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1. Applying Bayesian inference and deterministic anisotropy to retrieve the molecular structure ∣Ψ(R)∣2 distribution from gas-phase diffraction experiments

Author

Kareem Hegazy, Varun Makhija, Phil Bucksbaum, Jeff Corbett, James Cryan, Nick Hartmann, Markus Ilchen, Keith Jobe, Renkai Li, Igor Makasyuk, Xiaozhe Shen, Xijie Wang, Stephen Weathersby, Jie Yang, and Ryan Coffee

Subjects
Astrophysics, QB460-466, Physics, QC1-999
Abstract

Abstract Currently, our general approach to retrieving molecular structures from ultrafast gas-phase diffraction heavily relies on complex ab initio electronic or vibrational excited state simulations to make conclusive interpretations. Without such simulations, inverting this measurement for the structural probability distribution is typically intractable. This creates a so-called inverse problem. Here we address this inverse problem by developing a broadly applicable method that approximates the molecular frame structure ∣Ψ(R, t)∣2 distribution independent of these complex simulations. We retrieve the vibronic ground state ∣Ψ(R)∣2 for both simulated stretched NO2 and measured N2O. From measured N2O, we observe 40 mÅ coordinate-space resolution from 3.75 Å−1 reciprocal space range and poor signal-to-noise, a 50X improvement over traditional Fourier transform methods. In simulated NO2 diffraction experiments, typical to high signal-to-noise levels predict 100–1000X resolution improvements, down to 0.1 mÅ. By directly measuring the width of ∣Ψ(R)∣2, we open ultrafast gas-phase diffraction capabilities to measurements beyond current analysis approaches. This method has the potential to effectively turn gas-phase ultrafast diffraction into a discovery-oriented technique to probe systems that are prohibitively difficult to simulate.

Published
2023
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3. Diffractive imaging of a rotational wavepacket in nitrogen molecules with femtosecond megaelectronvolt electron pulses

Author

Jie Yang, Markus Guehr, Theodore Vecchione, Matthew S. Robinson, Renkai Li, Nick Hartmann, Xiaozhe Shen, Ryan Coffee, Jeff Corbett, Alan Fry, Kelly Gaffney, Tais Gorkhover, Carsten Hast, Keith Jobe, Igor Makasyuk, Alexander Reid, Joseph Robinson, Sharon Vetter, Fenglin Wang, Stephen Weathersby, Charles Yoneda, Martin Centurion, and Xijie Wang

Subjects
Science
Abstract

Imaging changes in molecular geometries with sufficient temporal and spatial resolution to image nuclei is a critical challenge in the chemical sciences. Here the authors report gasphase Megaelectronvolt electron diffraction with 100 fs temporal resolution and subAngstrom spatial resolution.

Published
2016
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4. High-power multimode X-band rf pulse compression system for future linear colliders

Author

Sami G. Tantawi, Christopher D. Nantista, Valery A. Dolgashev, Chris Pearson, Janice Nelson, Keith Jobe, Jose Chan, Karen Fant, Josef Frisch, and Dennis Atkinson

Subjects
Nuclear and particle physics. Atomic energy. Radioactivity, QC770-798
Abstract

We present a multimode X-band rf pulse compression system suitable for a TeV-scale electron-positron linear collider such as the Next Linear Collider (NLC). The NLC main linac operating frequency is 11.424 GHz. A single NLC rf unit is required to produce 400 ns pulses with 475 MW of peak power. Each rf unit should power approximately 5 m of accelerator structures. The rf unit design consists of two 75 MW klystrons and a dual-moded resonant-delay-line pulse compression system that produces a flat output pulse. The pulse compression system components are all overmoded, and most components are designed to operate with two modes. This approach allows high-power-handling capability while maintaining a compact, inexpensive system. We detail the design of this system and present experimental cold test results. We describe the design and performance of various components. The high-power testing of the system is verified using four 50 MW solenoid-focused klystrons run off a common 400 kV solid-state modulator. The system has produced 400 ns rf pulses of greater than 500 MW. We present the layout of our system, which includes a dual-moded transmission waveguide system and a dual-moded resonant line (SLED-II) pulse compression system. We also present data on the processing and operation of this system, which has set high-power records in coherent and phase controlled pulsed rf.

Published
2005
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6. Liquid-phase mega-electron-volt ultrafast electron diffraction

Author

Serge Guillet, Mianzhen Mo, Charles Yoneda, Yusong Liu, Xiaozhe Shen, Amy Cordones-Hahn, Keith Jobe, Michael Kozina, Kathryn Ledbetter, B. Sublett, Stephen Weathersby, Xijie Wang, Ming-Fu Lin, Thomas J. A. Wolf, Jie Yang, Martin Centurion, Elisa Biasin, M. Dunning, and J. P. F. Nunes

Subjects
Solvation shell, Materials science, business.industry, Ultrafast electron diffraction, Resolution (electron density), Electronvolt, Optoelectronics, Liquid phase, business, Electron scattering, Image resolution, Mechanical energy
Abstract

The conversion of light into chemical and mechanical energy mediates many important processes in nature, e.g. vision, photosynthesis and DNA photodamage. To understand the structure-function relationships regulating such processes one must strive to study them in their natural environment, i.e. in the liquid-phase. This presentation reports on the design of a novel Ultrafast Electron Diffraction instrument capable of resolving structural dynamics in liquid samples. The capabilities of this instrument are showcased in the study of water, where its structure was resolved up to the 3rd hydration shell with 0.6 A spatial resolution, and dynamics were resolved with 200 fs resolution.

Published
2021
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7. Liquid-phase mega-electron-volt ultrafast electron diffraction

Author

Kathryn Ledbetter, Xijie Wang, Charles Yoneda, Yusong Liu, Amy A. Cordones, Stephen Weathersby, Ming-Fu Lin, R Sublett, Serge Guillet, Daniel P. DePonte, Xiaozhe Shen, Jie Yang, Christopher Crissman, Elisa Biasin, M. Dunning, Thomas J. A. Wolf, Michael Kozina, Keith Jobe, Mianzhen Mo, J. P. F. Nunes, and Martin Centurion

Subjects
Chemical process, Materials science, Electronvolt, 02 engineering and technology, Electron, 01 natural sciences, Experimental Methodologies, ARTICLES, 0103 physical sciences, lcsh:QD901-999, 010306 general physics, Penetration depth, Instrumentation, Image resolution, Spectroscopy, Radiation, business.industry, Scattering, Ultrafast electron diffraction, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Condensed Matter Physics, Temporal resolution, Optoelectronics, lcsh:Crystallography, 0210 nano-technology, business
Abstract

The conversion of light into usable chemical and mechanical energy is pivotal to several biological and chemical processes, many of which occur in solution. To understand the structure–function relationships mediating these processes, a technique with high spatial and temporal resolutions is required. Here, we report on the design and commissioning of a liquid-phase mega-electron-volt (MeV) ultrafast electron diffraction instrument for the study of structural dynamics in solution. Limitations posed by the shallow penetration depth of electrons and the resulting information loss due to multiple scattering and the technical challenge of delivering liquids to vacuum were overcome through the use of MeV electrons and a gas-accelerated thin liquid sheet jet. To demonstrate the capabilities of this instrument, the structure of water and its network were resolved up to the 3 rd hydration shell with a spatial resolution of 0.6 Å; preliminary time-resolved experiments demonstrated a temporal resolution of 200 fs.

Published
2020

8. Imaging CF3I conical intersection and photodissociation dynamics with ultrafast electron diffraction

Author

Todd J. Martínez, Jie Yang, Tony F. Heinz, Xijie Wang, Xiaozhe Shen, James P. Cryan, Kareem Hegazy, Keith Jobe, J. Pedro F. Nunes, Stephen Weathersby, Ryan Coffee, Charles Yoneda, Markus Gühr, Renkai Li, Thomas J. A. Wolf, Martin Centurion, Xiaolei Zhu, Kyle J. Wilkin, Theodore Veccione, Zheng Li, and Qiang Zheng

Subjects
Multidisciplinary, Ultrafast electron diffraction, Wave packet, Ab initio, Institut für Physik und Astronomie, 02 engineering and technology, Conical surface, Conical intersection, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, 01 natural sciences, Potential energy, Molecular physics, Electron diffraction, 0103 physical sciences, ddc:530, Physics::Chemical Physics, 010306 general physics, 0210 nano-technology, Excitation
Abstract

Motion picture of a conical intersection In most chemical reactions, electrons move earlier and faster than nuclei. It is therefore common to model reactions by using potential energy surfaces that depict nuclear motion in a particular electronic state. However, in certain cases, two such surfaces connect in a conical intersection that mingles ultrafast electronic and nuclear rearrangements. Yang et al. used electron diffraction to obtain time-resolved images of CF 3 I molecules traversing a conical intersection in the course of photolytic cleavage of the C–I bond (see the Perspective by Fielding). Science , this issue p. 64 ; see also p. 30

Published
2018

9. Imaging CF

Author

Jie, Yang, Xiaolei, Zhu, Thomas J A, Wolf, Zheng, Li, J Pedro F, Nunes, Ryan, Coffee, James P, Cryan, Markus, Gühr, Kareem, Hegazy, Tony F, Heinz, Keith, Jobe, Renkai, Li, Xiaozhe, Shen, Theodore, Veccione, Stephen, Weathersby, Kyle J, Wilkin, Charles, Yoneda, Qiang, Zheng, Todd J, Martinez, Martin, Centurion, and Xijie, Wang

Abstract

Conical intersections play a critical role in excited-state dynamics of polyatomic molecules because they govern the reaction pathways of many nonadiabatic processes. However, ultrafast probes have lacked sufficient spatial resolution to image wave-packet trajectories through these intersections directly. Here, we present the simultaneous experimental characterization of one-photon and two-photon excitation channels in isolated CF

