142 results on '"Kimberley Process"'
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2. The Different Initiatives on Due Diligence for Responsible Mineral Supply Chains from Conflict-Affected and High-Risk Areas: Are there More Effective Alternatives?
- Author
-
Carmen Martínez San Millán
- Subjects
due diligence ,conflict minerals ,coltan ,resolution 1952 ,dodd-frank act ,oecd guidance ,regulation (eu) 2017/821 ,kimberley process ,armed conflicts ,international trade ,Law in general. Comparative and uniform law. Jurisprudence ,K1-7720 ,International relations ,JZ2-6530 - Abstract
Minerals from conflict-affected and high-risk areas such as coltan, present in all the technological devices that we use on a daily basis, contribute to the exacerbation and escalation of armed conflicts, as well as to prolonging situations of human rights violations in numerous regions of the world and, specially, in Africa. To put an end to this problem, many states and international organizations, such as the United States, the Organization for Cooperation and Development in Europe or the European Union, have adopted different initiatives, all of them focused on the due diligence that agents that participate in the supply chain of all this series of conflict minerals must carry out. However, the fact that some of these initiatives are not even in force has not prevented the possibility of identifying limits that obstruct the achievement of its main objective: to break the link between the illegal exploitation of natural resources, the illicit trade of these resources, and the perpetuation of armed conflicts. In this way, it is worth asking if there are more effective viable alternatives to the existing initiatives, such as a certification system similar to the Kimberley Process Certification Scheme.
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
3. El Proceso de Kimberley: una contribución a la resolución de los conflictos en África.
- Author
-
García Pernía, Nelson
- Subjects
- *
POLITICAL stability , *GEMS & precious stones , *DIAMONDS , *MINERALS , *PEACE - Abstract
From the beginning of the Kimberley Process in 2003, the diamond trade entered a new stage of international supervision. The main reason that triggered this initiative was the recurrent political instability that marked countries like Sierra Leone, and Angola, where some armed groups took advantage of the exploitation of this mineral to undermine the sociopolitical stability after trying to come into power by force. Through this enforcement, the process has gradually joined up several actors linked to the exploitation of this gemstone in their attempts to take part in and take control of this marketing chain, thus turning it into a worldwide promoting instrument of peace. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
4. ‘The World Against Us’: The Vulnerable Group, Marange Diamond Mines and the Corporate Social Responsibility Question
- Author
-
Thompson, O. O., Aduradola, R. R., Odozor, U. S., Nwaorgu, O. G. F., Afolabi, A. S., Ade-Ibijola, A. O., Idowu, Samuel O., Series Editor, Schmidpeter, René, Series Editor, Mugova, Shame, editor, and Sachs, Paul R., editor
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
5. Asymmetric Enemies in Somalia, Cambodia, Angola, Rwanda, Sierra Leone, Eritrea-Ethiopia, Liberia I–III, Congo (Zaire), Ivory Coast, Sudan II, Libya, Guinea-Bissau, Central African Republic, Yemen, South Sudan
- Author
-
Carisch, Enrico, Rickard-Martin, Loraine, Meister, Shawna R., Carisch, Enrico, Rickard-Martin, Loraine, and Meister, Shawna R.
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
6. Commodity Sanctions
- Author
-
Carisch, Enrico, Rickard-Martin, Loraine, Meister, Shawna R., Carisch, Enrico, Rickard-Martin, Loraine, and Meister, Shawna R.
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
7. Menke.
- Author
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Murdock, Michelle M.
- Subjects
KIMBERLEY Process ,DIAMOND industry ,INTERNATIONAL trade ,BUSINESS ethics ,HISTORY of West Africa - Abstract
The article recommends the addition of new ethics standards to the Kimberley Process Certification Scheme (KPCS), an international certification scheme that regulates trade in the natural jewelry-quality diamond industry. Topics discussed include the origins of the international diamond trade, the efficacy of the KPCS, and synthetic diamonds and the jewelry market. Also mentioned are the De Beers monopoly, the West African civil wars, and ethical sourcing of diamonds.
- Published
- 2020
8. Dirty Diamonds.
- Author
-
Baker, Aryn, Kabanda, Caleb, and Kalombo, Franklin
- Subjects
CONFLICT diamonds ,DIAMOND industry ,KIMBERLEY Process ,DIAMOND mining ,CERTIFICATION ,CONGO (Democratic Republic) Civil War, 1998-2003 ,INTERNATIONAL cooperation - Abstract
The article discusses several aspects of a 15-year-long global effort to ban blood diamonds (conflict diamonds) as of 2015, and it mentions the problems and misery that are associated with the conflict diamond industries in places such as the Democratic Republic of Congo. Diamond mining work is addressed, along with the claim that Africa's mines are home to 65 percent of the world's diamonds. The Kimberley Process international certification system for diamonds is also examined.
- Published
- 2015
9. Las diferentes iniciativas sobre diligencia debida en la cadena de suministro de minerales de zonas de conflicto y de alto riesgo: ¿existen alternativas viables más eficaces?1.
- Author
-
San Millán, Carmen Martínez
- Abstract
Copyright of Estudios Internacionales is the property of Instituto de Estudios Internacionales de la Universidad de Chile and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2020
10. From boom to bust, and back again: the Tortiya diamond fields of Côte d'Ivoire, 1947–2018.
- Author
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Van Bockstael, Steven
- Abstract
Copyright of Canadian Journal of Development Studies is the property of Routledge and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
