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In situ transcriptomic techniques promise a holistic view of tissue organization and cell-cell interactions. There has been a surge of multiplexed RNA in situ mapping techniques but their application to human tissues has been limited due to their large size, general lower tissue quality and high autofluorescence. Here we report DART-FISH, a padlock probe-based technology capable of profiling hundreds to thousands of genes in centimeter-sized human tissue sections. We introduce an omni-cell type cytoplasmic stain that substantially improves the segmentation of cell bodies. Our enzyme-free isothermal decoding procedure allows us to image 121 genes in large sections from the human neocortex in 20 healthy and pathological cell states, and identified diseased niches enriched in transcriptionally altered epithelial cells and myofibroblasts.

In this research, digital technologies that will potentially be useful for teachers in an inclusive educational space were considered. The combined classification of digital technologies of inclusive direction, including software and hardware in three main areas, is offered: for training and repetition; to help with learning; and to expand learning opportunities. The authors developed and theoretically substantiated a model for preparing pre-service teachers to use digital technologies in an inclusive educational space. The effectiveness of the developed model was tested through a pedagogical experiment that involved three tests based on criteria. The effectiveness of the authors' model was confirmed by the sign test at the significance level of 0.05.

Leadership qualities are a complex set of cognitive properties, personal qualities and behavioural skills. It is relevant to study how the leader's style of decision-making and emotional intelligence abilities are related to future law enforcement officers. The empirical study involved 40 higher education students studying in the senior years of the Military Law Institute of the Yaroslav Mudryi National Law University, specialising in law enforcement. The following psychodiagnostic techniques were used: the questionnaire “Assessment of Management Decision-Making Styles” and the test “Emotional Intelligence”. Statistical processing of the data was carried out using Spearman’s rank correlation and Mann-Whitney U test. Three styles of managerial decision-making were identified in the surveyed cadets: 35 % had a conniving style, 25 % had a marginal style, and 20 % had a situational style. The other participants of the study did not have a leading style of managerial decision-making. It has been found that the highest level of emotional intelligence is in the group of respondents with the style of managerial decision-making “indulgence”, and the lowest level of emotional intelligence is in the group of cadets with the situational style of managerial decision-making. It has also been revealed that a leader with developed emotional intelligence is not focused on emphasising his or her status as a leader, but, on the contrary, provides a certain freedom of action to his or her subordinates. It has been noted that the developed components of emotional intelligence are important, but not decisive, for making managerial decisions by future law enforcement officers. The developed emotional intelligence of a leader contributes to his/her choice of such poles of managerial decision-making as “liberal” and “production of a problem situation (decision-making situation)”. A leader’s developed emotional intelligence is to some extent related to self-confidence, high motivation to achieve, and responsibility for the actions of subordinates. It has been suggested that in the process of psychological training future law enforcement officers should develop such a component of emotional intelligence as understanding of emotions, which increases the likelihood of favourable options for making managerial decisions by leaders.

Introduction. Varicella-Zoster virus (VZV) is a highly contagious alpha-herpes virus. The diagnosis of chickenpox remains a difficult task especially in cases of breakthrough chickenpox, so the development of reliable laboratory tests is necessary. The simplest and most sensitive serological test for detecting antibodies in human and animal sera is the passive hemagglutination reaction (PHAR). The aim. To develop of a simple, highly sensitive and specific serological tests for the detection of antibodies to VZV in human and animal blood sera. Materials and methods. Human and animal cell cultures; various strains of VZV; human and animal immune sera; monoclonal antibody to VZV glycoprotein (GP) E. Formalin-treated erythrocytes of sheep, chickens and goats, sensibilised with GP of VZV from a virus-containing supernatant were used for PHAR. Results. Cell cultures with the maximum cytopathic effect at VZV infection were selected. A simple original method for obtaining virus-specific VZV GPs using lectins has been developed. Purified GPs were obtained by their elution from sheep erythrocytes after adsorption. The activity of VZV GP was confirmed in PHAR by an antibody diagnostic assay using formalin-treated sheep erythrocytes sensibilised using monoclonal antibodies to GP E of the “vOka” VZV strain (USA). Using GPs from different VZV strains, PHAR test and GP-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (gpELISA) have been developed to detect antibodies in human and animal immune sera. These tests have high sensitivity, specificity and lack of cross-reactivity. Conclusion. A highly specific, sensitive and reproducible tests for the detection of antibodies to VZV have been developed.

