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Background Studies suggest that fragmented QRS (fQRS) can predict arrhythmic events in various cardiac diseases. However, the association between fQRS recordings on intracardiac electrogram (EGM) and ventricular arrhythmic events remains unknown. Methods We enrolled 51 patients (age, 62 ± 12 years; 40 men) with an implantable cardioverter‐defibrillator (ICD) and structural heart disease and evaluated surface electrocardiogram (ECG) and EGM measurement of fQRS and the association between fQRS and arrhythmic events. Results fQRS was detected on surface ECG and ICD‐EGM in 12 (23.5%) and 15 (29.4%) patients, respectively. fQRS was detected more frequently on ICD‐EGM in patients with fQRS on surface ECG than in patients without fQRS (7/12 [58.3%] vs 8/39 patients [20.5%], P = .01). Appropriate ICD therapies were documented in 16 patients. Among these patients, fQRS was detected more frequently on surface ECG and ICD‐EGM in patients with appropriate ICD therapies (8/16, 50.0%; P = .001 and 11/16, 68.9%; P, We enrolled patients with implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) and structural heart disease and evaluated the surface electrocardiogram (ECG) and intracardiac electrogram (EGM) measurement of fQRS and the association between fQRS and arrhythmic events.Appropriate ICD therapies were significantly higher in patients with fQRS on both surface ECG and ICD EGM than in those without.Surface ECG and ICD‐EGM measurement may help predict ventricular arrhythmic events.

Introduction Preoperative inguinal pain (painful inguinal hernia) is a well-known factor associated with chronic postoperative inguinal pain (CPIP). However, it remains unclear what preventive measures should be taken in such patients. Case presentation We report two patients with painful inguinal hernia who underwent pragmatic ilioinguinal nerve neurectomy during open anterior repair. The nerve was compressed by bulky spermatic cord lipoma in case 1 and by the hernia sac presenting over a few decades in case 2. Hematoxylin and eosin staining of the resected nerves revealed mucoid degeneration. Toluidine blue staining of resin-embedded nerve sections demonstrated that fully-myelinated axons had significantly decreased in case 1 and almost disappeared in case 2, indicating the development of massive demyelination of the ilioinguinal nerve in both cases. Discussion In cases where the injured nerve is left in situ, CPIP may occur since demyelinating neuropathy sometimes becomes irreversible. Conclusion Planned nerve resection via open anterior inguinal hernia repair may be an option to prevent CPIP in patients with painful inguinal hernia., Highlights • Painful inguinal hernia is a known risk factor for CPIP; however, preventive measures remains unclear. • Ilioinguinal nerves were massively demyelinated in two patients with painful inguinal hernia. • Severe neuropathy induced by chronic compression of the ilioinguinal nerve may be associated with painful inguinal hernia. • Planned nerve resection via anterior hernia repair is an option to prevent CPIP in patients with painful inguinal hernia.

It is known that some of the unassigned IP addresses are announced as legitimate routes, even though they are never assigned to any end-user. The reason for this is that the current routing system of the Internet with BGP allows unassigned IP addresses to be announced as well. On the other hand, actual situation is still unclear and there is no solid method for such an investigation. Thus, we conducted the very first investigation in Japan and proposed a simple and effective method. In our proposed method, we compare the address pool delegated to Japan and the actual route information that is available online. As a result, we have revealed that some unassigned IP addresses had been announced from both within Japan and overseas for several years because of human-setting-error. These problems affect not only registries, ISPs or carriers but also general end-users as well.

In the field of supervised classification, the quality of training data is an essential aspect of accurate learning, along with the selection of a learning algorithm or parameters optimisation. To improve the quality of training data, it is necessary to reflect an annotator’s idea on to which class any given instance belongs in the form of a label as flexibly and accurately as possible. However, in conventional problem settings used in machine learning, the number of labels per instance is uniformly fixed at a certain value, and it is implicitly assumed that annotators provide labels under such a constraint. Thus, in this study, we propose an annotation framework; Tsallis entropy based labelling, which models a method that dynamically selects the number of labels for every single given instance depending on the uncertainty regarding the class to which each instance belongs. Using the proposed framework, an annotator’s instinctive uncertainty about classification task is expressed based on the Tsallis entropy and Tsallis self-information. In addition, the proposed framework has a well-organised mathematical structure that includes some typical annotation models. We conduct an experiment to evaluate the proposed framework and demonstrate that it outperforms another annotation model in terms of the labels accuracy; In the comparison model, the number of labels per instance is deliberately set at a fixed value for all instances. Moreover, we exemplify that the conventional single labelling scheme is not always the best option, which reveals the fact that increasing the number of labels per instance does not necessarily hinder the labels accuracy.