11. Vocational Displacement and Specialized Generic Management with Alternatives.
- Author
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Bagdady, Irena
- Subjects
- *
PERSON-environment fit , *DIAMOND jewelry , *BIG data , *MANUFACTURING processes , *MOTOR ability , *TEETH polishing - Abstract
The purpose of the exploratory case study is to understand the reasons why leaders lack considering ecological validity in the global diamond jewelry production process and high council for Kimberley Process certification improvements. Ecological validity is achieved by how plants and animals contribute to socio-economic improvement from vocational displacement of the diamond cut and polish to India, specifically concerning Namibia and Lesotho quality rough diamond suppliers and crafters. Three primary sources of data comprise of documents, focus group and interviews which triangulate under the Person Environment Fit Theory. Namibia and Lesotho officials represent globalized big data oversaturation as foreign nationals, that stifle decision-making and implementation, while executives and managers as nationals, the mediators, represent United States stabilization. The senior jewelry production agents are the interdependent foreign nationals and nationals. Elements of risk, motor and process skills, and naturalistic action moderate vocational displacement matters. The three highest percentages of a synonymous word and phrase analysis created the sixteen categories from respondent responses and funneled taxonomies through two question instruments, validated in field tests. For specialist generic alternative management, the researcher adds sensitive topic questions that are applicable to other industry delicacies and countries in need seeking aid from the United States, using radial approach. Respondent responses from Namibian officials redirect transfrontier conservation while LeSotho ambassadors diversify to textile and beverage manufacturing as vocational substitutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
12. Addressing the human rights conduct of transnational corporations through international institutional bypasses.
- Author
-
Fitzgerald, Oonagh
- Subjects
- *
INTERNATIONAL business enterprises , *HUMAN rights , *ORGANIZATIONAL legitimacy , *CORPORATIONS , *BUSINESS enterprises , *HEAD-mounted displays - Abstract
Can different attempts by the international community to improve the human rights (HR) conduct of transnational corporations (TNCs) be characterised as international institutional bypasses (IIBs) of the global HR system? That HR system produced the highly controversial Norms on the Responsibilities of Transnational Corporations and Other Business Enterprises with Regard to Human Rights (Norms), and the United Nations (UN) Commission on HR lacked the institutional legitimacy to lead such radical reform. With the HR system deadlocked by controversy, pressure to address the negative HR dimensions of globalisation mounted and bypasses emerged for norm experimentation outside the system: the Kimberley Process for Conflict Diamonds (Kimberley Process), the UN Global Compact (UNGC), and the Guiding Principles on Business and HR (Guiding Principles). After UN reform, and after the bypasses had thoroughly explored non-legal means of addressing HR and business, the subject matter returned to the HR system and the HR Council. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
13. El Proceso de Kimberley: una contribución a la resolución de los conflictos en África
- Abstract
From the beginning of the Kimberley Process in 2003, the diamond trade entered a new stage of international supervision. The main reason that triggered this initiative was the recurrent political instability that marked countries like Sierra Leone, and Angola, where some armed groups took advantage of the exploitation of this mineral to undermine the sociopolitical stability after trying to come into power by force. Through this enforcement, the process has gradually joined up several actors linked to the exploitation of this gemstone in their attempts to take part in and take control of this marketing chain, thus turning it into a worldwide promoting instrument of peace., Desde la puesta en marcha del Proceso de Kimberley, en el 2003, el comercio de diamantes entró en una nueva fase de supervisión a nivel internacional. La razón que motivó tal iniciativa fue la recurrente inestabilidad política que marcó a países como Sierra Leona y Angola, donde grupos armados utilizaban la explotación de este mineral como vía de financiamiento para socavar la estabilidad sociopolítica tras la búsqueda de acceder al poder por la vía de la fuerza. Con la entrada en vigor, el Proceso ha incorporado progresivamente a los diversos actores vinculados a la explotación de esta gema en sus intentos de intervenir y controlar la cadena de comercialización convirtiéndolo en un instrumento promotor de la paz a nivel global.
- Published
- 2022
14. EXPLORING THE LESSONS OF THE KIMBERLEY PROCESS FOR CLIMATE CHANGE ACTION
- Author
-
Martin-Joe Ezeudu
- Subjects
Action (philosophy) ,Process (engineering) ,Economics ,Climate change ,Hard law ,Kimberley Process ,Non-state actors ,Soft law ,Environmental planning - Abstract
There has been a great deal of academic discourse about policy and governance choices embedded in the UNFCCC-based regimes for Climate Change action, and they point to the inefficiency and ineffectiveness of such regimes, which is often attributed to the fact that they hinge on the political authority of State actors and lack meaningful enforcement mechanisms. Against this backdrop, this paper argues that an alternative regime may be needed; and that for an effective regulatory framework for Climate Change action to emerge there needs to be a regulatory imperativeness similar to that upon which the Kimberley Process was created, where Non-State Actors play a leadership role. It also argues that in addition to regulatory imperativeness, the making and enforcement of the Kimberley Process provides helpful lessons towards crafting a more effective Climate Change remedial regime.
- Published
- 2021
15. Türkiye'de Süstaşlarının (Mücevher Taşlarının) Borsası ve Ticaretinin Durumu.
- Author
-
Hatipoğlu, Murat
- Subjects
GEMS & precious stones ,GEMOLOGY ,DIAMONDS ,VALUE-added tax ,DIAMOND sales & prices - Abstract
Copyright of Abstract of the Geological Congress of Turkey / Türkiye Jeoloji Kurultayı Bildiri Özleri is the property of TMMOB JEOLOJI MUHENDISLERI ODASI and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2023
16. Soft skills, hard rocks Making diamonds ethical in Canada's Northwest Territories.
- Author
-
Bell, Lindsay A.
- Subjects
- *
CONFLICT diamonds , *GEMS & precious stones , *KIMBERLEY Process , *CONFLICT resources (Natural resources) , *INDIGENOUS peoples , *GLOBAL Financial Crisis, 2008-2009 - Abstract
In 2007, Canada was the third-largest producer of diamonds in the world. Marketed as ethical alternatives to "blood diamonds," Canadian gemstones are said to go beyond basic "conflict-free" designations by providing northern Indigenous peoples with high-wage work and training. This article makes two connected points. First, it describes how the ethics of diamond mining are connected to the uneasy management of people groomed to do extractive work. Second, following the development and delivery of job training programs for Indigenous people over the course of the financial crisis of 2008-2009, this article reveals how mandatory "soft skills" courses attempt to adjust would-be worker speech to meet corporate norms in ways that were essential in maintaining the ethical sign value of subarctic stones. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
