Vašíčková, V., Vásquez-Ramírez, A., Veberič, D., Quispe, I. D. Vergara, Verzi, V., Vicha, J., Vink, J., Vorobiov, S., Watanabe, C., Watson, A. A., Weindl, A., Weitz, M., Wiencke, L., Wilczyński, H., Wittkowski, D., Wundheiler, B., Yue, B., Yushkov, A., Zapparrata, O., Zas, E., Zavrtanik, D., and Zavrtanik, M.
Subjects: Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena
Abstract: Results are presented for the measurement of large-scale anisotropies in the arrival directions of ultra-high-energy cosmic rays detected at the Pierre Auger Observatory during 19 years of operation, prior to AugerPrime, the upgrade of the Observatory. The 3D dipole amplitude and direction are reconstructed above $4\,$EeV in four energy bins. Besides the established dipolar anisotropy in right ascension above $8\,$EeV, the Fourier amplitude of the $8$ to $16\,$EeV energy bin is now also above the $5\sigma$ discovery level. No time variation of the dipole moment above $8\,$EeV is found, setting an upper limit to the rate of change of such variations of $0.3\%$ per year at the $95\%$ confidence level. Additionally, the results for the angular power spectrum are shown, demonstrating no other statistically significant multipoles. The results for the equatorial dipole component down to $0.03\,$EeV are presented, using for the first time a data set obtained with a trigger that has been optimized for lower energies. Finally, model predictions are discussed and compared with observations, based on two source emission scenarios obtained in the combined fit of spectrum and composition above $0.6\,$EeV., Comment: Minor modifications, accepted for publication in Astrophysical Journal
Published: 2024

3. The flux of ultra-high-energy cosmic rays along the supergalactic plane measured at the Pierre Auger Observatory

Author: The Pierre Auger Collaboration, Halim, A. Abdul, Abreu, P., Aglietta, M., Allekotte, I., Cheminant, K. Almeida, Almela, A., Aloisio, R., Alvarez-Muñiz, J., Yebra, J. Ammerman, Anastasi, G. A., Anchordoqui, L., Andrada, B., Dourado, L. Andrade, Andringa, S., Apollonio, L., Aramo, C., Ferreira, P. R. Araújo, Arnone, E., Velázquez, J. C. Arteaga, Assis, P., Avila, G., Avocone, E., Bakalova, A., Barbato, F., Mocellin, A. Bartz, Bellido, J. A., Berat, C., Bertaina, M. E., Bhatta, G., Bianciotto, M., Biermann, P. L., Binet, V., Bismark, K., Bister, T., Biteau, J., Blazek, J., Bleve, C., Blümer, J., Boháčová, M., Boncioli, D., Bonifazi, C., Arbeletche, L. Bonneau, Borodai, N., Brack, J., Orchera, P. G. Brichetto, Briechle, F. L., Bueno, A., Buitink, S., Buscemi, M., Büsken, M., Bwembya, A., Caballero-Mora, K. S., Cabana-Freire, S., Caccianiga, L., Campuzano, F., Caruso, R., Castellina, A., Catalani, F., Cataldi, G., Cazon, L., Cerda, M., Čermáková, B., Cermenati, A., Chinellato, J. A., Chudoba, J., Chytka, L., Clay, R. W., Cerutti, A. C. Cobos, Colalillo, R., Coluccia, M. R., Conceição, R., Condorelli, A., Consolati, G., Conte, M., Convenga, F., Santos, D. Correia dos, Costa, P. J., Covault, C. E., Cristinziani, M., Sanchez, C. S. Cruz, Dasso, S., Daumiller, K., Dawson, B. R., de Almeida, R. M., de Errico, B., de Jesús, J., de Jong, S. J., Neto, J. R. T. de Mello, De Mitri, I., de Oliveira, J., Franco, D. de Oliveira, de Palma, F., de Souza, V., De Vito, E., Del Popolo, A., Deligny, O., Denner, N., Deval, L., di Matteo, A., Dobre, M., Dobrigkeit, C., D'Olivo, J. C., Mendes, L. M. Domingues, Dorosti, Q., Anjos, J. C. dos, Anjos, R. C. dos, Ebr, J., Ellwanger, F., Emam, M., Engel, R., Epicoco, I., Erdmann, M., Etchegoyen, A., Evoli, C., Falcke, H., Farrar, G., Fauth, A. C., Fehler, T., Feldbusch, F., Fenu, F., Fernandes, A., Fick, B., Figueira, J. M., Filip, P., Filipčič, A., Fitoussi, T., Flaggs, B., Fodran, T., Fujii, T., Fuster, A., Galea, C., García, B., Gaudu, C., Gherghel-Lascu, A., Ghia, P. L., Giaccari, U., Glombitza, J., Gobbi, F., Gollan, F., Golup, G., Berisso, M. Gómez, Vitale, P. F. Gómez, Gongora, J. P., González, J. M., González, N., Góra, D., Gorgi, A., Gottowik, M., Guarino, F., Guedes, G. P., Guido, E., Gülzow, L., Hahn, S., Hamal, P., Hampel, M. R., Hansen, P., Harari, D., Harvey, V. M., Haungs, A., Hebbeker, T., Hojvat, C., Hörandel, J. R., Horvath, P., Hrabovský, M., Huege, T., Insolia, A., Isar, P. G., Janecek, P., Jilek, V., Johnsen, J. A., Jurysek, J., Kampert, K. -H., Keilhauer, B., Khakurdikar, A., Covilakam, V. V. Kizakke, Klages, H. O., Kleifges, M., Knapp, F., Köhler, J., Krieger, F., Kunka, N., Lago, B. L., Langner, N., de Oliveira, M. A. Leigui, Lema-Capeans, Y., Letessier-Selvon, A., Lhenry-Yvon, I., Lopes, L., Lu, L., Luce, Q., Lundquist, J. P., Payeras, A. Machado, Majercakova, M., Mandat, D., Manning, B. C., Mantsch, P., Mariani, F. M., Mariazzi, A. G., Mariş, I. C., Marsella, G., Martello, D., Martinelli, S., Bravo, O. Martínez, Martins, M. A., Mathes, H. -J., Matthews, J., Matthiae, G., Mayotte, E., Mayotte, S., Mazur, P. O., Medina-Tanco, G., Meinert, J., Melo, D., Menshikov, A., Merx, C., Michal, S., Micheletti, M. I., Miramonti, L., Mollerach, S., Montanet, F., Morejon, L., Mulrey, K., Mussa, R., Namasaka, W. M., Negi, S., Nellen, L., Nguyen, K., Nicora, G., Niechciol, M., Nitz, D., Nosek, D., Novotny, V., Nožka, L., Nucita, A., Núñez, L. A., Oliveira, C., Palatka, M., Pallotta, J., Panja, S., Parente, G., Paulsen, T., Pawlowsky, J., Pech, M., Pękala, J., Pelayo, R., Pelgrims, V., Pereira, L. A. S., Martins, E. E. Pereira, Bertolli, C. Pérez, Perrone, L., Petrera, S., Petrucci, C., Pierog, T., Pimenta, M., Platino, M., Pont, B., Pothast, M., Shahvar, M. Pourmohammad, Privitera, P., Prouza, M., Querchfeld, S., Rautenberg, J., Ravignani, D., Akim, J. V. Reginatto, Reininghaus, M., Reuzki, A., Ridky, J., Riehn, F., Risse, M., Rizi, V., de Carvalho, W. Rodrigues, Rodriguez, E., Rojo, J. Rodriguez, Roncoroni, M. J., Rossoni, S., Roth, M., Roulet, E., Rovero, A. C., Saftoiu, A., Saharan, M., Salamida, F., Salazar, H., Salina, G., Gomez, J. D. Sanabria, Sánchez, F., Santos, E. M., Santos, E., Sarazin, F., Sarmento, R., Sato, R., Savina, P., Schäfer, C. M., Scherini, V., Schieler, H., Schimassek, M., Schimp, M., Schmidt, D., Scholten, O., Schoorlemmer, H., Schovánek, P., Schröder, F. G., Schulte, J., Schulz, T., Sciutto, S. J., Scornavacche, M., Sedoski, A., Segreto, A., Sehgal, S., Shivashankara, S. U., Sigl, G., Simkova, K., Simon, F., Smau, R., Šmída, R., Sommers, P., Squartini, R., Stadelmaier, M., Stanič, S., Stasielak, J., Stassi, P., Strähnz, S., Straub, M., Suomijärvi, T., Supanitsky, A. D., Svozilikova, Z., Szadkowski, Z., Tairli, F., Tapia, A., Taricco, C., Timmermans, C., Tkachenko, O., Tobiska, P., Peixoto, C. J. Todero, Tomé, B., Torrès, Z., Travaini, A., Travnicek, P., Tueros, M., Unger, M., Uzeiroska, R., Vaclavek, L., Vacula, M., Galicia, J. F. Valdés, Valore, L., Varela, E., Vašíčková, V., Vásquez-Ramírez, A., Veberič, D., Quispe, I. D. Vergara, Verzi, V., Vicha, J., Vink, J., Vorobiov, S., Watanabe, C., Watson, A. A., Weindl, A., Wiencke, L., Wilczyński, H., Wittkowski, D., Wundheiler, B., Yue, B., Yushkov, A., Zapparrata, O., Zas, E., Zavrtanik, D., and Zavrtanik, M.
Subjects: Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena
Abstract: Ultra-high-energy cosmic rays are known to be mainly of extragalactic origin, and their propagation is limited by energy losses, so their arrival directions are expected to correlate with the large-scale structure of the local Universe. In this work, we investigate the possible presence of intermediate-scale excesses in the flux of the most energetic cosmic rays from the direction of the supergalactic plane region using events with energies above 20 EeV recorded with the surface detector array of the Pierre Auger Observatory up to 31 December 2022, with a total exposure of 135,000 km^2 sr yr. The strongest indication for an excess that we find, with a post-trial significance of 3.1{\sigma}, is in the Centaurus region, as in our previous reports, and it extends down to lower energies than previously studied. We do not find any strong hints of excesses from any other region of the supergalactic plane at the same angular scale. In particular, our results do not confirm the reports by the Telescope Array collaboration of excesses from two regions in the Northern Hemisphere at the edge of the field of view of the Pierre Auger Observatory. With a comparable exposure, our results in those regions are in good agreement with the expectations from an isotropic distribution., Comment: submitted to ApJ
Published: 2024

4. Search for photons above 10$^{18}$ eV by simultaneously measuring the atmospheric depth and the muon content of air showers at the Pierre Auger Observatory