Background The peri‐outflow tract region could be the origin of ventricular tachycardia (VT) after aortic valve replacement (AVR). However, the clinical characteristics of outflow tract ventricular tachycardias (OTVTs) after AVR are yet to be clarified. This study investigated the incidence, risk factors, and clinical characteristics of patients with OTVTs after AVR. Methods We retrospectively analyzed the clinical course of 120 patients who had undergone surgical AVR (SAVR) between April 1980 and October 2018. The patients had no ischemic or diagnosed cardiomyopathies other than primary aortic valve diseases. Results Six patients (5.0%) developed OTVTs after SAVR. The average onset was at 10.8 ± 5.7 years after SAVR. All cases of VT arose from the inferior axis and included left and right bundle branch block configuration. Two patients who underwent cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) had late gadolinium enhancement (LGE) in the midlayer of the left ventricle basal anteroseptal wall. Patients with periaortic VTs had significantly larger left ventricular (LV) diameter at systole, lower LV ejection fraction, higher positive rates of signal‐averaged electrocardiogram (SAECG), and nonsustained VTs on Holter monitoring. On ablation, local fragmented potentials with low voltage zones were observed in accordance with the LGE distribution. Multiple VTs originating from the periaortic region were provoked in the sessions. Conclusions Acute OTVT was found in 5% of patients after SAVR. Arrhythmia risk stratification by SAECG, Holter ECG, and cardiac MRI should be considered for a long period in patients after SAVR., Based on our results, acute onset of OTVT was found in 5% of patients who received SAVR. Therefore, we suggest that arrhythmic risk stratification should be considered for patients who have undergone SAVR for a long period.

Objective: To investigate the incidence, risk factors and clinical characteristics of periaortic VTs after AVR. Background: The periaortic region is the origin of some ventricular tachycardias (VTs) after aortic valve replacement (AVR). However, the clinical characteristics of periaortic VTs after AVR are yet to be clarified. Methods: We retrospectively analyzed clinical courses of 109 patients who had undergone surgical AVR (SAVR) without other structural heart diseases between April 2009 and Jun 2019 and evaluated the incidence and characteristics of periaortic VTs after SAVR. Results: Three patients (2.8%) developed periaortic VTs after SAVR. The average duration of onset was 12.3±6.6 years. All VTs arose from the inferior axis; they included both left and right bundle branch block configuration (LBBB and RBBB). Two patients underwent cardiac magnetic resonance imaging; late gadolinium enhancement (LGE) was observed in the mid-layer of the left ventricle basal anteroseptal wall in both cases. Patients with periaortic VTs had significantly wider interventricular septum, lower left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), larger LV diameter at systole, and higher positive rates of signal-averaged ECG and non-sustained VTs on Holter. On ablation, local fragmented potentials with low voltage zones were observed in accordance with the distribution of LGE. Multiple VTs originating from the periaortic region were provoked in the sessions. Conclusions: Periaortic VTs long after surgical AVR are not rare, and arrhythmia risk stratification, including that by signal averaged electrocardiogram (SAECG), Holter, and cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) should be considered.

(Objective) The prostate cancer detection rates on initial transrectal ultrasound guided prostate biopsies were investigated and the clinicopathological features of prostate cancer patients were examined. (Methods) A retrospective review was performed. From 2003 to 2015, 2,246 patients received initial prostate biopsy in Tochigi Cancer Center. Prostate cancer detection rates and clinicopathological features of the prostate cancer patients in relation to prostate-specific antigen levels were evaluated. (Results) Of the biopsies, 1,294 cases (57.6%) were diagnosed as prostate cancer. The prostate cancer detection rates were 27.8%, 39.8%, 53.6%, 67.4%, 88.4%, 100% in the groups with PSA levels 0.0-3.0, 3.1-4.0, 4.1-10.0, 10.1-20.0, 20.1-100.0, >100.0 ng/ml, respectively. Of all 1,294 cases in prostate cancer, patients rates with the low risk were 0%, 30%, 22%, 0%, 0%, 0% in the groups with PSA levels 0.0-3.0, 3.1-4.0, 4.1-10.0, 10.1-20.0, 20.1-100.0, >100.0 ng/ml, respectively. (Conclusions) From the results of the prostate cancer detection rates and the low risk rates, it seems difficult to determine diagnosis and treatment of prostate cancer only with PSA values.