This article answers the question about the appropriateness of including humorous materials in the English-language disciplines of the educational programs of students specializing in journalism and editorial work. A stylistic, cognitive, and pragmatic analysis of a sample of English-language jokes about journalists and editors is offered. Analysis of the forms of 281 jokes taken from four English-language websites shows that the most frequent forms of jokes about representatives of these professions are question/answer (88,1%), one-liner jokes (7,1%), dialogues (3.6%) and short stories (1%). A review of 18 jokes about journalists and editors considered in this article revealed that, stylistically, the jokes most often used puns, fake enthusiasm, and self-irony. In addition, double entendre, metaphors, paraprosdokian, false argumentation (enthymeme), baphos, rhetorical questions, irony, and comic manipulation are involved. Cognitively, mechanisms of cognitive patterns of extraordinary, easel, distinct contrast, and negative thinking are actively used. From a pragmatic point of view, jokes fulfill the functions of critical thinking, entertainment, acquaintance with the peculiarities of professions, professional and informal vocabulary, detection of humor and irony, relief of psychological stress, motivation for success, creativity, professional confidence, creation of stereotypical images of English-speaking journalists and editors. The inclusion of English-language humorous texts in English-language learning programs seems appropriate because such material expands students' lexicon of professional vocabulary in English, teaches them to actively use several stylistic and literary techniques when creating their English-language content, allows them to quickly recognize the use of humor and irony in English-language texts, improves humorous, intercultural and cultural competence of student journalists and editors.

Recent decades have been marked by several important milestones in the field of gastritis. New epidemiological reports were received, especially from countries with a high incidence of gastric cancer, and H.pylori infection was recognized as the most important cause of gastritis, due to which it was quickly included in the primary infectious oncogenic agents. Clinical strategies for the detection and eradication of H.pylori infection were developed, the previously unsuspected clinical and pathological significance of gastric microbiota was established, and extraordinary progress was made in the technology of esophagogastroduodenoscopy. Histolo­gical determination of gastritis in terms of stage (that is, risk stratification of stomach cancer) was implemented into clinical practice. In addition to the Sydney and Houston gastritis classifications, the six editions of the Maastricht Consensus (1996–2022) and the Kyoto Global Consensus deserve special attention, thanks to which broad agreements and significant scientific achievements became possible in the most controversial issues of the entire spectrum of gastritis, with a special emphasis on H.pylori gastritis, which accounts for more than 90 % of all forms of gastritis worldwide. The Real-world Gastritis Initiative (RE.GA.IN) marks the next step in the ongoing search to achieve a better understanding of various gastric conditions. The RE.GA.IN consensus was concluded in Venice in November 2022 after 8 months of intensive global scientific reasonings. RE.GA.IN mission itself has been focused on critically reviewing, updating, sharing and building consensus on the current scientific knowledge of inflammatory gastric lesions. It includes eight sections on clinicopathological topics, each consisting of preamble, which presents brief statements and corresponding explanatory texts. For each statement, the level of evidence (assessed according to a predefined four-level scale) and the strength of recommendations on the GRADE system are reported. The following topics were considered in the consensus: 1) definition and classification issues of gastritis; 2) spectrum of H.pylori gastritis; 3) key diagnosis of H.pylori gastritis; 4) H.pylori gastritis: clinical results; 5) autoimmune gastritis; 6) gastritis of low prevalence; 7) gastritis and gastric microbiota; 8) epidemiology of gastritis and associated precancerous and neoplastic lesions. Thus, the most controversial aspects of gastritis were addressed, a comprehensive and diverse body of knowledge was brought together to use patient-oriented evidence to assist physicians in their real-world clinical practice.