Published
2018

10. Ultrafast imaging of molecular dynamics with electron diffraction (Conference Presentation)

Author

Xiaozhe Shen, Zhiwen Liu, Igor Makasyuk, Sharon Vetter, Markus Guehr, Chales Yoneda, Omid Zandi, Martin Centurion, Ryan Coffee, Matthew S. Robinson, Stephen Weathersby, C. Hast, Jeff Corbett, Keith Jobe, Kareem Hegazy, Renkai Li, Nick Hartmann, Jie Yang, Theodore Vecchione, Xijie Wang, Kyle J. Wilkin, Joseph Robinson, and Alan Fry

Subjects
Presentation, Molecular dynamics, Nuclear magnetic resonance, Electron diffraction, Chemistry, media_common.quotation_subject, Ultrashort pulse, media_common
Published
2017
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11. Picosecond timing of Microwave Cherenkov Impulses from High-Energy Particle Showers Using Dielectric-loaded Waveguides

Author

S. Zekioglu, Keith Jobe, David Saltzberg, R. Prechelt, B. Rotter, P. W. Gorham, J. Bynes, G. S. Varner, C. Hast, B. Hill, B. D. Fox, Stephanie Wissel, and C. Miki

Subjects
Nuclear and High Energy Physics, High energy particle, Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors, Physics and Astronomy (miscellaneous), FOS: Physical sciences, Physics::Optics, Dielectric, Electron, 01 natural sciences, Askaryan effect, law.invention, High Energy Physics - Experiment, High Energy Physics - Experiment (hep-ex), law, 0103 physical sciences, lcsh:Nuclear and particle physics. Atomic energy. Radioactivity, 010306 general physics, Cherenkov radiation, Physics, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, Instrumentation and Detectors (physics.ins-det), Surfaces and Interfaces, lcsh:QC770-798, Atomic physics, Waveguide, Energy (signal processing), Microwave
Abstract

We report on the first measurements of coherent microwave impulses from high-energy particle-induced electromagnetic showers generated via the Askaryan effect in a dielectric-loaded waveguide. Bunches of 12.16 GeV electrons with total bunch energy of $\sim 10^3-10^4$ GeV were pre-showered in tungsten, and then measured with WR-51 rectangular (12.6 mm by 6.3 mm) waveguide elements loaded with solid alumina ($Al_2 O_3$) bars. In the 5-8 GHz $TE_{10}$ single-mode band determined by the presence of the dielectric in the waveguide, we observed band-limited microwave impulses with amplitude proportional to bunch energy. Signals in different waveguide elements measuring the same shower were used to estimate relative time differences with 2.3 picosecond precision. These measurements establish a basis for using arrays of alumina-loaded waveguide elements, with exceptional radiation hardness, as very high precision timing planes for high-energy physics detectors., 16 pages, 15 figures

Published
2017

12. Modelling of radio emission in the SLAC T-510 Experiment using microscopic Geant4 simulations

Author

R. J. Nichol, Peter Gorham, B. Strutt, Konstantin Belov, Andres Romero-Wolf, B. Rotter, Rachel Hyneman, Harm Schoorlemmer, Kyle Kuwatani, Keith Jobe, Christopher Williams, C. Hast, Brian Rauch, Tsung-Che Liu, K. Mulrey, Anne Zilles, David Saltzberg, Tim Huege, Joe Lam, John Clem, Pisin Chen, Stephanie Wissel, Jiwoo Nam, Charles J. Naudet, Keith Bechtol, Abigail G. Vieregg, Kyle Borch, and D. Seckel

Subjects
Physics, Statistical physics, Computational physics
Published
2016
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13. SLAC T-510: A beam-line experiment for radio emission from particle cascades in the presence of a magnetic field

Author

Harm Schoorlemmer, Rachel Hyneman, C. Hast, Tim Huege, R. J. Nichol, Konstantin Belov, Keith Jobe, Kyle Kuwatani, Jiwoo Nam, Charles J. Naudet, Tsung-Che Liu, Andres Romero-Wolf, Pisin Chen, B. Rotter, David Saltzberg, Christopher Williams, Brian Rauch, Peter Gorham, Keith Bechtol, K. Mulrey, Abigail G. Vieregg, Kyle Borch, D. Seckel, B. Strutt, Joe Lam, John Clem, Stephanie Wissel, and Anne Zilles

Subjects
Nuclear physics, Physics, Beamline, business.industry, Electrical engineering, business, Magnetic field
Abstract

Astrophysics, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan. 7 Dept. of Physics, Univ. of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA. 8 Dept. of Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA. 9 Dept. of Physics and Astronomy, Univ. of Hawaii, Manoa, HI 96822, USA. 10SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA. 11Karlsruher Institut fur Technologie, Institut fur Kernphysik , 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany. 12Physics Dept., College of William & Mary, Williamsburg VA 23187, USA. 13Dept. of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, London, United Kingdom. 14Karlsruher Institut fur Technologie, Institut fur Experimentelle Kernphysik, 76128 Karlsruhe

Published
2016
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14. Performance of a first generation X-band photoelectron rf gun

Author

D. McCormick, Chris Adolphsen, M. Dunning, A. Vrielink, Keith Jobe, Stephen Weathersby, C. Limborg-Deprey, Faya Wang, Tor Raubenheimer, Heng Li, and Theodore Vecchione

Subjects
Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Materials science, Physics and Astronomy (miscellaneous), 010308 nuclear & particles physics, business.industry, X band, Particle accelerator, Surfaces and Interfaces, 01 natural sciences, First generation, law.invention, Nuclear magnetic resonance, law, 0103 physical sciences, lcsh:QC770-798, Optoelectronics, lcsh:Nuclear and particle physics. Atomic energy. Radioactivity, 010306 general physics, business, Electron gun
Abstract

Building more compact accelerators to deliver high brightness electron beams for the generation of high flux, highly coherent radiation is a priority for the photon science community. A relatively straightforward reduction in footprint can be achieved by using high-gradient X-band (11.4 GHz) rf technology. To this end, an X-band injector consisting of a 5.5 cell rf gun and a 1-m long linac has been commissioned at SLAC. It delivers an 85 MeV electron beam with peak brightness somewhat better than that achieved in S-band photoinjectors, such as the one developed for the Linac Coherent Light Source (LCLS). The X-band rf gun operates with up to a 200 MV/m peak field on the cathode, and has been used to produce bunches of a few pC to 1.2 nC in charge. Notably, bunch lengths as short as 120 fs rms have been measured for charges of 5 pC (∼3×10^{7} electrons), and normalized transverse emittances as small as 0.22 mm-mrad have been measured for this same charge level. Bunch lengths as short as 400 (250) fs rms have been achieved for electron bunches of 100 (20) pC with transverse normalized emittances of 0.7 (0.35) mm-mrad. We report on the performance and the lessons learned from the operation and optimization of this first generation X-band gun.

Published
2016
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15. Accelerator Measurements of Magnetically Induced Radio Emission from Particle Cascades with Applications to Cosmic-Ray Air Showers

Author

Jiwoo Nam, R. J. Nichol, Stephanie Wissel, J. M. Clem, Tsung-Che Liu, David Saltzberg, Kyle Kuwatani, Keith Jobe, Pisin Chen, Keith Bechtol, K. Mulrey, Abigail G. Vieregg, Kyle Borch, Konstantin Belov, C. Hast, D. Seckel, Christopher Williams, Joe Lam, B. Strutt, Brian Rauch, Anne Zilles, R. Hyneman, Peter Gorham, C. J. Naudet, Harm Schoorlemmer, T. Huege, B. Rotter, and A. Romero-Wolf

Subjects
High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena (astro-ph.HE), Physics, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Astrophysics::Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, FOS: Physical sciences, General Physics and Astronomy, Cosmic ray, LOFAR, Radiation, 01 natural sciences, Charged particle, High Energy Physics - Experiment, Magnetic field, Nuclear physics, High Energy Physics - Experiment (hep-ex), Air shower, Neutrino detector, 0103 physical sciences, Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, 010306 general physics, Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics (astro-ph.IM), Cherenkov radiation
Abstract

For fifty years, cosmic-ray air showers have been detected by their radio emission. We present the first laboratory measurements that validate electrodynamics simulations used in air shower modeling. An experiment at SLAC provides a beam test of radio-frequency (RF) radiation from charged particle cascades in the presence of a magnetic field, a model system of a cosmic-ray air shower. This experiment provides a suite of controlled laboratory measurements to compare to particle-level simulations of RF emission, which are relied upon in ultra-high-energy cosmic-ray air shower detection. We compare simulations to data for intensity, linearity with magnetic field, angular distribution, polarization, and spectral content. In particular, we confirm modern predictions that the magnetically induced emission in a dielectric forms a cone that peaks at the Cherenkov angle and show that the simulations reproduce the data within systematic uncertainties., 5 pages, 7 figures

Published
2016
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16. Two-photon photoemission from a copper cathode in anX-band photoinjector

Author

Chris Adolphsen, Stephen Weathersby, Tor Raubenheimer, Keith Jobe, C. Limborg-Deprey, A. Vrielink, M. Dunning, Faya Wang, Theodore Vecchione, Heng Li, and D. McCormick

Subjects
Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Photon, Materials science, Physics and Astronomy (miscellaneous), Physics::Optics, 02 engineering and technology, Surfaces and Interfaces, Electron, Photoelectric effect, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Laser, 01 natural sciences, Cathode, law.invention, Root mean square, law, 0103 physical sciences, lcsh:QC770-798, Physics::Accelerator Physics, lcsh:Nuclear and particle physics. Atomic energy. Radioactivity, Thermal emittance, Quantum efficiency, Atomic physics, 010306 general physics, 0210 nano-technology
Abstract

This paper presents two-photon photoemission from a copper cathode in an $X$-band photoinjector. We experimentally verified that the electron bunch charge from photoemission out of a copper cathode scales with laser intensity (I) square for 400 nm wavelength photons. We compare this two-photon photoemission process with the single photon process at 266 nm. Despite the high reflectivity ($R$) of the copper surface for 400 nm photons ($R=0.48$) and higher thermal energy of photoelectrons (two-photon at 200 nm) compared to 266 nm photoelectrons, the quantum efficiency of the two-photon photoemission process (400 nm) exceeds the single-photon process (266 nm) when the incident laser intensity is above $300\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{GW}/{\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$. At the same laser pulse energy ($E$) and other experimental conditions, emitted charge scales inversely with the laser pulse duration. A thermal emittance of 2.7 mm-mrad per mm root mean square (rms) was measured on our cathode which exceeds by sixty percent larger compared to the theoretical predictions, but this discrepancy is similar to previous experimental thermal emittance on copper cathodes with 266 nm photons. The damage of the cathode surface of our first-generation $X$-band gun from both rf breakdowns and laser impacts mostly explains this result. Using a 400 nm laser can substantially simplify the photoinjector system, and make it an alternative solution for compact pulsed electron sources.

