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In this work, the Marangoni convective flow of magnetohydrodynamic tangent hyperbolic (Fe3O4−Cu/{{\rm{F}}{{\rm{e}}}_{3}{\rm{O}}}_{4}-{\rm{Cu}}/ethylene glycol) hybrid nanofluids over a plate dipped in a permeable material with heat absorption/generation, heat radiation, elastic deformation and viscous dissipation is discussed. The impact of activation energy is also examined. Hybrid nanofluids are regarded as advanced nanofluids due to the thermal characteristics and emerging advantages that support the desire to augment the rate of heat transmission. The generalized Cattaneo–Christov theory, which takes into account the significance of relaxation times, is modified for the phenomena of mass and heat transfer. The fundamental governing partial differential equations are converted to ordinary differential equations (ODEs) by adopting similarity variables. The Runge–Kutta–Fehlberg-45 technique is utilized to solve nonlinear ODEs. Regarding the non-dimensional embedded parameters, a graphic investigation of the thermal field, concentration distribution, and velocity profile is performed. The results show that the increasing Marangoni ratio parameter enhances velocity and concentration distributions while decreases the temperature distribution. The velocity profile is decreased and the efficiency of heat transfer is improved as the porosity parameter is increased. Nusselt number is diminished with the rising values of the porosity variable.

Vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium (VRE) has been detected in Türkiye. Only limited information is available on its dissemination in the central regions of the country. This study describes the first epidemiological characterization of VRE clinical isolates detected in patients in a hospital in the province of Aksaray. In this one-year study conducted between 2021 and 2022, stool samples from intensive care unit patients were screened for VRE using the phenotypic E-test method, and the antibiotic sensitivity test was analyzed by using the VITEK® 2 system. A molecular assay for confirmation of species level was carried out by 16S rRNA gene-based sequencing and testing for antibiotic resistance (vanA or vanB) and virulence factor-encoding genes (esp, asa1, and hyl). Further, genotypic characterization was determined by macro-restriction fragment pattern analysis (MRFPA) of genomic DNA digested with SmaI restriction enzyme. Of the total 350 Enterococcus positive patients from different hospital intensive care units, 22 (6.3%) were positive for VRE using the phenotypic E-test method. All isolates showed resistance to ampicillin, ciprofloxacin, vancomycin, and teicoplanin and positive amplification for the vanA gene. However, none of the isolates was positive for the vanB gene. The most prevalent virulence gene was esp. The results indicate that the isolates are persistent in the hospital environment and subsequently transmitted to hospitalized patients, thus representing challenges to an outbreak and infection control. These study results would also help formulate more effective strategies to reduce the transmission and propagation of VRE contamination in various hospital settings.

This article explores the dynamics of nanofluids consisting of copper (TiO2) nanoparticles suspended in water, as they interact with sensor surfaces between two parallel squeezing plates with porous characteristics. This research specifically targets applications involving enhanced heat transfer and magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) control in nanofluid systems. The primary aim is to analyze the effects of nanoparticle aggregation and non-aggregation on sensor surfaces, considering MHD formations and heat transfer in the energy and momentum equations. The research adopts a steady-state fluid condition and utilizes similarity transformations to convert partial differential equations into more manageable ordinary differential equations. The methodology involves shooting methods for solving these nonlinear ordinary differential equations and employs graphical analyses to study the impacts of various parameters such as permeability, magnetic influence, squeeze flow, and radiation on the temperature and velocity profiles of the nanofluid. The results reveal significant dependencies of temperature and velocity profiles on the studied parameters, illustrating varied behaviors in scenarios of both aggregation and non-aggregation of nanoparticles. The findings emphasize how each parameter distinctively influences the heat and flow characteristics of the nanofluid, offering insights into optimizing conditions for better performance and control in practical applications. Future research could focus on extending the model to include transient fluid states and exploring the effects of other nanoparticle materials and shapes. There is also potential to investigate the interactions under different environmental conditions and to incorporate more complex boundary conditions to simulate real-world applications more accurately. Further experimental validation of the theoretical predictions would be beneficial to enhance the reliability and applicability of the findings.