A case of small bowel obstruction caused by Bolbosoma sp. infection is reported. A 27-year-old woman admitted with abdominal pain was diagnosed as small bowel obstruction. Laparoscopic surgery revealed induration in jejunum at ca. 120 cm distal to the ligament of Treiz, attributed to a band connecting the serosa to the ascending mesocolon. Resected band contained an acanthocephalan accompanying foreign body reaction with abscess formation. The parasite belonged to the genus Bolbosoma, of which identification was made by DNA sequence analysis. This is the eighth case of Bolbosoma infection in humans, and the first one causing an ileus.

Highlights • Laparoscopic IPOM repair for inguinal hernia may cause chronic neuropathic pain. • Laparoscopic IPOM repair for inguinal hernia should be avoided as much as possible. • Laparoscopic selective neurectomy is an option for chronic neuropathic pain., Introduction Laparoscopic intraperitoneal onlay mesh (IPOM) repair is occasionally used for inguinal hernia repair. Here, we report a case of chronic neuropathic pain after laparoscopic IPOM repair for inguinal hernia, which was treated successfully with laparoscopic selective neurectomy. Presentation of case A 59-year-old man with bilateral inguinal hernia underwent laparoscopic repair. Transabdominal preperitoneal repair was performed on the left side, whereas IPOM repair was performed on the right side due to a peritoneal defect. At postoperative month 1, he presented with severe pain and numbness distributed from the right inguinal region to the inner thigh region. The symptoms had persisted for 1 year despite medical treatment. We diagnosed that the symptoms might be due to the entrapment of nerves in the contracted mesh, and performed a second surgery via laparoscopic approach 13 months after the first surgery. On laparoscopic exploration, the lateral side of the mesh was contracted and involved nerve branches. We ligated and cut off these nerve branches. His symptoms resolved immediately after the surgery. At postoperative month 12, he has passed without any pain, numbness, and hernia recurrence. Discussion Laparoscopic exploration would be useful to figure out chronic neuropathic pain after laparoscopic inguinal hernia repair. Conclusion Laparoscopic IPOM repair for inguinal hernia should be avoided as much as possible because it may cause chronic neuropathic pain. Laparoscopic selective neurectomy is an option for patients with chronic neuropathic pain after laparoscopic hernia repair.

It is demonstrated that cells can be classified by pattern recognition of the subcellular structure of non-stained live cells, and the pattern recognition was performed by machine learning. Human white blood cells and five types of cancer cell lines were imaged by quantitative phase microscopy, which provides morphological information without staining quantitatively in terms of optical thickness of cells. Subcellular features were then extracted from the obtained images as training data sets for the machine learning. The built classifier successfully classified WBCs from cell lines (area under ROC curve = 0.996). This label-free, non-cytotoxic cell classification based on the subcellular structure of QPM images has the potential to serve as an automated diagnosis of single cells.

An optimal periprocedural anticoagulation strategy is essential for minimizing bleeding and thromboembolic complications during atrial fibrillation (AF) ablation. Limited data are available on the uninterrupted use of apixaban in patients with AF undergoing catheter ablation. This study aimed to evaluate the safety and efficacy of uninterrupted apixaban in patients undergoing radiofrequency ablation for AF. In particular, we evaluated silent cerebral infarction (CI) during radiofrequency catheter ablation of AF. This was a prospective and nonrandomized cohort study. A total of 259 consecutive patients who underwent AF ablation were evaluated; 157 patients received apixaban (Api group), and 102 patients received dose-adjusted (PT-INR 2.0-3.0) warfarin (Wf group). All oral anticoagulants were continued throughout the periprocedural period, including the morning of the procedure. Intravenous heparin was administered during the procedure and neutralized by protamine at the end of the procedure. Sixty-one patients underwent magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) after the procedure to evaluate for silent CI. Mean age was 66 ± 11 years; there were 91 men (73.7%) and 148 cases of paroxysmal AF (57.1%). No symptomatic CI was observed. Silent CI occurred in 6/61 patients (9.8%). No significant difference was observed between the Api group (4/30 patients, 13.3%) and the Wf group (2/31 patients, 6.5%). There was no significant difference regarding major bleeding events between the Api group (1/157 patients, 0.6%) and the Wf group (2/102 patients, 2.0%). The safety and efficacy of uninterrupted apixaban for patients undergoing AF ablation were equivalent to warfarin for preventing bleeding and thromboembolic complications.

