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Ziel dieses Beitrags ist es, die Alltagsmobilität im höheren Alter aus einer Perspektive des grundlegenden Rechts zur Teilnahme und Teilhabe am gesellschaftlichen Leben zu diskutieren. Vorgenommen wird eine Positionsbestimmung an der Schnittstelle ökologischer Gerontologie, Psychologie sowie Stadtund Mobilitätsforschung. Wirkzusammenhänge zwischen Mobilität, Gesundheit, Wohlbefinden oder Partizipation werden aufgezeigt. Dies erfolgt zum einen vor dem Hintergrund der Diskussion um Menschenrechte im höheren Erwachsenenalter, zum anderen vor dem Hintergrund ausgewählter Konzepte und Befunde eigener Studien aus der Gerontologie und Mobilitätsforschung.

This study aimed to investigate the effects of a short-term (36 h) fasting period combined with an acute bout of exercise on markers of immune function and inflammation in healthy human subjects. Fourteen moderately trained male subjects (aged 19–39 yr) participated in a 36-h fasting trial (FA-T), followed by an acute bout of moderate exercise (60% V̇o2max). After 1 wk, the same subjects, as their own control, participated in a nonfasting trial (NFA-T) in which they performed an exercise trial of the same duration and intensity. Blood samples were taken before, immediately after, and 1 h after each exercise bout and analyzed for several immunological and metabolic markers. At baseline, fasting subjects showed lower levels of T cell apoptosis, lymphocyte-proliferative responses, IL-6, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), insulin, and leptin ( P < 0.05) as well as higher levels of neutrophil oxidative burst and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) than those in the NFA-T ( P < 0.05). After the exercise protocol, fasted subjects revealed higher T cell apoptosis, neutrophil oxidative burst, TBARS, TNFα, and MCP-1 levels as well as lower levels of lymphocyte-proliferative response, IL-6, insulin, and leptin than those in the NFA-T ( P < 0.05). Short-term fasting aggravates perturbations in markers of immune function, and inflammation was induced by an acute moderate-intensity exercise protocol.

Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) represents a chronic progressive disease characterized by high blood pressure in the pulmonary arteries leading to right heart failure. The disease has been a focus of medical research for many years due to its worse prognosis and limited treatment options. The aim of this study was to systematically assess the effects of different types of exercise interventions on PAH. Electronic databases were searched until July 2019. MEDLINE database was used as the predominant source for this paper. Studies with regards to chronic physical activity in adult PAH patients are compared on retrieving evidence on cellular, physiological, and psychological alterations in the PAH setting. Twenty human studies and 12 rat trials were identified. Amongst all studies, a total of 628 human subjects and 614 rats were examined. Regular physical activity affects the production of nitric oxygen and attenuates right ventricular hypertrophy. A combination of aerobic, anaerobic, and respiratory muscle training induces the strongest improvement in functional capacity indicated by an increase of 6 MWD and VO2peak. In human studies, an increase of quality of life was found. Exercise training has an overall positive effect on the physiological and psychological components of PAH. Consequently, PAH patients should be encouraged to take part in regular exercise training programs.

This paper focuses on the everyday travel behaviour of immigrants in Germany. We use data from an empirical study conducted in Offenbach am Main, a city with one of the highest immigrant populations in Germany. We compared the travel behaviour of immigrants and their direct offspring to that of Germans without an immigration background. Compared to non-immigrants, immigrants own fewer cars or bicycles per household, and they were also less likely to be able to ride a bicycle or to drive a car and to have access to these modes of transport. For both groups, the most important transport mode is the private car. Immigrants, especially women, use public transport and ride in a car as a passenger on a regular basis more frequently than non-immigrants. Riding a bicycle tends to be a typical transport mode for non-immigrants, especially for men. We used logistic regression models to identify, in addition to gender and immigration status, factors that influenced the regular use of car (as driver), public transport, and bicycle. These factors include, for example, income, car ownership, household composition, education and socialisation. Our results shed some light on the travel behaviour of immigrants in Germany, but we also emphasize the need for further research to deepen our understanding of the travel behaviour of immigrants in Germany.

Western societies are facing major challenges, such as urbanization, climate and demographic change. Therefore, policy in communities has to be prepared to maintain mobility, social participation and well-being of older citizens in the future of hot summers and dense inner city districts. The aim of our study is (1) to identify personal (e.g., attitudes) and environmental (e.g., climate) determinants of daily out-of-home mobility and (2) to analyze how they may affect health and well-being of elders. We developed instruments to assess mobility-related behavioral flexibility and climate experience that are used in a survey in two climatically different districts of the city of Stuttgart, Germany. Data will be drawn from face-to-face interviews and trip diaries with 200 community-dwelling elders aged 65 years and older. Findings on out-of home mobility in relation to personal and environmental factors will be presented and furthermore be used to ensure sustainable use of urban planning measures.

Im Rahmen des demographischen Wandels kommt es in Deutschland neben der fortschreitenden Alterung der Bevölkerung und des Bevölkerungsrückganges zu einer zunehmenden Internationalisierung und Diversifizierung der Gesellschaft. Bereits ein Fünftel der Bevölkerung hat einen Migrationshintergrund, mit steigender Tendenz. Umso bemerkenswerter ist es daher, dass bislang in Deutschland kaum gesicherte Erkenntnisse über das Mobilitätsverhalten von Menschen mit Migrationshintergrund vorliegen. Der Beitrag basiert auf einer Pilotstudie in Offenbach am Main, in der die Bevölkerung mit und ohne Migrationshintergrund zu ihrer Alltagsmobilität befragt wurde. Die Ergebnisse zeigen Unterschiede in Bezug auf verschiedene Mobilitätsindikatoren wie Führerscheinbesitz, Haushaltsausstattung mit Pkw und Fahrrad sowie auf die allgemeine Nutzung der verschiedenen Verkehrsmittel. Ergänzende multivariate Analysen zeigen verschiedene Einflussfaktoren der Verkehrsmittelnutzung. So können die empirische Basis zu diesem bis dato unerforschten Themenfeld erweitert und erste Hinweise auf mögliche Effekte durch die zunehmende Internationalisierung auf die Alltagsmobilität abgeleitet werden. CA extern