Shivani Srivastava,1,* Anuradha Tyagi,2,* Vishakha Anand Pawar,3,* Nawaid Hussain Khan,4,* Kavita Arora,5,6 Chaitenya Verma,7,8 Vinay Kumar9 1Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA; 2Department of cBRN, Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Science, Delhi, India; 3The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA; 4Faculty of Medicine, Ala-Too International University, Bishkek, Kyrgyz Republic; 5Advanced Instrumentation Research Facility, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India; 6School of Computational & Integrative Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India; 7Department of Pathology, Wexner Medical Center, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA; 8Department of Biotechnology, SSET, Sharda University, Greater Noida, 201306, India; 9Pennsylvania State University Hershey Medical Center, 500 University Dr, Heshey, PA, USA*These authors contributed equally to this workCorrespondence: Chaitenya Verma; Vinay Kumar, Email chaitenya999@gmail.com; vinayktyagi07@gmail.comAbstract: The CAR-T cell therapy has marked the dawn of new era in the cancer therapeutics and cell engineering techniques. The review emphasizes on the challenges that obstruct the therapeutic efficiency caused by cell toxicities, immunosuppressive tumor environment, and decreased T cell infiltration. In the interest of achieving the overall survival (OS) and event-free survival (EFS) of patients, the conceptual background of potential target selection and various CAR-T cell design techniques are described which can minimize the off-target effects, reduce toxicity, and thus increase the resilience of CAR-T cell treatment in the haematological malignancies as well as in solid tumors. Furthermore, it delves into cutting-edge technologies like gene editing and synthetic biology, providing new opportunities to enhance the functionality of CAR-T cells and overcome mechanisms of immune evasion. This review provides a comprehensive understanding of the complex and diverse aspects of CAR-T cell-based gene treatments, including both scientific and clinical aspects. By effectively addressing the obstacles and utilizing the capabilities of cutting-edge technology, CAR-T cell therapy shows potential in fundamentally changing immunotherapy and reshaping the approach to cancer treatment.Keywords: CAR-T cells, immune checkpoint inhibitors, gene therapies, gene editing, predictive biomarkers

Moncef Ben Ghoulem Ben Saad, Arunabha Karmakar, Tayseer Salih Mohamed Salih, Wajeeha Arshad, Muhammad Jaffar Khan Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Perioperative MedicineHamad Medical Corporation, Doha, QatarCorrespondence: Muhammad Jaffar Khan, Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Perioperative Medicine, Hamad Medical Corporation, P.O. Box 3050, Doha, Qatar, Tel +97444394444, Email mkhan44@hamad.qaBackground: Methemoglobin is an altered state of hemoglobin where iron in hemoglobin is oxidized and incapable of binding oxygen; leading to complications such as cyanosis, dyspnea, headache, and heart failure. Methemoglobinemia can be congenital or acquired. Congenital methemoglobinemia is a rare disease and its worldwide incidence is unclear. We recently encountered the first documented case of congenital methemoglobinemia at our institution, necessitating perioperative care.Case Presentation: In the present case, a 22-year-old man with congenital methemoglobinemia underwent general anesthesia for dental extraction. The surgeon was informed to avoid local anesthetics and oxygenation was performed with FiO2 of 1.0. Arterial blood gas analysis showed a PH of 7.337, PaO2 of 302 mm Hg, PaCO2 of 44 mm Hg, oxyhemoglobin level of 63.4%, and methemoglobin level of 37.8%. The patient had a stable course. No methylene blue therapy was required, although cyanosis was observed during surgery.Conclusion: In summary, though rare, congenital methemoglobinemia poses fatal risks during surgery. Its management involves preoperative recognition and optimization, oxygenation status, multidisciplinary care, avoiding precipitating or oxidizing agents, discussing treatment options, maintaining cardiopulmonary stability, and ensuring perioperative safety measures with the medical team.Keywords: methemoglobinemia, general anesthesia, perioperative management, cyanosis, methylene blue

The Ni1−x CuxFe2O4 (where x = 0, 0.05, 0.10, 0.15) nano ferrite powder was synthesized through chemical co-precipitation method, NaOH and acid oleic as raw materials. The XRD patterns confirmed the spinal structure phase purity of materials. XRD results showed that lattice parameter decreases with the increase of copper concentration by increasing copper concentration in the parent material. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to determine the morphology and particle size. SEM analysis indicated that all the samples are in nano size and homogeneous. AC electrical properties of nanoparticles were investigated by employing impedance spectroscopy. The real and the imaginary parts of impedance, permittivity, modulus along with the real part of ac conductivity, and tan delta were measured and analyzed for all synthesized samples in 1 Hz to 7 MHz for different voltages at 300 K.