We developed a transportable Linnik-type full-field low-coherent quantitative phase microscope that is able to compensate for optical path length (OPL) disturbance due to environmental mechanical noises. Though two-beam interferometers such as Linnik ones suffer from unstable OPL difference, we overcame this problem with a mechanical feedback system based on digital signal-processing that controls the OPL difference in sub-nanometer resolution precisely with a feedback bandwidth of 4 kHz. The developed setup has a footprint of 200 mm by 200 mm, a height of 500 mm, and a weight of 4.5 kilograms. In the transmission imaging mode, cells were cultured on a reflection-enhanced glass-bottom dish, and we obtained interference images sequentially while performing stepwise quarter-wavelength phase-shifting. Real-time image processing, including retrieval of the unwrapped phase from interference images and its background correction, along with the acquisition of interference images, was performed on a laptop computer. Emulation of the phase contrast (PhC) images and the differential interference contrast (DIC) images was also performed in real time. Moreover, our setup was applied for full-field cell membrane imaging in the reflection mode, where the cells were cultured on an anti-reflection (AR)-coated glass-bottom dish. The phase and intensity of the light reflected by the membrane revealed the outer shape of the cells independent of the refractive index. In this paper, we show imaging results on cultured cells in both transmission and reflection modes.

An advanced measurement system for two-dimensional photoelectron spectroscopy has been developed to overcome the difficulties faced in the display-type spherical-mirror analyzer (DIANA) having been used so far. One difficulty is to realize selected small area analysis and another is to obtain higher energy resolution. The developed system, which we call “display-type ellipsoidal mesh analyzer (DELMA)”, has an ellipsoidal mesh electrode as its key element, which allows a wide acceptance angle (>∼ ±45°) comparable to that of DIANA. In this paper we provide details of DELMA on its design and performance. For the imaging performance, we evaluated, using ray-tracing, some important factors that can affect the spatial resolution: off-axis aberration, the effect of shape and position errors, the disturbing effect of mesh holes, and chromatic aberration. In test experiments, a spatial resolution of around 20–30 μm was obtained. The ray-tracing results suggest that this resolution can be improved to be less than 10 μm by decreasing the size of mesh holes and the error of the mesh shape. We also provide computational results for the energy resolution obtained in various conditions. It depends not only on the size of the energy-selecting aperture but also on the size and shape of an irradiation spot. Experimental results for the energy resolution were in good agreement with computational results. An available resolution seems to be as good as in DIANA (∼0.5%). A much better resolution is possible in our system by the combination of DELMA and a high resolution concentric hemispherical analyzer. In test experiments using an angle-measurement device, a wide acceptance angle of around ±45° has been successfully confirmed. As a practical example of the angular analysis by DELMA, a photoelectron diffraction pattern measured for single crystalline graphite is shown.

We propose a new 1π sr Wide Acceptance Angle Electrostatic Lens (WAAEL), which works as a photoemission electron microscope (PEEM), a highly sensitive display-type electron energy and two-dimensional angular distribution analyzer. It can display two-dimensional angular distributions of charged particles within the acceptance angle of ±60° that is much larger than the largest acceptance angle range so far and comparable to the display-type spherical mirror analyzer developed by Daimon et al. [1] . It has good focusing capabilities with 5-times magnification and 27(4) μm lateral-resolution. The relative energy resolution is typically from 2 to 5×10–3 depending on the diameter of energy aperture and the emission area on the sample. Although, the lateral resolution of the presented lens is far from those are available nowadays, but this is the first working model that can form images using charged particles collected from 1π sr wide acceptance angle. The realization of such lens system is one of the first possible steps towards reaching the field of imaging type atomic resolution electron microscopy Feynman et al. [2] . Here some preliminary results are shown.