The study focuses on deep learning models for real-time explosive ordnance detection (EO). This study aimed to evaluate and compare the performance of YOLOv8 and RT-DETR object detection models in terms of accuracy and speed for EO detection via autonomous robotic systems. The objectives are as follows: 1) conduct a comparative analysis of YOLOv8 and RT-DETR image processing models for explosive ordnance (EO) detection, focusing on accuracy and real-time processing speed;2) to explore the impact of different input image resolutions on model performance for identifying the optimal resolution for EO detection tasks;3) to analyze how object size (small, medium, large) affects detection efficiency for enhancing EO recognition accuracy; 4) to develop recommendations for EO detection model configurations; 5) to propose methods for enhancing EO detection model performance in complex environments. The following results were obtained. 1) The results of a comparative analysis of YOLOv8 and RT-DETR models for EO detection in the context of speed-accuracy trade-offs. 2) Recommendations for EO detection model configurations aimed at improving the efficiency of autonomous demining robotic systems, including optimal camera parameter selection. 3) Methods for improving EO detection model performance to increase its accuracy in complex environments, including synthetic data generation and confidence threshold tuning. Conclusions. The main contribution of this study is the results of a detailed evaluation of the YOLOv8 and RT-DETR models for real-time EO detection, helping to find trade-offs between the speed and accuracy of each model and emphasizing the need for special datasets and algorithm optimization to improve the reliability of EO detection in autonomous systems.

The purpose of this article is to study types of parental attitude towards children as a way to achieve adaptive family relationships. Methods of the research. The following theoretical methods of the research were used to solve the tasks formulated in the article: a categorical method, structural and functional methods, the methods of the analysis, systematization, modeling, generalization. A pilot research was used as the empirical method. The results of the research. Children of parents with a controlling type of upbringing were obedient, suggestible, fearful, not too persistent in achieving their own goals, non-aggressive. With a mixed style of upbringing children are characterized by suggestibility, obedience, emotional sensitivity, non-aggres­siveness, lack of curiosity, originality of thinking and poor imagination. So, we distinguished three types of parental attitudes that are pathogenic for the emo­tional development of the child: 1. Emotional rejection is the indifferent attitude towards the child, it shows the parents’ unwillingness to satisfy the child’s physi­cal and mental needs, a desire to spend more time without him/her. This also includes cruel treatment, when, along with indifference, parents inflict physical injuries on the child. The reasons are financial difficulties, marital conflicts and mental infantilism of the child. 2. Overprotection is often such style of treatment of the child, which covers up an unconscious rejection of him/her. A feeling of guilt, in the connection with this rejection, often is arisen in parents’ psyche whose child is often and seriously ill. 3. Treatment of the child by a double bind type. The child is completely (and emotionally) dependent on the parents. Conclusions. The classification of parental attitudes towards children suf­fering from neuroses, neurosis-like conditions, psychopathies and character accentuationswas proposed: 1. Indulgent hyperprotection: the child is the cen­ter of attention of the family, and the family strives to satisfy his/her needs as fully as it is possible. 2. Dominant hyperprotection: the child is the center of attention of the parents, who spend a lot of time and energy to him/her, while depriving him/her of independence, setting numerous restrictions and prohibi­tions. 3. Emotional rejection: ignoring the child’s needs, often cruelty to him/her. 4. Increased moral responsibility is in education, increased moral demands are combined with inattention and lack of care on the part of the parents. 5. Cruel treatment includes parents do not strive to satisfy the needs of the child, but at the same time practice cruel punishments for the slightest offenses. 6. Neglect: the child is left to his/her own devices, the parents are not interested in his/her personality and do not control him/her. Lack of care and control are perceived by us as hypoprotection.

The purpose of this article is to show psychological features of post-trau­matic stress disorder of combatants. Methods of the research. The following theoretical methods of the research were used to solve the tasks formulated in the article: a categorical method, structural and functional methods, the methods of the analysis, systematization, modeling and generalization. The experimental method was the method of or­ganizing empirical research. The results of the research. The following methods were shown to be widely used by psychologists and rehabilitation specialists of military units and unit commanders in the practice of psychological rehabilitation of combatants who had received combat mental trauma: autogenic techniques (performance of mental self-regulation techniques, self-training, meditation, etc.); physiologi­cal methods (deep sleep, rest, quality food, drinking a lot of water, shower, field bath); organizational means (establishing a clear regime of work and rest, in­volvement of servicemen into active combat training, service, preservation of military uniform); medication means (sedatives, tranquilizers, antidepressants, nootropics, psychostimulants, phytotherapy, vitamin therapy, etc.); psychotherapeutic techniques and methods (individual and group rational psychotherapy, music, library, art, nature therapy, etc.). Conclusions. We proved that the situation of hostilities, which take place in the east of Ukraine, leads to pronounced changes in the functional state of mental activity, which is characterized by the development of extremely strong negative emotions, such as anxiety, fear, severe mental and physical fatigue. The rapid transition to a peaceful reality often does not allow combatants to adequately respond to certain circumstances from the perspective of the sur­rounding reality. Post-traumatic stress disorder, becoming chronic, affects al­most every aspect of a combatant’s life, including work, activity, interpersonal relationships, physical health and self-esteem.