Author: The Pierre Auger Collaboration, Halim, A. Abdul, Abreu, P., Aglietta, M., Allekotte, I., Cheminant, K. Almeida, Almela, A., Aloisio, R., Alvarez-Muñiz, J., Yebra, J. Ammerman, Anastasi, G. A., Anchordoqui, L., Andrada, B., Dourado, L. Andrade, Andringa, S., Apollonio, L., Aramo, C., Ferreira, P. R. Araújo, Arnone, E., Velázquez, J. C. Arteaga, Assis, P., Avila, G., Avocone, E., Bakalova, A., Barbato, F., Mocellin, A. Bartz, Berat, C., Bertaina, M. E., Bhatta, G., Bianciotto, M., Biermann, P. L., Binet, V., Bismark, K., Bister, T., Biteau, J., Blazek, J., Bleve, C., Blümer, J., Boháčová, M., Boncioli, D., Bonifazi, C., Arbeletche, L. Bonneau, Borodai, N., Brack, J., Orchera, P. G. Brichetto, Briechle, F. L., Bueno, A., Buitink, S., Buscemi, M., Büsken, M., Bwembya, A., Caballero-Mora, K. S., Cabana-Freire, S., Caccianiga, L., Campuzano, F., Caruso, R., Castellina, A., Catalani, F., Cataldi, G., Cazon, L., Cerda, M., Čermáková, B., Cermenati, A., Chinellato, J. A., Chudoba, J., Chytka, L., Clay, R. W., Cerutti, A. C. Cobos, Colalillo, R., Coluccia, M. R., Conceição, R., Condorelli, A., Consolati, G., Conte, M., Convenga, F., Santos, D. Correia dos, Costa, P. J., Covault, C. E., Cristinziani, M., Sanchez, C. S. Cruz, Dasso, S., Daumiller, K., Dawson, B. R., de Almeida, R. M., de Errico, B., de Jesús, J., de Jong, S. J., Neto, J. R. T. de Mello, De Mitri, I., de Oliveira, J., Franco, D. de Oliveira, de Palma, F., de Souza, V., De Vito, E., Del Popolo, A., Deligny, O., Denner, N., Deval, L., di Matteo, A., do, J. A., Dobre, M., Dobrigkeit, C., D'Olivo, J. C., Mendes, L. M. Domingues, Dorosti, Q., Anjos, J. C. dos, Anjos, R. C. dos, Ebr, J., Ellwanger, F., Emam, M., Engel, R., Epicoco, I., Erdmann, M., Etchegoyen, A., Evoli, C., Falcke, H., Farrar, G., Fauth, A. C., Fehler, T., Feldbusch, F., Fenu, F., Fernandes, A., Fick, B., Figueira, J. M., Filip, P., Filipčič, A., Fitoussi, T., Flaggs, B., Fodran, T., Fujii, T., Fuster, A., Galea, C., García, B., Gaudu, C., Gherghel-Lascu, A., Ghia, P. L., Giaccari, U., Glombitza, J., Gobbi, F., Gollan, F., Golup, G., Berisso, M. Gómez, Vitale, P. F. Gómez, Gongora, J. P., González, J. M., González, N., Góra, D., Gorgi, A., Gottowik, M., Guarino, F., Guedes, G. P., Guido, E., Gülzow, L., Hahn, S., Hamal, P., Hampel, M. R., Hansen, P., Harari, D., Harvey, V. M., Haungs, A., Hebbeker, T., Hojvat, C., Hörandel, J. R., Horvath, P., Hrabovský, M., Huege, T., Insolia, A., Isar, P. G., Janecek, P., Jilek, V., Johnsen, J. A., Jurysek, J., Kampert, K. -H., Keilhauer, B., Khakurdikar, A., Covilakam, V. V. Kizakke, Klages, H. O., Kleifges, M., Knapp, F., Köhler, J., Krieger, F., Kunka, N., Lago, B. L., Langner, N., de Oliveira, M. A. Leigui, Lema-Capeans, Y., Letessier-Selvon, A., Lhenry-Yvon, I., Lopes, L., Lu, L., Luce, Q., Lundquist, J. P., Payeras, A. Machado, Majercakova, M., Mandat, D., Manning, B. C., Mantsch, P., Mariani, F. M., Mariazzi, A. G., Mariş, I. C., Marsella, G., Martello, D., Martinelli, S., Bravo, O. Martínez, Martins, M. A., Mathes, H. -J., Matthews, J., Matthiae, G., Mayotte, E., Mayotte, S., Mazur, P. O., Medina-Tanco, G., Meinert, J., Melo, D., Menshikov, A., Merx, C., Michal, S., Micheletti, M. I., Miramonti, L., Mollerach, S., Montanet, F., Morejon, L., Mulrey, K., Mussa, R., Namasaka, W. M., Negi, S., Nellen, L., Nguyen, K., Nicora, G., Niechciol, M., Nitz, D., Nosek, D., Novotny, V., Nožka, L., Nucita, A., Núñez, L. A., Oliveira, C., Palatka, M., Pallotta, J., Panja, S., Parente, G., Paulsen, T., Pawlowsky, J., Pech, M., Pękala, J., Pelayo, R., Pelgrims, V., Pereira, L. A. S., Martins, E. E. Pereira, Bertolli, C. Pérez, Perrone, L., Petrera, S., Petrucci, C., Pierog, T., Pimenta, M., Platino, M., Pont, B., Pothast, M., Shahvar, M. Pourmohammad, Privitera, P., Prouza, M., Querchfeld, S., Rautenberg, J., Ravignani, D., Akim, J. V. Reginatto, Reininghaus, M., Reuzki, A., Ridky, J., Riehn, F., Risse, M., Rizi, V., de Carvalho, W. Rodrigues, Rodriguez, E., Rojo, J. Rodriguez, Roncoroni, M. J., Rossoni, S., Roth, M., Roulet, E., Rovero, A. C., Saftoiu, A., Saharan, M., Salamida, F., Salazar, H., Salina, G., Gomez, J. D. Sanabria, Sánchez, F., Santos, E. M., Santos, E., Sarazin, F., Sarmento, R., Sato, R., Savina, P., Schäfer, C. M., Scherini, V., Schieler, H., Schimassek, M., Schimp, M., Schmidt, D., Scholten, O., Schoorlemmer, H., Schovánek, P., Schröder, F. G., Schulte, J., Schulz, T., Sciutto, S. J., Scornavacche, M., Sedoski, A., Segreto, A., Sehgal, S., Shivashankara, S. U., Sigl, G., Simkova, K., Simon, F., Smau, R., Šmída, R., Sommers, P., Squartini, R., Stadelmaier, M., Stanič, S., Stasielak, J., Stassi, P., Strähnz, S., Straub, M., Suomijärvi, T., Supanitsky, A. D., Svozilikova, Z., Szadkowski, Z., Tairli, F., Tapia, A., Taricco, C., Timmermans, C., Tkachenko, O., Tobiska, P., Peixoto, C. J. Todero, Tomé, B., Torrès, Z., Travaini, A., Travnicek, P., Tueros, M., Unger, M., Uzeiroska, R., Vaclavek, L., Vacula, M., Galicia, J. F. Valdés, Valore, L., Varela, E., Vašíčková, V., Vásquez-Ramírez, A., Veberič, D., Quispe, I. D. Vergara, Verzi, V., Vicha, J., Vink, J., Vorobiov, S., Watanabe, C., Watson, A. A., Weindl, A., Wiencke, L., Wilczyński, H., Wittkowski, D., Wundheiler, B., Yue, B., Yushkov, A., Zapparrata, O., Zas, E., Zavrtanik, D., and Zavrtanik, M.
Subjects: Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena
Abstract: The Pierre Auger Observatory is the most sensitive instrument to detect photons with energies above $10^{17}$ eV. It measures extensive air showers generated by ultra high energy cosmic rays using a hybrid technique that exploits the combination of a fluorescence detector with a ground array of particle detectors. The signatures of a photon-induced air shower are a larger atmospheric depth of the shower maximum ($X_{max}$) and a steeper lateral distribution function, along with a lower number of muons with respect to the bulk of hadron-induced cascades. In this work, a new analysis technique in the energy interval between 1 and 30 EeV (1 EeV = $10^{18}$ eV) has been developed by combining the fluorescence detector-based measurement of $X_{max}$ with the specific features of the surface detector signal through a parameter related to the air shower muon content, derived from the universality of the air shower development. No evidence of a statistically significant signal due to photon primaries was found using data collected in about 12 years of operation. Thus, upper bounds to the integral photon flux have been set using a detailed calculation of the detector exposure, in combination with a data-driven background estimation. The derived 95% confidence level upper limits are 0.0403, 0.01113, 0.0035, 0.0023, and 0.0021 km$^{-2}$ sr$^{-1}$ yr$^{-1}$ above 1, 2, 3, 5, and 10 EeV, respectively, leading to the most stringent upper limits on the photon flux in the EeV range. Compared with past results, the upper limits were improved by about 40% for the lowest energy threshold and by a factor 3 above 3 EeV, where no candidates were found and the expected background is negligible. The presented limits can be used to probe the assumptions on chemical composition of ultra-high energy cosmic rays and allow for the constraint of the mass and lifetime phase space of super-heavy dark matter particles., Comment: 19 pages, 22 figures
Published: 2024

5. Measurement of the Depth of Maximum of Air-Shower Profiles with energies between $\mathbf{10^{18.5}}$ and $\mathbf{10^{20}}$ eV using the Surface Detector of the Pierre Auger Observatory and Deep Learning

Author: The Pierre Auger Collaboration, Halim, A. Abdul, Abreu, P., Aglietta, M., Allekotte, I., Cheminant, K. Almeida, Almela, A., Aloisio, R., Alvarez-Muñiz, J., Yebra, J. Ammerman, Anastasi, G. A., Anchordoqui, L., Andrada, B., Dourado, L. Andrade, Andringa, S., Apollonio, L., Aramo, C., Ferreira, P. R. Araújo, Arnone, E., Velázquez, J. C. Arteaga, Assis, P., Avila, G., Avocone, E., Bakalova, A., Barbato, F., Mocellin, A. Bartz, Berat, C., Bertaina, M. E., Bhatta, G., Bianciotto, M., Biermann, P. L., Binet, V., Bismark, K., Bister, T., Biteau, J., Blazek, J., Bleve, C., Blümer, J., Boháčová, M., Boncioli, D., Bonifazi, C., Arbeletche, L. Bonneau, Borodai, N., Brack, J., Orchera, P. G. Brichetto, Briechle, F. L., Bueno, A., Buitink, S., Buscemi, M., Büsken, M., Bwembya, A., Caballero-Mora, K. S., Cabana-Freire, S., Caccianiga, L., Campuzano, F., Caruso, R., Castellina, A., Catalani, F., Cataldi, G., Cazon, L., Cerda, M., Čermáková, B., Cermenati, A., Chinellato, J. A., Chudoba, J., Chytka, L., Clay, R. W., Cerutti, A. C. Cobos, Colalillo, R., Coluccia, M. R., Conceição, R., Condorelli, A., Consolati, G., Conte, M., Convenga, F., Santos, D. Correia dos, Costa, P. J., Covault, C. E., Cristinziani, M., Sanchez, C. S. Cruz, Dasso, S., Daumiller, K., Dawson, B. R., de Almeida, R. M., de Errico, B., de Jesús, J., de Jong, S. J., Neto, J. R. T. de Mello, De Mitri, I., de Oliveira, J., Franco, D. de Oliveira, de Palma, F., de Souza, V., De Vito, E., Del Popolo, A., Deligny, O., Denner, N., Deval, L., di Matteo, A., do, J. A., Dobre, M., Dobrigkeit, C., D'Olivo, J. C., Mendes, L. M. Domingues, Dorosti, Q., Anjos, J. C. dos, Anjos, R. C. dos, Ebr, J., Ellwanger, F., Emam, M., Engel, R., Epicoco, I., Erdmann, M., Etchegoyen, A., Evoli, C., Falcke, H., Farrar, G., Fauth, A. C., Fehler, T., Feldbusch, F., Fenu, F., Fernandes, A., Fick, B., Figueira, J. M., Filip, P., Filipčič, A., Fitoussi, T., Flaggs, B., Fodran, T., Fujii, T., Fuster, A., Galea, C., García, B., Gaudu, C., Gherghel-Lascu, A., Ghia, P. L., Giaccari, U., Glombitza, J., Gobbi, F., Gollan, F., Golup, G., Berisso, M. Gómez, Vitale, P. F. Gómez, Gongora, J. P., González, J. M., González, N., Góra, D., Gorgi, A., Gottowik, M., Guarino, F., Guedes, G. P., Guido, E., Gülzow, L., Hahn, S., Hamal, P., Hampel, M. R., Hansen, P., Harari, D., Harvey, V. M., Haungs, A., Hebbeker, T., Hojvat, C., Hörandel, J. R., Horvath, P., Hrabovský, M., Huege, T., Insolia, A., Isar, P. G., Janecek, P., Jilek, V., Johnsen, J. A., Jurysek, J., Kampert, K. -H., Keilhauer, B., Khakurdikar, A., Covilakam, V. V. Kizakke, Klages, H. O., Kleifges, M., Knapp, F., Köhler, J., Krieger, F., Kunka, N., Lago, B. L., Langner, N., de Oliveira, M. A. Leigui, Lema-Capeans, Y., Letessier-Selvon, A., Lhenry-Yvon, I., Lopes, L., Lu, L., Luce, Q., Lundquist, J. P., Payeras, A. Machado, Majercakova, M., Mandat, D., Manning, B. C., Mantsch, P., Mariani, F. M., Mariazzi, A. G., Mariş, I. C., Marsella, G., Martello, D., Martinelli, S., Bravo, O. Martínez, Martins, M. A., Mathes, H. -J., Matthews, J., Matthiae, G., Mayotte, E., Mayotte, S., Mazur, P. O., Medina-Tanco, G., Meinert, J., Melo, D., Menshikov, A., Merx, C., Michal, S., Micheletti, M. I., Miramonti, L., Mollerach, S., Montanet, F., Morejon, L., Mulrey, K., Mussa, R., Namasaka, W. M., Negi, S., Nellen, L., Nguyen, K., Nicora, G., Niechciol, M., Nitz, D., Nosek, D., Novotny, V., Nožka, L., Nucita, A., Núñez, L. A., Oliveira, C., Palatka, M., Pallotta, J., Panja, S., Parente, G., Paulsen, T., Pawlowsky, J., Pech, M., Pękala, J., Pelayo, R., Pelgrims, V., Pereira, L. A. S., Martins, E. E. Pereira, Bertolli, C. Pérez, Perrone, L., Petrera, S., Petrucci, C., Pierog, T., Pimenta, M., Platino, M., Pont, B., Pothast, M., Shahvar, M. Pourmohammad, Privitera, P., Prouza, M., Querchfeld, S., Rautenberg, J., Ravignani, D., Akim, J. V. Reginatto, Reininghaus, M., Reuzki, A., Ridky, J., Riehn, F., Risse, M., Rizi, V., de Carvalho, W. Rodrigues, Rodriguez, E., Rojo, J. Rodriguez, Roncoroni, M. J., Rossoni, S., Roth, M., Roulet, E., Rovero, A. C., Saftoiu, A., Saharan, M., Salamida, F., Salazar, H., Salina, G., Gomez, J. D. Sanabria, Sánchez, F., Santos, E. M., Santos, E., Sarazin, F., Sarmento, R., Sato, R., Savina, P., Schäfer, C. M., Scherini, V., Schieler, H., Schimassek, M., Schimp, M., Schmidt, D., Scholten, O., Schoorlemmer, H., Schovánek, P., Schröder, F. G., Schulte, J., Schulz, T., Sciutto, S. J., Scornavacche, M., Sedoski, A., Segreto, A., Sehgal, S., Shivashankara, S. U., Sigl, G., Simkova, K., Simon, F., Smau, R., Šmída, R., Sommers, P., Squartini, R., Stadelmaier, M., Stanič, S., Stasielak, J., Stassi, P., Strähnz, S., Straub, M., Suomijärvi, T., Supanitsky, A. D., Svozilikova, Z., Szadkowski, Z., Tairli, F., Tapia, A., Taricco, C., Timmermans, C., Tkachenko, O., Tobiska, P., Peixoto, C. J. Todero, Tomé, B., Torrès, Z., Travaini, A., Travnicek, P., Tueros, M., Unger, M., Uzeiroska, R., Vaclavek, L., Vacula, M., Galicia, J. F. Valdés, Valore, L., Varela, E., Vašíčková, V., Vásquez-Ramírez, A., Veberič, D., Quispe, I. D. Vergara, Verzi, V., Vicha, J., Vink, J., Vorobiov, S., Watanabe, C., Watson, A. A., Weindl, A., Wiencke, L., Wilczyński, H., Wittkowski, D., Wundheiler, B., Yue, B., Yushkov, A., Zapparrata, O., Zas, E., Zavrtanik, D., and Zavrtanik, M.
Subjects: Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics
Abstract: We report an investigation of the mass composition of cosmic rays with energies from 3 to 100 EeV (1 EeV=$10^{18}$ eV) using the distributions of the depth of shower maximum $X_\mathrm{max}$. The analysis relies on ${\sim}50,000$ events recorded by the Surface Detector of the Pierre Auger Observatory and a deep-learning-based reconstruction algorithm. Above energies of 5 EeV, the data set offers a 10-fold increase in statistics with respect to fluorescence measurements at the Observatory. After cross-calibration using the Fluorescence Detector, this enables the first measurement of the evolution of the mean and the standard deviation of the $X_\mathrm{max}$ distributions up to 100 EeV. Our findings are threefold: (1.) The evolution of the mean logarithmic mass towards a heavier composition with increasing energy can be confirmed and is extended to 100 EeV. (2.) The evolution of the fluctuations of $X_\mathrm{max}$ towards a heavier and purer composition with increasing energy can be confirmed with high statistics. We report a rather heavy composition and small fluctuations in $X_\mathrm{max}$ at the highest energies. (3.) We find indications for a characteristic structure beyond a constant change in the mean logarithmic mass, featuring three breaks that are observed in proximity to the ankle, instep, and suppression features in the energy spectrum., Comment: submitted to Phys. Rev. D, 28 pages, 18 figures, 5 tables
Published: 2024