17. Diamond Trafficking
- Author
-
Mackenzie, Simon, author
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
18. Conflict-Prone Minerals, Forced Migration and Norm Dynamics in the Kimberley Process and ICGLR
- Author
-
Grant, J. Andrew, author
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
19. The Institutionalization of a Process.
- Author
-
Arribas, Gloria Fernández
- Subjects
INTERNATIONAL cooperation ,INTERNATIONAL law ,INTERNATIONAL organization - Abstract
The Kimberley Process represents a new method of international cooperation between subjects of international law. It was named by its creators as a process, setting it apart from international organizations, and leading too to its consideration as informal international law-making or soft law. In this study we shall analyze the extent to which the Kimberley Process falls into these categories. Our main task, however, is to compare it to formal international organizations, with a view to establishing whether what really has been created is an institutionalization process that is like an international organization, but with a different name. To do this, we will analyze with referenceto the Kimberley Process the various respective fields of international organizations, such as founding agreement, membership, structure, decision-making process and legal order. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
20. Diamonds, dependence and De Beers: monopoly capitalism and compliance with the Kimberley Process in Namibia.
- Author
-
Munier, Nathan
- Subjects
DIAMONDS ,CAPITALISM ,ECONOMIC history - Abstract
Copyright of Review of African Political Economy is the property of Review of Political Economy (ROAPE) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
21. From boom to bust, and back again
- Author
-
Steven Van Bockstael
- Subjects
05 social sciences ,Kimberley Process ,0507 social and economic geography ,Cote d ivoire ,conflict diamonds ,Development ,010502 geochemistry & geophysics ,050701 cultural studies ,01 natural sciences ,Boom ,Geography ,Cote d'Ivoire ,Economy ,Section (archaeology) ,Bust ,Africa Mining Vision ,Artisanal and small-scale mining ,Domestication ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences - Abstract
Implementation of the African Mining Vision in Côte d’Ivoire is weak, and AMV domestication is unlikely to happen soon. Focusing on the artisanal and small-scale mining (ASM) sector, a key section of the AMV, we look at the tumultuous recent history of the diamond mining town Tortiya. The subject of a halting and uneven formalisation process, the case is emblematic for the lack of interest shown in ASM at a policy level. This is due to high costs, and low political and economic returns of formalisation. It underscores a broader lack of strategic vision for the mining sector.
- Published
- 2020
22. The Different Initiatives on Due Diligence for Responsible Mineral Supply Chains from Conflict-Affected and High-Risk Areas: Are there More Effective Alternatives?
- Abstract
Minerals from conflict-affected and high-risk areas such as coltan, present in all the technological devices that we use on a daily basis, contribute to the exacerbation and escalation of armed conflicts, as well as to prolonging situations of human rights violations in numerous regions of the world and, specially, in Africa. To put an end to this problem, many states and international organizations, such as the United States, the Organization for Cooperation and Development in Europe or the European Union, have adopted different initiatives, all of them focused on the due diligence that agents that participate in the supply chain of all this series of conflict minerals must carry out. However, the fact that some of these initiatives are not even in force has not prevented the possibility of identifying limits that obstruct the achievement of its main objective: to break the link between the illegal exploitation of natural resources, the illicit trade of these resources, and the perpetuation of armed conflicts. In this way, it is worth asking if there are more effective viable alternatives to the existing initiatives, such as a certification system similar to the Kimberley Process Certification Scheme., Les minéraux des zones de conflit et à haut risque comme le coltan, présents dans tous les dispositifs technologiques que nous utilisons au quotidien, contribuent à l’exacerbation et à l’aggravation des conflits, ainsi qu’à la prolongation des situations de violation des droits humains dans de nombreuses régions du monde et, surtout, en Afrique. Pour mettre fin à ce fléau, de nombreux États et organisations internationales, comme les États-Unis, l’Organisation pour la coopération et le développement en Europe ou l’Union européenne, ont adopté différentes initiatives, toutes axées sur la diligence raisonnable que les agents doivent exercer. impliqués dans la chaîne d’approvisionnement de toute cette série de minerais de conflit. Cependant, le fait que certaines de ces initiatives ne soient même pas en vigueur n’a pas empêché la possibilité d’identifier des limites qui entravent la réalisation de leur objectif principal: rompre le lien entre l’exploitation illégale des ressources naturelles, le commerce illicite des ces ressources et la perpétuation des conflits armés. Ainsi, la question est de savoir s’il existe des alternatives viables plus efficaces aux initiatives existantes, comme un système de certification analogue au processus de certification Kimberley Diamond., Los minerales de zonas de conflicto y de alto riesgo como el coltán, presente en todos los aparatos tecnológicos que utilizamos de manera diaria, contribuyen a la exacerbación y al recrudecimiento de los conflictos, así como a la prolongación de situaciones de violación de derechos humanos en numerosas regiones del mundo y, sobre todo, en África. Para acabar con esta lacra, numerosos Estados y organizaciones internacionales, como Estados Unidos, la Organización para la Cooperación y el Desarrollo en Europa o la Unión Europea, han adoptado diferentes iniciativas, centradas todas ellas en la diligencia debida que deben llevar a cabo los agentes que participan en la cadena de suministro de toda esta serie de minerales de conflicto. No obstante, el hecho de que algunas de estas iniciativas ni siquiera se encuentren en vigor, no ha impedido la posibilidad de identificar límites que obstruyen el logro de su principal objetivo: romper el nexo entre la explotación ilegal de recursos naturales, el comercio ilícito de estos recursos, y la perpetuación de conflictos armados. De esta manera, cabe preguntarse si existen alternativas viables más efectivas a las iniciativas existentes, como podría serlo un sistema de certificación análogo al del Proceso Kimberley de Certificación de Diamantes.
- Published
- 2021
23. Stock market reactions to conflict diamond trading restrictions and controversies.
- Author
-
Hutchins Seitz, William
- Subjects
DIAMOND industry ,KIMBERLEY Process ,STOCK exchanges ,DIAMOND mining ,TRADE regulation ,INTERNATIONAL cooperation - Abstract
This article explores market reactions to regulations that addressed the link between armed conflict and the diamond industry. The results show that several regulatory actions taken by the United Nations and the United States in the early 2000s corresponded with lower stock returns for diamond mining companies. Such effects are inconsistent with predictions made by some critics of the Kimberley Process Certification Scheme. On the other hand, stock returns for jewelry companies were abnormally negative for events that hurt the reputation of conflict-free production and trade regimes. The expansion of legal diamond markets also coincided with abnormally positive returns for jewelry companies, while new restrictions on market access coincided with abnormally negative returns. The results suggest that i) diamond trade regulations affected businesses in important and measurable ways, and ii) that similar regulations may have broader applicability in related industries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
24. BLOOD DIAMONDS: THE SUCCESSES AND FAILURES OF THE KIMBERLEY PROCESS CERTIFICATION SCHEME IN ANGOLA, SIERRA LEONE AND ZIMBABWE.