In this article, we define three-dimensional q-Riordan arrays and q-Riordan representations for these arrays. Also, we give four cases of infinite multiplication three-dimensional matrices of these arrays. As applications, we obtain three-dimensional qq-Pascal-like matrix and its inverse matrix by Heine’s binomial formula, using combinatorial identities. Finally, we consider the generalization of three-dimensional qq-Pascal-like matrix and give some identities involving qq-binomial coefficients.

This article is mainly concerned to link the Hermite-Hadamard and the Jensen-Mercer inequalities by using majorization theory and fractional calculus. We derive the Hermite-Hadamard-Jensen-Mercer-type inequalities in conticrete form, which serve as both discrete and continuous inequalities at the same time, for majorized tuples in the framework of the famous Atangana-Baleanu fractional operators. Also, the main inequalities encompass the previously established inequalities as special cases. Using generalized Mercer’s inequality, we also investigate the weighted forms of our major inequalities for certain monotonic tuples. Furthermore, the derivation of new integral identities enables us to construct bounds for the discrepancy of the terms concerning the main results. These bounds are constructed by incorporating the convexity of ∣f′∣| f^{\prime} | and ∣f′∣q(q>1){| f^{\prime} | }^{q}\hspace{0.33em}\left(q\gt 1) and making use of power mean and Hölder inequalities along with the established identities.

As industries rely more and more on magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) systems for different uses in power, production, and management of the environment, it becomes essential to optimize these operations. The study seeks to improve the effectiveness and productivity of cooling structures, chemical reaction reactors, and contaminant control methods by investigating these intricate interconnections. Because of this, the work scrutinizes the endothermic/exothermic (EN/EX) chemical processes, convective boundary conditions, and pollutant concentration impacts on MHD nanofluid circulation around a rotating sphere. The governing equations based on the above assumptions are reduced into a system of ordinary differential equations and solved numerically with Runge–Kutta Fehlberg’s fourth- and fifth- order schemes. The obtained numerical outcomes from the numerical scheme are presented with the aid of graphs, and the results show that the rate of mass transfer decreases with an increase in the external pollutant local source and solid volume percentage. For changes in the values of the activation energy parameter and solid fraction, the rate of thermal dispersion drops for the EN case and upsurges for the EX case. The concentration profile shows increment with the addition of the external pollutant source variation parameter and local pollutant external source parameter. The outcomes of the present work can be helpful in cooling equipment, developing advanced methods for controlling pollution, environmental management, MHD generators, and various industrial contexts.

4D printing technology represents a major advance in additive manufacturing, in which materials can dynamically change shape or properties over time in response to external stimuli. Recent years have seen phenomenal advances in the field of 4D printing technology, which has revolutionized production and design. This review provides a concise overview of the research progress in 4D printing technology, focusing on its principles, applications, and challenges. Researchers have looked into a variety of materials, such as composites and smart polymers that may change programmably in response to light, humidity, or temperature. Applications for 4D printing are found in a wide range of industries, from aerospace parts to biomedical equipment. The creation of self-assembling and adaptable structures has enormous potential for the development of materials that are useful and responsive. Significant developments in the creation of cutting-edge 4D printing methods, like multi-material printing and exact control over shape-changing processes, are highlighted in this review. Challenges, material constraints, and scalability problems are also addressed, with a focus on continuous efforts to overcome them. The revolutionary effect of 4D printing on manufacturing, design, and many other industries is becoming more and more evident as it develops, opening up previously unimaginable opportunities and creative solutions. Finally, challenges and future directions in the field are discussed, aiming to inspire further research and innovation in the dynamic field of 4D printing technology.