6. Inference of the Mass Composition of Cosmic Rays with energies from $\mathbf{10^{18.5}}$ to $\mathbf{10^{20}}$ eV using the Pierre Auger Observatory and Deep Learning

Author: The Pierre Auger Collaboration, Halim, A. Abdul, Abreu, P., Aglietta, M., Allekotte, I., Cheminant, K. Almeida, Almela, A., Aloisio, R., Alvarez-Muñiz, J., Yebra, J. Ammerman, Anastasi, G. A., Anchordoqui, L., Andrada, B., Dourado, L. Andrade, Andringa, S., Apollonio, L., Aramo, C., Ferreira, P. R. Araújo, Arnone, E., Velázquez, J. C. Arteaga, Assis, P., Avila, G., Avocone, E., Bakalova, A., Barbato, F., Mocellin, A. Bartz, Berat, C., Bertaina, M. E., Bhatta, G., Bianciotto, M., Biermann, P. L., Binet, V., Bismark, K., Bister, T., Biteau, J., Blazek, J., Bleve, C., Blümer, J., Boháčová, M., Boncioli, D., Bonifazi, C., Arbeletche, L. Bonneau, Borodai, N., Brack, J., Orchera, P. G. Brichetto, Briechle, F. L., Bueno, A., Buitink, S., Buscemi, M., Büsken, M., Bwembya, A., Caballero-Mora, K. S., Cabana-Freire, S., Caccianiga, L., Campuzano, F., Caruso, R., Castellina, A., Catalani, F., Cataldi, G., Cazon, L., Cerda, M., Čermáková, B., Cermenati, A., Chinellato, J. A., Chudoba, J., Chytka, L., Clay, R. W., Cerutti, A. C. Cobos, Colalillo, R., Coluccia, M. R., Conceição, R., Condorelli, A., Consolati, G., Conte, M., Convenga, F., Santos, D. Correia dos, Costa, P. J., Covault, C. E., Cristinziani, M., Sanchez, C. S. Cruz, Dasso, S., Daumiller, K., Dawson, B. R., de Almeida, R. M., de Errico, B., de Jesús, J., de Jong, S. J., Neto, J. R. T. de Mello, De Mitri, I., de Oliveira, J., Franco, D. de Oliveira, de Palma, F., de Souza, V., De Vito, E., Del Popolo, A., Deligny, O., Denner, N., Deval, L., di Matteo, A., do, J. A., Dobre, M., Dobrigkeit, C., D'Olivo, J. C., Mendes, L. M. Domingues, Dorosti, Q., Anjos, J. C. dos, Anjos, R. C. dos, Ebr, J., Ellwanger, F., Emam, M., Engel, R., Epicoco, I., Erdmann, M., Etchegoyen, A., Evoli, C., Falcke, H., Farrar, G., Fauth, A. C., Fehler, T., Feldbusch, F., Fenu, F., Fernandes, A., Fick, B., Figueira, J. M., Filip, P., Filipčič, A., Fitoussi, T., Flaggs, B., Fodran, T., Fujii, T., Fuster, A., Galea, C., García, B., Gaudu, C., Gherghel-Lascu, A., Ghia, P. L., Giaccari, U., Glombitza, J., Gobbi, F., Gollan, F., Golup, G., Berisso, M. Gómez, Vitale, P. F. Gómez, Gongora, J. P., González, J. M., González, N., Góra, D., Gorgi, A., Gottowik, M., Guarino, F., Guedes, G. P., Guido, E., Gülzow, L., Hahn, S., Hamal, P., Hampel, M. R., Hansen, P., Harari, D., Harvey, V. M., Haungs, A., Hebbeker, T., Hojvat, C., Hörandel, J. R., Horvath, P., Hrabovský, M., Huege, T., Insolia, A., Isar, P. G., Janecek, P., Jilek, V., Johnsen, J. A., Jurysek, J., Kampert, K. -H., Keilhauer, B., Khakurdikar, A., Covilakam, V. V. Kizakke, Klages, H. O., Kleifges, M., Knapp, F., Köhler, J., Krieger, F., Kunka, N., Lago, B. L., Langner, N., de Oliveira, M. A. Leigui, Lema-Capeans, Y., Letessier-Selvon, A., Lhenry-Yvon, I., Lopes, L., Lu, L., Luce, Q., Lundquist, J. P., Payeras, A. Machado, Majercakova, M., Mandat, D., Manning, B. C., Mantsch, P., Mariani, F. M., Mariazzi, A. G., Mariş, I. C., Marsella, G., Martello, D., Martinelli, S., Bravo, O. Martínez, Martins, M. A., Mathes, H. -J., Matthews, J., Matthiae, G., Mayotte, E., Mayotte, S., Mazur, P. O., Medina-Tanco, G., Meinert, J., Melo, D., Menshikov, A., Merx, C., Michal, S., Micheletti, M. I., Miramonti, L., Mollerach, S., Montanet, F., Morejon, L., Mulrey, K., Mussa, R., Namasaka, W. M., Negi, S., Nellen, L., Nguyen, K., Nicora, G., Niechciol, M., Nitz, D., Nosek, D., Novotny, V., Nožka, L., Nucita, A., Núñez, L. A., Oliveira, C., Palatka, M., Pallotta, J., Panja, S., Parente, G., Paulsen, T., Pawlowsky, J., Pech, M., Pękala, J., Pelayo, R., Pelgrims, V., Pereira, L. A. S., Martins, E. E. Pereira, Bertolli, C. Pérez, Perrone, L., Petrera, S., Petrucci, C., Pierog, T., Pimenta, M., Platino, M., Pont, B., Pothast, M., Shahvar, M. Pourmohammad, Privitera, P., Prouza, M., Querchfeld, S., Rautenberg, J., Ravignani, D., Akim, J. V. Reginatto, Reininghaus, M., Reuzki, A., Ridky, J., Riehn, F., Risse, M., Rizi, V., de Carvalho, W. Rodrigues, Rodriguez, E., Rojo, J. Rodriguez, Roncoroni, M. J., Rossoni, S., Roth, M., Roulet, E., Rovero, A. C., Saftoiu, A., Saharan, M., Salamida, F., Salazar, H., Salina, G., Gomez, J. D. Sanabria, Sánchez, F., Santos, E. M., Santos, E., Sarazin, F., Sarmento, R., Sato, R., Savina, P., Schäfer, C. M., Scherini, V., Schieler, H., Schimassek, M., Schimp, M., Schmidt, D., Scholten, O., Schoorlemmer, H., Schovánek, P., Schröder, F. G., Schulte, J., Schulz, T., Sciutto, S. J., Scornavacche, M., Sedoski, A., Segreto, A., Sehgal, S., Shivashankara, S. U., Sigl, G., Simkova, K., Simon, F., Smau, R., Šmída, R., Sommers, P., Squartini, R., Stadelmaier, M., Stanič, S., Stasielak, J., Stassi, P., Strähnz, S., Straub, M., Suomijärvi, T., Supanitsky, A. D., Svozilikova, Z., Szadkowski, Z., Tairli, F., Tapia, A., Taricco, C., Timmermans, C., Tkachenko, O., Tobiska, P., Peixoto, C. J. Todero, Tomé, B., Torrès, Z., Travaini, A., Travnicek, P., Tueros, M., Unger, M., Uzeiroska, R., Vaclavek, L., Vacula, M., Galicia, J. F. Valdés, Valore, L., Varela, E., Vašíčková, V., Vásquez-Ramírez, A., Veberič, D., Quispe, I. D. Vergara, Verzi, V., Vicha, J., Vink, J., Vorobiov, S., Watanabe, C., Watson, A. A., Weindl, A., Wiencke, L., Wilczyński, H., Wittkowski, D., Wundheiler, B., Yue, B., Yushkov, A., Zapparrata, O., Zas, E., Zavrtanik, D., and Zavrtanik, M.
Subjects: Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics
Abstract: We present measurements of the atmospheric depth of the shower maximum $X_\mathrm{max}$, inferred for the first time on an event-by-event level using the Surface Detector of the Pierre Auger Observatory. Using deep learning, we were able to extend measurements of the $X_\mathrm{max}$ distributions up to energies of 100 EeV ($10^{20}$ eV), not yet revealed by current measurements, providing new insights into the mass composition of cosmic rays at extreme energies. Gaining a 10-fold increase in statistics compared to the Fluorescence Detector data, we find evidence that the rate of change of the average $X_\mathrm{max}$ with the logarithm of energy features three breaks at $6.5\pm0.6~(\mathrm{stat})\pm1~(\mathrm{sys})$ EeV, $11\pm 2~(\mathrm{stat})\pm1~(\mathrm{sys})$ EeV, and $31\pm5~(\mathrm{stat})\pm3~(\mathrm{sys})$ EeV, in the vicinity to the three prominent features (ankle, instep, suppression) of the cosmic-ray flux. The energy evolution of the mean and standard deviation of the measured $X_\mathrm{max}$ distributions indicates that the mass composition becomes increasingly heavier and purer, thus being incompatible with a large fraction of light nuclei between 50 EeV and 100 EeV., Comment: submitted to Phys. Rev. Lett., 10 pages, 3 figures, 1 table
Published: 2024