This study examined how multinational corporations adapted their corporate social responsibility strategies while operating in russia during the ongoing war against Ukraine. Specifically, the analysis investigated the impact of different corporate social responsibility approaches on financial performance, stakeholder trust, and corporate reputation for multinational corporations operating in russia during the war. A game-theoretic model evaluated three distinct strategies: minimal corporate social responsibility engagement (Strategy 1), increased corporate social responsibility involvement (Strategy 2), and a complete exit from the russian market (Strategy 3). The quantitative analysis showed that companies choosing the exit strategy (Strategy 3) gained the highest payoffs for financial performance, stakeholder trust, and reputation. In contrast, minimal corporate social responsibility engagement (Strategy 1) resulted in negative outcomes, including reputational damage and potential exposure to sanctions. On the other hand, increased corporate social responsibility involvement (Strategy 2) produced neutral outcomes, offering short-term benefits but still leaving companies vulnerable to ongoing risks. The sensitivity analysis confirmed the stability of these outcomes. The study concludes that exiting the russian market not only aligns with ethical standards but also ensures long-term sustainability, offering critical insights for corporations navigating corporate social responsibility challenges in war zones. AcknowledgmentsWe sincerely express our gratitude to Prof. Dr. Dr. h.c. Marko Sarstedt, the LMU Fellowship Grant (LMU Ukraine support-fund) for the support of Ukrainian scientists.

The world has already entered the stage of increasing odds for a new pandemic, which prompts to seek out for new flu vaccines, because existing vaccines demonstrate only suboptimal effectiveness. With the Covid-19 pandemic, the possibility of using mRNA vaccines has been opened up, and a prospect of finding hemagglutinin (HA) gene mRNA-based new influenza vaccines seems very attractive. As a rule, the mRNA vaccine is a product of recoding, which ensures the mRNA stability. However, the results of mRNA recoding can be ambiguous. The purpose of this report is to analyze the features of genes and proteins and to consider opportunities and limitations in their recoding. Primary structures of NA proteins and relevant genes were retrieved from Internet publicly available databases. The amino acid composition and frequency of dipeptides, nucleotide and dinucleotide compositions, %GC, translational code and compositions of neighboring di- and tricodones, distribution along primary structure for explicit and synonymous mutations were determined. H1N1 and H3N2 subtypes have both specific and general features (limitations) in their genes, differing not only in the number of protein substitutions, but also in the number and distribution of gene synonymous codons, which do not manifest in the protein primary structure, but appear, apparently, as a hidden factor, which causes the low effectiveness of classical influenza vaccines. The identification of several limitations in gene structure suggests that its any modification (in any gene) must not contradict each of the restrictions established by nature. The frequency of CpG dinucleotides in all studied strains is low, but a potential for optimizing it in H1N1 strains due to the prohibition of the quartet in the gene for arginine-encoding codons is especially limited and can be implemented through synonymous codons of other amino acids (alanine, proline, threonine or serine). Compared to the H1N1 subtype, the H3N2 subtype can be expected to have more possibilities in constructing stable NA gene mRNA.