Cilostazol, an anti-platelet aggregation medicine, is also known to have vasodilation properties and is commonly used for treating muscle soreness and cramps by increasing the muscle oxygen supply. The medication has limited oral bioavailability, is prone to pre-systemic metabolism, and is poorly soluble in aqueous media. A transdermal administration was planned to increase the drug’s solubility and therapeutic efficacy. The current work intended to develop cilostazol niosome-loaded transdermal gel, which was prepared, and with the use of Fourier transform infrared and differential scanning calorimetry analyses, drug-excipient interactions were observed. The medication was formulated utilizing Carbopol-934, Pluronic-F-127, and HPMC gel bases for the transdermally delivered niosomal gels. The produced niosomes had a maximum percentage of drug entrapment at 96.4%, with a particle size of 102 ± 11.30 nm and polydispersity index of 0.29 ± 0.069. The highest percentage of the medication that was entrapped was 96.4%, and the Carbopol-934 gel basis released the major part of the drug under in vitro conditions. A maximum transdermal flux was recorded at 3850.92 μg after 4 h, indicating a 10% increase in cilostazol permeation through rat skin. The flux rate for the niosomal preparation containing the drug ranged from 14.85 to 28.02 μg/cm2 h−1. In comparison to the pure cilostazol-loaded gels, the pharmacokinetics investigation showed that the niosomal gel formulations had considerably greater C max, T max, and AUC0. The niosomes loaded with cilostazol exhibited greater solubility, higher bioavailability, and improved effectiveness. Better therapeutic results may be achieved with systemic and site-directed delivery of cilostazol using the designed transdermal niosomal gel with appropriate molecular tagging modification/(s).

The implementation of three-dimensional (3D) printing technology has culminated in a notable rise in productivity and operational effectiveness for manufacturers. Additive manufacturing (AM) is a manufacturing technology that implies an alteration from the conventional approach of material removal. The fundamental idea underlying the AM technique is the gradual buildup of layers (layer-on-layer accumulation). In conventional approaches, every component can have detrimental implications due to the direct interaction between the tool and the workpiece, leading to the loss of heat through friction. The utilisation of 3D printing as a way to surpass conventional processing methods signifies a novel development in several sectors. This method involves the utilisation of unconventional techniques for the fabrication of components. The primary objective of this research is to investigate the chemical vapour jet drilling technique specifically applied to acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) materials. The intent is to enhance the surface characteristics, or surface finish (SF), and the dimensional accuracy (DA) of ABS workpieces. An evaluation regarding the reliability, repeatability, as well as preciseness of the vapour jet drilling (VJD) process is conducted via the utilisation of experiment and data analysis. The study employed a Taguchi L9 design of experiments to carry out a series of tests aimed at analysing the implications of three independent variables: pressure, flow rate, and standoff distance. The researchers employed a multiresponse optimisation approach to attain an optimal combination of parameters that resulted in a superior SF with DA. Consequently, the overall appeal of the outcome was reached. The process’s capabilities and dependability were assessed by conducting tests on the substrates at their optimal settings. Surface roughness and circularity were measured at numerous locations on the substrates. The study determined that the process capability indices (C p and C pk) had values over 1.33 for each of the response parameters, with C pk values also exceeding 1. The analysis of histograms and capability indices demonstrates that the VJD method, when conducted under optimised conditions, may be categorised as statistically controlled for the processing of ABS materials.

Many applications, including micro air vehicles, automotive, aerospace, refrigeration, mechanical–electromechanical systems, electronic device cooling, and micro heat exchanger systems, can be used to determine the heat flow in microchannels. Regarding engineering applications, heat flow optimization discusses the role of entropy production minimization. Therefore, this work explores new facets of entropy production in fully developed Carreau fluid heat transport in an inclined microchannel considering exponential space/temperature dependence, radiative heat flux, and Joule heating. The Carreau fluid model’s rheological properties are taken into account. Additionally, the influence of Hall slip velocity and convective boundary conditions is considered. Using appropriate transformation constraints, the governing equations are transformed into a system of ordinary differential equations, which are then numerically solved using the fourth- and fifth-order Runge–Kutta–Fehlberg method. Graphs illustrate a significant discussion of physical parameters on production of entropy, Bejan number, thermal field, and velocity. Our findings established that there is a dual impact of entropy generation for the exponential space/temperature-dependent, radiation parameter, Hall parameter, Weissenberg number, and velocity slip parameter. The Bejan number decreased with the Hall current and the Weissenberg number, and it enhanced with exponential space/temperature dependent. The convection constraint maximizes the entropy at the channel walls. The results are compared with exact solutions, which show excellent agreement.