7. Impact of the Magnetic Horizon on the Interpretation of the Pierre Auger Observatory Spectrum and Composition Data

Author: The Pierre Auger Collaboration, Halim, A. Abdul, Abreu, P., Aglietta, M., Allekotte, I., Cheminant, K. Almeida, Almela, A., Aloisio, R., Alvarez-Muñiz, J., Yebra, J. Ammerman, Anastasi, G. A., Anchordoqui, L., Andrada, B., Andringa, S., Apollonio, L., Aramo, C., Ferreira, P. R. Araújo, Arnone, E., Velázquez, J. C. Arteaga, Assis, P., Avila, G., Avocone, E., Bakalova, A., Barbato, F., Mocellin, A. Bartz, Bellido, J. A., Berat, C., Bertaina, M. E., Bhatta, G., Bianciotto, M., Biermann, P. L., Binet, V., Bismark, K., Bister, T., Biteau, J., Blazek, J., Bleve, C., Blümer, J., Boháčová, M., Boncioli, D., Bonifazi, C., Arbeletche, L. Bonneau, Borodai, N., Brack, J., Orchera, P. G. Brichetto, Briechle, F. L., Bueno, A., Buitink, S., Buscemi, M., Büsken, M., Bwembya, A., Caballero-Mora, K. S., Cabana-Freire, S., Caccianiga, L., Campuzano, F., Caruso, R., Castellina, A., Catalani, F., Cataldi, G., Cazon, L., Cerda, M., Cermenati, A., Chinellato, J. A., Chudoba, J., Chytka, L., Clay, R. W., Cerutti, A. C. Cobos, Colalillo, R., Coluccia, M. R., Conceição, R., Condorelli, A., Consolati, G., Conte, M., Convenga, F., Santos, D. Correia dos, Costa, P. J., Covault, C. E., Cristinziani, M., Sanchez, C. S. Cruz, Dasso, S., Daumiller, K., Dawson, B. R., de Almeida, R. M., de Jesús, J., de Jong, S. J., Neto, J. R. T. de Mello, De Mitri, I., de Oliveira, J., Franco, D. de Oliveira, de Palma, F., de Souza, V., de Errico, B. P. de Souza, De Vito, E., Del Popolo, A., Deligny, O., Denner, N., Deval, L., di Matteo, A., Dobre, M., Dobrigkeit, C., D'Olivo, J. C., Mendes, L. M. Domingues, Dorosti, Q., Anjos, J. C. dos, Anjos, R. C. dos, Ebr, J., Ellwanger, F., Emam, M., Engel, R., Epicoco, I., Erdmann, M., Etchegoyen, A., Evoli, C., Falcke, H., Farrar, G., Fauth, A. C., Feldbusch, F., Fenu, F., Fernandes, A., Fick, B., Figueira, J. M., Filipčič, A., Fitoussi, T., Flaggs, B., Fodran, T., Fujii, T., Fuster, A., Galea, C., García, B., Gaudu, C., Gherghel-Lascu, A., Giaccari, U., Glombitza, J., Gobbi, F., Gollan, F., Golup, G., Berisso, M. Gómez, Vitale, P. F. Gómez, Gongora, J. P., González, J. M., González, N., Góra, D., Gorgi, A., Gottowik, M., Guarino, F., Guedes, G. P., Guido, E., Gülzow, L., Hahn, S., Hamal, P., Hampel, M. R., Hansen, P., Harari, D., Harvey, V. M., Haungs, A., Hebbeker, T., Hojvat, C., Hörandel, J. R., Horvath, P., Hrabovský, M., Huege, T., Insolia, A., Isar, P. G., Janardhana, V., Janecek, P., Jilek, V., Johnsen, J. A., Jurysek, J., Kampert, K. -H., Keilhauer, B., Khakurdikar, A., Covilakam, V. V. Kizakke, Klages, H. O., Kleifges, M., Knapp, F., Köhler, J., Krieger, F., Kunka, N., Lago, B. L., Langner, N., de Oliveira, M. A. Leigui, Lema-Capeans, Y., Letessier-Selvon, A., Lhenry-Yvon, I., Lopes, L., Lu, L., Luce, Q., Lundquist, J. P., Payeras, A. Machado, Majercakova, M., Mandat, D., Manning, B. C., Mantsch, P., Mariani, F. M., Mariazzi, A. G., Mariş, I. C., Marsella, G., Martello, D., Martinelli, S., Bravo, O. Martínez, Martins, M. A., Mathes, H. -J., Matthews, J., Matthiae, G., Mayotte, E., Mayotte, S., Mazur, P. O., Medina-Tanco, G., Meinert, J., Melo, D., Menshikov, A., Merx, C., Michal, S., Micheletti, M. I., Miramonti, L., Mollerach, S., Montanet, F., Morejon, L., Mulrey, K., Mussa, R., Namasaka, W. M., Negi, S., Nellen, L., Nguyen, K., Nicora, G., Niechciol, M., Nitz, D., Nosek, D., Novotny, V., Nožka, L., Nucita, A., Núñez, L. A., Oliveira, C., Palatka, M., Pallotta, J., Panja, S., Parente, G., Paulsen, T., Pawlowsky, J., Pech, M., Pękala, J., Pelayo, R., Pelgrims, V., Pereira, L. A. S., Martins, E. E. Pereira, Armand, J. Perez, Bertolli, C. Pérez, Perrone, L., Petrera, S., Petrucci, C., Pierog, T., Pimenta, M., Platino, M., Pont, B., Pothast, M., Shahvar, M. Pourmohammad, Privitera, P., Prouza, M., Querchfeld, S., Rautenberg, J., Ravignani, D., Akim, J. V. Reginatto, Reininghaus, M., Reuzki, A., Ridky, J., Riehn, F., Risse, M., Rizi, V., de Carvalho, W. Rodrigues, Rodriguez, E., Rojo, J. Rodriguez, Roncoroni, M. J., Rossoni, S., Roth, M., Roulet, E., Rovero, A. C., Ruehl, P., Saftoiu, A., Saharan, M., Salamida, F., Salazar, H., Salina, G., Gomez, J. D. Sanabria, Sánchez, F., Santos, E. M., Santos, E., Sarazin, F., Sarmento, R., Sato, R., Savina, P., Schäfer, C. M., Scherini, V., Schieler, H., Schimassek, M., Schimp, M., Schmidt, D., Scholten, O., Schoorlemmer, H., Schovánek, P., Schröder, F. G., Schulte, J., Schulz, T., Sciutto, S. J., Scornavacche, M., Sedoski, A., Segreto, A., Sehgal, S., Shivashankara, S. U., Sigl, G., Silli, G., Sima, O., Simkova, K., Simon, F., Smau, R., Šmída, R., Sommers, P., Soriano, J. F., Squartini, R., Stadelmaier, M., Stanič, S., Stasielak, J., Stassi, P., Strähnz, S., Straub, M., Suomijärvi, T., Supanitsky, A. D., Svozilikova, Z., Szadkowski, Z., Tairli, F., Tapia, A., Taricco, C., Timmermans, C., Tkachenko, O., Tobiska, P., Peixoto, C. J. Todero, Tomé, B., Torrès, Z., Travaini, A., Travnicek, P., Tueros, M., Unger, M., Uzeiroska, R., Vaclavek, L., Vacula, M., Galicia, J. F. Valdés, Valore, L., Varela, E., Vašíčková, V., Vásquez-Ramírez, A., Veberič, D., Quispe, I. D. Vergara, Verzi, V., Vicha, J., Vink, J., Vorobiov, S., Watanabe, C., Weindl, A., Wiencke, L., Wilczyński, H., Wittkowski, D., Wundheiler, B., Yue, B., Yushkov, A., Zapparrata, O., Zas, E., Zavrtanik, D., and Zavrtanik, M.
Subjects: Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena
Abstract: The flux of ultra-high energy cosmic rays reaching Earth above the ankle energy (5 EeV) can be described as a mixture of nuclei injected by extragalactic sources with very hard spectra and a low rigidity cutoff. Extragalactic magnetic fields existing between the Earth and the closest sources can affect the observed CR spectrum by reducing the flux of low-rigidity particles reaching Earth. We perform a combined fit of the spectrum and distributions of depth of shower maximum measured with the Pierre Auger Observatory including the effect of this magnetic horizon in the propagation of UHECRs in the intergalactic space. We find that, within a specific range of the various experimental and phenomenological systematics, the magnetic horizon effect can be relevant for turbulent magnetic field strengths in the local neighbourhood of order $B_{\rm rms}\simeq (50-100)\,{\rm nG}\,(20\rm{Mpc}/{d_{\rm s})( 100\,\rm{kpc}/L_{\rm coh}})^{1/2}$, with $d_{\rm s}$ the typical intersource separation and $L_{\rm coh}$ the magnetic field coherence length. When this is the case, the inferred slope of the source spectrum becomes softer and can be closer to the expectations of diffusive shock acceleration, i.e., $\propto E^{-2}$. An additional cosmic-ray population with higher source density and softer spectra, presumably also extragalactic and dominating the cosmic-ray flux at EeV energies, is also required to reproduce the overall spectrum and composition results for all energies down to 0.6~EeV., Comment: Matches published version
Published: 2024
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8. The Pierre Auger Observatory Open Data

