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We propose a method to perform the quantum state tomography (QST) of an $\mathit{n}$-partite qudit state embedded in single photons using the Hong-Ou-Mandel (HOM) interference between the target state and probe state. This method requires only passive beam splitters for the HOM interference and removes all active optical devices in the target modes to control the measurement bases needed in conventional QST. Hence, it is applicable to various degree of freedom of the target state without altering the measurement setup. Moreover, a faithful estimation is realized even with classical probe light such as laser and thermal light. As a proof-of-principle, we performed the experimental demonstration using a polarization qubit. Regardless of the photon statistics of the probe light, the estimated results of state reconstruction are as accurate as those verified by conventional QST., 8 pages, 4 figures

Topotactic pillaring of lamellar aluminophosphate (ALPO) layers with zinc cations is used to prepare microporous zincoaluminophosphate (ZnAPO) with an AFY-type framework for the first time. This approach should be promising for the preparation of metalloaluminophosphates (MeAPOs) with predicted structures containing no organic structure-directing agents (OSDAs).

One of the peculiar features in quantum mechanics is that a superposition of macroscopically distinct states can exist. In optical system, this is highlighted by a superposition of coherent states (SCS), i.e. a superposition of classical states. Recently this highly nontrivial quantum state and its variant have been demonstrated experimentally. Here we demonstrate the superposition of coherent states in quantum measurement which is also a key concept in quantum mechanics. More precisely, we propose and implement a projection measurement onto an arbitrary superposition of two weak coherent states in optical system. The measurement operators are reconstructed experimentally by a novel quantum detector tomography protocol. Our device is realized by combining the displacement operation and photon counting, well established technologies, and thus has implications in various optical quantum information processing applications.

Heralded single photons (HSPs) generated by spontaneous parametric down-conversion (SPDC) are useful resource to achieve various photonic quantum information processing. Given a large-scale experiment which needs multiple HSPs, increasing the generation rate with suppressing higher-order pair creation is desirable. One of the promising ways is to use a pump laser with a GHz-order repetition rate. In such a high repetition rate regime, however, single-photon detectors can only partially identify the pulses. Hence, we develop a simple model to consider that effect on the spectral purity, and experimentally demonstrate a high-visibility Hong-Ou-Mandel interference between two independent HSPs generated by SPDC with 3.2 GHz-repetition-rate mode-locked pump pulses. The observed visibility of 0.88(3) is in good agreement with our theoretical model., 11 pages, 6 figures

We experimentally demonstrate programmable multimode phase-sensitive amplification multiplexed in the frequency domain for flexible control of parallelly generated squeezed states. We utilize the unique phase-matching condition of a type-II periodically poled potassium titanyl phosphate (PPKTP) crystal and pulse shaping technique to fully control the frequency-domain parallel generation of squeezed states in the optical telecommunication band. We experimentally verify that the independent programmability of phase-sensitive optical parametric amplification (OPA) for the modes corresponding to different frequency bands can be achieved by shaping the pump laser pulse from optical parametric gain measurements using a coherent probe light generated by a degenerate synchronously pumped optical parametric oscillator.

Beam splitters and phase shifters compose linear photonic circuits and are the most fundamental elements in photon-based quantum information processing. While integration of these linear components on a chip for spatial modes has been dramatically developed in recent years [1], there is another approach for integrated quantum circuits : wavelength division multiplexing (WDM). The degrees of freedom of light allow photons exhibiting different wavelengths to exist independently in the same space, therefore using such characteristics can allow further integrating of photons and modes in a small space.