This study examines the influence of wall velocity ratio on mixed convective heat transport in a permeable cavity containing an isothermal solid block at its center. The analysis considers the characteristics of various flow variables, i.e., Darcy number, wall velocity ratio, Richardson number, and volume fraction of suspended nanoparticles, on heat transport and material flow characteristics. The principal equations are solved implementing the semi-implicit method for pressure linked equations algorithm, and the outcomes are compared with existing literature. The study shows that rising estimations of Darcy number, velocity ratio, Richardson number, and nanoparticles volume fraction lead to improved heat transfer rates. For example, at high Richardson number (100) and solid volume fraction (0.05), increasing the velocity ratio from 0.5 to 1.5 results in a 6% (5%) upsurge in heat transport rate. Conversely, at smaller Richardson number (0.01), the heat transport rate upsurges by 29% (28%). Similarly, at high Darcy numbers and low wall velocity ratios, a 3% (4%) escalate in heat transport rate is observed with an increase in nanoparticles concentration from 0 to 0.05, while a 9% (8%) increase in thermal performance is achieved at low Darcy numbers. The study emphasizes the importance of optimizing the combination of nanoparticles volume fraction, Darcy number, velocity ratio, and Richardson number to maximize thermal performance in the porous cavity.

Haidar Alalawi,1 Sarah Al-Qanas,2 Sarah Al-Ghamdi,2 Raghad Al-Fuhaid,2 Soban Khan,3 Maram A AlGhamdi,1 Khalid S Almulhim,4 Faisal E Aljofi,5 Zahid A Khan,1 Yousif A Al-Dulaijan1 1Department of Substitutive Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia; 2College of Dentistry, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia; 3Department of Dental Education, College of Dentistry, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia; 4Department of Restorative Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia; 5Department of Preventive Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi ArabiaCorrespondence: Yousif A Al-Dulaijan, Department of Substitutive Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia, Tel +966 13 333 1462, Email yaaldulaijan@iau.edu.saPurpose: This in vitro study investigated the effects of dietary solvents on the microhardness and color stability of CAD/CAM provisional restorations compared to conventional materials.Methods: Disc-shaped specimens (n=200) were fabricated from self-cured acrylic resin, two 3D-printing resins (FormLabs, NextDent), and a milled material (TelioCAD). Randomization assigned specimens (n=10/group) to immersion solutions: artificial saliva, citric acid, heptane, coffee, and tea. Microhardness and color stability were evaluated. One-way and three-way ANOVA with Tukey’s post hoc test analyzed the data.Results: Dietary solvents significantly reduced the surface microhardness of all tested materials (p< 0.05). Unpolished surfaces exhibited greater color changes compared to polished ones (p< 0.05) across all materials. Coffee and tea induced the most substantial reductions in hardness and the most significant color alterations (p< 0.05), whereas saliva and citric acid had minimal effects.Conclusion: Milled provisional restorations exhibited superior hardness and color stability. Dietary solvents significantly affected material properties over time, highlighting the importance of material selection for clinical applications.Keywords: 3D-printed, color stability, food, microhardness, milled, self-cure resin