Author: The Pierre Auger Collaboration, Halim, A. Abdul, Abreu, P., Aglietta, M., Allekotte, I., Cheminant, K. Almeida, Almela, A., Aloisio, R., Alvarez-Muñiz, J., Yebra, J. Ammerman, Anastasi, G. A., Anchordoqui, L., Andrada, B., Dourado, L. Andrade, Andringa, S., Apollonio, L., Aramo, C., Ferreira, P. R. Araújo, Arnone, E., Velázquez, J. C. Arteaga, Assis, P., Avila, G., Avocone, E., Bakalova, A., Barbato, F., Mocellin, A. Bartz, Bellido, J. A., Berat, C., Bertaina, M. E., Bertou, X., Bhatta, G., Bianciotto, M., Biermann, P. L., Binet, V., Bismark, K., Bister, T., Biteau, J., Blazek, J., Bleve, C., Blümer, J., Boháčová, M., Boncioli, D., Bonifazi, C., Arbeletche, L. Bonneau, Borodai, N., Brack, J., Orchera, P. G. Brichetto, Briechle, F. L., Bueno, A., Buitink, S., Buscemi, M., Büsken, M., Bwembya, A., Caballero-Mora, K. S., Cabana-Freire, S., Caccianiga, L., Campuzano, F., Caruso, R., Castellina, A., Catalani, F., Cataldi, G., Cazon, L., Cerda, M., Čermáková, B., Cermenati, A., Chinellato, J. A., Chudoba, J., Chytka, L., Clay, R. W., Cerutti, A. C. Cobos, Colalillo, R., Conceição, R., Condorelli, A., Consolati, G., Conte, M., Convenga, F., Santos, D. Correia dos, Costa, P. J., Covault, C. E., Cristinziani, M., Sanchez, C. S. Cruz, Dasso, S., Daumiller, K., Dawson, B. R., de Almeida, R. M., de Errico, B., de Jesús, J., de Jong, S. J., Neto, J. R. T. de Mello, De Mitri, I., de Oliveira, J., Franco, D. de Oliveira, de Palma, F., de Souza, V., De Vito, E., Del Popolo, A., Deligny, O., Denner, N., Deval, L., di Matteo, A., Dobre, M., Dobrigkeit, C., D'Olivo, J. C., Mendes, L. M. Domingues, Dorosti, Q., Anjos, J. C. dos, Anjos, R. C. dos, Ebr, J., Ellwanger, F., Emam, M., Engel, R., Epicoco, I., Erdmann, M., Etchegoyen, A., Evoli, C., Falcke, H., Farrar, G., Fauth, A. C., Fehler, T., Feldbusch, F., Fernandes, A., Fick, B., Figueira, J. M., Filip, P., Filipčič, A., Fitoussi, T., Flaggs, B., Fodran, T., Freitas, M., Fujii, T., Fuster, A., Galea, C., García, B., Gaudu, C., Ghia, P. L., Giaccari, U., Glombitza, J., Gobbi, F., Gollan, F., Golup, G., Berisso, M. Gómez, Vitale, P. F. Gómez, Gongora, J. P., González, J. M., González, N., Góra, D., Gorgi, A., Gottowik, M., Guarino, F., Guedes, G. P., Guido, E., Gülzow, L., Hahn, S., Hamal, P., Hampel, M. R., Hansen, P., Harvey, V. M., Haungs, A., Hebbeker, T., Hojvat, C., Hörandel, J. R., Horvath, P., Hrabovský, M., Huege, T., Insolia, A., Isar, P. G., Janecek, P., Jilek, V., Jurysek, J., Kampert, K. -H., Keilhauer, B., Khakurdikar, A., Covilakam, V. V. Kizakke, Klages, H. O., Kleifges, M., Knapp, F., Köhler, J., Krieger, F., Kubatova, M., Kunka, N., Lago, B. L., Langner, N., de Oliveira, M. A. Leigui, Lema-Capeans, Y., Letessier-Selvon, A., Lhenry-Yvon, I., Lopes, L., Lundquist, J. P., Payeras, A. Machado, Mandat, D., Manning, B. C., Mantsch, P., Mariani, F. M., Mariazzi, A. G., Mariş, I. C., Marsella, G., Martello, D., Martinelli, S., Bravo, O. Martínez, Martins, M. A., Mathes, H. -J., Matthews, J., Matthiae, G., Mayotte, E., Mayotte, S., Mazur, P. O., Medina-Tanco, G., Meinert, J., Melo, D., Menshikov, A., Merx, C., Michal, S., Micheletti, M. I., Miramonti, L., Mollerach, S., Montanet, F., Morejon, L., Mulrey, K., Mussa, R., Namasaka, W. M., Negi, S., Nellen, L., Nguyen, K., Nicora, G., Niechciol, M., Nitz, D., Nosek, D., Novotny, V., Nožka, L., Nucita, A., Núñez, L. A., Oliveira, C., Palatka, M., Pallotta, J., Panja, S., Parente, G., Paulsen, T., Pawlowsky, J., Pech, M., Pękala, J., Pelayo, R., Pelgrims, V., Pereira, L. A. S., Martins, E. E. Pereira, Bertolli, C. Pérez, Perrone, L., Petrera, S., Petrucci, C., Pierog, T., Pimenta, M., Platino, M., Pont, B., Pothast, M., Shahvar, M. Pourmohammad, Privitera, P., Prouza, M., Querchfeld, S., Rautenberg, J., Ravignani, D., Akim, J. V. Reginatto, Reuzki, A., Ridky, J., Riehn, F., Risse, M., Rizi, V., Rodriguez, E., Rojo, J. Rodriguez, Roncoroni, M. J., Rossoni, S., Roth, M., Roulet, E., Rovero, A. C., Saftoiu, A., Saharan, M., Salamida, F., Salazar, H., Salina, G., Sampathkumar, P., Gomez, J. D. Sanabria, Sánchez, F., Santos, E. M., Santos, E., Sarazin, F., Sarmento, R., Sato, R., Schäfer, C. M., Scherini, V., Schieler, H., Schimassek, M., Schimp, M., Schmidt, D., Scholten, O., Schoorlemmer, H., Schovánek, P., Schröder, F. G., Schulte, J., Schulz, T., Sciutto, S. J., Scornavacche, M., Sedoski, A., Segreto, A., Sehgal, S., Shivashankara, S. U., Sigl, G., Simkova, K., Simon, F., Smau, R., Šmída, R., Sommers, P., Squartini, R., Stadelmaier, M., Stanič, S., Stasielak, J., Stassi, P., Strähnz, S., Straub, M., Suomijärvi, T., Supanitsky, A. D., Svozilikova, Z., Szadkowski, Z., Tairli, F., Tapia, A., Taricco, C., Timmermans, C., Tkachenko, O., Tobiska, P., Peixoto, C. J. Todero, Tomé, B., Torrès, Z., Travaini, A., Travnicek, P., Tueros, M., Unger, M., Uzeiroska, R., Vaclavek, L., Vacula, M., Galicia, J. F. Valdés, Valore, L., Varela, E., Vašíčková, V., Vásquez-Ramírez, A., Veberič, D., Quispe, I. D. Vergara, Verzi, V., Vicha, J., Vink, J., Vorobiov, S., Watanabe, C., Watson, A. A., Weindl, A., Weitz, M., Wiencke, L., Wilczyński, H., Wittkowski, D., Wundheiler, B., Yue, B., Yushkov, A., Zapparrata, O., Zas, E., Zavrtanik, D., and Zavrtanik, M.
Subjects: Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics
Abstract: The Pierre Auger Collaboration has embraced the concept of open access to their research data since its foundation, with the aim of giving access to the widest possible community. A gradual process of release began as early as 2007 when 1% of the cosmic-ray data was made public, along with 100% of the space-weather information. In February 2021, a portal was released containing 10% of cosmic-ray data collected from 2004 to 2018, during Phase I of the Observatory. The Portal included detailed documentation about the detection and reconstruction procedures, analysis codes that can be easily used and modified and, additionally, visualization tools. Since then the Portal has been updated and extended. In 2023, a catalog of the 100 highest-energy cosmic-ray events examined in depth has been included. A specific section dedicated to educational use has been developed with the expectation that these data will be explored by a wide and diverse community including professional and citizen-scientists, and used for educational and outreach initiatives. This paper describes the context, the spirit and the technical implementation of the release of data by the largest cosmic-ray detector ever built, and anticipates its future developments., Comment: 27 pages, 8 figures
Published: 2023

9. Mucithermus cthulhu - a new archaeal isolate with 'long arms'

Author: Reichelt, R., Dengler, L., Schmid, G., Gruenberger, F., Bellack, A., Krieger, F., Beblo-Vranesevic, K., Klingl, A., Rachel, R., Spang, A., Sievert, S.M., Grohmann, D., and Huber, H.
Subjects: gene regulation, Genome function, Archaea
Published: 2021

10. COVID19 Prevalence in Germany – Chances and Challenges

Author: Übner T, Bohn U, Hartmann M, Schragner K, Nestle E, Arends H, Eitelhuber A, Krieger F, and Diez G
Subjects: General Medicine
Published: 2021