To realize the practical implementation of device-independent quantum key distribution (DIQKD), the main difficulty is that its security is solely based on the detection loophole-free violation of the Clauser-Horne-Shimony-Holt (CHSH) inequality i.e. the CHSH value S > 2 [1]. To circumvent the inevitable losses in the transmission channels which create the detection loophole, several probabilistic methods to recover the nonlicality have been proposed. Here, we theoretically and experimentally investigate the optimal strategy for the method utilizing linear optical entanglement swapping relay (ESR) with photon pairs from spontaneous parametric-down conversion (SPDC) sources [2,3]. In the previous methods, it is common to employ the ESR node in Bob's system as shown in Fig. 1(a) (Hereafter, we call this configuration the local-heralding (LH).). We employ another configuration: The middle-heralding (MH) shown in Fig. 1(b), where the ESR node is placed in the middle of Alice and Bob similar to the measurement device independent QKD. We numerically compare S of the above two schemes by using the numerical simulation based on the characteristic-function approach [3]. The results are shown in Fig. 1(c). We see that the larger values of S are expected in the MH scheme when the dark count probabilities (ν) of the detectors are considered. In experiment, we perform the Bell-test experiment using the ESR with SPDC sources. We employ the MH scheme, and measure S changing the transmission losses. The experimental parameters (the average photon numbers and measurement angles) are chosen such that S is maximized under the condition of the experimental imperfections (mode-mismatch, dark count and so on) and the assumption of the unit local detection efficiencies (η = 1). While the overall detection efficiencies of our system (η ∼ 15 %) are not the range of directly observing the violation of the CHSH inequality, S obtained by the experiment well agree with the numerical simulation with experimental parameters. When the overall transmission loss is set to be 10 dB, which corresponds to the transmittance of a 50 km-optical fiber, we observe S exp = 1.478, while S th = 1.487 is expected by the numerical simulation. This result means that our numerical simulation can rigorously model the experiment. This allows us to estimate the nonlocality of the quantum state just before the local detection losses by the numerical simulation. The CHSH value is estimated to be S exp η=1= 2.104 > 2, which indicates that the quantum state with experimental imperfections possesses the potential to violate the CHSH inequality.

We theoretically and experimentally investigate the optimal conditions for the Bell experiment using spontaneous parametric down conversion (SPDC) sources. In theory, we show that relatively large average photon number (typically $\sim$0.5) is desirable to observe the maximum violation of the Clauser-Horne-Shimony-Holt (CHSH) inequality. In experiment, we perform the Bell experiment without postselection using polarization entangled photon pairs at 1550 nm telecommunication wavelength generated from SPDC sources. While the violation of the CHSH inequality is not directly observed due to the overall detection efficiencies of our system, the experimental values agree well with those obtained by the theory with experimental imperfections. Furthermore, in the range of the small average photon numbers ($\leq0.1$), we propose and demonstrate a method to estimate the ideal CHSH value intrinsically contained in the tested state from the lossy experimental data without assuming the input quantum state., Comment: 9 pages, 5 figures

Heralded single photons (HSPs) and entangled photon pairs (EPPs) via spontaneous parametric down-conversion are essential tools for the development of photonic quantum information technologies. In this paper, we report a novel ultra-high-rate nonclassical light source realized by developing 50 GHz-repetition-rate mode-locked pump pulses and multiplexed superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors. The presence of the single-photon state in the heralded photons with our setup was indicated by the second-order intensity correlation below 1/2 at the heralding rate over 20 Mcps. Even at the rate beyond 50 Mcps, the nonclassicality was still observed with the intensity correlation below unity. Moreover, our setup is also applicable to the polarization-EPP experiment, where we obtained the maximum coincidence rate of 1.6 Mcps with the fidelity of 0.881 ± (0.254 × 10−3) to the maximally entangled state. Our versatile source could be a promising tool to explore various large-scale quantum-photonic experiments with low success probability and heavy attenuation.

To observe the loophole-free violation of the Clauser–Horne–Shimony–Holt (CHSH) inequality between distant two parties, i.e. the CHSH value S > 2 , the main limitation of distance stems from the loss in the transmission channel. The entanglement swapping relay (ESR) is a simple way to amplify the signal and enables us to evade the impact of the transmission loss. Here, we experimentally test the heralded nonlocality amplifier protocol based on the ESR. We observe that the obtained probability distribution is in excellent agreement with those expected by the numerical simulation with experimental parameters which are precisely characterized in a separate measurement. Moreover, we experimentally estimate the nonlocality of the heralded state after the transmission of 10 dB loss just before final detection. The estimated CHSH value is S = 2.113 > 2 , which indicates that our final state possesses nonlocality even with transmission loss and various experimental imperfections. Our result clarifies an important benchmark of the ESR protocol, and paves the way towards the long-distance realization of the loophole-free CHSH-violation as well as device-independent quantum key distribution.