Published
2016
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17. Single-shot mega-electronvolt ultrafast electron diffraction for structure dynamic studies of warm dense matter

Author

Renkai Li, Xijie Wang, Qiang Zheng, Klaus Sokolowski-Tinten, Mianzhen Mo, Xiaozhe Shen, M. Dunning, Siegfried Glenzer, Ryan Coffee, D. McCormick, C. Hast, Alexander H. Reid, Keith Jobe, S. Edstrom, Igor Makasyuk, Zhijiang Chen, and Stephen Weathersby

Subjects
0301 basic medicine, Physics, Phase transition, Ultrafast electron diffraction, Pulse duration, Bragg peak, 02 engineering and technology, Electron, Warm dense matter, Physik (inkl. Astronomie), 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, 03 medical and health sciences, 030104 developmental biology, Electron diffraction, Atomic physics, 0210 nano-technology, Instrumentation, Electron scattering
Abstract

We have developed a single-shot mega-electronvolt ultrafast-electron-diffraction system to measure the structural dynamics of warm dense matter. The electron probe in this system is featured by a kinetic energy of 3.2 MeV and a total charge of 20 fC, with the FWHM pulse duration and spot size at sample of 350 fs and 120 μm respectively. We demonstrate its unique capability by visualizing the atomic structural changes of warm dense gold formed from a laser-excited 35-nm freestanding single-crystal gold foil. The temporal evolution of the Bragg peak intensity and of the liquid signal during solid-liquid phase transition are quantitatively determined. This experimental capability opens up an exciting opportunity to unravel the atomic dynamics of structural phase transitions in warm dense matter regime.

Published
2016

18. Diffractive Imaging of Coherent Nuclear Motion in Isolated Molecules

Author

C. Hast, Matthew S. Robinson, Xiaozhe Shen, Alan Fry, Stephen Weathersby, Xijie Wang, Martin Centurion, Renkai Li, Markus Guehr, Kareem Hegazy, Joseph Robinson, Charles Yoneda, Theodore Vecchione, Nick Hartmann, Jie Yang, Jeff Corbett, Ryan Coffee, Sharon Vetter, Keith Jobe, and Igor Makasyuk

Subjects
Physics, Chemical Physics (physics.chem-ph), Condensed Matter::Other, Ultrafast electron diffraction, Wave packet, General Physics and Astronomy, Motion (geometry), FOS: Physical sciences, Institut für Physik und Astronomie, 02 engineering and technology, Electron, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, 01 natural sciences, Full width at half maximum, Position (vector), Temporal resolution, Physics - Chemical Physics, 0103 physical sciences, Physics::Atomic and Molecular Clusters, Molecule, Atomic physics, 010306 general physics, 0210 nano-technology
Abstract

Observing the motion of the nuclear wavepackets during a molecular reaction, in both space and time, is crucial for understanding and controlling the outcome of photoinduced chemical reactions. We have imaged the motion of a vibrational wavepacket in isolated iodine molecules using ultrafast electron diffraction with relativistic electrons. The time-varying interatomic distance was measured with a precision 0.07 {\AA} and temporal resolution of 230 fs full-width at half-maximum (FWHM). The method is not only sensitive to the position but also the shape of the nuclear wavepacket.

Published
2016

19. Femtosecond gas phase electron diffraction with MeV electrons

Author

Tais Gorkhover, Xijie Wang, Fenglin Wang, Alexander H. Reid, Stephen Weathersby, Joseph Robinson, Matthew S. Robinson, Markus Guehr, C. Hast, Igor Makasyuk, Ryan Coffee, Renkai Li, Sharon Vetter, Keith Jobe, Nick Hartmann, Xiaozhe Shen, Jie Yang, Kelly J. Gaffney, Charles Yoneda, Jeff Corbett, Martin Centurion, Alan Fry, and Theodore Vecchione

Subjects
Diffraction, Gas electron diffraction, 02 engineering and technology, Electron, 01 natural sciences, law.invention, Optics, law, 0103 physical sciences, ddc:530, Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, 010306 general physics, High-resolution transmission electron microscopy, Physics, business.industry, Institut für Physik und Astronomie, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Laser, Electron diffraction, Temporal resolution, ddc:540, ddc:520, Atomic physics, 0210 nano-technology, business, Ultrashort pulse
Abstract

We present results on ultrafast gas electron diffraction (UGED) experiments with femtosecond resolution using the MeV electron gun at SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory. UGED is a promising method to investigate molecular dynamics in the gas phase because electron pulses can probe the structure with a high spatial resolution. Until recently, however, it was not possible for UGED to reach the relevant timescale for the motion of the nuclei during a molecular reaction. Using MeV electron pulses has allowed us to overcome the main challenges in reaching femtosecond resolution, namely delivering short electron pulses on a gas target, overcoming the effect of velocity mismatch between pump laser pulses and the probe electron pulses, and maintaining a low timing jitter. At electron kinetic energies above 3 MeV, the velocity mismatch between laser and electron pulses becomes negligible. The relativistic electrons are also less susceptible to temporal broadening due to the Coulomb force. One of the challenges of diffraction with relativistic electrons is that the small de Broglie wavelength results in very small diffraction angles. In this paper we describe the new setup and its characterization, including capturing static diffraction patterns of molecules in the gas phase, finding time-zero with sub-picosecond accuracy and first time-resolved diffraction experiments. The new device can achieve a temporal resolution of 100 fs root-mean-square, and sub-angstrom spatial resolution. The collimation of the beam is sufficient to measure the diffraction pattern, and the transverse coherence is on the order of 2 nm. Currently, the temporal resolution is limited both by the pulse duration of the electron pulse on target and by the timing jitter, while the spatial resolution is limited by the average electron beam current and the signal-to-noise ratio of the detection system. We also discuss plans for improving both the temporal resolution and the spatial resolution.

Published
2016

20. Demonstration of transmission high energy electron microscopy

Author

Christopher Morris, Frank E. Merrill, John Perry, John W. Gibbs, Raspberry Simpson, J. J. Goett, Seth D. Imhoff, P. L. Walstrom, U. Wienands, D. Poulson, Carl Wilde, Levi P. Neukirch, Fesseha Mariam, T. Smith, Keith Jobe, Amy J. Clarke, Petr Volegov, Damien Tourret, and C. Hast

Subjects
High energy, Materials science, Proton, Physics and Astronomy (miscellaneous), Radiography, 02 engineering and technology, Electron, 01 natural sciences, Linear particle accelerator, law.invention, Flash (photography), Optics, law, 0103 physical sciences, 010306 general physics, Materials processing, business.industry, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Charged particle, Transmission (telecommunications), Transmission electron microscopy, Physics::Accelerator Physics, Optoelectronics, Electron microscope, Material properties, 0210 nano-technology, business
Abstract

Charged particle radiography with 800 MeV protons has been used for decades at LANL and developed around the world to study dynamic material properties. Recently, charged particle radiography has been demonstrated with the use of high-energy electrons. Because of the difference in the mass of the electron compared to the mass of the proton, the radiographic processes are substantially different and well suited to the study of fast dynamic processes in relatively thin systems. This presentation will show the layout required for such measurements, along with data collected from this recent demonstration performed with 14 GeV electrons generated at the SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory. The radiographic performance for flash measurements will be presented, along with the limitations of this measurement technique.

Published
2018
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21. Diffractive imaging of a rotational wavepacket in nitrogen molecules with femtosecond megaelectronvolt electron pulses

Author

Fenglin Wang, Nick Hartmann, Jie Yang, Renkai Li, Sharon Vetter, Xiaozhe Shen, Theodore Vecchione, Jeff Corbett, Joseph Robinson, Ryan Coffee, Matthew S. Robinson, C. Hast, Igor Makasyuk, Martin Centurion, Kelly J. Gaffney, Charles Yoneda, Xijie Wang, Keith Jobe, Markus Guehr, Alan Fry, Alexander H. Reid, Tais Gorkhover, and Stephen Weathersby

Subjects
Diffraction, Physics, Multidisciplinary, Science, Wave packet, Institut für Physik und Astronomie, General Physics and Astronomy, 02 engineering and technology, General Chemistry, Electron, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, 01 natural sciences, General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology, Article, Molecular geometry, Electron diffraction, Temporal resolution, 0103 physical sciences, Femtosecond, Molecule, Atomic physics, 010306 general physics, 0210 nano-technology
Abstract

Imaging changes in molecular geometries on their natural femtosecond timescale with sub-Angström spatial precision is one of the critical challenges in the chemical sciences, as the nuclear geometry changes determine the molecular reactivity. For photoexcited molecules, the nuclear dynamics determine the photoenergy conversion path and efficiency. Here we report a gas-phase electron diffraction experiment using megaelectronvolt (MeV) electrons, where we captured the rotational wavepacket dynamics of nonadiabatically laser-aligned nitrogen molecules. We achieved a combination of 100 fs root-mean-squared temporal resolution and sub-Angstrom (0.76 Å) spatial resolution that makes it possible to resolve the position of the nuclei within the molecule. In addition, the diffraction patterns reveal the angular distribution of the molecules, which changes from prolate (aligned) to oblate (anti-aligned) in 300 fs. Our results demonstrate a significant and promising step towards making atomically resolved movies of molecular reactions., Imaging changes in molecular geometries with sufficient temporal and spatial resolution to image nuclei is a critical challenge in the chemical sciences. Here the authors report gasphase Megaelectronvolt electron diffraction with 100 fs temporal resolution and subAngstrom spatial resolution.