The paper presents a study of dialect speakers’ lexicon excerpt correlated with the sphere of traditional spiritual culture. A classification of an extensive array of facts recorded whilst surveying the informants in the points of mixed residence in Volgograd region is proposed. The research is carried out in line with the established methodological principles of linguistic units interpretation, and is based on the material extracted from the speech recordings of native speakers of the Don and Ukrainian dialects. The study focused on the key concepts in the spiritual culture of the Russian-Ukrainian population of the region. The concepts are verbalized in the speech of dialect speakers, whose way of life, traditions and customs reflect the life of a nationally heterogeneous continuum. The lexical units relevant for the transition of culturally significant information are defined. It is revealed regarding the content-and-semantic principle of detailing information in the text (within the framework of themes and microthemes) and the semantic-andcategorical means of representing ethnocultural meanings in context (within situations and micro-situations). For residents of mixed settlements, the topics “Ethnic identification of dialect speakers”, “Kinship. Family. Kinship and family relations, traditions”, “Calendar and folk rituals, customs and beliefs”, “Leisure amusements, folk games, fun”, “Nature in traditional spiritual culture”, “Folk medicine, healing”, “Folk etiquette, moral norms of behavior in society, community” are noted to be significant. The article describes the procedure for segmenting an excerpt of dialect speakers’ lexicon into individual topics that reflect traditional culture in its spiritual component; it shows the lexical content of microthemes recorded in the stories of Russian- and Ukrainian-speaking informants; and provides the description of lexical means significant for the realization of these ethno-cultural meanings.

The results of using SLA‑technology in the manufacture of molds for obtaining wax models in lost wax casting are presented. 3D printing modes of molds have been developed to ensure the required roughness of the working surfaces and durability of the resulting molds. The optimal parameters for pressing the wax composition into molds made using SLA technology have been established. It is shown that the use of SLA technology for the manufacture of molds makes it possible to obtain wax models and castings of the required quality. An experimental technology has been developed for the production of castings from bronze by casting according to smelted models.

Enteropathogenic escherichiosis (ЕРЕС) remains to date one of the common causes of the development of gastrointestinal pathology in young children and, depending on the serovar, ЕРЕС can be severe with the development of urgent conditions threatening the patient's life.The purpose of the study: to establish the clinical features of enteropathogenic escherichiosis (ЕРЕС) in young children, depending on the severity of the disease.Materials and methods: the analysis of clinical and laboratory data of 105 cases of ЕРЕС in young children treated at the Regional Infectious Diseases Clinical Hospital named after A.M. Nichoga in Astrakhan during 2013—2023 was carried out.The results: According to the results of our study, it was found that the disease was more often caused by serovars ЕРЕС O111 (59%), O55 (32,4%). Mild and moderate forms of ЕРЕС were 74,3%. Severe forms of HERES (25,7%) are characterized by: acute onset, prolonged (7,9 ± 0,4 days) febrile fever (66,7%); repeated vomiting (91,3%), diarrhea for 9,9 ± 1,8 days with a stool frequency of more than 10 times a day (59.3%) of an abundant, watery nature (96.3%), dehydration of II—III degree (88,9%), the presence of intestinal dysbiosis (96%). In 45,7% of children, ЕРЕС occurred in a moderate form, characterized by subfebrile fever (93.7%) for 5.8 ± 0,9 days, vomiting for 2—3 days (85,4%), watery diarrhea up to 10 times a day (68,7%) lasting 5,9 ± 0,8 days, dehydration of I—II degree (85,4%), intestinal dysbiosis (52%). The difference between mild forms of ЕРЕС (28,6%) was the absence of fever (70%), vomiting (60%), dehydration (100%), and the presence of intestinal dysbiosis in only 16% of children. The nature of the fever, the frequency of vomiting, at the beginning of the disease and subsequently, allows us to judge the severity of the disease, its possible duration, and the effectiveness of treatment. An increase in body temperature to febrile figures, on the 2rd—4th day of the disease, indicates the development of a severe form of ЕРЕС.