Nitrogen-Vacancy (NV) centers in diamond are promising solid-state quantum emitters that can be utilized for photonic quantum applications. Various diamond nanophotonic devices have been fabricated for efficient extraction of single photons emitted from NV centers to a single guided mode. However, for constructing scalable quantum networks, further efficient coupling of single photons to a guided mode of a single-mode fiber (SMF) is indispensable and a difficult challenge. Here, we propose a novel efficient hybrid system between an optical nanofiber and a cylindrical-structured diamond nanowire. The maximum coupling efficiency as high as 75% for the sum of both fiber ends is obtained by numerical simulations. The proposed hybrid system will provide a simple and efficient interface between solid-state quantum emitters and a SMF suitable for constructing scalable quantum networks.

We investigate the detection of a single-photon source using highly efficient superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors (SNSPDs) at telecom wavelengths. Both the single-photon source and the detectors are characterized in detail. At a pump power of 100 mW (400 mW), the measured coincidence counts can achieve 400 kcps (1.17 Mcps), which is the highest ever reported at telecom wavelengths to the best of our knowledge. The multi-pair contributions, the experimental and theoretical second order coherence functions, and the saturation property of SNSPD are analyzed in detail. The experimental data and theoretical analysis should be useful for the future experiments to detect ultra-bright down-conversion sources with high-efficiency detectors.

We consider the phase sensing via a weak optical coherent state at quantum limit precision. A detection scheme for the phase estimation is proposed, which is inspired by the suboptimal quantum measurement in coherent optical communication. We theoretically analyze a performance of our detection scheme, which we call the displaced-photon counting, for phase sensing in terms of the Fisher information and show that the displaced-photon counting outperforms the static homodyne and heterodyne detections in a wide range of the target phase. The proof-of-principle experiment is performed with linear optics and a superconducting nanowire single-photon detector. The result shows that our scheme overcomes the limit of the ideal homodyne measurement, even under practical imperfections.

We investigate the practical scheme of engineering a qubit of two optical continuous-variable states, based on squeezed vacuum and coherently displaced photon subtraction. A fully multimode model is developed to describe a continuous wave (cw) setting of the experiment, which has been successfully implemented to generate highly pure non-classical states. The model agrees well with the experimental results and the numerical results show that the intrinsic imperfection due to the cw nature of the source is relatively small. Our photon subtraction technique could also be useful for preparing optical Schrodinger's cat-like states in arbitrary superposition, which is a basic qubit resource for linear optics coherent state quantum computing.

We demonstrate a down-conversion-based twin photon source pumped by a 10 GHz repetition-rate-tunable comb laser at 1553 nm wavelength. We show high Hong-Ou-Mandel interference visibilities, which are free from the pump-power induced degradation.

Efficient generation and detection of indistinguishable twin photons are at the core of quantum information and communications technology (Q-ICT). These photons are conventionally generated by spontaneous parametric down conversion (SPDC), which is a probabilistic process and hence occurs at a limited rate, which restricts wider applications of Q-ICT. To increase the rate, one had to excite SPDC by higher pump power, while it inevitably produced more unwanted multi-photon components, harmfully degrading quantum interference visibility. Here we solve this problem by using recently developed 10 GHz repetition-rate-tunable comb laser, combined with a group-velocity-matched nonlinear crystal and superconducting nanowire single photon detectors. They operate at telecom wavelengths more efficiently with less noises than conventional schemes, those typically operate at visible and near infrared wavelengths generated by a 76 MHz Ti Sapphire laser and detected by Si detectors. We could show high interference visibilities, which are free from the pump-power induced degradation. Our laser, nonlinear crystal and detectors constitute a powerful tool box, which will pave a way to implementing quantum photonics circuits with variety of good and low-cost telecom components and will eventually realize scalable Q-ICT in optical infra-structures.