Published
2015

22. Comparison of film measurements and Monte Carlo simulations of dose delivered with very high-energy electron beams in a polystyrene phantom

Author

Billy W. Loo, Peter G. Maxim, Eric R. Colby, B Palma, Erik Hemsing, Albert C. Koong, M. Dunning, Sami Tantawi, Michael Liu, Magdalena Bazalova-Carter, Valery Dolgashev, D. McCormick, J. Nelson, and Keith Jobe

Subjects
Physics, Film Dosimetry, business.industry, Phantoms, Imaging, Physics::Medical Physics, Monte Carlo method, Beam steering, Uncertainty, Water, Electrons, General Medicine, Electron, Radiation Dosage, Imaging phantom, Full width at half maximum, Optics, Mockup, Physics::Accelerator Physics, Dosimetry, Polystyrenes, Computer Simulation, business, Monte Carlo Method, Beam (structure)
Abstract

Purpose: To measure radiation dose in a water-equivalent medium from very high-energy electron (VHEE) beams and make comparisons to Monte Carlo (MC) simulation results. Methods: Dose in a polystyrene phantom delivered by an experimental VHEE beam line was measured with Gafchromic films for three 50 MeV and two 70 MeV Gaussian beams of 4.0–6.9 mm FWHM and compared to corresponding MC-simulated dose distributions. MC dose in the polystyrene phantom was calculated with the EGSnrc/BEAMnrc and DOSXYZnrc codes based on the experimental setup. Additionally, the effect of 2% beam energy measurement uncertainty and possible non-zero beam angular spread on MC dose distributions was evaluated. Results: MC simulated percentage depth dose (PDD) curves agreed with measurements within 4% for all beam sizes at both 50 and 70 MeV VHEE beams. Central axis PDD at 8 cm depth ranged from 14% to 19% for the 5.4–6.9 mm 50 MeV beams and it ranged from 14% to 18% for the 4.0–4.5 mm 70 MeV beams. MC simulated relative beam profiles of regularly shaped Gaussian beams evaluated at depths of 0.64 to 7.46 cm agreed with measurements to within 5%. A 2% beam energy uncertainty and 0.286° beam angular spread corresponded to a maximum 3.0% and 3.8% difference in depth dose curves of the 50 and 70 MeV electron beams, respectively. Absolute dose differences between MC simulations and film measurements of regularly shaped Gaussian beams were between 10% and 42%. Conclusions: The authors demonstrate that relative dose distributions for VHEE beams of 50–70 MeV can be measured with Gafchromic films and modeled with Monte Carlo simulations to an accuracy of 5%. The reported absolute dose differences likely caused by imperfect beam steering and subsequent charge loss revealed the importance of accurate VHEE beam control and diagnostics.

Published
2015

23. Development of MeV Ultrafast Electron Scattering Instruments at SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory

Author

Klaus Sokolowski-Tinten, J. E. May, Theodore Vecchione, Xiaozhe Shen, Nick Hartmann, Xijie Wang, C. Hast, Renkai Li, Jie Yang, Martin Centurion, Aaron M. Lindenberg, T. Chase, S. P. Weathersby, L. V. Ho, H. A. Diirr, Erik Jongewaard, Markus Guehr, Garth Brown, Alexander H. Reid, Ryan Coffee, Juhao Wu, Josef Frisch, D. McCormick, James Lewandowski, Keith Jobe, and Jeff Corbett

Subjects
Physics, Nuclear physics, Atomic physics, Instrumentation, Electron scattering, Ultrashort pulse
Published
2015
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25. Generating periodic terahertz structures in a relativistic electron beam through frequency down-conversion of optical lasers

Author

Stephen Weathersby, Dao Xiang, K. Soong, J. Nelson, M. Dunning, D.R. Walz, C. Hast, Tor Raubenheimer, Z. Szalata, Erik Hemsing, D. McCormick, and Keith Jobe

Subjects
Physics, Terahertz radiation, business.industry, Physics::Optics, General Physics and Astronomy, Laser, law.invention, Terahertz spectroscopy and technology, Photomixing, Optics, law, Physics::Accelerator Physics, Optoelectronics, Relativistic electron beam, M squared, Laser beam quality, business, Beam (structure)
Abstract

We report generation of density modulation at terahertz (THz) frequencies in a relativistic electron beam through laser modulation of the beam longitudinal phase space. We show that by modulating the energy distribution of the beam with two lasers, density modulation at the difference frequency of the two lasers can be generated after the beam passes through a chicane. In this experiment, density modulation around 10 THz was generated by down-converting the frequencies of an 800 nm laser and a 1550 nm laser. The central frequency of the density modulation can be tuned by varying the laser wavelengths, beam energy chirp, or momentum compaction of the chicane. This technique can be applied to accelerator-based light sources for generation of coherent THz radiation and marks a significant advance toward tunable narrow band THz sources.

Published
2012
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26. Evidence of High Harmonics from Echo-Enabled Harmonic Generation for Seeding X-Ray Free Electron Lasers

Author

D. McCormick, M. Woodley, M. Dunning, K. Soong, C. Hast, Z. Szalata, Keith Jobe, Eric R. Colby, Stephen Weathersby, Gennady Stupakov, D.R. Walz, Tor Raubenheimer, Dao Xiang, Sasha Gilevich, and J. Nelson

Subjects
Physics, Free electron model, business.industry, General Physics and Astronomy, Radiation, Laser, law.invention, Optics, law, Modulation, Harmonics, Harmonic, High harmonic generation, business, Energy (signal processing)
Abstract

Echo-enabled harmonic generation free electron lasers hold great promise for the generation of fully coherent radiation in x-ray wavelengths. Here we report the first evidence of high harmonics from the echo-enabled harmonic generation technique in the realistic scenario where the laser energy modulation is comparable to the beam slice energy spread. In this experiment, coherent radiation at the seventh harmonic of the second seed laser is generated when the energy modulation amplitude is about 2-3 times the slice energy spread. The experiment confirms the underlying physics of echo-enabled harmonic generation and may have a strong impact on emerging seeded x-ray free electron lasers that are capable of generating laserlike x rays which will advance many areas of science.

Published
2012
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27. All-optical time-resolved measurement of laser energy modulation in a relativistic electron beam

Author

Eric R. Colby, Stephen Weathersby, C. Hast, Z. Szalata, Gennady Stupakov, Keith Jobe, M. Dunning, M. Woodley, D. McCormick, J. Nelson, Dao Xiang, Sasha Gilevich, D.R. Walz, Tor Raubenheimer, and K. Soong

Subjects
Physics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Physics and Astronomy (miscellaneous), Anomalous magnetic dipole moment, Plane wave, Physics::Optics, Surfaces and Interfaces, symbols.namesake, Quantization (physics), Classical mechanics, Bound state, symbols, Physics::Accelerator Physics, lcsh:QC770-798, Relativistic electron beam, lcsh:Nuclear and particle physics. Atomic energy. Radioactivity, Quantum field theory, Hamiltonian (quantum mechanics), Harmonic oscillator
Abstract

Hamiltonian light-front theory has been proposed as a promising method for solving bound states problems in quantum field theory a long time ago, see, e.g., the review article[1] for its various advantages compared to the traditional instant-form theories. Recently the Basis Light-Front Quantization (BLFQ) approach [2, 3] has been developed as a nonperturbative approach to solve Hamiltonian light-front quantum field theory. Numerical efficiency is a key advantage of this approach. The basic idea of BLFQ is to represent the theory in an optimal basis which respects many symmetries of the theory and thus minimizes the dimensionality of the Hamiltonian for a fixed precision. Specifically, the BLFQ approach employs a plane wave basis in the light-front longitudinal direction and a 2D harmonic oscillator basis in the transverse directions. In previous work [3] this approach has been applied to evaluate the anomalous magnetic moment of electrons which are confined in an external trap with an extrapolation to the zero trap limit. In this work we extend and improve this approach in several aspects including the direct evaluation of a free electron system. This article is organized as follows: In Sec. 2 we discuss the key extensions and improvements made in this work over Ref [3]; in Sec. 3 we present the numerical results for the electron anomalous magnetic moment evaluated in different harmonic oscillator bases and compare to the perturbation theory result. Finally we conclude and give an outline for future works in Sec. 4.

Published
2011
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28. Demonstration of the echo-enabled harmonic generation technique for short-wavelength seeded free electron lasers

Author

D.R. Walz, Tor Raubenheimer, Dao Xiang, P-L. Pernet, D. McCormick, Sasha Gilevich, Eric R. Colby, J. Nelson, Keith Jobe, Gennady Stupakov, C. Hast, Z. Szalata, Stephen Weathersby, M. Dunning, M. Woodley, and K. Soong

Subjects
Free electron model, Physics, business.industry, Echo (computing), General Physics and Astronomy, Radiation, Laser, law.invention, Free Electron Lasers, Wavelength, Optics, law, Harmonics, Optoelectronics, High harmonic generation, business, Accelerators, Beam (structure)
Abstract

We report the first experimental demonstration of the echo-enabled harmonic generation technique, which holds great promise for generation of high-power, fully coherent short-wavelength radiation. In this experiment, coherent radiation at the 3rd and 4th harmonics of the second seed laser is generated from the so-called beam echo effect. The experiment confirms the physics behind this technique and paves the way for applying the echo-enabled harmonic generation technique for seeded x-ray free electron lasers. © 2010 The American Physical Society.