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone analog depots have been widely used for a variety of diseases including prostate cancer, breast cancer, endometriosis, uterine leiomyomas, and central precocious puberty. Most of the side/adverse effects of gonadotropin-releasing hormone analog depots, such as leuprorelin acetate depot, are related to hypotestosteronism in males. Anaphylaxis to gonadotropin-releasing hormone analog depot is extremely rare. We present the first case report of a Japanese man who developed anaphylaxis to leuprorelin acetate depot during the treatment of metastatic prostate cancer and recovered successfully by conservative treatment. A drug-lymphocyte stimulation test showed that not only leuprorelin acetate itself, but also its vehicle polylactic and glycolic acids, might be responsible for the anaphylaxis to leuprorelin acetate depot. Because anaphylaxis can be lethal, the present case suggests that one should bear in mind the possibility of anaphylaxis in all patients who receive gonadotropin-releasing hormone analog depot and monitor such patients carefully.

We have been developing a new display-type ellipsoidal mesh analyzer (DELMA), which is composed of a wide acceptance angle electrostatic lens (WAAEL) unit and a transfer lens system. By using this analyzer, both photoelectron angular distribution patterns and magnified images of the sample can be obtained on a screen. When the screen is taken away from the electron path, the electrons are introduced to an energy analyzer (VG SCIENTA R4000) and high energy resolution spectra are obtained. A performance test of DELMA using synchrotron radiation was carried out at BL07LSU in SPring-8. We succeeded in measuring for the first time the magnified image of the sample, the angular distribution patterns, and x-ray photoelectron spectra. The magnified image from a mesh sample (SUS316, #100) was measured by using DELMA. The measured acceptance angle of angular distribution patterns using DELMA combined with the energy analyzer was about $±45°. We measured x-ray photoelectron spectra from a Ta plate to evaluate the energy resolution of DELMA. The measured total energy resolution of DELMA combined with the energy analyzer was 0.2% at kinetic energy around 700 eV. [DOI: 10.1380/ejssnt.2011.311]

2π steradian (full hemisphere) In 3d photoelectron patterns from InP(001) surface were measured. The circular dichroism of rotational shift around the incident-light axis was observed. The forward focusing peaks (FFPs) at [111] and [-1-11] directions were intense, while the FFPs at [-111] and [1-11] directions were weak. This is because the distance to the scatterer atoms at the former directions are one third of that at the latter directions. Rotational shifts of the FFPs at [111] and [-1-11] directions were large, while the FFPs at [-111] and [1-11] directions were small. These shifts correspond to the parallax in the stereograph of the atomic arrangements of zinc blende structure seen from an In atom. [DOI: 10.1380/ejssnt.2009.181]

We developed a portable and user-friendly prototype of low-coherent reflection-type quantitative phase microscope (QPM). Our setup is based on the full-field Linnik type phase-shifting interference microscope and is optimized for surface profiling of living cell’s membrane. Unlike commonly available transmission-type quantitative phase microscopes which reveal the optical thickness, our reflection-type setup can obtain the geometrical thickness (real shape) of the sample, decoupled with the refractive index. The coherence length of our imaging light source (halogen lamp) was approximately 1 micrometer so that we can selectively obtain the interference of the light reflected from the cell membranes whose reflectivity in culture medium is only on the order of 0.1%. Moreover our setup has a feedback controlled path-length stabilization circuit so that users can implement accurate phase shifting interferometry with one nanometer of reproducibility. The stabilization circuit allows installing our setup even in noisy environments such as biology labs without an optical bench. In this paper, we will also show our studies of recent biomedical applications, including imaging of cell plasma membrane and phase-resolved 3D tomography of living cells.

A prototype of a pneumatic injector of hydrogen cryogenic pellets with controlled length is under development at Kyushu University. The major element of the prototype is a remote cylindrical freezing cavity with controllable length which allows the length of a frozen hydrogen pellet formed in situ to be adjusted precisely and continuously from sub-millimeter to a few millimeters. The design and operation of the prototype are described. The initial results of experimental adjustment of the pellet length are also reported. The length of 1.4 mm diameter hydrogen ice pellets has been varied continuously from 0.5 to 3.0 mm at a temperature range of 6–9 K. The prototype has launched single solid pellet with controlled length through room temperature helium gas at a pressure of 0.5–2 MPa.