Diamond nanowires are fabricated on a bulk, single crystalline diamond near an edge of aluminum coating using inductively coupled plasma reactive ion etching. Two different density areas are simultaneously appeared where the dense area has 9 times higher density than that of the sparse area while keeping the size of nanowires almost uniform in these areas. The nanowire sizes realized in the dense (sparse) area are 858 ± 22 nm (876 ± 25 nm) in height and 126 ± 6 nm (124 ± 7 nm) in diameter, which is suitable for applications in optical quantum information processing.

We demonstrate pulsed polarization-entangled photons generated from a periodically poled $\mathrm{KTiOPO_4}$ (PPKTP) crystal in a Sagnac interferometer configuration at telecom wavelength. Since the group-velocity-matching (GVM) condition is satisfied, the intrinsic spectral purity of the photons is much higher than in the previous scheme at around 800 nm wavelength. The combination of a Sagnac interferometer and the GVM-PPKTP crystal makes our entangled source compact, stable, highly entangled, spectrally pure and ultra-bright. The photons were detected by two superconducting nanowire single photon detectors (SNSPDs) with detection efficiencies of 70% and 68% at dark counts of less than 1 kcps. We achieved fidelities of 0.981 $\pm$ 0.0002 for $\left| {\psi ^ -} \right\rangle$ and 0.980 $\pm$ 0.001 for $\left| {\psi ^ +} \right\rangle$ respectively. This GVM-PPKTP-Sagnac scheme is directly applicable to quantum communication experiments at telecom wavelength, especially in free space., Comment: 5 pages, 5 figures http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/OE.22.011498

Broadband light sources play essential roles in diverse fields, such as high-capacity optical communications, optical coherence tomography, optical spectroscopy and spectrograph calibration. Although a nonclassical state from spontaneous parametric down-conversion may serve as a quantum counterpart, its detection and characterization have been a challenging task. Here we demonstrate the direct detection of photon numbers of an ultrabroadband (110 nm FWHM) squeezed state in the telecom band centred at 1535 nm wavelength, using a superconducting transition-edge sensor. The observed photon-number distributions violate Klyshko's criterion for the nonclassicality. From the observed photon-number distribution, we evaluate the second- and third-order correlation functions and characterize a multimode structure, which implies that several tens of orthonormal modes of squeezing exist in the single optical pulse. Our results and techniques open up a new possibility to generate and characterize frequency-multiplexed nonclassical light sources for quantum info-communications technology.

VUV radiation around 159 nm is obtained toward direct excitation of a single trapped $^{115}$In$^{+}$ ion. An efficient fluoride-based VUV output-coupler is employed for intracavity high-harmonic generation of a Ti:S oscillator. Using this coupler, where we measured its reflectance to be about 90%, an average power reaching $6.4\,\mu$W is coupled out from a modest fundamental power of 650 mW. When a single comb component out of $1.9\times10^{5}$ teeth is resonant to the atomic transition, hundreds of fluorescence photons per second will be detectable under a realistic condition., Comment: 9 pages, 8 figures; accepted for publication in Applied Physics B: Lasers and Optics

We demonstrate a Hong-Ou-Mandel interference between two independent, intrinsically pure, heralded single photons from spontaneous parametric down-conversion (SPDC) at telecommunication wavelength. A visibility of $85.5\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}8.3%$ was achieved without using any bandpass filter. Thanks to the group-velocity-matched SPDC and superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors (SNSPDs), the fourfold coincidence counts are one order higher than that in the previous experiments. The combination of bright single-photon sources and SNSPDs is a crucial step for future practical quantum infocommunication systems at telecommunication wavelength.