- Author
-
Howard, Audrie
- Subjects
CONFLICT diamonds ,KIMBERLEY Process ,DIAMOND industry ,DIAMOND industry laws ,CONFLICT resources (Natural resources) ,INTERNATIONAL cooperation - Abstract
The article presents the history of the blood diamond trade in three African countries including Angola, Sierra Leone and Zimbabwe. Topics discussed include civil wars in countries due to diamonds; the Kimberley Process Certification Scheme (KPCS) of the United Nation aimed to prevent "conflict diamonds" from entering the mainstream rough diamond markets; and implementation of the KPCS in Angola, Sierra Leone and Zimbabwe.
- Published
- 2016
25. KP PLENARY ENDS WITH APPROVAL FOR KEY PROPOSALS.
- Author
-
Sulayem, Ahmed Bin
- Subjects
KIMBERLEY Process ,DIAMOND industry ,CONFERENCES & conventions - Abstract
The article discusses the highlights of the plenary meeting of the Kimberley Process (KP) which was held from November 13-17, 2016, with proposals from KP Chairman Ahmed Bin Sulayem to create a permanent secretariat and a common fund for nongovernmental organizations (NGO).
- Published
- 2017
26. TIME FOR KP TO LIFT ITS PROTECTIVE SHIELD.
- Author
-
EVEN-ZOHAR, CHAIM
- Subjects
KIMBERLEY Process ,DIAMOND industry laws - Abstract
The author calls on the Kimberley Process Certification Scheme (KPCS), established in 2003 to prevent conflict diamonds from entering the rough diamond market, to prevent the rough transfer market in the U.S. which adds costs to the diamond.
- Published
- 2016
27. The Different Initiatives on Due Diligence for Responsible Mineral Supply Chains from Conflict-Affected and High-Risk Areas: Are there More Effective Alternatives?
- Author
-
Martínez San Millán, Carmen and Derecho Internacional Público, Penal y Procesal
- Subjects
Dodd-Frank Act ,Kimberley Process ,international trade ,conflict minerals ,coltan ,Regulation (EU) 2017/821 ,Due diligence - Abstract
Minerals from conflict-affected and high-risk areas such as coltan, present in all the technological devices that we use on a daily basis, contribute to the exacerbation and escalation of armed conflicts, as well as to prolonging situations of human rights violations in numerous regions of the world and, specially, in Africa. To put an end to this problem, many states and international organizations, such as the United States, the Organization for Cooperation and Development in Europe or the European Union, have adopted different initiatives, all of them focused on the due diligence that agents that participate in the supply chain of all this series of conflict minerals must carry out. However, the fact that some of these initiatives are not even in force has not prevented the possibility of identifying limits that obstruct the achievement of its main objective: to break the link between the illegal exploitation of natural resources, the illicit trade of these resources, and the perpetuation of armed conflicts. In this way, it is worth asking if there are more effective viable alternatives to the existing initiatives, such as a certification system similar to the Kimberley Process Certification Scheme.
- Published
- 2021
28. The kimberley process certification system - KPCS and diamond production changes in selected African countries and Brazil.
- Author
-
dos Santos, Eduardo Gomes
- Subjects
- *
KIMBERLEY Process , *DIAMONDS , *DIAMOND mining , *DIAMOND sales & prices , *DIAMOND industry , *INTERNATIONAL cooperation on human rights , *ECONOMICS , *CORRUPTION , *INTERNATIONAL trade - Abstract
After more than a decade since its creation, the KPCS is undergoing questioning as to efficiency in combating the irregular trade of diamonds, among the countries with significant production for the global market, mainly Angola, the Democratic Republic of the Congo and Zimbabwe. Governments and institutions are considering it to be conducive to serious violations of human rights. In Brazil all activities of the sector have been reduced drastically. It is estimated that there has been a loss in Brazilian production, after implementation of the KPCS rules, in the order of 8.1 million Kts, valued at more than $ 2.0 billion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2015
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
29. THE ZAMBIAN COPPERBELT: THE NEED FOR INTERNATIONAL REGULATION.
- Author
-
Shaik-Peremanov, Nazreen
- Subjects
- *
NATURAL resources management , *COPPER industry , *PRODUCTION (Economic theory) , *MINES & mineral resources ,ZAMBIAN economy - Abstract
Natural resources in Africa have increasingly become a cause for concern. Not only do natural resources and the extractive industry need to be wary of conflicts which arise from their production processes, but the need for regulation becomes crucial. As one of the biggest producers of copper in the world, Zambia announced its decision to suspend the renewal of copper mining licences, and so the need for regulation of the industry became more important. Consequently, there is a need to examine the immediate effect of copper mining. Ultimately, the need to examine the possibility of regulating the copper industry which may have lessons in other extractive industries is proactively equally important. Thus, this article discusses the Zambian Copperbelt, copper mining in and its impact for Zambia as a case study to illustrate the need for an international regulatory framework. Finally, the article examines best practices which have been utilised in the diamond industry in the hopes of using these best practices in the copper mining industry. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]
- Published
- 2015
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
30. Global and Regional Mechanisms for Governing the Resource Curse in Africa.
- Author
-
Khadiagala, Gilbert M.
