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Dental problems in old age mostly arises from age related factors such as occlusal wear due to attrition and abrasion, loss of teeth due to loss of periodontal support and endodontic involvement of teeth etc. Prosthetic dentistry has created new dimensions in providing esthetic and functional rehabilitation of patients with severely worn-out dentition. This clinical case report demonstrates successful multidisciplinary approach to a full mouth rehabilitation of a patient whose dentition has been esthetically and functionally restored with combination of both fixed and removable prosthesis.

In this paper, feature selection technique (FST) namely Chi-Square (CS) has been used for feature selection. The filter based CS is a ranking method. The FST key goals of improving classification efficiency and reducing feature counts. Naive Bayes (NB), K-Nearest-Neighbour (K-NN) and Support Vector Machine (SVM) with RBF kernel considered the classification methods on Autistic Spectrum Disorder (ASD) children dataset. Comparison to the non-reduced features and reduced feature of ASD datasets the reduced feature give up enhanced results in all classifiers NB, K-NN and SVM. Finally, minimum feature with high accuracy based classification model is proposed.

It is one of the central goals of cognitive neuroscience to understand how structure and function relate in the brain. We review how cognitive function characterization has been approached in the past. In addition, we examine the ongoing efforts, as well as the implications for the future. Clinical studies on patients with lesions have provided key insights into the relationship between brain areas and behavior over the past century. We describe cognitive function according to localization considering these early efforts for characterization. We chose a perceptual-cognitive function, namely body perception, to describe our current efforts. Using body perception as an example, we summarize contemporary techniques. Finally, we outline the trajectory of current progress into the future and discuss the implications for clinical and basic neuroscience.

Herein, we report the green synthesis of copper-zirconium bimetallic nanoparticles (Cu-Zr BNPs) from aqueous solutions using Azadirachta indica leaf extract as a reducing and stabilizing agent. The CuO, ZrO2 NP, and Cu-Zr BNP samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and the morphologies of the samples were analyzed by high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM) with selected area electron diffraction analysis (SAED). The synthesized Cu-Zr BNPs have been employed as efficient catalysts for the selective N-methylation of aromatic and aliphatic amines with dimethyl carbonate. The effect of process conditions on the percentage conversion of benzylamine with dimethyl carbonate as a model reaction has been investigated. The Cu-Zr bimetallic nanoparticle catalytic system in a 1:2 molar ratio was able to convert amines into the corresponding N-methylated amines with a selectivity up to 91% at 180 °C in 4 h. The analysis of catalytic reusability confirmed that the reported heterogeneous catalyst can be used for five consecutive cycles without much loss in activity. Thus, the current protocol can be considered as a simpler, reproducible, and environmentally benign approach for N-methylation of amines.

Nebulized gamma interferon (IFN-γ) protein has been studied for clinical safety and efficacy against pulmonary tuberculosis (TB). The protein is expensive, requires a cold chain, and is difficult to deploy in limited-resource, high-incidence settings. We generated preclinical proof of concept (PoC) for a dry powder inhalation (DPI) containing DNA constructs to transiently transfect the lung and airway epithelium of mice with murine IFN-γ. Bacterial colony forming units (CFU) in the lungs of mice infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) reduced from about 106/g of tissue to ∼104 after four doses given once a week. Nodular inflammatory lesions in the lungs reduced significantly in number. Immunohistochemistry of infected lung sections for LC3-1 and LAMP-1 indicated autophagy induction between 18-48h after inhalation. ELISA on bronchioalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid showed differences in kinetics of IFN-γ concentrations in the epithelial lining fluid of healthy versus infected mice. Uninfected mice receiving DNA constructs expressing a fluorescent protein were live-imaged. The fluorescence signals from the intracellular protein peaked at about 36h after inhalation and declined by 48h. These results establish preclinical PoC of the efficacy of a DPI and dosing regimen as host-directed and transient gene therapy of experimental pulmonary TB in mice, justifying preclinical development., Graphical Abstract, Misra and colleagues present preclinical proof-of-concept that transiently transfecting the lung epithelium by means of inhaled DNA encoding gamma interferon is efficacious in treating mice infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis. They argue that their non-sterile, non-invasive and potentially storage-stable dry powder inhalation formulation of plasmid DNA has advantages over nebulized protein.