We theoretically and experimentally investigate the spectral tunability and purity of photon pairs generated from spontaneous parametric down conversion in periodically poled $\mathrm{KTiOPO_4}$ crystal with group-velocity matching condition. The numerical simulation predicts that the purity of joint spectral intensity ($P_{JSI}$) and the purity of joint spectral amplitude ($P_{JSA}$) can be kept higher than 0.98 and 0.81, respectively, when the wavelength is tuned from 1460 nm to 1675 nm, which covers the S-, C-, L-, and U-band in telecommunication wavelengths. We also directly measured the joint spectral intensity at 1565 nm, 1584 nm and 1565 nm, yielding $P_{JSI}$ of 0.989, 0.983 and 0.958, respectively. Such a photon source is useful for quantum information and communication systems., 8 pages, 5 figures

Photon source is one of the fundamental bricks for quantum information and computation systems. A widely-tunable, highly efficient and spectrally pure photon source would be very useful for such applications. In this paper, we present such a source based on spontaneous parametric down conversion (SPDC) in a periodically poled KTiOPO4 (PPKTP) crystal.

Ultrabroadband photon-number-resolving detection is demonstrated for parametric fluorescence ranging over 150 nm in the telecom window, using a Ti transition edge sensor. Our results violate Klyshko's classical limit for even photon numbers.

We generate a VUV frequency comb centered at 159 nm as the 5th harmonic of Ti:S femto-second pulses by a passive enhancement using an external cavity. Average power up to 1.5 uW is measured by a solar-blind phototube. Stable generation about 10 minutes is obtained by active locking of the Ti:S frequencies to the enhancement cavity. Frequency tunability of our Ti:S comb teeth is also verified, which enables us to continuously sweep its frequency with more than twice a free spectral range. Those features reported here are indispensable to precision spectroscopy of unexplored atomic transitions in the VUV region.

We report on the progress toward 115In+ optical frequency standard by new approaches. The report is focused especially on the clock laser locked to a novel rectangular-shaped cavity.

VUV pulses at 159nm were generated as the 5th high harmonic of passively enhanced Ti:S fs pulses. The average output of 1.5μW might be sufficient to realize direct state detection of an indium ion clock.

In a new branch of quantum computing, information is encoded into coherent states, the primary carriers of optical communication. To exploit it, quantum bits of these coherent states are needed, but it is notoriously hard to make superpositions of such continuous-variable states. We have realized the complete engineering and characterization of a qubit of two optical continuous-variable states. Using squeezed vacuum as a resource and a special photon subtraction technique, we could with high precision prepare an arbitrary superposition of squeezed vacuum and a squeezed single photon. This could lead the way to demonstrations of coherent state quantum computing., Comment: 5 pages + appendix 5 pages, 4 figures

We present recent experimental progress in non-Gaussian control of optical continuous variables of traveling light, including generation and control of mesoscopic quantum superposition states and non-Gaussian entanglement control of continuous variables.

We propose and demonstrate a novel method to generate a large-amplitude coherent-state superposition (CSS) via ancilla-assisted photon-subtraction. The ancillary mode induces quantum interference of indistinguishable processes, widening the controllability of quantum superposition at the conditional output. We demonstrate the concept in the time domain, by a simple time-separated two-photon subtraction from cw squeezed light. We observe the largest CSS ever reported without any corrections, which will enable various quantum information applications with CSS states., Comment: 5 pages, 4 figures; the revised version

The two-photon subtraction from overlapping squeezed packets generates temporally multiplexed superposition states of continuous variables with a designated time separation. In an appropriate mode an amplified superposition state is produced due to bosonic quantum interference.