The solution to a specific technological problem is combined with the methodological development of a nonlinear multifactorial relationship to justify the boundaries of its extrapolation beyond the experimental range used. White soot was produced through two-stage carbonization of a silicate solution (composition, g/l: Na2O = 126.5, SiO2 = 107.7, Al2O3 = 3.1), obtained after processing waste tailings with carbon dioxide in a recirculation system. The influence of the deposition duration, temperature, and final pH value of the pulp on the formation of the specific surface area (Ssp, m2/g) of white soot was studied. The specific surface area was calculated from the average diameter of the white soot particles measured using an electron microscope. A multifactorial experiment was designed, and the experimental results were processed using a probabilistic deterministic method for experiment design (PDED) to obtain a nonlinear multiplicative combined model. A new interpretation of the subordination of the nonlinear multiple correlation coefficient R and the R2 value was given as relating to the structural and adaptive components of complex self-organizing systems. This determines their use for assessing the ratio of the basic R and extrapolated R2ranges of variation for each factor and any combinations thereof and multifactorial dependence in general. The results are presented in the form of multifactor tabular nomograms measured by the number of multifactor cells in localized areas of optimal sets that allow isolation by one or another combination of factors. The technological object of extrapolation of the ‘white soot’ production is linked to the solution of emerging methodological problems and illustrates the accessibility of the engineering application of the proposed method for combining nonlinear and linear approaches to mathematical experimental design. Doi: 10.28991/HIJ-2024-05-03-08 Full Text: PDF

According to the Law “On Seed Production”, all varieties or hybrids included in the state register shall be provided for genetic passports, as well as making a list of plants’ species, the production of which is aimed at ensuring food security. However, the use of morphological characteristics does not allow distinguishing genetically similar samples, identifying hidden genetic variability and ensuring control of the homogeneity of the initial material. In connection with these limitations, the purpose of the current work was to develop approaches for the selection of molecular genetic mic- rosatellite markers (SSR markers) to differentiate common wheat varieties. In accordance with the purpose, there has been conducted a literature review regarding methods for genetic certification and evaluation of the diversity of spring common wheat based on polymorphism of microsatellite loci, and there has been generated a set of Triticum aestivum genome assemblies from the NCBI Gen Bank. Based on the literature data, there have been selected the most polymorphic SSR markers using the invented algorithm. The analysis of databases of SSR markers in the genome of common wheat using bioinformatics methods allowed establishing a minimal discriminatory set of 20 markers that can detect 419 different alleles in Triticum aestivum. The results obtained can become the necessary theoretical foundation for further practical research.

Introduction. Glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis (GIOP) is a bone metabolic disease that develops as a result of glucocorticoid (GC) use, is one of the most frequent causes of secondary osteoporosis, leads to an increase in the risk of low-energy fractures, disability and mortality of GC users. Despite the few stu­dies conducted in Ukraine on the epidemiology and treatment of GIOP, there have been no national recommendations for its ma­nagement until now, which has become the background for their creation. The purpose was to develop national guidelines for the diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of GIOP based on the analytical analysis of modern literary sources to improve the awareness of the medical community of Ukraine, improve management, and reduce the socio-economic burden of the disease. Materials and ­methods. A group of 18 experts, leading Ukrainian scientists in various fields, was created to develop the guideline. An analysis of current literary sources on epidemiology, risk factors, diagnosis, prevention and treatment of GIOP, and monitoring of the effectiveness and safety of its treatment was carried out. Evidence was synthesized ­using the GRADE system, and a critical assessment of the quality of the recommendations was carried out using the AGREE II tool. ­Results. The guideline consists of 12 provisions on screening, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of GIOP. The authors emphasized the need to increase the awareness of the medical community of Ukraine regarding the problem, as well as patients regarding the possible side effects of GC. They presented the features of the clinical assessment of the osteoporotic fracture risk in GC users, as well as modern and available in Ukraine methods of diagnosis and treatment of GIOP. Conclusion. The first Ukrainian guideline for screening, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of GIOP is an important national tool for its management, which is recommended by the Board of the Ukrainian Association of Osteoporosis for use in practical health care by doctors of various specialties.