- Subjects
- *
RESOURCE curse , *NATURAL resources , *MATERIAL accountability , *KIMBERLEY Process , *MINERAL industry laws - Abstract
International norms around natural resource governance have proliferated in the face of civil wars and feeble state institutions in Africa. These norms have been captured in institutions such as the Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative (EITI), the Kimberley Process Certification Scheme (KPCS), and the African Mining Vision (AMV). But have these institutions reversed the purported resource curse? This article seeks answers to this key question by challenging the assumptions around the prevailing international regimes of restraint which have privileged transparency and accountability at the expense of participation. Through an analysis of the experiences of these institutions, I suggest that there should be more focus on alternative regimes of responsibility in which natural resource-rich countries combine the process of building institutions of participation with those of transparency and accountability. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]
- Published
- 2015
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
31. TESTING A SMALL UAS FOR MAPPING ARTISANAL DIAMOND MINING IN AFRICA.
- Author
-
MALPELI, KATHERINE C. and CHIRICO, PETER G.
- Subjects
DRONE aircraft ,DIAMOND mining ,KIMBERLEY Process ,CONFLICT diamonds ,REMOTE-sensing images ,DIAMOND industry ,INTERNATIONAL cooperation - Abstract
The article discusses the applications of a small unmanned aircraft system (UAS) for mapping informal diamond mining sites in Africa. Topics covered include details of the Kimberley Process (KP), an international initiative that aims to prevent the flow of conflict diamonds, some steps involved in the formalization of artisanal and small-scale mining (ASM), and several limitations of satellite imagery like atmospheric constraints, temporal resolutions, and spatial resolutions.
- Published
- 2015
32. Guaranteeing conflict free diamonds: From compliance to norm expansion under the Kimberley Process Certification Scheme.
- Author
-
Santiago, Anne Pitsch
- Subjects
- *
KIMBERLEY Process , *CONFLICT diamonds , *SUSTAINABILITY , *SOCIAL responsibility of business , *INTERNATIONAL law , *SOCIAL norms , *INTERNATIONAL cooperation - Abstract
This study addresses compliance and business practices at the local level subsequent to the international adoption of the Kimberley Process Certification Scheme by states and the adoption of the voluntary System of Warranties by the diamond industry. This paper also explores the distance between norm creation, norm sustainability and norm expansion. Interests of various stakeholders led to the creation of international norms, and evidence supports widespread compliance at the state level. Data gathered at the local level of retailer suggests, however, that the regulatory system is not leading to the education of consumers that potentially transforms beliefs. Central to understanding the challenge of deepening and broadening new global norms is exploring the distance between compliance within the regulatory regime and the awareness or change of beliefs of stakeholders. Recommendations include steps to make the process of bringing diamonds to market transparent and available to public scrutiny. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]
- Published
- 2014
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
33. New dates for point technology in the Kimberley.
- Author
-
Maloney, Tim, O'Connor, Sue, and Balme, Jane
- Subjects
- *
KIMBERLEY Process , *RADIOCARBON dating , *HOLOCENE Epoch , *ARCHAEOLOGY - Abstract
New data from Bunuba country in the southern Kimberley provide more robust dates for point technology in the Kimberley than have been previously available. Direct percussion points have been recovered from three sites in the southern Kimberley associated with radiocarbon dates of ∼5000 cal BP, whereas the earliest pressure-flaked points are consistently associated with dates within the past 1000 years. This suggests that pressure-flaked point technology postdates the earliest occurrence of direct percussion points by ∼4000 years in this region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2014
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
34. Hard Rocks, Soft Law? Regulating Conflict and Conflict Diamonds with the Kimberley Process.
- Author
-
Comstock, Audrey L.
- Subjects
- *
KIMBERLEY Process , *DIAMOND industry , *INTERNATIONAL law , *CONFLICT management - Abstract
The Kimberley Process Certification Scheme was created in 2003 to legalize the diamond trade and reduce diamond-fueled conflict in Africa. There has been a lack of scholarly analysis of how successful the Kimberley Process has been at meeting this goal. In this paper, I ask how effective the Process has been and in doing so ask how international law deals with the challenges of domestic implementation in conflict zones. I propose adding a new dimension to the legalization approach of legal domestication to capture the extent to which international law engages domestic institutions, laws, and measures and to more fully assess the strength of international law. Following discussion of the cases of Zimbabwe and the Democratic Republic of Congo, I statistically analyze the role that the Kimberley Process and legal domestication has had on conflict levels. I find that the Kimberley Process alone has not significantly reduced conflict levels, although it has dramatically increased the legalization of the diamond trade. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2011
35. DRAFT: PLEASE DO NOT QUOTE WITHOUT PERMISSION.
- Author
-
Haufler, Virginia
- Subjects
- *
SANCTIONS (Social sciences) , *CERTIFICATION , *SOCIAL responsibility of business , *BUSINESS ethics , *KIMBERLEY Process - Abstract
The article aims to compare sanctions and certification systems as two different kinds of mechanism in leveraging the market to force a change of behavior. It explores the United Nations sanctions in theory and practice and provides an overview about certification systems. Information about the Kimberley Process scheme as well as the emergence of corporate social responsibility norms is provided.
- Published
- 2010
36. Negotiating Multi-Stakeholder Initiatives: Exploring the Conditions for Successful Cooperation.
- Author
-
Kantz, Carola
- Subjects
- *
NATURAL resources , *EQUAL rights , *MINERAL industries , *INTERNATIONAL relations , *POLITICAL science - Abstract
Why do some institutions develop into strong ones whereas others remain very weak? I will argue institutional variance can be explained by differences in the socialisation and emulation processes contingent on different structural scope conditions. The paper looks at two recent cases, the Kimberley Process and the Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative (EITI). In both cases, a transnational advocacy network was able to create a key group pushing for strong institutionalization by socializing governments and companies. Subsequently, this key group attempted to create conditions in which non-socialized actors find it beneficial to emulate the key group's preference by endorsing a strong institution. In the Kimberley Process, the NGOs were able to create a large key group by socializing the most important actors concerned with the issue. Drawing on widespread support, the key group could easily trigger adaptation and emulation from non-socialized actors. In the EITI, however, NGOs failed to socialize a key group large enough to trigger adaptation and emulation. Whether the socialization process succeeds depends on the structural scope conditions specific to the case. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2008