Quantum teleportation of a squeezed state is demonstrated experimentally. Due to some inevitable losses in experiments, a squeezed vacuum necessarily becomes a mixed state which is no longer a minimum uncertainty state. We establish an operational method of evaluation for quantum teleportation of such a state using fidelity, and discuss the classical limit for the state. The measured fidelity for the input state is 0.85$\pm$ 0.05 which is higher than the classical case of 0.73$\pm$0.04. We also verify that the teleportation process operates properly for the nonclassical state input and its squeezed variance is certainly transferred through the process. We observe the smaller variance of the teleported squeezed state than that for the vacuum state input., Comment: 7 pages, 1 new figure, comments added

We study the measurement-induced non-Gaussian operation on the single- and two-mode \textit{Gaussian} squeezed vacuum states with beam splitters and on-off type photon detectors, with which \textit{mixed non-Gaussian} states are generally obtained in the conditional process. It is known that the entanglement can be enhanced via this non-Gaussian operation on the two-mode squeezed vacuum state. We show that, in the range of practical squeezing parameters, the conditional outputs are still close to Gaussian states, but their second order variances of quantum fluctuations and correlations are effectively suppressed and enhanced, respectively. To investigate an operational meaning of these states, especially entangled states, we also evaluate the quantum dense coding scheme from the viewpoint of the mutual information, and we show that non-Gaussian entangled state can be advantageous compared with the original two-mode squeezed state., REVTeX4, 14 pages with 21 figures

Akira Kitagawa, 2 Masahiro Takeoka, 2 Kentaro Wakui, 2, 3 and Masahide Sasaki 2, ∗ National Institute of Information and Communications Technology (NICT) 4-2-1 Nukui-Kita, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8795 Japan Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Japan Science and Technology Agency 1-9-9 Yaesu, Chuoh, Tokyo 103-0028 Japan Department of Applied Physics, The University of Tokyo 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656 Japan (Dated: February 1, 2008)

We have experimentally realized the scheme initially proposed as quantum dense coding with continuous variables [Ban, J. Opt. B \textbf{1}, L9 (1999), and Braunstein and Kimble, \pra\textbf{61}, 042302 (2000)]. In our experiment, a pair of EPR (Einstein-Podolski-Rosen) beams is generated from two independent squeezed vacua. After adding two-quadrature signal to one of the EPR beams, two squeezed beams that contain the signal were recovered. Although our squeezing level is not sufficient to demonstrate the channel capacity gain over the Holevo limit of a single-mode channel without entanglement, our channel is superior to conventional channels such as coherent and squeezing channels. In addition, optical addition and subtraction processes demonstrated are elementary operations of universal quantum information processing on continuous variables., 4 pages, 4 figures, submitted to Phys. Rev. A

A continuous-variable tripartite entangled state is experimentally generated by combining three independent squeezed vacuum states and the variances of its relative positions and total momentum are measured. We show that the measured values violate the separability criteria based on the sum of these quantities and prove the full inseparability of the generated state., 5 pages, 4 figures

We review our most recent results on application of the photon subtraction technique for optical quantum information processing primitives, in particular entanglement distillation and generation of squeezed qubit states. As an introduction we provide a brief summary of other experimental accomplishments in the field., 11 pages, 11 figures. Based on talk at 2nd Int. Conf. on Quantum Information and Technology (ICQIT) 2010, Tokyo

We have developed a high-performance single-photon source (SPS) operating at 1.5 µm wavelength. The source is an InAs/InP quantum dot with a horn-shaped nanostructure. A resonant excitation to the p-shell state helps achieve a single-photon efficiency of 5.8% after coupling into a single-mode fiber with a second-order correlation value of g(2)(0)~0.055. The performance of the source has been assessed by integrating it into a conventional quantum key distribution system. We have successfully transmitted secure keys over a 50 km commercial fiber, exceeding the previously reported range for an SPS operating below 1.3 µm.

A novel secure communication network with quantum key distribution in a metropolitan area is reported. Different QKD schemes are integrated to demonstrate secure TV conferencing over a distance 45km, stable long-term operation, and application to secure mobile phones.

A continuous-variable tripartite entangled state is experimentally generated by superimposing three independent squeezed vacuum states. We verify the entanglement by measuring the variances of total momentum and relative positions.

Continuous variable teleportation of a squeezed state is investigated. We verify that the quantum teleportation process preserves the less variance of a squeezed state than that of a coherent state.