Adel Alshahrani,1 Hussain Saleh H Ghulam,1 Raee S Alqhtani,1 Yousef Hamad Hassan Al Sharyah,1 Hashim Ahmed,1 Aafreen Aafreen,2 Abdur Raheem Khan,2 Ashfaque Khan,2 Ausaf Ahmad3 1Department of Medical Rehabilitation Sciences-Physiotherapy Program, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Najran University, Najran, 55461, Saudi Arabia; 2Department of Physiotherapy, Integral University, Lucknow, India; 3Department of Community Medicine, IIMSR, Integral University, Lucknow, IndiaCorrespondence: Abdur Raheem Khan, Department of Physiotherapy, Integral University, Lucknow, India, Tel +9616739965, Email abdul.fortis@gmail.comPurpose: Prolonged sitting during driving is linked to neck pain, uncomfortable body positions, and repetitive motions. Recognizing these challenges, this study aimed to investigate Cervical Health Parameters in Car Drivers.Methods: The sample consisted of 160 car drivers between 25 and 45 years. This subject was then divided into two groups based on neck pain. Participants met the required criteria, such as being between 25– 45 years of age, maintaining a BMI of 18– 24, and driving for at least 2 hours each day for at least 3– 5 years. To evaluate the results, we employed a clinometer and compass app on a smartphone to measure the Cervical Range of Motion (CROM). We used Surgimap software to estimate the Craniovertebral Angle (CVA), and a (Cervical range of motion) CROM device was used for proprioception assessment.Results: The result shows the participants in neck pain group displayed lower Cervical Range of Motion (CROM) values than without neck Pain Group. Similarly, the Craniovertebral Angle (CVA) was smaller in the neck Pain Group (mean difference of − 6.3°), indicating a more forward head posture. Neck pain resulted in a mean difference of − 4.5° in proprioception accuracy. This indicates that neck pain affects CROM, CVA, and proprioception in car drivers.Conclusion: Car driving significantly impacts cervical parameters in individuals with neck pain, reducing cervical range of motion, altered craniovertebral angle, and diminished proprioceptive accuracy. These findings emphasize the need for ergonomic interventions and proprioceptive training tailored for drivers. Future research should broaden demographic parameters and consider potential confounders to provide a holistic understanding of the relationship between car driving and neck health.Keywords: car driving, cervical range of motion, craniovertebral angle, proprioception, neck pain

The utilization of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) in adult patients experiencing septic shock is a subject of ongoing debate within the medical community. This study aims to comprehensively address this issue through a systematic review conducted in accordance with the PRISMA guidelines.

In this study, we define new class of holomorphic functions associated with tangent function. Furthermore, we examine the differential subordination implementation results related to Janowski and tangent functions. Also, we investigate some extreme point theorem and partial sums results, necessary and sufficient conditions, convex combination, closure theorem, growth and distortion bounds, and radii of close-to-starlikeness and starlikeness for this newly defined functions class of holomorphic functions.

This study focuses on the probable use of carbonized char prepared from PET plastic bottles for heavy metals (HMs) adsorption (Cd2+, Pb2+, Cu2+, and Zn2+). The prepared adsorbent is characterized by field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Batch adsorption experiments were conducted with the influencing of different operational conditions: contact time (1–180 min), adsorbate concentration (25–300 mg/L), adsorbent dose (0.5–6 g/L), pH (3–7), and temperature (25–60 ºC). High coefficient value [Cd2+ (R2 = 0.99), Pb2+ (R2 = 0.97), Cu2+ (R2 = 0.94), and Zn2+ (R2 = 0.98)] of process optimization model suggest that this model was significant, where pH and adsorbent dose expressively stimulus removal efficiency including 86.68, 73.66, 67.10, and 57.04% for Cd2+, Pb2+, Cu2+, and Zn2+ at pH (7), respectively. Furthermore, ANN and BB-RSM revealed a good association between the tested and projected values. The maximum monolayer adsorption capacity of Cd2+, Pb2+, Cu2+, and Zn2+ was 263.157, 78.740, 196.078, and 84.745 mg/g, respectively. Pseudo-second-order was the well-suited kinetics, where Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm could explain better for equilibrium adsorption data. Thermodynamic study shows HMs adsorption is favorable, exothermic, and spontaneous. HIGHLIGHTS Carbonized adsorbent was prepared from PET bottle waste by a simple thermal dissociation method.; Response surface methodology and artificial neural network express a strong correlation between the experimental and projected heavy metal removal efficiency.; Carbonized adsorbents reveal satisfactory results for experimental (Cd = 86.68%, Pb = 73.66%, Cu = 67.10%, and Zn = 57.04%) and real wastewater applications (Cd = 99.2%, Pb = 62.20%, Cu = 97.63%, and Zn = 64.47%).;