Published
2010

29. High-power coupler component test stand status and results

Author

F. Wang, J. Tice, Gordon Bowden, Chris Adolphsen, L. Ge, B. McKee, B. Rusnak, Zenghai Li, Christopher Nantista, Keith Jobe, and R. Swent

Subjects
Coupling, Physics, Electric power system, Bellows, Transmission line, law, RF power amplifier, Mechanical engineering, Particle accelerator, Cryogenics, Power (physics), law.invention
Abstract

Fundamental power couplers for superconducting accelerator applications like the ILC are complicated transmission line assemblies that must simultaneously accommodate demanding RF power, cryogenic, and cleanliness constraints. When these couplers are RF conditioned, the observed response is an aggregate of all the parts of the coupler and the specific features that dominate the conditioning response are hard to determine. To better understand and characterize RF conditioning phenomena toward improving performance and reducing conditioning time, a high-power coupler component test stand has been built at SLAC. Operating at 1.3 GHz, this test stand was designed to measure the conditioning behavior of select components of the TTFIII coupler independently, including outer-conductor bellows, tube transitions, copper plating, surface preparations, and cold window geometries and coatings. A description of the test stand, the measurement approach, and a summary of the results obtained so far are presented.

Published
2007
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30. High-power multimode X-band rf pulse compression system for future linear colliders

Author

K.S. Fant, Christopher Nantista, Jose Chan, C. Pearson, Valery Dolgashev, Josef Frisch, Sami Tantawi, Keith Jobe, Dennis P. Atkinson, and Janice Nelson

Subjects
Physics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Multi-mode optical fiber, Physics and Astronomy (miscellaneous), Klystron, business.industry, X band, Particle accelerator, Surfaces and Interfaces, Linear particle accelerator, law.invention, Pulse (physics), Optics, law, Pulse compression, lcsh:QC770-798, lcsh:Nuclear and particle physics. Atomic energy. Radioactivity, business, Waveguide
Abstract

We present a multimode $X$-band rf pulse compression system suitable for a TeV-scale electron-positron linear collider such as the Next Linear Collider (NLC). The NLC main linac operating frequency is 11.424 GHz. A single NLC rf unit is required to produce 400 ns pulses with 475 MW of peak power. Each rf unit should power approximately 5 m of accelerator structures. The rf unit design consists of two 75 MW klystrons and a dual-moded resonant-delay-line pulse compression system that produces a flat output pulse. The pulse compression system components are all overmoded, and most components are designed to operate with two modes. This approach allows high-power-handling capability while maintaining a compact, inexpensive system. We detail the design of this system and present experimental cold test results. We describe the design and performance of various components. The high-power testing of the system is verified using four 50 MW solenoid-focused klystrons run off a common 400 kV solid-state modulator. The system has produced 400 ns rf pulses of greater than 500 MW. We present the layout of our system, which includes a dual-moded transmission waveguide system and a dual-moded resonant line (SLED-II) pulse compression system. We also present data on the processing and operation of this system, which has set high-power records in coherent and phase controlled pulsed rf.

Published
2005

31. Use of acoustic emission to diagnose breakdown in accelerator RF structures

Author

D. McCormick, Tonee Smith, F. Le Pimpec, Jenny Nelson, J.C. Frisch, Keith Jobe, and M.C. Ross

Subjects
Physics, Test facility, business.industry, Electric breakdown, DESY, Particle accelerator, law.invention, Optics, Acoustic emission, law, Electronic engineering, Ultrasonic sensor, Radio frequency, business, Microwave
Abstract

Accelerator structures of a wide variety have been damaged by RF breakdowns. Very little is known about the mechanisms that cause the breakdown and the damage although there has been theoretical work. Using an array of ultrasonic acoustic emission sensors we have been able to locate and classify breakdown events more accurately than possible using microwave techniques. Data from the technique has led to improvements in the design of the NLC X-band RF structure. We report results of acoustic emission studies at the DESY TESLA Test Facility and the SLAC NLC Test Accelerator.

Published
2004
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32. Recent Progress in R& D of Advanced Room Temperature Accelerator Structures

Author

James Lewandowski, B. Kirby, Gordon Bowden, Yasuo Higashi, M.C. Ross, Z. Li, Keith Jobe, J. Cornuelle, Toshiyasu Higo, Valery Dolgashev, N. Baboi, C. Pearson, N. Toge, C. Nantista, Tor Raubenheimer, Chris Adolphsen, and Sami Tantawi

Subjects
Physics, Wake field, Dipole, Nuclear magnetic resonance, Luminosity (scattering theory), law, Emphasis (telecommunications), Physics::Accelerator Physics, Particle accelerator, Collider, Rf system, Computational physics, law.invention
Abstract

The NLC and JLC groups face two major challenges in designing X-Band accelerator structures for an electron-positron linear collider. The first is to demonstrate stable, long-term operation at a 70 MV/m gradient, which is required to keep the machine cost low, and the second is to strongly suppress the structure long-range wakefield, which is required to achieve high luminosity. During the past 2 years, the major emphasis has been on proving high gradient operation, although dipole wakefield suppression studies are continuing. This paper describes high gradient test results from a series of prototype TW and SW structures being developed for the NLC/JLC. Schemes for damping and detuning the dipole modes of these structures are also presented.

Published
2003
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33. The first wakefield test on the C-band choke-mode accelerating structure

Author

Keith Jobe, T. Slaton, Hiroshi Matsumoto, M.C. Ross, D. McCormick, Chris Adolphsen, N. Akasaka, T. Shintake, and M. Yoshida

Subjects
Physics, C band, Mode (statistics), Structure (category theory), Choke, Particle accelerator, XX, law.invention, Nuclear physics, Transverse plane, Dipole, law, Physics::Accelerator Physics, Collider
Abstract

A full-scale prototype C-band structure for the e/sup +/e/sup -/ linear collider has been built in which the dipole powers are damped to suppress the long-range transverse wakefield. To verify that the damping works as expected, the C-band structure was tested in the Accelerator Structure SETup (ASSET) at SLAC. This paper presents results of wakefield measurement with ASSET.

Published
2003
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34. A laser-heterodyne bunch-length monitor for the SLC interaction point

Author

R. Alley, M.C. Ross, Keith Jobe, D. McCormick, Frank Zimmermann, P. Raimondi, T. Kotseroglou, T. Shintake, and S. Horton-Smith

Subjects
Physics, Femtosecond pulse shaping, business.industry, Physics::Optics, Pulse duration, Injection seeder, Laser, law.invention, Laser linewidth, Optics, Multiphoton intrapulse interference phase scan, law, Ultrafast laser spectroscopy, Physics::Accelerator Physics, Physics::Atomic Physics, business, Ultrashort pulse
Abstract

Since 1996, the transverse beam sizes at the SLC interaction point (IP) can be determined with a 'laser wire', by detecting the rate of Compton-scattered photons as a function of the beam-laser separation in space. Nominal laser parameters are: 350 nm wavelength, 2 mJ energy per pulse, 40 Hz repetition rate, and 150 ps FWHM pulse length. The laser system is presently being modified to enable measurements of the longitudinal beam profile. For this purpose, two laser pulses of slightly different frequency are superimposed, which creates a travelling fringe pattern and, thereby, introduces a bunch-to-bunch variation of the Compton rate. The magnitude of this variation depends on the beat wavelength and on the Fourier transform of the longitudinal distribution. This laser heterodyne technique is implemented by adding a l-km long optical fibre at the laser oscillator output, which produces a linearly chirped laser pulse with 4.5-A linewidth and 60-ps FWHM pulse length. Also, the pulse is amplified in a regenerative amplifier and tripled with two nonlinear crystals. Then a Michelson interferometer spatially overlaps two split chirped pulses, which are temporally shifted with respect to each other, generating a quasi-sinusoidal adjustable fringe pattern. This laser pulse is then transported to the Interaction Point.

Published
2002
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35. Processing studies of X-band accelerator structures at the NLCTA

Author

Keith Jobe, M.C. Ross, Toshiyasu Higo, W. Baumgartner, F. Le Pimpec, Rod Loewen, D. McCormick, Chris Adolphsen, Tonee Smith, and J.W. Wang

Subjects
Accelerator Physics (physics.acc-ph), Physics, business.industry, X band, FOS: Physical sciences, Particle accelerator, Linear particle accelerator, law.invention, Standing wave, Optics, law, Electronic engineering, Physics::Accelerator Physics, Group velocity, Physics - Accelerator Physics, Radio frequency, Collider, business, Electrical impedance
Abstract

RF processing studies of 1.8-m X-band (11.4 GHz) traveling wave structures at the Next Linear Collider Test Accelerator (NLCTA) have revealed breakdown-related damage at gradients lower than expected from earlier tests with standing wave and shorter, lower group velocity traveling wave structures. To understand this difference, a series of structures with different group velocities and lengths are being processed. In parallel, efforts are being made to improve processing procedures and to reduce structure contaminants and absorbed gases. This paper presents results from these studies., Presented at the 2001 Particle Accelerator Conference, Chicago, Il., June 18-22, 2001

Published
2002
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36. Very High Resolution Optical Transition Radiation Beam Profile Monitor

Author

Tonee Smith, Scott Anderson, D. McCormick, Takashi Naito, Hitoshi Hayano, Josef Frisch, Nobuhiro Terunuma, Bobby McKee, J. Nelson, Keith Jobe, and Marc Ross

Subjects
Physics, business.industry, Resolution (electron density), Free-electron laser, Radiation, law.invention, Optics, Transition radiation, law, Cathode ray, business, Accelerator Test Facility, Collider, Beam (structure)
Abstract

We have constructed and tested a 2 um resolution beam profile monitor based on optical transition radiation (OTR). Theoretical studies of OTR [1] show that extremely high resolution, of the order of the wavelength of the light detected, is possible. Such high‐resolution single pulse profile monitors will be very useful for future free electron laser and linear collider projects. Using the very low emittance 1.3 GeV electron beam at the KEK Accelerator Test Facility (ATF) [2] (1.4nm ex × 15pm ey), we have imaged transition radiation from 5 micron σ beam spots. Our test device consisted of a finely polished target, a thin fused silica window, a 35 mm working distance microscope objective (5x and 10x) and a triggered CCD camera. A wire scanner located near the target is used to verify the profile monitor performance. In this paper we report results of beam tests.