11. Quantifying sources of variability in infancy research using the Infant-Directed-Speech preference

Author: ManyBabies Consortium, T, Frank, M, Jane Alcock, K, Arias-Trejo, N, Aschersleben, G, Baldwin, D, Barbu, S, Bergelson, E, Bergmann, C, Black, A, Blything, R, Böhland, M, Bolitho, P, Borovsky, A, Brady, S, Braun, B, Brown, A, Byers-Heinlein, K, Campbell, L, Cashon, C, Choi, M, Christodoulou, J, Cirelli, L, Conte, S, Cordes, S, Cox, C, Cristia, A, Cusack, R, Davies, C, de Klerk, M, Delle Luche, C, de Ruiter, L, Dinakar, D, Dixon, K, Durier, V, Durrant, S, Fennell, C, Ferguson, B, Ferry, A, Fikkert, P, Flanagan, T, Floccia, C, Foley, M, Fritzsche, T, Frost, R, Gampe, A, Gervain, J, Gonzalez-Gomez, N, Gupta, A, Hahn, L, Kiley Hamlin, J, Hannon, E, Havron, N, Hay, J, Hernik, M, Höhle, B, Houston, D, Howard, L, Ishikawa, M, Itakura, S, Jackson, I, Jakobsen, K, Jarto, M, Johnson, S, Junge, C, Karadag, D, Kartushina, N, Kellier, D, Keren-Portnoy, T, Klassen, K, Kline, M, Ko, E, Kominsky, J, Kosie, J, Kragness, H, Krieger, A, Krieger, F, Lany, J, Lazo, R, Lee, M, Leservoisier, C, Levelt, C, Lew-Williams, C, Lippold, M, Liszkowski, U, Liu, L, Luke, S, Lundwall, R, MACCHI CASSIA, V, Mani, N, Marino, C, Martin, A, Mastroberardino, M, Mateu, V, Mayor, J, Menn, K, Michel, C, Moriguchi, Y, Morris, B, Nave, K, Nazzi, T, Noble, C, Novack, M, Olesen, N, John Orena, A, Ota, M, Panneton, R, Parvanezadeh Esfahani, S, Paulus, M, Pletti, C, Polka, L, Potter, C, Rabagliati, H, Ramachandran, S, Rennels, J, Reynolds, G, Roth, K, Rothwell, C, Rubez, D, Ryjova, Y, Saffran, J, Sato, A, Savelkouls, S, Schachner, A, Schafer, G, Schreiner, M, Seidl, A, Shukla, M, Simpson, E, Singh, L, Skarabela, B, Soley, G, Sundara, M, Theakston, A, Thompson, A, Trainor, L, Trehub, S, Trøan, A, Sin-Mei Tsui, A, Twomey, K, Von Holzen, K, Wang, Y, Waxman, S, Werker, J, Wermelinger, S, Woolard, A, Yurovsky, D, Zahner, K, Zettersten, M, Soderstrom, M, The ManyBabies Consortium, Michael C. Frank, Katherine Jane Alcock, Natalia Arias-Trejo, Gisa Aschersleben, Dare Baldwin, Stéphanie Barbu, Elika Bergelson, Christina Bergmann, Alexis K. Black, Ryan Blything, Maximilian P. Böhland, Petra Bolitho, Arielle Borovsky, Shannon M. Brady, Bettina Braun, Anna Brown, Krista Byers-Heinlein, Linda E. Campbell, Cara Cashon, Mihye Choi, Joan Christodoulou, Laura K. Cirelli, Stefania Conte, Sara Cordes, Christopher Cox, Alejandrina Cristia, Rhodri Cusack, Catherine Davies, Maartje de Klerk, Claire Delle Luche, Laura de Ruiter, Dhanya Dinakar, Kate C. Dixon, Virginie Durier, Samantha Durrant, Christopher Fennell, Brock Ferguson, Alissa Ferry, Paula Fikkert, Teresa Flanagan, Caroline Floccia, Megan Foley, Tom Fritzsche, Rebecca L. A. Frost, Anja Gampe, Judit Gervain, Nayeli Gonzalez-Gomez, Anna Gupta, Laura E. Hahn, J. Kiley Hamlin, Erin E. Hannon, Naomi Havron, Jessica Hay, Mikołaj Hernik, Barbara Höhle, Derek M. Houston, Lauren H. Howard, Mitsuhiko Ishikawa, Shoji Itakura, Iain Jackson, Krisztina V. Jakobsen, Marianna Jarto, Scott P. Johnson, Caroline Junge, Didar Karadag, Natalia Kartushina, Danielle J. Kellier, Tamar Keren-Portnoy, Kelsey Klassen, Melissa Kline, Eon-Suk Ko, Jonathan F. Kominsky, Jessica E. Kosie, Haley E. Kragness, Andrea A. R. Krieger, Florian Krieger, Jill Lany, Roberto J. Lazo, Michelle Lee, Chloé Leservoisier, Claartje Levelt, Casey Lew-Williams, Matthias Lippold, Ulf Liszkowski, Liquan Liu, Steven G. Luke, Rebecca A. Lundwall, Viola Macchi Cassia, Nivedita Mani, Caterina Marino, Alia Martin, Meghan Mastroberardino, Victoria Mateu, Julien Mayor, Katharina Menn, Christine Michel, Yusuke Moriguchi, Benjamin Morris, Karli M. Nave, Thierry Nazzi, Claire Noble, Miriam A. Novack, Nonah M. Olesen, Adriel John Orena, Mitsuhiko Ota, Robin Panneton, Sara Parvanezadeh Esfahani, Markus Paulus, Carolina Pletti, Linda Polka, Christine Potter, Hugh Rabagliati, Shruthilaya Ramachandran, Jennifer L. Rennels, Greg D. Reynolds, Kelly C. Roth, Charlotte Rothwell, Doroteja Rubez, Yana Ryjova, Jenny Saffran, Ayumi Sato, Sophie Savelkouls, Adena Schachner, Graham Schafer, Melanie S. Schreiner, Amanda Seidl, Mohinish Shukla, Elizabeth A. Simpson, Leher Singh, Barbora Skarabela, Gaye Soley, Megha Sundara, Anna Theakston, Abbie Thompson, Laurel J. Trainor, Sandra E. Trehub, Anna S. Trøan, Angeline Sin-Mei Tsui, Katherine Twomey, Katie Von Holzen, Yuanyuan Wang, Sandra Waxman, Janet F. Werker, Stephanie Wermelinger, Alix Woolard, Daniel Yurovsky, Katharina Zahner, Martin Zettersten, Melanie Soderstrom, ManyBabies Consortium, T, Frank, M, Jane Alcock, K, Arias-Trejo, N, Aschersleben, G, Baldwin, D, Barbu, S, Bergelson, E, Bergmann, C, Black, A, Blything, R, Böhland, M, Bolitho, P, Borovsky, A, Brady, S, Braun, B, Brown, A, Byers-Heinlein, K, Campbell, L, Cashon, C, Choi, M, Christodoulou, J, Cirelli, L, Conte, S, Cordes, S, Cox, C, Cristia, A, Cusack, R, Davies, C, de Klerk, M, Delle Luche, C, de Ruiter, L, Dinakar, D, Dixon, K, Durier, V, Durrant, S, Fennell, C, Ferguson, B, Ferry, A, Fikkert, P, Flanagan, T, Floccia, C, Foley, M, Fritzsche, T, Frost, R, Gampe, A, Gervain, J, Gonzalez-Gomez, N, Gupta, A, Hahn, L, Kiley Hamlin, J, Hannon, E, Havron, N, Hay, J, Hernik, M, Höhle, B, Houston, D, Howard, L, Ishikawa, M, Itakura, S, Jackson, I, Jakobsen, K, Jarto, M, Johnson, S, Junge, C, Karadag, D, Kartushina, N, Kellier, D, Keren-Portnoy, T, Klassen, K, Kline, M, Ko, E, Kominsky, J, Kosie, J, Kragness, H, Krieger, A, Krieger, F, Lany, J, Lazo, R, Lee, M, Leservoisier, C, Levelt, C, Lew-Williams, C, Lippold, M, Liszkowski, U, Liu, L, Luke, S, Lundwall, R, MACCHI CASSIA, V, Mani, N, Marino, C, Martin, A, Mastroberardino, M, Mateu, V, Mayor, J, Menn, K, Michel, C, Moriguchi, Y, Morris, B, Nave, K, Nazzi, T, Noble, C, Novack, M, Olesen, N, John Orena, A, Ota, M, Panneton, R, Parvanezadeh Esfahani, S, Paulus, M, Pletti, C, Polka, L, Potter, C, Rabagliati, H, Ramachandran, S, Rennels, J, Reynolds, G, Roth, K, Rothwell, C, Rubez, D, Ryjova, Y, Saffran, J, Sato, A, Savelkouls, S, Schachner, A, Schafer, G, Schreiner, M, Seidl, A, Shukla, M, Simpson, E, Singh, L, Skarabela, B, Soley, G, Sundara, M, Theakston, A, Thompson, A, Trainor, L, Trehub, S, Trøan, A, Sin-Mei Tsui, A, Twomey, K, Von Holzen, K, Wang, Y, Waxman, S, Werker, J, Wermelinger, S, Woolard, A, Yurovsky, D, Zahner, K, Zettersten, M, Soderstrom, M, The ManyBabies Consortium, Michael C. Frank, Katherine Jane Alcock, Natalia Arias-Trejo, Gisa Aschersleben, Dare Baldwin, Stéphanie Barbu, Elika Bergelson, Christina Bergmann, Alexis K. Black, Ryan Blything, Maximilian P. Böhland, Petra Bolitho, Arielle Borovsky, Shannon M. Brady, Bettina Braun, Anna Brown, Krista Byers-Heinlein, Linda E. Campbell, Cara Cashon, Mihye Choi, Joan Christodoulou, Laura K. Cirelli, Stefania Conte, Sara Cordes, Christopher Cox, Alejandrina Cristia, Rhodri Cusack, Catherine Davies, Maartje de Klerk, Claire Delle Luche, Laura de Ruiter, Dhanya Dinakar, Kate C. Dixon, Virginie Durier, Samantha Durrant, Christopher Fennell, Brock Ferguson, Alissa Ferry, Paula Fikkert, Teresa Flanagan, Caroline Floccia, Megan Foley, Tom Fritzsche, Rebecca L. A. Frost, Anja Gampe, Judit Gervain, Nayeli Gonzalez-Gomez, Anna Gupta, Laura E. Hahn, J. Kiley Hamlin, Erin E. Hannon, Naomi Havron, Jessica Hay, Mikołaj Hernik, Barbara Höhle, Derek M. Houston, Lauren H. Howard, Mitsuhiko Ishikawa, Shoji Itakura, Iain Jackson, Krisztina V. Jakobsen, Marianna Jarto, Scott P. Johnson, Caroline Junge, Didar Karadag, Natalia Kartushina, Danielle J. Kellier, Tamar Keren-Portnoy, Kelsey Klassen, Melissa Kline, Eon-Suk Ko, Jonathan F. Kominsky, Jessica E. Kosie, Haley E. Kragness, Andrea A. R. Krieger, Florian Krieger, Jill Lany, Roberto J. Lazo, Michelle Lee, Chloé Leservoisier, Claartje Levelt, Casey Lew-Williams, Matthias Lippold, Ulf Liszkowski, Liquan Liu, Steven G. Luke, Rebecca A. Lundwall, Viola Macchi Cassia, Nivedita Mani, Caterina Marino, Alia Martin, Meghan Mastroberardino, Victoria Mateu, Julien Mayor, Katharina Menn, Christine Michel, Yusuke Moriguchi, Benjamin Morris, Karli M. Nave, Thierry Nazzi, Claire Noble, Miriam A. Novack, Nonah M. Olesen, Adriel John Orena, Mitsuhiko Ota, Robin Panneton, Sara Parvanezadeh Esfahani, Markus Paulus, Carolina Pletti, Linda Polka, Christine Potter, Hugh Rabagliati, Shruthilaya Ramachandran, Jennifer L. Rennels, Greg D. Reynolds, Kelly C. Roth, Charlotte Rothwell, Doroteja Rubez, Yana Ryjova, Jenny Saffran, Ayumi Sato, Sophie Savelkouls, Adena Schachner, Graham Schafer, Melanie S. Schreiner, Amanda Seidl, Mohinish Shukla, Elizabeth A. Simpson, Leher Singh, Barbora Skarabela, Gaye Soley, Megha Sundara, Anna Theakston, Abbie Thompson, Laurel J. Trainor, Sandra E. Trehub, Anna S. Trøan, Angeline Sin-Mei Tsui, Katherine Twomey, Katie Von Holzen, Yuanyuan Wang, Sandra Waxman, Janet F. Werker, Stephanie Wermelinger, Alix Woolard, Daniel Yurovsky, Katharina Zahner, Martin Zettersten, and Melanie Soderstrom
Abstract: Psychological scientists have become increasingly concerned with issues related to methodology and replicability, and infancy researchers in particular face specific challenges related to replicability: For example, high-powered studies are difficult to conduct, testing conditions vary across labs, and different labs have access to different infant populations. Addressing these concerns, we report on a large-scale, multisite study aimed at (a) assessing the overall replicability of a single theoretically important phenomenon and (b) examining methodological, cultural, and developmental moderators. We focus on infants’ preference for infant-directed speech (IDS) over adult-directed speech (ADS). Stimuli of mothers speaking to their infants and to an adult in North American English were created using seminaturalistic laboratory-based audio recordings. Infants’ relative preference for IDS and ADS was assessed across 67 laboratories in North America, Europe, Australia, and Asia using the three common methods for measuring infants’ discrimination (head-turn preference, central fixation, and eye tracking). The overall meta-analytic effect size (Cohen’s d) was 0.35, 95% confidence interval = [0.29, 0.42], which was reliably above zero but smaller than the meta-analytic mean computed from previous literature (0.67). The IDS preference was significantly stronger in older children, in those children for whom the stimuli matched their native language and dialect, and in data from labs using the head-turn preference procedure. Together, these findings replicate the IDS preference but suggest that its magnitude is modulated by development, native-language experience, and testing procedure.
Published: 2020

12. Scrotal Operation or Biopsy of Testicular Tumors — A Fatal Mistake?

Author: Sigel, A., Krieger, F., Allfrey, V. G., editor, Allgöwer, M., editor, Bauer, K. H., editor, Berenblum, I., editor, Bergel, F., editor, Bernard, J., editor, Bernhard, W., editor, Blokhin, N. N., editor, Bock, H. E., editor, Braun, W., editor, Bucalossi, P., editor, Chaklin, A. V., editor, Chorazy, M., editor, Cunningham, G. J., editor, Della Porta, G., editor, Denoix, P., editor, Dulbecco, R., editor, Eagle, H., editor, Eker, R., editor, Good, R. A., editor, Grabar, P., editor, Harris, R. J. C., editor, Hecker, E., editor, Herbeuval, R., editor, Higginson, J., editor, Hueper, W. C., editor, Isliker, H., editor, Kieler, J., editor, Klein, G., editor, Koprowski, H., editor, Koss, L. G., editor, Martz, G., editor, Mathé, G., editor, Mühlbock, O., editor, Nakahara, W., editor, Old, L. J., editor, Potter, V. R., editor, Sabin, A. B., editor, Sachs, L., editor, Saxén, E. A., editor, Schmidt, C. G., editor, Spiegelman, S., editor, Szybalski, W., editor, Tagnon, H., editor, Taylor, R. M., editor, Tissières, A., editor, Uehlinger, E., editor, Wissler, R. W., editor, Rentchnick, P., editor, Grundmann, Ekkehard, editor, and Vahlensieck, Winfried, editor
Published: 1977
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13. PP15.15 – 2688: NBIA Alliance – The impact of the international NBIA patient advocacy on NBIA research and vice versa

Author: Klucken, A., primary, Jaskolka, H., additional, Wood, P., additional, Ali, N., additional, López, A., additional, Nagel, A., additional, Scalise, N., additional, Van Schijndel, M., additional, Vasseur, J.-L., additional, Sheppard-Whalen, M., additional, Gauzy-Krieger, F., additional, Hayflick, S.J., additional, and Klopstock, T., additional
Published: 2015
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14. Scrotal Operation or Biopsy of Testicular Tumors — A Fatal Mistake?

Author: Sigel, A., primary and Krieger, F., additional
Published: 1977
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15. Entrepreneurship Stimulation at the University of Twente

Author: van der Sijde, Peter, Teichert, J., Krieger, F., and Hanny, S.
Subjects: METIS-224616
Published: 2005

16. A Simplified Method for Computing the Equilibrium Composition of Gaseous Systems.

Author: Krieger, F. J. and White, W. B.
Published: 1948
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17. Beiträge zum Verhalten von Ischnura elegans und Ischnura pumilio (Odonata)1

Author: Krieger, F., primary and Krieger-Loibl, E., additional
Published: 2010
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18. Neural mechanisms in border ownership assignment: motion parallax and gestalt cues

Author: Heydt, R., primary, Qiu Krieger, F. T, additional, and He, Z. J, additional
Published: 2010
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19. Ultrafast Quenching of the Xanthone Triplet by Energy Transfer: New Insight into the Intersystem Crossing Kinetics

Author: Satzger, H., primary, Schmidt, B., additional, Root, C., additional, Zinth, W., additional, Fierz, B., additional, Krieger, F., additional, Kiefhaber, T., additional, and Gilch, P., additional
Published: 2004
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20. A comparison of breast-feeding data from the National Surveys of Family Growth and the Ross Laboratories Mothers Surveys.

Author: Ryan, A S, primary, Pratt, W F, additional, Wysong, J L, additional, Lewandowski, G, additional, McNally, J W, additional, and Krieger, F W, additional
Published: 1991
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21. Geochemical comparison of oil-bearing fluid inclusions and produced oil from the Toro sandstone, Papua New Guinea

Author: George, S. C., Krieger, F. W., Eadington, P. J., Quezada, R. A., Greenwood, P. F., Eisenberg, L. I., Hamilton, P. J., and Wilson, M. A.
Published: 1997
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22. The Thermodynamics of the Phenolic Resin/Carbon-Hydrogen-Oxygen Vapor System.