Abstract Despite having to rely on hybrid payment systems that combine manual and electronic methods, less developing countries such as Pakistan still manage to perform business transactions successfully. This success is partly due to the indigenous collectivist cultural practices in Pakistan society. However, an explanation of how indigenous culture supports information systems in general, and in particular payment systems, is scarce. This study adds to the knowledge of culture and information systems by exploring how indigenous culture in Pakistan enables hybrid payment systems to flourish. A case study was conducted in the marble industry of KPK Pakistan where qualitative data were collected through semi-structured interviews with the industry’s participants. The findings highlight the role of the indigenous collectivist cultural practice of Pakhtunwali in successfully implementing the hybrid payment system in SMEs in Pakistan. The study makes a theoretical contribution to knowledge about culture and payment systems by examining the role of collectivist cultural practices in supporting the hybrid payment system in Pakistan. The study highlights the role of collectivist cultural practices in overcoming the limitations of the hybrid payment system. The study also informs SME owners/managers about the importance of local cultural practices in Pakistan and how these can be utilized and maintained to improve the transactional practices of businesses.

Abstract Radiative balance, local climate, and human health are all significantly influenced by aerosol. Recent severe air pollution over Lahore, a city in Pakistan calls for more thorough research to determine the negative impacts brought on by too many aerosols. To study regional aerosol characteristics and their differences from various aspects, in-depth and long-term (2007–2020) investigations of the columnar aerosol properties over the urban environment of Lahore were carried out by using AERONET data. The Aerosol Optical Depth (AOD400) and Angstrom Exponent (AE400–870) vary from low values of 0.10 to a maximum value of 4.51 and from 0.03 to 1.81, respectively. The huge differences in the amount of AOD440 as well as AE440–870 show the large fluctuation of aerosol classes because of various sources of their emission. During the autumn and winter seasons, the decreasing trend of the optical parameters of aerosols like Single Scattering Albedo (SSA) and Asymmetry Parameter (ASY) with increasing wavelength from 675 to 1020 nm indicates the dominance of light-absorbing aerosols (biomass burning (BB) and industrial/urban (UI). Due to the long-distance dust movement during spring, summer, and autumn, coarse mode particles predominated in Lahore during the study period. Dust type (DD) aerosols are found to be the dominant one during spring (46.92%), summer (54.31%), and autumn (57.46%) while urban industry (BB/UI) was dominant during the winter season (53.21%). During each season, the clean continental (CC) aerosols are found to be in negligible amounts, indicating terrible air quality in Lahore City. The present research work fills up the study gap in the optical properties of aerosols in Lahore and will help us understand more fully how local aerosol fluctuation affects regional climate change over the urban environment of Lahore.

Nanofluids (NFDs) are becoming better understood as a result of substantial boost in thermal efficiency advances and the rate of energy exchange employed in requisite fuel dynamics and automotive coolants. Owing to its usage, computational scrutinization examines the cross-flow of an NFD past an expanding/contracting sheet with the impact of suction. In addition, the entropy and irregular generation/absorption effects are induced to compute/estimate the magnificent point of NFD flow. The innovative components of this study are Brinkman number, nanoparticle volume fraction, dimensionless temperature difference, expanding/contracting factor, irregular heat source/sink, and suction parameters. The boundary layers undergo a stream-wise process through expanding and contracting sheets. Also, the study makes use of numerical simulations to scrutinize the aspects of heat transport and cross-flow of NFDs. The fundamental partial differential equations of the current model are converted to ordinary differential equations by using similarity variables, and then they are exercised via the bvp4c approach. Therefore, parametric research has been used to frame the effects of embedded flow variables on the drag force, heat transfer rate, and entropy generation profiles. Multiple solutions are provided for a certain range of shrinking parameters as well as the mass suction parameter. The results suggest that the shear stress enhances due to suction fwa{f}_{\text{wa}} and nanoparticle volume fraction φTiO2{\varphi }_{{\text{TiO}}_{2}}, while the heat transfer accelerates due to φTiO2{\varphi }_{{\text{TiO}}_{\text{2}}} and heat source (Ab⁎,Bb⁎>0)({A}_{b}^{\ast },{B}_{b}^{\ast }\gt 0) and decelerates due to heat sink (Ab⁎,Bb⁎