37. International sanctions.
- Author
-
Thakur, Ramesh
- Abstract
The international community should be under no illusion: … humanitarian and human rights policy goals cannot easily be reconciled with those of a sanctions regime. Coercive economic sanctions developed as a conceptual and policy bridge between diplomacy and force for ensuring compliance with UN demands. Recourse to sanctions – diplomatic isolation, restrictions on international travel, trade and financial transactions, arms embargoes – increased dramatically in the 1990s. Compared to sanctions having been imposed only twice until 1990 (in Rhodesia and South Africa), more than a dozen have been imposed since then by a sanctions-happy UN Security Council (UNSC) against Afghanistan, Angola (on rebel forces), Ethiopia, Eritrea, Haiti, Iraq, Liberia, Libya, Rwanda, Sierra Leone, Somalia, Sudan and former Yugoslavia. The United Nations has played a central role in the imposition and implementation machinery of sanctions because of its defining characteristic as the dispenser of international legitimacy. Although once seen as an attractive non-violent alternative to war, sanctions became discredited for their harsh humanitarian consequences on the civilian population. Instead of the authority of the UN legitimising sanctions regimes, the baleful effects of sanctions began to erode the legitimacy of the UN. This was exacerbated by the paucity of intellectual and institutional foundations for the organisation's sanctions policy. Interest shifted to incorporating carefully thought-out humanitarian exemptions or looking for ‘smarter’ alternatives to comprehensive sanctions that put pressure on regimes rather than peoples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2006
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
38. International trade in rough diamonds and the Kimberley Process Certification Scheme.
- Author
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Borsky, Stefan and Leiter, Andrea Maria
- Subjects
- *
KIMBERLEY Process , *CONFLICT diamonds , *INTERNATIONAL trade , *WAR , *EXPORTERS - Abstract
• This paper empirically examines the impacts of the Kimberley Process Certification Scheme on international trade in rough diamonds. • The Kimberley Process Certification Scheme has worked as a catalyst, increasing trade in rough diamonds. • The Kimberley Process Certification Scheme does not affect low-income exporters differently. • The agreement's induced trade effects apply not only to exporter- or importer-hubs but equally to smaller trade partners. • The Kimberley Process Certification Scheme signed unilaterally reduces the trade in rough diamonds originating from belligerent countries. In 2003, the Kimberley Process Certification Scheme (KPCS) went into force to stop the trade in those diamonds, directly linked to the fueling of armed conflict and activities of rebel movements, also known as conflict diamonds. This article gives empirical evidence on the impact of the KPCS on international trade in rough diamonds. We find that bilateral KPCS participation facilitates access to international markets for rough diamonds and increases trade values. The bilateral trade impact of the KPCS does not depend on the exporters' economic development or market access. A more detailed analysis of exporters' heterogeneity in trade values shows that unilaterally KPCS intensifies the trade impediments resulting from armed conflicts and, thereby, reduces the international trade in rough diamonds stemming from countries with ongoing internal conflicts. We further offer evidence that the KPCS-induced trade effects apply not only to exporter- or importer-hubs but equally to smaller trade partners. Our analysis gives insights into how agreements setting a particular standard may affect international trade patterns in conflict minerals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
39. Conflict diamonds are forever in southern Africa: the case for a human rights-based approach to the Kimberley process.
- Author
-
Tamo, Atabongawung
- Abstract
The Kimberley process (KP) came into force in 2003 with the goal of regulating and ending the trade in conflict diamonds. The KP focuses primarily on breaking the nexus between rebel movements and the diamond trade, but not necessarily on the broader human rights challenges that are still faced by most diamond producing communities, including those in southern Africa. In this article, I examine why a human rights mandate is necessary for the KP as part of its governance strategy for the diamond trade. I will present some forward-looking thoughts, by way of outlining what a possible human rights-based approach to the KP would mean and what it would take the KP to bring on board the human rights aspects of the trade in diamonds. For this purpose, I will identify and analyse a set of criteria that can help introduce the KP’s human rights credentials and its fight for a conflict-free diamond trade. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
40. TEN YEARS ON, THE KIMBERLEY PROCESS CERTIFICATION SCHEME AND ZIMBABWE'S MARANGE AND 'CONFLICT DIAMONDS': LESSONS TO BE LEARNT.
- Author
-
Shaik-Peremanov, N.
- Subjects
- *
CONFLICT diamonds , *KIMBERLEY Process , *HUMAN rights violations - Abstract
The article focuses on the primary objectives of the Kimberley Process Certification Scheme (KPCS), created by a United Nations resolution to prevent the entry of conflict diamond into the mainstream rough diamond market and to prevent human rights violations in illegal diamond trade. It focuses on the human rights violations in the Marange diamond mines in Zimbabwe, and the applicability of the KPCS in this case.
- Published
- 2014
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
41. REVERSE THE CURSE: CREATING A FRAMEWORK TO MITIGATE THE RESOURCE CURSE AND PROMOTE HUMAN RIGHTS IN MINERAL EXTRACTION INDUSTRIES IN AFRICA.
- Author
-
BURTON, ELI G.
- Subjects
- *
MINERAL industries , *RESOURCE curse , *KIMBERLEY Process , *COBALT industry , *COPPER industry , *HUMAN rights - Abstract
The article focuses on the creation of an international framework to remove resource curse and promote human rights in mineral extraction industries in Africa, and expands on the Kimberley Process Certification Scheme and other such frameworks for the same. It further discusses China's rise in Africa and its involvement in the cobalt and copper industries in Africa. It also elaborates on the problematic record of the Chinese extractive industry in Africa, and compares with that of Australia.