Author: R AND D ASSOCIATES SANTA MONICA CALIF, Krieger,F. J., R AND D ASSOCIATES SANTA MONICA CALIF, and Krieger,F. J.
Abstract: The purpose of this study is the thermodynamic investigation of phenolic resin over a range of temperatures (up to 6000^K) and pressures. The results of the computational program are presented in both tabular and graphic form. The latter is a conventional Mollier diagram in which specific enthalpy is plotted against specific entropy, with cross plots of temperature, pressure, molecular weight and moles of condensed carbon. (Author, modified-PL), Defense Nuclear Agency, Washington, D.C.
Published: 1974

23. US-Soviet Cooperation in Space Dodd L. Harvey Linda C. Ciccoritti

Author: Krieger, F. J.
Published: 1975
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24. THE THERMODYNAMICS OF THE SILICON CARBIDE/SILICON-CARBON VAPOR SYSTEM

Author: RAND CORP SANTA MONICA CA, Krieger, F. J., RAND CORP SANTA MONICA CA, and Krieger, F. J.
Abstract: An investigation of the thermodynamic properties of silicon carbide (SiC) over a range of temperatures up to 6000K and pressures up to 1000 atmospheres. Two sets of equilibrium composition equations are used--one representing a pure gas phase, the other a heterogeneous system of gas and condensed (solid) silicon carbide. The gas phase of the heterogeneous chemical system, like the homogeneous gas phase, comprises 25 gaseous silicon-carbide species. Tabulated summaries give computed values of volume, molecular weight, moles of gas, moles of solid SiC, density, enthalpy, energy, and entropy for silicon carbide at various temperatures and pressures. A conventional Mollier diagram is included in which specific enthalpy is plotted against specific entropy, with cross plots of temperature, pressure, and molecular weight in the pure gas region, and cross plots of temperature and moles of condensed SiC in the gas-solid region. Variation of sublimination temperature with pressure for silicon carbide and graphite is also shown.
Published: 1968

25. RED STAR SERIES ON THE PROBLEMS OF UTILIZING ATOMIC ENERGY, Part V. THE NUCLEAR FUEL ENGINE

Author: RAND CORP SANTA MONICA CA, Pokrovskii, G, Krieger, F J, RAND CORP SANTA MONICA CA, Pokrovskii, G, and Krieger, F J
Abstract: The article is concerned with the application of atomic engines to submarines, aircraft, guided missiles and automobiles. It is suggested that atomic submarines could provide an excellent means of communication in the Arctic since they could travel unhindered under the ice where there is always a layer of unfrozen water. Although not yet used in aircraft, atomic engines have great significance for pilotless aviation, e. g., guided missiles, long-range rockets, and cargo- and passenger-towing aircraft, since there is no need for extremely heavy shielding around the nuclear power plant. With regard to automobile transport, the existence of a project is indicated which makes use of gaseous fissionable materials in an internal combustion type of engine., Trans. from Krasnaya Zvezda (USSR) 1954, 15 Sep, p. 3, see also AD604762.
Published: 1954

26. THE THERMODYNAMICS OF THE ALUMINUM/ALUMINUM VAPOR SYSTEM

Author: RAND CORP SANTA MONICA CA, Krieger, F. J., RAND CORP SANTA MONICA CA, and Krieger, F. J.
Abstract: The 18th in a series of mathematical investigations of the thermodynamics of ablative materials, the study considers aluminum over a range of temperatures up to 6000 deg K and pressures up to 1000 atmospheres. Two sets of equilibrium equations are used--one representing a pure gas phase, the other a heterogeneous system of gas and condensed solid or liquid aluminum. The gas phase of the heterogeneous chemical system, like the homogeneous gas phase, comprises 3 gaseous species. Computational results are presented in both tabular and graphic form. The latter comprises (a) a conventional Mollier diagram in which specific enthalpy is plotted against specific entropy, with cross plots of temperature, pressure, and molecular weight of moles of condensed aluminum; (b) a plot of volume versus temperature for aluminum; and (c) a plot of vaporization temperature for aluminum and graphite at various pressures.
Published: 1970

27. SPECIFIC IMPULSE VALUES FOR HYDROGEN AND RDX

Author: RAND CORP SANTA MONICA CA, Krieger, F. J., RAND CORP SANTA MONICA CA, and Krieger, F. J.
Abstract: The purpose of this study is the parametric investigation of hydrogen and RDX as working materials in rockets propelled by contained nuclear explosions (Project HELIOS). Hydrogen, by virtue of its low molecular weight, is the prime working fluid of chemical rockets. RDX is a chemical explosive used in the construction of nuclear implosion devices. Chemically known as cyclomethylene-trinitramine or cyclonite, RDX has the empirical formula C3H6O6N6. A two-part computational program was carried out for each compound. The results are presented in graphic form. The results of the first of the program are presented in static form, i.e., by the conventional Mollier diagram, in which specific enthalpy is plotted against specific entropy, with cross plots of temperature, pressure, and molecular weight. The results of the second part are presented in dynamic form by a series of diagrams in which specific impulse is plotted against chamber pressure with chamber temperature and exhaust pressure as parameters. The specific impulse of hydrogen heated by a nuclear explosion, neglecting fission products, may then be obtained by taking a linear combination of properly weighted specific impulse values for hydrogen and RDX.
Published: 1965

28. THE THERMODYNAMICS OF THE POLYSTYRENE-HYDROCARBON VAPOR SYSTEM

Author: RAND CORP SANTA MONICA CA, Krieger, F. J., RAND CORP SANTA MONICA CA, and Krieger, F. J.
Abstract: A study was conducted on the thermodynamic properties of polystyrene over a range of temperatures up to 6000 K and pressures up to 10 to the 6th power atmospheres. Two sets of equilibrium composition equations are used; one representing a pure gas phase, the other a heterogeneous system of gas and solid carbon. The gas phase of the heterogeneous chemical system, like the homogeneous gas phase, comprises 70 gaseous carbon and hydrocarbon species. The results of the computational program are presented in both tabular and graphic form. The latter is a conventional Mollier diagram in which specific enthalpy is plotted against specific entropy, with cross plots of temperature, pressure, and molecular weight.
Published: 1963

29. SOVIET PHILOSOPHY, SCIENCE AND CYBERNETICS

Author: RAND CORP SANTA MONICA CA, Krieger, F. J., RAND CORP SANTA MONICA CA, and Krieger, F. J.
Abstract: Marxist-Leninist ideology is founded on a doctri nal edifice that consists of two parts: dialec tical materialism and historical materialism. Dialectical materialism is both a theory of reality, or world-outlook, and a methodology; it is allegedly based on the evolution of the natural sciences and affirms the continuous transformation of matter and the dynamic inter connectedness of things and concepts. Historical materialism is the associated theory of society and deals with the problems of ethics, aesthet ics, and the philosophies of history and law. That Marxism-Leninism is not a science follows from the fact that it does not satisfy the three essential conditions of a science: (1) that it be based on experience; (2) that it be presented in a logical and coherent way; (3) that it be open to free criticism and readjustment or rejection if further facts demand it. Marxism Leninism does not satisfy any of these condi tions. It is not based on experience; rather, it is proposed as an priori dogma derived from the inviolable "classics" of Marx, Engels, and Lenin. It is not logically organized. It rejects free criticism and believes itself to be eternal and unchanging.
Published: 1963

30. The Thermodynamics of the Polystyrene-Hydrocarbon Vapor System

Author: R AND D ASSOCIATES SANTA MONICA CALIF, Krieger,F. J., R AND D ASSOCIATES SANTA MONICA CALIF, and Krieger,F. J.
Abstract: The purpose of this study is the thermodynamic investigation of polystyrene over a range of temperatures up to 6000K and pressures up to 1000 atmospheres. Because polystyrene is subject to thermal breakdown and styrene has a relatively low boiling point (418.29K), only the gaseous phase was considered in determining the equilibrium compositions for the above parameters. The results of the computational program are presented in both tabular and graphic form. The latter is a conventional Mollier diagram in which specific enthalpy is plotted against specific entropy, with cross plots of temperature, pressure, and molecular weight. (Author)
Published: 1973

31. The Thermodynamics of the Beryllium/Beryllium Vapor System.

Author: R AND D ASSOCIATES SANTA MONICA CALIF*, Krieger,F. J., R AND D ASSOCIATES SANTA MONICA CALIF*, and Krieger,F. J.
Abstract: The purpose of the study is the thermodynamic investigation of beryllium over a range of temperatures up to 6000K and pressures up to 1000 atmospheres. Two sets of equilibrium composition equations are used--one representing a pure gas phase, the other a heterogeneous system of gas and condensed (i.e., solid or liquid) beryllium. The results of the computational program are presented in both tabular and graphic form. The later comprised of a conventional Mollier diagram, a plot of volume versus temperature for beryllium, and a plot of vaporization temperature for beryllium, graphite, aluminun, and titanium at various pressures. (Author)
Published: 1971

32. The Thermodynamics of the Titanium/Titanium Vapor System

Author: RAND CORP SANTA MONICA CALIF, Krieger,F. J., RAND CORP SANTA MONICA CALIF, and Krieger,F. J.
Abstract: The purpose of the study is the thermodynamic investigation of titanium, Ti, over a range of temperatures up to 6000K and pressures up to 1000 atmospheres. Two sets of equilibrium composition equations are used--one representing a pure gas phase, the other a heteorogeneous system of gas and condensed (i.e., solid or liquid) titanium. The gas phase of the heterogeneous Chemical system, like the homogeneous gas phase, comprises 3 gaseous species. The results of the computational program are presented in both tabular and graphic form. The latter comprises (a) a conventional Mollier diagram in which specific enthalpy is plotted against specific entropy, with cross plots of temperature, pressure, and molecular weight or moles of condensed titanium, (b) a plot of volume versus temperature for titanium, and (c) a plot of vaporization temperature for titanium, aluminum, and graphite at various pressures. (Author)
Published: 1971

33. THE THERMODYNAMICS OF THE GRAPHITE-CARBON VAPOR SYSTEM

Author: RAND CORP SANTA MONICA CALIF, Krieger,F. J., RAND CORP SANTA MONICA CALIF, and Krieger,F. J.
Abstract: The report describes the thermodynamic investigation of graphite over a range of temperatures up to 6000K and pressures up to 1000 atmospheres. Two sets of equilibrium composition equations were used--one representing a pure gas phase, the other a heterogeneous system of gaseous and solid carbon. The heterogeneous chemical system was unique in that, although it involved two phases and a variety of chemical species, it comprised only one chemical element. The mathematical solution of the system of equations representing the heterogeneous chemical system was subject, therefore, to the physical constraint of one degree of freedom. The results of the computational program are presented in both tabular and graphic form. The latter is a conventional Mollier diagram in which specific enthalpy is plotted against specific entropy, with cross plots of temperature, pressure, molecular weight, and moles of condensed carbon. A carbon phase diagram is also presented in which the computed sublimation curve terminates at an experimentally determined triple point. (Author)
Published: 1969

34. THE THERMODYNAMICS OF THE BORON CARBIDE BORON-CARBON VAPOR SYSTEM

Author: RAND CORP SANTA MONICA CALIF, Krieger,F. J., RAND CORP SANTA MONICA CALIF, and Krieger,F. J.
Abstract: An investigation of the thermodynamic properties of boron carbide over a range of temperatures up to 6000 deg K and pressures up to 1000 atmospheres. Two sets of equilibrium composition equations are used--one representing a pure gas phase, the other a heterogeneous system of gas and condensed (solid or liquid) boron carbide. The gas phase of the heterogenous chemical system, like the homogeneous gas phase, comprises 23 gaseous boron-carbon species. The results of the computational program are presented in both tabular and graphic form. The latter is a conventional Mollier diagram in which specific enthalpy is plotted against specific entropy, with cross plots of temperature, pressure, and molecular weight or moles of condensed boron carbide. (Author)
Published: 1969

35. SOVIET PERIODICAL LITERATURE ON ASTRONAUTICS

Author: RAND CORP SANTA MONICA CALIF, Krieger,F. J., RAND CORP SANTA MONICA CALIF, and Krieger,F. J.
Abstract: The report describes sources of Russian literature on astronautics, and notes the inadequacies of some of the sources.
Published: 1958

36. FUTURE SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF THE U.S.S.R.

Author: RAND CORP SANTA MONICA CALIF, Krieger,F. J., RAND CORP SANTA MONICA CALIF, and Krieger,F. J.
Abstract: Chief among the factors that have contributed to the rise of the Soviet Union from a backward nation to a dominant world power are the technical efficiency of its leadership, its capacity for industrial progress, the genius and organization of its scientific community, and its ability to capitalize on Western developments. The status of Soviet science in various fields of science and technology is reviewed., Revision of manuscript received 19 Mar 59. Prepared for presentation at the ARDC, Headquarters, 27 Jan 60.
Published: 1960