Published
2002
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37. Demonstration of inverse free-electron laser seeding in a sub-80 K, short period cryogenic undulator

Author

Keith Jobe, J. Nelson, Agostino Marinelli, Dao Xiang, Florian Grüner, F H OʼShea, C. Hast, A. Knyazik, M. Dunning, Johannes Bahrdt, F. Holy, Erik Hemsing, James Rosenzweig, and Stephen Weathersby

Subjects
Physics, Photon, business.industry, Free-electron laser, Undulator, Condensed Matter Physics, Laser, Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics, Linear particle accelerator, law.invention, Optics, Transition radiation, law, Physics::Accelerator Physics, High harmonic generation, business, Beam (structure)
Abstract

Short period, high field undulators have been shown to permit operation of x-ray free-electron lasers with short gain-lengths, and at unprecedented short wavelengths. In addition, the reduced beam energy required to reach resonance with a given radiation wavelength in short period undulators could prove useful in advanced inverse free-electron laser (IFEL) seeding schemes for future light sources, such as high-gain harmonic generation and echo-enabled harmonic generation, or in IFEL acceleration. We report here the in situ beam testing of a 9 mm period length cryogenic undulator having undulator parameter near unity in the context appropriate for advanced seeding and acceleration schemes, a linear accelerator. Because of the short period length of the undulator, a 47 MeV high-brightness electron beam could be used to produce near infrared photons via the undulator radiation mechanism. The undulator radiation was observed through a filter and the spectral response of the undulator is compared to simulation. Finally, an 800 nm seed laser was introduced in order to generate an energy modulation via the IFEL mechanism. Resonance between the electron beam and the laser seed was achieved without detailed knowledge of the temperature dependent undulator magnetic field through the observation of the undulator radiation. The energy modulation (and concomitant energy spread increase) of the electron beam was observed both directly in an electron beam spectrometer and indirectly via coherent transition radiation after conversion to a density modulation in a longitudinally dispersive chicane.

Published
2014
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38. A New Control System for the SLAC Accelerator Klystrons for SLC

Author

R. Keith Jobe

Subjects
Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Engineering, Klystron, business.industry, Electrical engineering, Particle accelerator, Rf system, Linear particle accelerator, law.invention, Nuclear Energy and Engineering, law, Control theory, Control system, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, business, Remote control, Computer Automated Measurement and Control
Abstract

A general overview of a new control system for SLAC klystrons is presented along with a detailed description of the remote controller for measurement and control of accelerator components.

Published
1983
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39. An over-damped cavity longitudinal kicker for the PEP-II LER

Author

S. DeBarger, H. Schwarz, Dmitry Teytelman, U. Wienands, Makoto Tobiyama, R. Akre, F. Marcellini, M. Dormiani, D. Anderson, A. Young, P. McIntosh, Keith Jobe, and John Fox

Subjects
Physics, Drift tube, Shunt impedance, business.industry, Power deposition, Bandwidth (signal processing), RF power amplifier, Particle accelerator, law.invention, Low energy, Optics, law, Excited state, Physics::Accelerator Physics, business
Abstract

Both rings of PEP-II use drift tube kickers in the longitudinal bunch-by-bunch feedback system. Efforts are now underway to increase the stored beam currents and luminosity of PEP-II, and beam-induced heating of these structures, particularly in the low energy ring (LER) is of concern. An alternative kicker design based on the over-damped cavity kicker, first developed by INFN-Frascati is being built for PEP-II. This low loaded Q (or wide bandwidth) structure is fed by a network of ridged waveguides coupled to a simple pill-box cavity. Beam induced RF power is also coupled out of the cavity to external loads, so that the higher order modes (HOMs) excited in the structure are well-damped. This paper details the kicker design for PEP-II and discusses some of the design trade-offs between shunt impedance and bandwidth, as well as the influence of the feedthroughs on the kicker parameters. Estimates of the expected power deposition in the cavity are also provided