It is unclear whether Vitamin D is efficacious as a host-directed therapy (HDT) for patients of tuberculosis (TB). We investigated pulmonary delivery of the active metabolite of Vitamin DWe optimized a spray drying process to prepare a dry powder inhalation (DPI) of calcitriol using a Quality by Design (QbD) approach. We then compared outcomes when Mtb-infected mice were treated with inhaled calcitriol at 5 ng/kg as a stand-alone intervention versus DPI as adjunct to standard oral anti-tuberculosis therapy (ATT).The DPI with or without concomitant ATT markedly improved the morphology of the lungs and mitigated histopathology in both the lungs and the spleens. The number of nodular lesions on the lung surface decreased from 43.7 ± 3.1 to 22.5 ± 3.9 with the DPI alone and to 9.8 ± 2.5 with DPI + ATT. However, no statistically significant induction of host antimicrobial peptide cathelicidin or reduction in bacterial burden was seen with the DPI alone. DPI + ATT did not significantly reduce the bacterial burden in the lungs compared to ATT alone.We concluded that HDT using the low dose calcitriol DPI contributed markedly to mitigation of pathology, but higher dose may be required to evoke significant induction of bactericidal host response and bactericidal activity in the lung.

Recumbent stationary cycling is a potential exercise modality for individuals with cerebral palsy (CP) that lack the postural control needed for upright exercises. Functional electrical stimulation (FES) of lower extremity muscles can help such individuals reach the cycling intensities that are required for aerobic benefits. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of cycling with and without FES assistance to that of a no-intervention control group on the cardiorespiratory fitness of children with CP. Thirty-nine participants were randomized to a FES group that underwent an 8-week FES-assisted cycling program, the volitional group (VOL), who cycled without FES, or a no-intervention control group (CON) (15 FES, 11 VOL, 13 CON). Cadence, peak VO2, and net rise in heart rate were assessed at baseline, end of training, and washout (8-weeks after cessation of training). Latent growth curve modeling was used for analysis. The FES group showed significantly higher cycling cadences than the VOL and CON groups at POST and WO. There were no differences in improvements in the peak VO2 and peak net HR between groups. FES-assisted cycling may help children with CP attain higher cycling cadences and to retain these gains after training cessation. Higher training intensities may be necessary to obtain improvements in peak VO2 and heart rate.

This article analyses Salesforce’s cloud-based vaccine management platform based on its working procedure and advantages. The most difficult task is to manufacture a large number of vaccinations and disseminate them to humans. The Salesforce platform is very beneficial to distribute that vaccination, and also, it manages the scheduling, dosage, and registration in a very efficient and simple manner. Moreover, the platform manages the collection and verification of cases, and also, it prepares a report based on the health status.

Objective: The present study was performed to determine in vitro antidiabetic effect of neohesperidin. To evaluate inhibitory effect of neohesperidin on α-amylase and α-glucosidase diabetes causing enzyme. Methods and Materials: Invitro carbohydrate metabolizing enzyme based inhibitory methods were used to determine antidiabetic effect of neohesperidin. Alpha (α)-amylase inhibitory assay was performed using different sources i.e. wheat alpha (α)-amylase enzyme, salivary alpha (α)-amylase and fungal alpha (α)-amylase assay. Alpha (α)-glucosidase inhibitory assay was performed using alpha (α)-glucosidase (B. stearothermophil), alpha (α)-glucosidase rat intestine and alpha (α)-glucosidase from baker’s yeast. Sucrase inhibitory assay from rat small intestine. Result: Neohesperidin possess a potent anti-diabetic by significantly inhibiting alpha amylase activity. Conclusion: It was concluded that enzyme inhibitory activity of neohesperidin shown a significantly higher inhibitory activity on alpha-amylase in comparision to alpha-glucosidase & Sucrase enzymes. Keywords: Neohespiridin, acarbose, alpha-amylase, alpha-glucosidase