37. THE THERMODYNAMICS OF THE GRAPHITE-CARBON VAPOR SYSTEM

Author: RAND CORP SANTA MONICA CALIF, Krieger,F. J., RAND CORP SANTA MONICA CALIF, and Krieger,F. J.
Abstract: The thermodynamic investigation of graphite covers a range of temperatures up to 6000K and pressures up to 1000 atmospheres. Two sets of equilibrium composition equations are used--one representing a pure gas phase (including nine ionized chemical species), the other a heterogeneous system of gas and solid carbon. The results of the computational program are presented in both tabular and graphic form. The latter is a conventional Mollier diagram in which specific enthalpy is plotted against specific entropy, with cross plots of temperature, pressure, molecular weight, and moles of condensed carbon. (Author), A revision of AD-625 735.
Published: 1967

38. THE THERMODYNAMICS OF THE BERYLLIA/BERYLLIUM-OXYGEN VAPOR SYSTEM

Author: RAND CORP SANTA MONICA CALIF, Krieger,F. J., RAND CORP SANTA MONICA CALIF, and Krieger,F. J.
Abstract: The purpose of the study is the thermodynamic investigation of beryllia, Be0, over a range of temperatures up to 6000K and pressures up to 1000 atmospheres. Two sets of equilibrium composition equations are used--one representing a pure gas phase, the other a heterogeneous system of gas and condensed (i.e., solid or liquid) beryllia. The gas phase of the heterogeneous chemical system, like the homogeneous gas phase, comprises 15 gaseous beryllium-oxygen species. The results of the computational program are presented in both tabular and graphic form. The latter is a conventional Mollier diagram in which specific enthalpy is plotted against specific entropy, with cross plots of temperature, pressure, and molecular weight or moles of condensed beryllia. (Author)
Published: 1966

39. THE THERMODYNAMICS OF THE ALUMINA/ALUMINUM-OXYGEN VAPOR SYSTEM.

Author: RAND CORP SANTA MONICA CALIF, KRIEGER, F. J., RAND CORP SANTA MONICA CALIF, and KRIEGER, F. J.
Abstract: The purpose of this study is the thermodynamic investigation of alumina, A1203, over a range of temperatures up to 6000K and pressures up to 1000 atmospheres. Two sets of equilibrium composition equations are used--one representing a pure gas phase, the other a heterogeneous system of gas and condensed (i.e., solid or liquid) alumina. The gas phase of the heterogeneous chemical system, like the homogeneous gas phase, comprises 12 gaseous aluminum-oxygen species. The results of the computational program are presented in both tabular and graphic form. The latter is a conventional Mollier diagram in which specific enthalpy is plotted against specific entropy, with cross plots of temperature, pressure, and molecular weight or moles of condensed alumina. (Author)
Published: 1966

40. THE THERMODYNAMICS OF THE MAGNESIA/MAGNESIUM-OXYGEN VAPOR SYSTEM

Author: RAND CORP SANTA MONICA CALIF, Krieger,F. J., RAND CORP SANTA MONICA CALIF, and Krieger,F. J.
Abstract: The purpose of this study is the thermodynamic investigation of magnesia, MgO, over a range of temperatures up to 6000K and pressures up to 1000 atmospheres. Two sets of equilibrium composition equations are used --one representing a pure gas phase, the other a heterogeneous system of gas and condensed (i.e., solid or liquid) magnesia. The gas phase of the heterogeneous chemical system, like the homogeneous gas phase, comprises 7 gaseous magnesium-oxygen species. The results of the computational program are presented in both tabular and graphic form. The latter is a conventional Mollier diagram in which specific enthalpy is plotted against specific entropy, with cross plots of temperature, pressure, and molecular weight or moles of condensed magnesia. (Author)
Published: 1966

41. THE THERMODYNAMICS OF THE POLYAMIDE RESIN (NYLON-6): CARBON-HYDROGEN-OXYGENNITROGEN VAPOR SYSTEM.

Author: RAND CORP SANTA MONICA CALIF, Krieger,F. J., RAND CORP SANTA MONICA CALIF, and Krieger,F. J.
Abstract: The purpose of this study is the thermodynamic investigation of polyamide resin (Nylon-6) over a range of temperatures up to 6000K and pressures up to 100,000 atmospheres. Two sets of equilibrium composition equations are used--one representing a pure gas phase, the other a heterogeneous system of gas and solid carbon. The gas phase of the heterogeneous chemical system, like the homogeneous gas phase, comprises 90 gaseous carbon-hydrogen-oxygen-nitrogen species. The results of the computational program are presented in both tabular and graphic form. The latter is a conventional Mollier diagram in which specific enthalpy is plotted against specific entropy, with cross plots of temperature, pressure, and molecular weight. (Author)
Published: 1965

42. A SIMPLIFIED METHOD FOR COMPUTING THE EQUILIBRIUM COMPOSITION OF GASEOUS SYSTEMS

Author: RAND CORP SANTA MONICA CALIF, Krieger,F. J., White,W. B., RAND CORP SANTA MONICA CALIF, Krieger,F. J., and White,W. B.
Abstract: A simplified procedure is described for computing, either manually or by means of punched cards, the equilibrium composition of a gaseous system of any degree of complexity. The method presents a system of n equations in n unknowns in such a form that each of the major components is given as a linear expression of the minor components only, while the logarithm of each of the minor components is given as a linear expression in terms of the free energy change for the dissociation reaction which defines the minor component and the logarithms of the major components and the total pressure. An iteration process then gives an exact solution with a rapidity which decreases as the fuel-oxidant mole ratio approaches the stoichiometric value. (Author)
Published: 1948

43. THE THERMODYNAMICS OF THE SILICA/SILICON-OXYGEN VAPOR SYSTEM

Author: RAND CORP SANTA MONICA CA, Krieger, F. J., RAND CORP SANTA MONICA CA, and Krieger, F. J.
Abstract: The purpose of this study is the thermodynamic investigation of silica, SiO2, over a range of temperatures up to 6000 K and pressures up to 10,000 atmospheres. Two sets of equilibrium composition equations are used--one representing a pure gas phase, the other a heterogeneous system of gas and condensed (i.e., solid or liquid) silica. The gas phase of the heterogeneous chemical system, like the homogeneous gas phase, comprises 7 gaseous silicon-oxygen species. The results of the computational program are presented in both tabular and graphic form. The later is a conventional Mollier diagram in which specific enthalpy is plotted against specific entropy, with cross plots of temperature, pressure, and molecular weight or moles of condensed silica. (Author)
Published: 1965

44. THE THERMODYNAMICS OF THE TEFLON-FLUOROCARBON VAPOR SYSTEM

Author: RAND CORP SANTA MONICA CALIF, Krieger,F. J., RAND CORP SANTA MONICA CALIF, and Krieger,F. J.
Abstract: One of a series of mathematical studies of ablative materials. The Memorandum is an investigation of the thermodynamics of teflon over a range of temperature up to 6000 K and pressure up to 100,000 atmospheres. Two sets of equilibrium composition equations are employed: one representing a pure gas phase; the other, a heterogenous system of gas and solid carbon. Results of the computational program are presented in both tabular and graphic form. (Author)
Published: 1965

45. ON CERTAIN UNSTEADY MOTIONS OF A COMPRESSIBLE FLUID

Author: RAND CORP SANTA MONICA CALIF, Sedov,L. I., Krieger,F. J., RAND CORP SANTA MONICA CALIF, Sedov,L. I., and Krieger,F. J.
Abstract: Exact solutions of the equations for one-dimensional unsteady motion of a compressible fluid are considered in the case of plane waves and motions with cylindrical and spherical symmetry. The solutions are determined by simple procedures based on considerations of the theory of dimensions. In concrete examples it is easy to indicate the arrangements of the problems and the hypotheses leading to solutions of the type obtained. This general method is applied to both linear and nonlinear equations with partial derivatives in the most varied problems of physics and mechanics. (Author), Trans. from Prikladnaya Matematika i Mekhanika 9:4 pp. 293-311, 1945.
Published: 1956

46. THE THERMODYNAMICS OF THE ALUMINUM SILICATE/ALUMINUM-SILICON-OXYGEN VAPOR SYSTEM

Author: RAND CORP SANTA MONICA CALIF, Krieger,F. J., RAND CORP SANTA MONICA CALIF, and Krieger,F. J.
Abstract: An investigation of the thermodynamic properties of aluminum silicate, 3Al2O3.2SiO2, over a range of temperatures up to 6000K and pressures up to 1000 atmospheres. Three sets of equilibrium composition equations are used--one representing a pure gas phase, the second a heterogeneous system of gas and condensed alumina, and the third a heterogeneous system of gas and condensed alumina and silica. The gas phase of the heterogeneous chemical systems, like the homogeneous gas phase, comprises 18 gaseous aluminum-silicon-oxygen species. Tabulated summaries give computed values. A conventional Mollier diagram is included in which specific enthalpy is plotted against specific entropy, with cross plots of temperature, pressure, and molecular weight or moles of condensed alumina and silica. (Author)
Published: 1968

47. SOVIET ASTRONAUTICS

Author: RAND CORP SANTA MONICA CALIF, Krieger,F. J., RAND CORP SANTA MONICA CALIF, and Krieger,F. J.
Abstract: The paper describes the history of Soviet interest in space flight leading up to the launching of Sputniks I and II. A discussion of Soviet technical and popular literature on space flight is included.
Published: 1958

48. THE RUSSIAN LITERATURE ON ROCKET PROPELLANTS

Author: RAND CORP SANTA MONICA CALIF, KRIEGER,F. J., RAND CORP SANTA MONICA CALIF, and KRIEGER,F. J.
Abstract: Because of their emphasis on science and technology, the Soviets bring to light the results of their scientific investigations in a wide variety of controlled publications. These include the popular press, as well as a multiplicity of scientific and industrial journals. Although the Soviets publish widely on combustion, detonation, explosion, and industrial explosives, their output of original material on rocket propellants is seriously limited by security restrictions. Nevertheless, examination of the Russian literature reveals (1) a thorough familiarity with Western developments, and (2) considerable research activity on both solid and liquid propellants of the conventional and nonconventional variety. Among the objects of special interest are pentaborane, ammonium nitrate, ozone, hydrogen superoxide, and frozen radicals. (Author), Rept. prepared for presentation at the National Meeting of the American Chemical Society (137th), Cleveland, Ohio, 8 Apr 60.
Published: 1960

49. THE THERMODYNAMICS OF THE ZIRCONIUM NITRIDE/ZIRCONIUM-NITROGEN VAPOR SYSTEM

Author: RAND CORP SANTA MONICA CALIF, Krieger,F. J., RAND CORP SANTA MONICA CALIF, and Krieger,F. J.
Abstract: The study considers zirconium nitride over a range of temperatures up to 6000 deg K and pressures up to 100 atmospheres. Two sets of equilibrium composition equations are used--one representing a pure gas phase, the other a heterogeneous system of gas and condensed solid or liquid ZrN. The gas phase of the heterogeneous chemical system, like the homogeneous gas phase, comprises eight gaseous zirconium-nitrogen species. Computational results are presented in both graphic and tabular form. The former is a conventional Mollier diagram in which specific enthalpy is plotted against specific entropy, with cross plots of temperature, pressure, and molecular weight or moles of condensed ZrN. (Author)
Published: 1970

50. THE THERMODYNAMICS OF THE MAGNESIUM SILICATE/MAGNESIUM-SILICON-OXYGEN VAPOR SYSTEM

Author: RAND CORP SANTA MONICA CALIF, Krieger,F. J., RAND CORP SANTA MONICA CALIF, and Krieger,F. J.
Abstract: The thermodynamic properties of magnesium silicate were investigated over a range of temperatures up to 6000K and pressures up to 1000 atmospheres. Three sets of equilibrium composition equations were used--one representing a pure gas phase, the second a heterogeneous system of gas and condensed magnesia, and the third a heterogeneous system of gas and condensed magnesia and silica. Tabulated summaries give computed values of volume, molecular weight, moles of gas, moles of solid or liquid magnesia and silica, density, enthalpy, energy, and entropy for magnesium silicate at various temperatures and pressures. A conventional Mollier diagram is included in which specific enthalpy is plotted against specific entropy, with cross plots of temperature, pressure, and molecular weight or moles of condensed magnesia and silica. The variation of sublimation temperature with pressure is also shown for magnesia and silica both alone and in the presence of each other. (Author)
Published: 1967

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