This investigation takes into account the flow of a hybrid copper–molybdenum disulfide (Cu–MoS2)\left({\rm{Cu}}{\rm{\mbox{--}}}{{\rm{MoS}}}_{2})/water nanofluid across a plane flat surface that has been nonlinearly extended in lateral directions. Suitable boundary conditions are used to characterize the nonlinear variants in the velocity and temperature profile of the sheet. The innovative aspect of this work is to examine the impact of thermal conductivity on temperature and entropy across an extended surface using hybrid nanofluids. We obtain numerical techniques of modified boundary layer ordinary differential equations using the effective and reliable optimal homotopy analysis technique (OHAM). A graphic depiction of the influence of several parameters is shown. In this case, the hybrid model takes into account 0.010.01 of copper (Cu)\left({\rm{Cu}}) and 0.010.01 of molybdenum disulfide (MoS2){({\rm{MoS}}}_{2}) nanoparticles within base fluid water. The second principle of thermodynamics is used to compute the irreversibility factor. The performance of nanofluid and hybrid nanofluid was compared for pivotal velocity, temperature profile, and entropy formation. The estimated skin friction and Nusselt number are the significant physical parameters. It can be observed that when the values of the stretching rate ratio and power index law increase, the skin friction increases, but it can have the opposite behavior compared to the Nusselt number.

The aim of this study is to investigate the heat and mass transfer characteristics of Burgers nanofluid in the presence of thermo-diffusion effects. The analysis considers higher-order slip effects to study the transport phenomena. Additionally, the study examines the impact of thermal radiation and chemical reactions on the flow. Variable thermal conductivity assumptions are made for heat transfer analysis. The Cattaneo–Christov model, an extension of Fourier heat and mass theories, is employed for the analysis. Heat transfer evaluation is conducted using convective thermal constraints, and numerical computations are carried out using the Runge–Kutta method. The study visually represents the impact of flow parameters through graphical analysis. It is suggested that heat transfer can be significantly improved through the interaction of slip effects, and the concentration phenomenon is enhanced by the Soret number.

Fuzzy Time Series (Fts) models are experiencing an increase in popularity due to their effectiveness in forecasting and modelling diverse and intricate time series data sets. Essentially these models use membership functions and fuzzy logic relation functions to produce predicted outputs through a defuzzification process. In this study, we suggested using a Second Order Type-1 fts (S-O T-1 F-T-S) forecasting model for the analysis of time series data sets. The suggested method was compared to the state-of-theart First Order Type 1 Fts method. The suggested approach demonstrated superior performance compared to the First Order Type 1 Fts method when applied to household consumption data from the Magene Regency in Indonesia, as measured by absolute percentage error rate (APER).

The advent of 4D bioprinting, a technique that integrates time dimensions into the conventional 3D method, substantially changed tissue engineering. By providing a time dimension to conventional 3D printing, the innovative process of 4D bioprinting is revolutionising tissue engineering. This development allows the creation of dynamic tissues, allowing structures to change and adapt over time to reflect the complexity of natural tissues. Specifically, shape memory polymers enable customised scaffold fabrication with improved mechanical strength and biomimicry for use in bone tissue engineering. An essential additional use for soft tissue regeneration is the development of injectable thermosensitive hydrogels that react to body temperature. Within asymmetrical defect regions, these hydrogels gel, offering a flexible cure for healing injured soft tissues. In addition to structural considerations, the potential applications of 4D bioprinting include organisms, vascularisation and dynamic disease models. Despite the advancements, issues like suitable biocompatibility and long-term stability still need to be resolved. However, by creating complex, adaptable and patient-specific designs in the realm of tissue engineering, 4D bioprinting has enormous potential to transform personalised medicine and regenerative therapies. This review provides a comprehensive investigation into the future of regenerative medicine by exploring the various uses and potentially revolutionary effects of 4D bioprinting in tissue engineering.