The aim of this work was to develop and evaluate curcumin loaded liposome and its bio- enhancement. Curcumin was selected as a natural drug for liposome formulation. Curcumin show variety of biological activity but it also shows poor bioavailability due to low aqueous solubility (1 µg/ml), poor absorption and rapid metabolism so that piperine was selected as bio enhancer to improve curcumin bioavailability. Soy lecithin and cholesterol were used to prepared curcumin and curcumin-piperine loaded liposome at different ratio by thin film hydration method because of easy to perform, and high encapsulation rates of lipid. The all liposome formulations (F1-F5) were evaluated by mean particle size, polydispersity index, zeta potential, encapsulation efficiency and drug release. Bioavailability was also determined on rat. Blood samples were collected at specific intervals, and plasma was separated by ultracentrifugation. Plasma was analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography at 425 nm taking acetonitrile: water (75:25 v/v) acidified with 2% acetic acid as a mobile phase at a flow rate of 0.5 ml/min using C18 column. The mean particle size was found in the range between 800-1100 that indicate liposome are large unilamellar vesical types. By zeta potential study its conform that the all formulation was stable. The encapsulation efficiency of all liposome formulation are varied between 59-67%. In vitro drug release was analyse in 7.4 pH phosphate buffer, the maximum %CDR observed at the 12 hrs., and formulation are follow sustained release thus they reduce metabolism, good absorption rate which improve bioavailability of drug. From in-vivo study, it is clear that curcumin-piperine liposomal formulation, increases Cmax, area under the curve, and mean residence time significantly as compared to pure curcumin and pure curcumin liposome. Keywords: liposome; Curcumin; Piperine, Thin film hydration method; Bioavailability

Now a day’s cancer is one of the main decreases in all over the world. Several peoples have died in a day. According to the survey conducted by the US government, 40000 people died in 2012 only due to breast cancer. Cancer decease is classified into four types named type 1, type 2, type 3 and type 4. A previous survey that if cancer is detected in the early stage (i.e., type 1 and type 2) then only it can be procuring. But most of the time cancer is detected in the third and fourth stage. Due to this reason cancer detection in the early stage is one of the favorite areas of the researcher. In the past few decades, several machine learning approach has been used by various researchers. Cancer detection is a classification approach where the main aim is to find the cancer stage in the early stage. There are several classification approaches that can be used in cancer detection. This paper discusses the comparative analysis of some of the existing cancer detection approaches.

In this work, we introduce a pair of multiobjective second-order symmetric dual variational problems. Weak, strong, and converse duality theorems for this pair are established under the assumption of ?-bonvexity/?-pseudobonvexity. At the end, the static case of our problems has also been discussed.

Herein, we report the green synthesis of copper–zirconium bimetallic nanoparticles (Cu–Zr BNPs) from aqueous solutions using Azadirachta indica leaf extract as a reducing and stabilizing agent. The CuO, ZrO2 NP, and Cu–Zr BNP samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and the morphologies of the samples were analyzed by high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM) with selected area electron diffraction analysis (SAED). The synthesized Cu–Zr BNPs have been employed as efficient catalysts for the selective N-methylation of aromatic and aliphatic amines with dimethyl carbonate. The effect of process conditions on the percentage conversion of benzylamine with dimethyl carbonate as a model reaction has been investigated. The Cu–Zr bimetallic nanoparticle catalytic system in a 1:2 molar ratio was able to convert amines into the corresponding N-methylated amines with a selectivity up to 91% at 180 °C in 4 h. The analysis of catalytic reusability confirmed that the reported heterogeneous catalyst can be used for five consecutive cycles without much loss in activity. Thus, the current protocol can be considered as a simpler, reproducible, and environmentally benign approach for N-methylation of amines.

In present study, bis-nitrones of glyoxal were synthesized initially, and subjected to cycloaddition reaction with N -substituted maleimides in toluene medium to afford a series of new symmetric bis-pyrrolo isoxazoles cycloadducts in excellent yields and shorter reaction time. The reaction afforded a single regio-isomer of symmetric bis-pyrrolo isoxazoles as confirmed by 1 H-NMR spectral analysis, in a shorter reaction period of 15-20 minutes. Thus, present protocol presents a facile and regioselective synthesis of bis-pyrrolo isoxazoles.

this paper presents Biogeography-based optimization (BBO) techniques for the excellent location to achieve minimum transmission active power loss, optimal cost, and optimal bus voltage. The proposed methods are authentic in the IEEE-30 bus system with power flow equation using a Newton-Raphson algorithm. The execution of IEEE-30 bus system is computed on different reactive loading condition. Here we are present the BBO and PSO’s comparative result using distinct optimization techniques. In the end, BBO is best for the transmission of active power loss minimization and total cost of the system at the various loading for the IEEE-30 bus system as compared to PSO (Particle Swarm optimization). Biogeography-base optimization is the best solution, is to reduce active power loss, system operating cost including the cost of FACTS devices and congestion in the transmission network.