- Published
- 2014
42. La contribution de l’Union européenne à la sécurité internationale à travers le renforcement de la transparence des activités extractives
- Author
-
Défoukouémou Himbé, Lamine, Psei, Paix & sécurité européenne & internationale, Institut de l'Ouest : Droit et Europe (IODE), Université de Rennes 1 (UR1), Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Université de Rennes (UR)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
- Subjects
principe de transparence extractive ,mineral traceability ,DCs ,EITI ,divulgation extractive ,gouvernance extractive ,processus de Kimberley ,devoir de vigilance ,traçabilité des minerais ,European Union ,Union européenne ,extractive governance ,extractive disclosure ,sécurité transnationale ,due diligence ,PED ,transnational security ,ITIE ,duty of care ,[SHS.SCIPO]Humanities and Social Sciences/Political science ,Kimberley process ,extractive Law ,devoir de diligence ,droit extractif ,corporate traceability ,traçabilité des entreprises ,[SHS.SCIPO] Humanities and Social Sciences/Political science ,extractive transparency principle - Abstract
The principle of extractive transparency is an emerging obligation in contemporary extractive law, aiming at good governance in the exploitation of mineral and oil resources through, in particular, the requirements of extractive disclosure and extractive traceability. Originally derived from the soft law legitimized by international practice, the principle has gained in importance by its consecration in European positive law, giving a binding and transnational character to the obligation. The extractive sector making the subject of scandals with transnational security impulses (looting of nature, underdevelopment and social insecurity, corruption and money laundering, armed conflicts, terrorism, immigration, environmental and human crimes), the European Union policies aiming at monitoring this sector are tools for reducing transnational insecurity., Le principe de transparence extractive est une obligation en émergence dans le droit extractif contemporain, visant la bonne gouvernance dans l’exploitation des ressources minières, pétrolières et gazières à travers notamment, les exigences de divulgation extractive et de traçabilité extractive. À l’origine issu de la soft law légitimée par la pratique internationale, le principe a gagné en importance par sa consécration en droit positif européen, donnant un caractère contraignant et transnational à l’obligation. Le secteur des industries extractives faisant l’objet de scandales aux élans sécuritaires transnationaux (pillage de la nature, sous-développement et insécurité sociale, corruption et blanchiment d’argent, conflits armés, terrorisme, immigration, crimes environnementaux et humains), les politiques de l’Union européenne visant la surveillance de ce secteur constituent des outils pour réduire l’insécurité transnationale.
- Published
- 2020
43. Kimberley's Illicit Process.
- Author
-
Sharife, Khadija and Grobler, John
- Subjects
- *
DIAMOND industry , *KIMBERLEY Process , *DIAMOND industry laws , *CONFLICT diamonds , *CORRUPTION - Abstract
The article discusses corrupt practices in the international diamond industry in relation to the 2003 international agreement Kimberley Process Certification Scheme (KPCS). Topics include a Belgian tax evasion case against the diamond firm Omega Diamonds, the role of the Dubai Multi-Commodities Center (DMCC) in Dubai, United Arab Emirates (UAE) in corruption, and efforts to separate diamond mining in Africa from the promotion of violent conflicts.
- Published
- 2013
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
44. Balancing Fundamental Rights Protection and Effective Multilateralism:The EU and Zimbabwe's Marange Diamonds.
- Author
-
VLASKAMP, Martijn C.
- Subjects
- *
CIVIL rights , *CIVIL defense , *INTERNATIONAL cooperation , *KIMBERLEY Process , *DIAMONDS - Abstract
This article analyses the role of the EU in the negotiations of the Kimberley Process (KP) regarding the Marange diamonds from Zimbabwe. As these gems did not comply with the requirements of the KP, they were banned from trading in 2009. The subsequent discussions between proponents of a hard line towards Zimbabwe and advocates of a rapid readmission of these diamonds brought the KP on the brink of collapse and it was not before the end of 2011 that an EU-brokered compromise ended this crisis. At the same time these diamonds remained on the EU-sanctions list until 2013.The article explains how the EU tried to find a balance between its normative policies regarding human rights violations and being a 'force for good', and aimed to preserve the KP as a tool of 'effective multilateralism'. It argues that these two objectives are sometimes hard to reconcile in a multipolar world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2013
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
45. Consensus dynamics and global governance frameworks: insights from the Kimberley Process on conflict diamonds.
- Author
-
Grant, J. Andrew
- Subjects
INTERNATIONAL relations ,KIMBERLEY Process ,CONFLICT diamonds ,FORUMS ,DECISION making - Abstract
One of the central challenges for scholars of global governance is that the published charters, guidelines, rules, and final documents of global governance frameworks provide an incomplete understanding of how decisions are actually made within such international forums. Much of what is considered global governance occurs behind closed doors during teleconferences, official meetings, and informal side-meetings. This challenge is magnified in global governance frameworks that are driven by consensus-based decision-making. This article tackles this challenge by providing insights into the consensus-based decision-making processes of the Kimberley Process on conflict diamonds. In so doing, the article advances the debates on global governance in two ways. First, it draws upon participant observations, interviews with state and non-state actors, and privileged access to key documents in order to illustrate and assess how governance ‘crises’ concerning two Kimberley Process Participants – Republic of the Congo and Zimbabwe – are addressed by this global governance framework. Second, the article discusses future governance challenges for the Kimberley Process as well as highlights the promise and limitations of consensus-based decision-making within global governance frameworks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2013
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
46. A Diamond Scheme is Forever Lost: The Kimberley Process's Deteriorating Tripartite Structure and its Consequences for the Scheme's Survival.
- Author
-
Winetroub, Andrew H.
- Subjects
- *
DIAMOND industry , *KIMBERLEY Process , *CONFLICT diamonds , *CIVIL society , *INTERNATIONAL business enterprises - Abstract
Oversight of the multi-billion dollar global diamond trade involves state actors, multinational corporations, and sophisticated civil society groups operating under the umbrella of the Kimberley Process. This unique tripartite governance structure created an opportunity for the parties to develop a system in which conflict diamonds could not enter the stream of commerce, transparency would be institutionalized, and governments and industry participants would be held to account. Yet, the successes of the Kimberley Process are increasingly jeopardized by an overly statist approach that has led to subjugation of the participating nongovernmental organizations. This note argues that for the Kimberley Process to regain its legitimacy, it must reform by recommitting to civil society's central role, increasing transparency within the diamond industry, and refusing to shield governments from enforcement of its rules. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2013
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
47. Commonwealth cousins combating conflict diamonds: an examination of South African and Canadian contributions to the Kimberley Process.