40. ILC Reference Design Report Volume 3 - Accelerator

Author

Phinney, Nan, Toge, Nobukazu, Walker, Nicholas J., Aarons, Gerald, Abe, Toshinori, Abernathy, Jason, Ablikim, Medina, Abramowicz, Halina, Adey, David, Adloff, Catherine, Adolphsen, Chris, Afanaciev, Konstantin, Agapov, Ilya, Ahn, Jung-Keun, Aihara, Hiroaki, Akemoto, Mitsuo, Del Carmen Alabau, Maria, Albert, Justin, Albrecht, Hartwig, Albrecht, Michael, Alesini, David, Alexander, Gideon, Alexander, Jim, Allison, Wade, Amann, John, Amirikas, Ramila, An, Qi, Anami, Shozo, Ananthanarayan, B., Anderson, Terry, Andricek, Ladislav, Anduze, Marc, Anerella, Michael, Anfimov, Nikolai, Angal-Kalinin, Deepa, Antipov, Sergei, Antoine, Claire, Aoki, Mayumi, Aoza, Atsushi, Aplin, Steve, Appleby, Rob, Arai, Yasuo, Araki, Sakae, Arkan, Tug, Arnold, Ned, Arnold, Ray, Arnowitt, Richard, Artru, Xavier, Arya, Kunal, Aryshev, Alexander, Asakawa, Eri, Asiri, Fred, Asner, David, Atac, Muzaffer, Atoian, Grigor, Attié, David, Augustin, Jean-Eudes, Augustine, David B., Ayres, Bradley, Aziz, Tariq, Baars, Derek, Badaud, Frederique, Baddams, Nigel, Bagger, Jonathan, Bai, Sha, Bailey, David, Bailey, Ian R., Baker, David, Balalykin, Nikolai I., Balbuena, Juan Pablo, Baldy, Jean-Luc, Ball, Markus, Ball, Maurice, Ballestrero, Alessandro, Ballin, Jamie, Baltay, Charles, Bambade, Philip, Ban, Syuichi, Band, Henry, Bane, Karl, Banerjee, Bakul, Barbanotti, Serena, Barbareschi, Daniele, Barbaro-Galtieri, Angela, Barber, Desmond P., Barbi, Mauricio, Bardin, Dmitri Y., Barish, Barry, Barklow, Timothy L., Barlow, Roger, Barnes, Virgil E., Barone, Maura, Bartels, Christoph, Bartsch, Valeria, Basu, Rahul, Battaglia, Marco, Batygin, Yuri, Baudot, Jerome, Baur, Ulrich, Elwyn Baynham, D., Beard, Carl, Bebek, Chris, Bechtle, Philip, Becker, Ulrich J., Bedeschi, Franco, Bedjidian, Marc, Behera, Prafulla, Behnke, Ties, Bellantoni, Leo, Bellerive, Alain, Bellomo, Paul, Bentson, Lynn D., Benyamna, Mustapha, Bergauer, Thomas, Berger, Edmond, Bergholz, Matthias, Beri, Suman, Berndt, Martin, Bernreuther, Werner, Bertolini, Alessandro, Besancon, Marc, Besson, Auguste, Beteille, Andre, Bettoni, Simona, Beyer, Michael, Bhandari, R. K., Bharadwaj, Vinod, Bhatnagar, Vipin, Bhattacharya, Satyaki, Bhattacharyya, Gautam, Bhattacherjee, Biplob, Bhuyan, Ruchika, Bi, Xiao-Jun, Biagini, Marica, Bialowons, Wilhelm, Biebel, Otmar, Bieler, Thomas, Bierwagen, John, Birch, Alison, Bisset, Mike, Biswal, S. S., Blackmore, Victoria, Blair, Grahame, Blanchard, Guillaume, Blazey, Gerald, Blue, Andrew, Blümlein, Johannes, Boffo, Christian, Bohn, Courtlandt, Boiko, V. I., Boisvert, Veronique, Bondarchuk, Eduard N., Boni, Roberto, Bonvicini, Giovanni, Boogert, Stewart, Boonekamp, Maarten, Boorman, Gary, Borras, Kerstin, Bortoletto, Daniela, Bosco, Alessio, Bosio, Carlo, Bosland, Pierre, Bosotti, Angelo, Boudry, Vincent, Boumediene, Djamel-Eddine, Bouquet, Bernard, Bourov, Serguei, Bowden, Gordon, Bower, Gary, Boyarski, Adam, Bozovic-Jelisavcic, Ivanka, Bozzi, Concezio, Brachmann, Axel, Bradshaw, Tom W., Brandt, Andrew, Brasser, Hans Peter, Brau, Benjamin, Brau, James E., Breidenbach, Martin, Bricker, Steve, Brient, Jean-Claude, Brock, Ian, Brodsky, Stanley, Brooksby, Craig, Broome, Timothy A., Brown, David, Brownell, James H., Bruchon, Mélanie, Brueck, Heiner, Brummitt, Amanda J., Brun, Nicole, Buchholz, Peter, Budagov, Yulian A., Bulgheroni, Antonio, Bulyak, Eugene, Bungau, Adriana, Bürger, Jochen, Burke, Dan, Burkhart, Craig, Burrows, Philip, Burt, Graeme, Burton, David, Büsser, Karsten, Butler, John, Butterworth, Jonathan, Buzulutskov, Alexei, Cabruja, Enric, Caccia, Massimo, Cai, Yunhai, Calcaterra, Alessandro, Caliier, Stephane, Camporesi, Tiziano, Cao, Jun-Jie, Cao, J. S., Capatina, Ofelia, Cappellini, Chiara, Carcagno, Ruben, Carena, Marcela, Carloganu, Cristina, Carosi, Roberto, Stephen Carr, F., Carrion, Francisco, Carter, Harry F., Carter, John, Carwardine, John, Cassel, Richard, Cassell, Ronald, Cavallari, Giorgio, Cavallo, Emanuela, Cembranos, Jose A. R., Chakraborty, Dhiman, Chandez, Frederic, Charles, Matthew, Chase, Brian, Chattopadhyay, Subhasis, Chauveau, Jacques, Chefdeville, Maximilien, Chehab, Robert, Chel, Stéphane, Chelkov, Georgy, Chen, Chiping, Chen, He Sheng, Chen, Huai Bi, Chen, Jia Er, Chen, Sen Yu, Chen, Shaomin, Chen, Shenjian, Chen, Xun, Chen, Yuan Bo, Cheng, Jian, Chevallier, M., Chi, Yun Long, Chickering, William, Cho, Gi-Chol, Cho, Moo-Hyun, Choi, Jin-Hyuk, Choi, Jong Bum, Choi, Seong Youl, Choi, Young-Il, Choudhary, Brajesh, Choudhury, Debajyoti, Rai Choudhury, S., Christian, David, Christian, Glenn, Christophe, Grojean, Chung, Jin-Hyuk, Church, Mike, Ciborowski, Jacek, Cihangir, Selcuk, Ciovati, Gianluigi, Clarke, Christine, Clarke, Don G., Clarke, James A., Clements, Elizabeth, Coca, Cornelia, Coe, Paul, Cogan, John, Colas, Paul, Collard, Caroline, Colledani, Claude, Combaret, Christophe, Comerma, Albert, Compton, Chris, Constance, Ben, Conway, John, Cook, Ed, Cooke, Peter, Cooper, William, Corcoran, Sean, Cornat, Rémi, Corner, Laura, Cortina Gil, Eduardo, Clay Corvin, W., Cotta Ramusino, Angelo, Cowan, Ray, Crawford, Curtis, Cremaldi, Lucien M., Crittenden, James A., Cussans, David, Cvach, Jaroslav, Da Silva, Wilfrid, Dabiri Khah, Hamid, Dabrowski, Anne, Dabrowski, Wladyslaw, Dadoun, Olivier, Dai, Jian Ping, Dainton, John, Daly, Colin, Damerell, Chris, Danilov, Mikhail, Daniluk, Witold, Daram, Sarojini, Datta, Anindya, Dauncey, Paul, David, Jacques, Davier, Michel, Davies, Ken P., Dawson, Sally, Boer, Wim, Curtis, Stefania, Groot, Nicolo, La Taille, Christophe, Lira, Antonio, Roeck, Albert, Sangro, Riccardo, Santis, Stefano, Deacon, Laurence, Deandrea, Aldo, Dehmelt, Klaus, Delagnes, Eric, Delahaye, Jean-Pierre, Delebecque, Pierre, Delerue, Nicholas, Delferriere, Olivier, Demarteau, Marcel, Deng, Zhi, Denisov, Yu N., Densham, Christopher J., Desch, Klaus, Deshpande, Nilendra, Devanz, Guillaume, Devetak, Erik, Dexter, Amos, Di Benedetto, Vito, Diéguez, Angel, Diener, Ralf, Dinh, Nguyen 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Ferguson, John, Fernandez-Garcia, Marcos, Luis Fernandez-Hernando, J., Fiala, Pavel, Fieguth, Ted, Finch, Alexander, Finocchiaro, Giuseppe, Fischer, Peter, Fisher, Peter, Eugene Fisk, H., Fitton, Mike D., Fleck, Ivor, Fleischer, Manfred, Fleury, Julien, Flood, Kevin, Foley, Mike, Ford, Richard, Fortin, Dominique, Foster, Brian, Fourches, Nicolas, Francis, Kurt, Frey, Ariane, Frey, Raymond, Friedsam, Horst, Frisch, Josef, Frishman, Anatoli, Fuerst, Joel, Fujii, Keisuke, Fujimoto, Junpei, Fukuda, Masafumi, Fukuda, Shigeki, Funahashi, Yoshisato, Funk, Warren, Furletova, Julia, Furukawa, Kazuro, Furuta, Fumio, Fusayasu, Takahiro, Fuster, Juan, Gadow, Karsten, Gaede, Frank, Gaglione, Renaud, Gai, Wei, Gajewski, Jan, Galik, Richard, Galkin, Alexei, Galkin, Valery, Gallin-Martel, Laurent, Gannaway, Fred, Gao, Jian She, Gao, Jie, Gao, Yuanning, Garbincius, Peter, Garcia-Tabares, Luis, Garren, Lynn, Garrido, Luís, Garutti, Erika, Garvey, Terry, Garwin, Edward, Gascón, David, Gastal, Martin, Gatto, Corrado, Gatto, Raoul, Gay, Pascal, Ge, Lixin, Ge, Ming Qi, Ge, Rui, Geiser, Achim, Gellrich, Andreas, Genat, Jean-Francois, Geng, Zhe Qiao, Gentile, Simonetta, Gerbick, Scot, Gerig, Rod, Ghosh, Dilip Kumar, Ghosh, Kirtiman, Gibbons, Lawrence, Giganon, Arnaud, Gillespie, Allan, Gillman, Tony, Ginzburg, Ilya, Giomataris, Ioannis, Giunta, Michele, Gladkikh, Peter, Gluza, Janusz, Godbole, Rohini, Godfrey, Stephen, Goldhaber, Gerson, Goldstein, Joel, Gollin, George D., Gonzalez-Sanchez, Francisco Javier, Goodrick, Maurice, Gornushkin, Yuri, Gostkin, Mikhail, Gottschalk, Erik, Goudket, Philippe, Gough Eschrich, Ivo, Gournaris, Filimon, Graciani, Ricardo, Graf, Norman, Grah, Christian, Grancagnolo, Francesco, Grandjean, Damien, Grannis, Paul, Grassellino, Anna, Eugeni Graugés, Gray, Stephen, Green, Michael, Greenhalgh, Justin, Greenshaw, Timothy, Grefe, Christian, Gregor, Ingrid-Maria, Grenier, Gerald, Grimes, Mark, Grimm, Terry, Gris, Philippe, Grivaz, Jean-Francois, Groll, Marius, Gronberg, Jeffrey, Grondin, Denis, Groom, Donald, Gross, Eilam, Grunewald, Martin, Grupen, Claus, Grzelak, Grzegorz, Gu, Jun, Gu, Yun-Ting, Guchait, Monoranjan, Guiducci, Susanna, Guler, Ali Murat, Guler, Hayg, Gulmez, Erhan, Gunion, John, Guo, Zhi Yu, Gurtu, Atul, Ha, Huy Bang, Haas, Tobias, Haase, Andy, Haba, Naoyuki, Haber, Howard, Haensel, Stephan, Hagge, Lars, Hagura, Hiroyuki, Hajdu, Csaba, Haller, Gunther, Haller, Johannes, Hallermann, Lea, Halyo, Valerie, Hamaguchi, Koichi, Hammond, Larry, Han, Liang, Han, Tao, Hand, Louis, Handu, Virender K., Hano, Hitoshi, Hansen, Christian, Hansen, Jørn Dines, Hansen, Jorgen