Transient transfection of the respiratory mucosa of mice infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) with gamma interferon (IFN-γ) promises benefits in disease therapy. We investigated preclinical efficacy of a dry powder inhalation (DPI) as a stand-alone versus adjunct to oral anti-tuberculosis (TB) chemotherapy in mice. We observed that this host-directed therapy mitigates the gross organ pathology and histopathology of lung and spleen tissue of infected mice receiving the DPI, either alone or as adjunct therapy. However, no statistically significant reduction in Mtb colony forming units (CFU) occurred if mice were given only DPI; but not drugs. We compared one and three doses a week of the DPI over four weeks; with or without concomitant oral drugs. There was no significant difference in lung CFU after four or 12 doses of the DPI alone, but, surprisingly, four doses were qualitatively better than 12 doses in mitigating lung pathology. Nodular lesions on the lung surface and the area occupied by these was significantly reduced after four doses of the DPI, even without oral drugs. Transient transfection with IFN-γ did not induce pathological inflammation of the lungs and airways. We conclude that IFN-γ, as expected of host-directed therapy, 'heals the host; ' but does not 'kill the bug.'

Real power losses minimization and maintaining the stable node voltage magnitude is a major issue in power system. The authors are presenting how to reduce the active power loss and maintain the voltage stability of the power system network in this paper. To achieve this performance, the system is supplied reactive and active power by UPFC devices. The analytical Newton–Raphson algorithm method is applied for power flow equation. The proposed algorithm is authentic in the IEEE-based 6 and 14 test bus system. The simulations are executed using PSAT in the MATLAB environment. The authors present the voltage collapse point and real power loss before and after using UPFC.

In this paper, a new mixed-type higher-order symmetric duality in scalar-objective programming is formulated. In the literature we have results either Wolfe or Mond–Weir-type dual or separately, while in this we have combined those results over one model. The weak, strong and converse duality theorems are proved for these programs under $$\eta $$ -invexity/ $$\eta $$ -pseudoinvexity assumptions. Self-duality is also discussed. Our results generalize some existing dual formulations which were discussed by Agarwal et al. (Generalized second-order mixed symmetric duality in nondifferentiable mathematical programming. Abstr. Appl. Anal. 2011. https://doi.org/10.1155/2011/103597 ), Chen (Higher-order symmetric duality in nonlinear nondifferentiable programs), Gulati and Gupta (Wolfe type second order symmetric duality in nondifferentiable programming. J. Math. Anal. Appl. 310, 247–253, 2005, Higher order nondifferentiable symmetric duality with generalized F-convexity. J. Math. Anal. Appl. 329, 229–237, 2007), Gulati and Verma (Nondifferentiable higher order symmetric duality under invexity/generalized invexity. Filomat 28(8), 1661–1674, 2014), Hou and Yang (On second-order symmetric duality in nondifferentiable programming. J Math Anal Appl. 255, 488–491, 2001), Verma and Gulati (Higher order symmetric duality using generalized invexity. In: Proceeding of 3rd International Conference on Operations Research and Statistics (ORS). 2013. https://doi.org/10.5176/2251-1938_ORS13.16 , Wolfe type higher order symmetric duality under invexity. J Appl Math Inform. 32, 153–159, 2014).

Reaction of amines with dialkylcarbonates serves the purpose of generating carbamates besides methylated products. Present work reports the selective synthesis of carbamates from amines using dimethylcarbonate as carbonylating agent, in the presence of imidazolium derived ionic liquids as catalysts. Imidazolium based mono and dicationic liquids generated carbamates with 100% selectivity in fairly good to excellent yields, without isolation of any other side product. The dicationic ionic liquids B[MIm]2[PF6]2, B[MIm]2Cl2 and B[MIm]2[NO3]2 exhibited better catalytic activity in comparison to monocationic ones, may be because of bifunctional nature. DFT calculations revealed that the acidic proton of imidazolium ionic liquids (flanked by two nitrogen atoms) interact with the oxygen of dimethylcarbonate, increases its nucleophilicity and thus catalyses the reaction. Ionic liquids were recovered easily and reused a number of times. The protocol thus possesses, advantageous features of being simple, cost-effective, solvent free and sustainable.