The article emphasises that for the actors of the security and defence sector, solving various communication situations is a constant and important task which can become difficult to perform if the social intelligence abilities are not sufficiently developed. A comparative analysis of the peculiarities of social intelligence abilities of higher education students of higher education institutions of the security and defence sector, who study in the specialities of “Law” and “Psychology”, was carried out. It is emphasized that the specificity of the social situation of the study participants' intellectual abilities development is due to certain features: lockdowns and quarantines of 2020–2021 with the vast majority of distance education, which were caused by the spread of the COVID-19 virus infection; martial law, which has been in force since February 2022. The senior students of Kharkiv National University of Internal Affairs and the Military Law Institute of Yaroslav Mudryi National Law University took part in the study. The empirical data were obtained using J. Guilford’s psychodiagnostic methodology for studying social intelligence. It has been found that the general level of social intelligence of most of the surveyed cadets corresponded to the average level. It has been shown that the general level of social intelligence of the cadets studying “Psychology” was higher than that of the cadets studying “Law”. It has been revealed that the differences in the level of social intelligence of the surveyed groups of cadets were due to a statistically significantly higher level of development of the ability to predict the consequences of the behaviour of others in typical conditions among cadets studying “Psychology” and a more developed ability to understand the logic of interaction situations and the significance of people's behaviour in these situations. It has been established that the most developed ability of social intelligence of the study participants studying in the speciality “Law” was the ability to understand the change in the meaning of similar verbal reactions of a person depending on the context of the situation that caused them. It has been argued that the specific social conditions of personality formation of higher education students in recent years have not significantly affected the level of development of their social intelligence abilities. The main directions of development of social intelligence abilities of cadets studying in different specialities are presented.

Стаття присвячена аналізу конституційно-правових засад всеукраїнського референдуму в Україні, розгляду практики його проведення, а також виявленню проблем у правовому регулюванні й механізмах реалізації. У статті зазначається, що всеукраїнський референдум є важливим інструментом прямої демократії, що надає громадянам можливість впливати на прийняття рішень державного значення. Проте чинна правова база, яка регулює проведення референдумів в Україні, має суттєві нормативно-правові та процедурні недоліки, що створюють перешкоди для ефективної реалізації цього інституту. Недосконалість законодавства ускладнює проведення референдумів відповідно до демократичних стандартів, а політичні чинники можуть перешкоджати забезпеченню прозорості та неупередженості процесу. І вирішення цих проблем є необхідною умовою для розвитку стабільної системи прямої демократії в Україні. У статті зазначається, що політична ситуація в Україні, включаючи питання верховенства права, війни на сході та економічної нестабільності, створює ризики для референдумів. Зокрема, існує ймовірність маніпуляцій з боку політиків або використання референдумів для підриву демократичних інститутів. Такі референдуми можуть спричинити додаткову суспільну поляризацію, особливо якщо питання будуть стосуватися суперечливих тем, як-от вступ до ЄС чи НАТО або статус мови. Окреме місце виділяється можливим шляхам вдосконалення законодавчих норм для забезпечення ефективності та прозорості процесу референдуму. Зокрема, звертається увага на нормативні обмеження, процедурні недоліки та політичні виклики, що впливають на можливість реалізації референдумів у відповідності до демократичних стандартів. Розглядається питання відповідності українського законодавства міжнародним нормам і принципам проведення референдумів та аналізується зарубіжний досвід, який може бути корисним для вдосконалення правових основ всеукраїнського референдуму. Законодавство України щодо референдумів в цілому відповідає міжнародним стандартам, однак потребує подальшої гармонізації для відповідності демократичним принципам і міжнародним нормам. Серед ключових рекомендацій міжнародних організацій, таких як Венеціанська комісія, виділяються прозорість процесу референдуму, забезпечення свободи вираження волі громадян та залучення парламенту до контролю за його проведенням.

У статті проаналізовано кількісно-якісні показники кримінальних правопорушень, що пов’язані з перетинанням державного кордону України незаконним способом та/або зі злочинною метою, а саме кримінальних правопорушень, передбачених статтями 258-5, 258-4, 332-2 та 334 Кримінального кодексу України. Встановлено, що вказані кримінальні правопорушення на території України як явище до 2019 року фактично не були поширені, враховуючи як нормативне регулювання кримінальної відповідальності за відповідний вид правопорушень, так і особливості об’єктивної сторони складів кримінальних правопорушень, що пов’язані з перетинанням державного кордону України незаконним способом та/або зі злочинною метою. Починаючи з 2020 року спостерігаємо поступове зростання рівня вказаного виду злочинності, що пов’язана з перетинанням державного кордону України незаконним способом та/або зі злочинною метою, що мало місце до кінця 2022 року та падіння рівня цього виду злочинності у 2023 році фактично до показників 2019 року. Найбільшу питому вагу серед кримінальних правопорушень, що пов’язані з перетинанням державного кордону України незаконним способом та/або зі злочинною метою, посідає незаконне перетинання державного кордону України (ст. 332-2 Кримінального кодексу України). Власне вказане кримінальне правопорушення є основним при характеристиці кількісно якісних критеріїв злочинності у сфері перетинанням державного кордону України незаконним способом та/або зі злочинною метою. Також відносно поширеним є кримінальне правопорушення, передбачене ст. 334 «Порушення правил міжнародних польотів» Кримінального кодексу України. Однак у 2023 році не обліковувалися кримінальні правопорушення, передбачені ст. 334 цього Кодексу, а також не засуджувалися особи за цією статтею. Стосовно кримінальних правопорушень, передбачених статтями 258-5 та 258-6 Кримінального кодексу України, то відсутність показників в їх частині не означає, що законодавець помилився в їх криміналізації (ст. 258-6 Кримінального кодексу України) або в уточненні об’єктивної сторони (ст. 258-5 Кримінального кодексу України). Адже вказані статті більшою мірою несуть превентивний потенціал та спрямовані на виконання міжнародних зобов’язань Україною.