We have developed a new method, “stereo-atomscope”, to obtain a stereophotograph of the three-dimensional atomic arrangement around a specific atom at the surface, with which one can view the three-dimensional atomic arrangement directly by naked eyes. The azimuthal shifts of forward focusing peaks in the photoelectron angular distribution pattern obtained with left and right helicity lights are the same as the parallax in a stereo-view. Taking advantage of this phenomenon of circular dichroism in the photoelectron angular distribution, one can realize a stereoscope of atomic arrangement. A display-type spherical-mirror analyzer has been used to obtain stereoscopic photographs directly on the screen without any computer-aided conversion process.

There is an increasing need for non-invasive imaging techniques in the field of stem cell research. Label-free techniques are the best choice for assessment of stem cells because the cells remain intact after imaging and can be used for further studies such as differentiation induction. To develop a high-resolution label-free imaging system, we have been working on a low-coherence quantitative phase microscope (LC-QPM). LC-QPM is a Linnik-type interference microscope equipped with nanometer-resolution optical-path-length control and capable of obtaining three-dimensional volumetric images. The lateral and vertical resolutions of our system are respectively 0.5 and 0.93 μm and this performance allows capturing sub-cellular morphological features of live cells without labeling. Utilizing LC-QPM, we reported on three-dimensional imaging of membrane fluctuations, dynamics of filopodia, and motions of intracellular organelles. In this presentation, we report three-dimensional morphological imaging of human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPS cells). Two groups of monolayer hiPS cell cultures were prepared so that one group was cultured in a suitable culture medium that kept the cells undifferentiated, and the other group was cultured in a medium supplemented with retinoic acid, which forces the stem cells to differentiate. The volumetric images of the 2 groups show distinctive differences, especially in surface roughness. We believe that our LC-QPM system will prove useful in assessing many other stem cell conditions.

N -Oxyl-mediated electrooxidation of alcohols was performed in an aqueous silica gel disperse system. The newly devised electrolysis system offers an organic solvent-free and operationally simple procedure for oxidation of alcohols and could be successfully applied to kinetic resolution of sec -alcohol as well as enantioselective oxidation of meso -1,4-diol affording optically active γ-lactone.

Elongated orthopyroxene porphyroclasts commonly form stretching lineations in deformed peridotites or metabasic rocks. Internal obliquity of (100) exsolution lamellae with respect to elongation direction is a candidate for a shear sense indicator in these rocks. However, it requires statistical analyses of shape and lattice preferred orientation of orthopyroxene porphyroclasts with reference to another reliable shear-sense indicator such as lattice preferred orientation (LPO) of olivine. We measured three geometrical parameters ; R : aspect ratio, θ : long axis orientation, φ : (100) exsolution lamellae orientation on the XZ (foliation normal, lineation parallel) plane, for 1100 porphyroclasts in 160 thin sections selected from 5 structural zones in the Horoman Peridotite Complex, Hokkaido, Japan.Bimodal distributions of internal obliquity are shown in R-φ and θ-φ diagrams of all structural zones. The equigranular zone and the internal shear zone (ISZ) show high contrast of aspect ratio between opposite internal obliquity. This asymmetry is explained by a higher R being attained by synthetic slip on the (100) slip plane, whereas the other peak consists of grains which were deformed by antithetic slip on (100) and rotated towards an unfavorable orientation for slip. The asymmetric features of geometry of elongated orthopyroxene porphyroclasts and LPO of olivine consistently indicate a top-to-the-south sense of shear. On the other hand, high R symmetric bimodal distribution of internal obliquity in the basal shear zone (BSZ), where LPO and shape preferred orientation (SPO) of olivine show apparent asymmetry (a top-to-the-north sense of shear), can not be explained by a single progressive shear deformation. But it implies inverted shear movement in the basal shear zone.Statistical analyses of internal obliquity and aspect ratio of elongated orthopyroxene porphyroclasts can be used as an independent shear-sense indicator for deformed peridotites. Furthermore, these analyses compared with the LPO of olivine can decipher a more complex kinematic history which can not be revealed only by olivine fabrics.