- Author
-
Grant, J. Andrew
- Subjects
- *
CONFLICT diamonds , *DIAMOND industry , *MIDDLE powers , *INTERNATIONAL cooperation , *INTERNATIONAL relations ,CANADIAN foreign relations, 1945- - Abstract
Global governance frameworks are innovative initiatives that respond to international norms and incorporate state and non-state actors in efforts to address particular governance challenges. The Kimberley Process is an important global governance framework that has evolved in concert with the anti-conflict diamond norm and seeks to prevent the trade of conflict diamonds. The article examines the evolution of this global governance framework and anti-conflict diamond norm and emphasises the role of two middle powers – South Africa and Canada – in the Kimberley Process. It also analyses the cases of Sierra Leone, Côte d'Ivoire, and Zimbabwe in order to illustrate the type of governance challenges faced by the Kimberley Process. The article concludes with a policy-relevant discussion of the promise and limitations of global governance frameworks as well as cooperative and collaborative behaviour among middle powers. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]
- Published
- 2013
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
48. IS THERE A FUTURE FOR THE KIMBERLEY PROCESS CERTIFICATION SCHEME FOR CONFLICT DIAMONDS?
- Author
-
CULLEN, HOLLY
- Subjects
- *
KIMBERLEY Process , *SOFT law , *DIAMONDS , *HUMAN rights , *DIAMOND mining , *INTERNATIONAL trade - Abstract
The Kimberley Process is a system of international soft law intended to regulate the trade in conflict diamonds. It has been in operation since 2003, and involves states, industry bodies and civil society. States undertake to certify diamonds in trade as conflict-free and to have adequate internal controls over the production and trade in diamonds. While the Kimberley Process has been effective in reducing the trade in diamonds to fund armed rebellion against governments, it seems unable to meet recent challenges. Some states in the Process, notably Côte d'Ivoire, Venezuela and Zimbabwe, have not been compliant with their undertakings, yet the Process has been unable to achieve consensus for decisions to sanction non-compliant members. Consensus has also proved elusive in the effort to expand the definition of conflict diamonds to address the wide range of human rights abuses that may be associated with diamond mining. As new international regimes to address the problem of conflict minerals have been developed in recent years, it is now time to question whether the Kimberley Process has a future role. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2013
49. Varför väljer Global Witness att dra sig ur Kimberleyprocessen?
- Abstract
Global Witness är en icke-statlig organisation som jobbar med att hitta samband mellan naturresurser, korruption och mänskliga rättigheter. År 1998 släppte Global Witness en rapport som avslöjade den fruktansvärda sanningen bakom de dyrbara diamanter som västvärlden köpte i sina butiker. Benämningen på denna sortens diamanter kom att bli blodsdiamanter. Global Witness insåg snabbt att någonting behövde göras för att få stopp på försäljningen av blodsdiamanter och de människorättsbrott som de genererade i, så tillsammans med organisationen IMPACT började de arbeta för förändring. Detta kom att resultera i Kimberleyprocessen. Förhandlingarna för Kimberleyprocessen startade år 2000 i den Sydafrikanska staden Kimberley, då flera diamantproducerande länder, diamantindustrier, icke-statliga organisationer och Förenta Nationerna gick ihop för att diskutera hur man på bästa sätt kunde sätta stopp för försäljningen av blodsdiamanter. Resultatet stod färdigt 2003 och i och med detta kunde Kimberleyprocessen börja implementeras. Global Witness, som kom att ha en betydande roll i skapandet av Kimberleyprocessen, valde att dra sig ur den år 2011. Syftet med denna uppsats är att undersöka varför Global Witness valde att inte längre vara en del av Kimberleyprocessen och med hjälp av en argumentationsanalys har jag analyserat flera av organisationens rapporter och pressmeddelanden för att identifiera de argument som Global Witness lägger fram till varför de väljer att dra sig ur. Min teori är att Global Witness tycker att Kimberleyprocessen är soft “law”, och det är av den anledningen som de väljer att dra sig ur, och med hjälp av Bryan Druzins definition av just soft ”law” har jag identifierat några argument som tyder på detta. Jag har även tagit mig an denna uppsats med hjälp av Jack Donnellys definition av realism - tanken om att alla stater bara agerar utefter egenintresse. Mitt resultat landar i att det inte bara finns en faktor som har lett till att Global Witness dragit sig
- Published
- 2019
50. Varför väljer Global Witness att dra sig ur Kimberleyprocessen?
- Abstract
Global Witness är en icke-statlig organisation som jobbar med att hitta samband mellan naturresurser, korruption och mänskliga rättigheter. År 1998 släppte Global Witness en rapport som avslöjade den fruktansvärda sanningen bakom de dyrbara diamanter som västvärlden köpte i sina butiker. Benämningen på denna sortens diamanter kom att bli blodsdiamanter. Global Witness insåg snabbt att någonting behövde göras för att få stopp på försäljningen av blodsdiamanter och de människorättsbrott som de genererade i, så tillsammans med organisationen IMPACT började de arbeta för förändring. Detta kom att resultera i Kimberleyprocessen. Förhandlingarna för Kimberleyprocessen startade år 2000 i den Sydafrikanska staden Kimberley, då flera diamantproducerande länder, diamantindustrier, icke-statliga organisationer och Förenta Nationerna gick ihop för att diskutera hur man på bästa sätt kunde sätta stopp för försäljningen av blodsdiamanter. Resultatet stod färdigt 2003 och i och med detta kunde Kimberleyprocessen börja implementeras. Global Witness, som kom att ha en betydande roll i skapandet av Kimberleyprocessen, valde att dra sig ur den år 2011. Syftet med denna uppsats är att undersöka varför Global Witness valde att inte längre vara en del av Kimberleyprocessen och med hjälp av en argumentationsanalys har jag analyserat flera av organisationens rapporter och pressmeddelanden för att identifiera de argument som Global Witness lägger fram till varför de väljer att dra sig ur. Min teori är att Global Witness tycker att Kimberleyprocessen är soft “law”, och det är av den anledningen som de väljer att dra sig ur, och med hjälp av Bryan Druzins definition av just soft ”law” har jag identifierat några argument som tyder på detta. Jag har även tagit mig an denna uppsats med hjälp av Jack Donnellys definition av realism - tanken om att alla stater bara agerar utefter egenintresse. Mitt resultat landar i att det inte bara finns en faktor som har lett till att Global Witness dragit sig
- Published
- 2019
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