Background. Alcohol's toxic effects on the organism is a long-known medical problem. Alcohol's damaging effect is the end result of the complex interplay between ethanol metabolism, inflammation and innate immunity. Previously, we studied the long-term consequences of chronic alcoholism and demonstrated that especially profound changes were in testes on the level of proteome and genome. Objective. This work aimed to study short-term acute alcohol intoxication (AAI) effects for rat testis DNA fragmentation, cytochromes CYP3A and CYP2E1 genes expression, and serum pool of free amino acids in rats. Methods. Wistar albino male rats were divided into 2 groups (8 animals in each group): 1 – Control (intact rats), and 2 – AAI (rats with short-term acute alcohol intoxication). AAI was induced by repeated administration per os 40% ethanol solution in a dose 7 ml/kg body weight, for 7 days. Contents of amino acids in serum, testes mRNA CYP2E1 and CYP3A2 expression, and DNA fragmentation were evaluated. Results. In our experiments, the development of acute alcohol intoxication (AAI) led to increased DNA fragmentation processes in the testes of adult rats compared to the control group. Additionally, in the serum of ethanol-treated rats, the levels of histidine increased by 1.67 times and glutamine by 1.13 times in correlation with this pathology. Conversely, the levels of valine, phenylalanine, as well as non-essential and essential amino acids, decreased. Furthermore, there was a statistically significant increase in the expression of CYP2E1 and CYP3A2 genes in rat testes under the conditions of AAI. Conclusions. In conclusion, investigation of rats' short-term alcohol administration effects permitted us to obtain the picture of complex metabolomic changes at the different levels. The main outcome of rats short-term ethanol administration in our experiments seems to be to some extent similar to changes described for rats with chronic alcohol consumption. Our results demonstrated profound changes in testes affecting the state of the genome, transcription processes and the exchange of amino acids and proteins. We suggest that the revealed testicular metabolic disorders could have negative implications on cellular regulation of spermatogenesis even under short-term ethanol exposure.

Understanding kidney disease relies on defining the complexity of cell types and states, their associated molecular profiles and interactions within tissue neighbourhoods1. Here we applied multiple single-cell and single-nucleus assays (>400,000 nuclei or cells) and spatial imaging technologies to a broad spectrum of healthy reference kidneys (45 donors) and diseased kidneys (48 patients). This has provided a high-resolution cellular atlas of 51 main cell types, which include rare and previously undescribed cell populations. The multi-omic approach provides detailed transcriptomic profiles, regulatory factors and spatial localizations spanning the entire kidney. We also define 28 cellular states across nephron segments and interstitium that were altered in kidney injury, encompassing cycling, adaptive (successful or maladaptive repair), transitioning and degenerative states. Molecular signatures permitted the localization of these states within injury neighbourhoods using spatial transcriptomics, while large-scale 3D imaging analysis (around 1.2 million neighbourhoods) provided corresponding linkages to active immune responses. These analyses defined biological pathways that are relevant to injury time-course and niches, including signatures underlying epithelial repair that predicted maladaptive states associated with a decline in kidney function. This integrated multimodal spatial cell atlas of healthy and diseased human kidneys represents a comprehensive benchmark of cellular states, neighbourhoods, outcome-associated signatures and publicly available interactive visualizations.