Beck, Hara, Kazufumi, Harder, Kristian, Hartin, Anthony, Hartung, Walter, Hast, Carsten, Hauptman, John, Hauschild, Michael, Hauviller, Claude, Havranek, Miroslav, Hawkes, Chris, Hawkings, Richard, Hayano, Hitoshi, Hazumi, Masashi, He, An, He, Hong Jian, Hearty, Christopher, Heath, Helen, Hebbeker, Thomas, Hedberg, Vincent, Hedin, David, Heifets, Samuel, Heinemeyer, Sven, Heini, Sebastien, Helebrant, Christian, Helms, Richard, Heltsley, Brian, Henrot-Versille, Sophie, Henschel, Hans, Hensel, Carsten, Hermel, Richard, Herms, Atilà, Herten, Gregor, Hesselbach, Stefan, Heuer, Rolf-Dieter, Heusch, Clemens A., Hewett, Joanne, Higashi, Norio, Higashi, Takatoshi, Higashi, Yasuo, Higo, Toshiyasu, Hildreth, Michael D., Hiller, Karlheinz, Hillert, Sonja, Hillier, Stephen James, Himel, Thomas, Himmi, Abdelkader, Hinchliffe, Ian, Hioki, Zenro, Hirano, Koichiro, Hirose, Tachishige, Hisamatsu, Hiromi, Hisano, Junji, Hlaing, Chit Thu, Hock, Kai Meng, Hoeferkamp, Martin, Hohlfeld, Mark, Honda, Yousuke, Hong, Juho, Hong, Tae Min, Honma, Hiroyuki, Horii, Yasuyuki, Horvath, Dezso, Hosoyama, Kenji, Hostachy, Jean-Yves, Hou, Mi, Hou, Wei-Shu, Howell, David, Hronek, Maxine, Hsiung, Yee B., Hu, Bo, Hu, Tao, Huang, Jung-Yun, Huang, Tong Ming, Huang, Wen Hui, Huedem, Emil, Huggard, Peter, Hugonie, Cyril, Hu-Guo, Christine, Huitu, Katri, Hwang, Youngseok, Idzik, Marek, Ignatenko, Alexandr, Ignatov, Fedor, Ikeda, Hirokazu, Ikematsu, Katsumasa, Ilicheva, Tatiana, Imbault, Didier, Imhof, Andreas, Incagli, Marco, Ingbir, Ronen, Inoue, Hitoshi, Inoue, Youichi, Introzzi, Gianluca, Ioakeimidi, Katerina, Ishihara, Satoshi, Ishikawa, Akimasa, Ishikawa, Tadashi, Issakov, Vladimir, Ito, Kazutoshi, Ivanov, V. V., Ivanov, Valentin, Ivanyushenkov, Yury, Iwasaki, Masako, Iwashita, Yoshihisa, Jackson, David, Jackson, Frank, Jacobsen, Bob, Jaganathan, Ramaswamy, Jamison, Steven, Janssen, Matthias Enno, Jaramillo-Echeverria, Richard, Jaros, John, Jauffret, Clement, Jawale, Suresh B., Jeans, Daniel, Jedziniak, Ron, Jeffery, Ben, Jehanno, Didier, Jenner, Leo J., Jensen, Chris, Jensen, David R., Jiang, Hairong, Jiang, Xiao Ming, Jimbo, Masato, Jin, Shan, Keith Jobe, R., Johnson, Anthony, Johnson, Erik, Johnson, Matt, Johnston, Michael, Joireman, Paul, Jokic, Stevan, Jones, James, Jones, Roger M., Jongewaard, Erik, Jönsson, Leif, Joshi, Gopal, Joshi, Satish C., Jung, Jin-Young, Junk, Thomas, Juste, Aurelio, Kado, Marumi, Kadyk, John, Käfer, Daniela, Kako, Eiji, Kalavase, Puneeth, Kalinin, Alexander, Kalinowski, Jan, Kamitani, Takuya, Kamiya, Yoshio, Kamiya, Yukihide, Kamoshita, Jun-Ichi, Kananov, Sergey, Kanaya, Kazuyuki, Kanazawa, Ken-Ichi, Kanemura, Shinya, Kang, Heung-Sik, Kang, Wen, Kanjial, D., Kapusta, Frédéric, Karataev, Pavel, Karchin, Paul E., Karlen, Dean, Karyotakis, Yannis, Kashikhin, Vladimir, Kashiwagi, Shigeru, Kasley, Paul, Katagiri, Hiroaki, Kato, Takashi, Kato, Yukihiro, Katzy, Judith, Kaukher, Alexander, Kaur, Manjit, Kawagoe, Kiyotomo, Kawamura, Hiroyuki, Kazakov, Sergei, Kekelidze, V. D., Keller, Lewis, Kelley, Michael, Kelly, Marc, Kelly, Michael, Kennedy, Kurt, Kephart, Robert, Keung, Justin, Khainovski, Oleg, Khan, Sameen Ahmed, Khare, Prashant, Khovansky, Nikolai, Kiesling, Christian, Kikuchi, Mitsuo, Kilian, Wolfgang, Killenberg, Martin, Kim, Donghee, Kim, Eun San, Kim, Eun-Joo, Kim, Guinyun, Kim, Hongjoo, Kim, Hyoungsuk, Kim, Hyun-Chui, Kim, Jonghoon, Kim, Kwang-Je, Kim, Kyung Sook, Kim, Peter, Kim, Seunghwan, Kim, Shin-Hong, Kim, Sun Kee, Kim, Tae Jeong, Kim, Youngim, Kim, Young-Kee, Kimmitt, Maurice, Kirby, Robert, Kircher, François, Kisielewska, Danuta, Kittel, Olaf, Klanner, Robert, Klebaner, Arkadiy L., Kleinwort, Claus, Klimkovich, Tatsiana, Klinkby, Esben, Kluth, Stefan, Knecht, Marc, Kneisel, Peter, Ko, In Soo, Ko, Kwok, Kobayashi, Makoto, Kobayashi, Nobuko, Kobel, Michael, Koch, Manuel, Kodys, Peter, Koetz, Uli, Kohrs, Robert, Kojima, Yuuji, Kolanoski, Hermann, Kolodziej, Karol, Kolomensky, Yury G., Komamiya, Sachio, Kong, Xiang Cheng, Konigsberg, Jacobo, Korbel, Volker, Koscielniak, Shane, Kostromin, Sergey, Kowalewski, Robert, Kraml, Sabine, Krammer, Manfred, Krasnykh, Anatoly, Krautscheid, Thorsten, Krawczyk, Maria, James Krebs, H., Krempetz, Kurt, Kribs, Graham, Krishnagopal, Srinivas, Kriske, Richard, Kronfeld, Andreas, Kroseberg, Jürgen, Kruchonak, Uladzimir, Kruecker, Dirk, Krüger, Hans, Krumpa, Nicholas A., Krumshtein, Zinovii, Kuang, Yu Ping, Kubo, Kiyoshi, Kuchler, Vic, Kudoh, Noboru, Kulis, Szymon, Kumada, Masayuki, Kumar, Abhay, Kume, Tatsuya, Kundu, Anirban, Kurevlev, German, Kurihara, Yoshimasa, Kuriki, Masao, Kuroda, Shigeru, Kuroiwa, Hirotoshi, Kurokawa, Shin-Ichi, Kusano, Tomonori, Kush, Pradeep K., Kutschke, Robert, Kuznetsova, Ekaterina, Kvasnicka, Peter, Kwon, Youngjoon, Labarga, Luis, Lacasta, Carlos, Lackey, Sharon, Lackowski, Thomas W., Lafaye, Remi, Lafferty, George, Lagorio, Eric, Laktineh, Imad, Lal, Shankar, Laloum, Maurice, Lam, Briant, Lancaster, Mark, Lander, Richard, Lange, Wolfgang, Langenfeld, Ulrich, Langeveld, Willem, Larbalestier, David, Larsen, Ray, Lastovicka, Tomas, Lastovicka-Medin, Gordana, Latina, Andrea, Latour, Emmanuel, Laurent, Lisa, Le, Ba Nam, Le, Duc Ninh, Le Diberder, Francois, Dû, Patrick Le, Lebbolo, Hervé, Lebrun, Paul, Lecoq, Jacques, Lee, Sung-Won, Lehner, Frank, Leibfritz, Jerry, Lenkszus, Frank, Lesiak, Tadeusz, Levy, Aharon, Lewandowski, Jim, Leyh, Greg, Li, Cheng, Li, Chong Sheng, Li, Chun Hua, Li, Da Zhang, Li, Gang, Li, Jin, Li, Shao Peng, Li, Wei Ming, Li, Weiguo, Li, Xiao Ping, Li, Xue-Qian, Li, Yuanjing, Li, Yulan, Li, Zenghai, Li, Zhong Quan, Liang, Jian Tao, Liao, Yi, Lilje, Lutz, Guilherme Lima, J., Lintern, Andrew J., Lipton, Ronald, List, Benno, List, Jenny, Liu, Chun, Liu, Jian Fei, Liu, Ke Xin, Liu, Li Qiang, Liu, Shao Zhen, Liu, Sheng Guang, Liu, Shubin, Liu, Wanming, Liu, Wei Bin, Liu, Ya Ping, Liu, Yu Dong, Lockyer, Nigel, Logan, Heather E., Logatchev, Pavel V., Lohmann, Wolfgang, Lohse, Thomas, Lola, Smaragda, Lopez-Virto, Amparo, Loveridge, Peter, Lozano, Manuel, Lu, Cai-Dian, Lu, Changguo, Lu, Gong-Lu, Lu, Wen Hui, Lubatti, Henry, Lucotte, Arnaud, Lundberg, Björn, Lundin, Tracy, Luo, Mingxing, Luong, Michel, Luth, Vera, Lutz, Benjamin, Lutz, Pierre, Lux, Thorsten, Luzniak, Pawel, Lyapin, Alexey, Lykken, Joseph, Lynch, Clare, Ma, Li, Ma, Lili, Ma, Qiang, Ma, Wen-Gan, Macfarlane, David, Maciel, Arthur, Macleod, Allan, Macnair, David, Mader, Wolfgang, Magill, Stephen, Magnan, Anne-Marie, Maiheu, Bino, Maity, Manas, Majchrzak, Millicent, Majumder, Gobinda, Makarov, Roman, Makowski, Dariusz, Malaescu, Bogdan, Mallik, C., Mallik, Usha, Malton, Stephen, Malyshev, Oleg B., Malysheva, Larisa I., Mammosser, John, Mamta, Mamuzic, Judita, Manen, Samuel, Manghisoni, Massimo, Manly, Steven, Marcellini, Fabio, Marcisovsky, Michal, Markiewicz, Thomas W., Marks, Steve, Marone, Andrew, Marti, Felix, Martin, Jean-Pierre, Martin, Victoria, Martin-Chassard, Gisèle, Martinez, Manel, Martinez-Rivero, Celso, Martsch, Dennis, Martyn, Hans-Ulrich, Maruyama, Takashi, Masuzawa, Mika, Mathez, Hervé, Matsuda, Takeshi, Matsumoto, Hiroshi, Matsumoto, Shuji, Matsumoto, Toshihiro, Matsunaga, Hiroyuki, Mättig, Peter, Mattison, Thomas, Mavromanolakis, Georgios, Mawatari, Kentarou, Mazzacane, Anna, Mcbride, Patricia, Mccormick, Douglas, Mccormick, Jeremy, Mcdonald, Kirk T., Mcgee, Mike, Mcintosh, Peter, Mckee, Bobby, Mcpherson, Robert A., Meidlinger, Mandi, Meier, Karlheinz, Mele, Barbara, Meller, Bob, Melzer-Pellmann, Isabell-Alissandra, Mendez, Hector, Mercer, Adam, Merkin, Mikhail, Meshkov, I. N., Messner, Robert, Metcalfe, Jessica, Meyer, Chris, Meyer, Hendrik, Meyer, Joachim, Meyer, Niels, Meyners, Norbert, Michelato, Paolo, Michizono, Shinichiro, Mihalcea, Daniel, Mihara, Satoshi, Mihara, Takanori, Mikami, Yoshinari, Mikhailichenko, Alexander A., Milardi, Catia, Miller, David J., Miller, Owen, Miller, Roger J., Milstene, Caroline, Mimashi, Toshihiro, Minashvili, Irakli, Miquel, Ramon, Mishra, Shekhar, Mitaroff, Winfried, Mitchell, Chad, Miura, Takako, Miyamoto, Akiya, Miyata, Hitoshi, Mjörnmark, Ulf, Mnich, Joachim, Moenig, Klaus, Moffeit, Kenneth, Mokhov, Nikolai, Molloy, Stephen, Monaco, Laura, Monasterio, Paul R., Montanari, Alessandro, Moon, Sung Ik, Moortgat-Pick, Gudrid A., Mora Freitas, Paulo, Morel, Federic, Moretti, Stefano, Morgunov, Vasily, Mori, Toshinori, Morin, Laurent, Morisseau, François, Morita, Yoshiyuki, Morita, Youhei, Morita, Yuichi, Morozov, Nikolai, Morozumi, Yuichi, Morse, William, Moser, Hans-Guenther, Moultaka, Gilbert, Mtingwa, Sekazi, Mudrinic, Mihajlo, Mueller, Alex, Mueller, Wolfgang, Muennich, Astrid, Muhlleitner, Milada Margarete, Mukherjee, Bhaskar, Mukhopadhyaya, Biswarup, Müller, Thomas, Munro, Morrison, Murayama, Hitoshi, Muto, Toshiya, Myneni, Ganapati Rao, Nabhiraj, P. Y., Nagaitsev, Sergei, Nagamine, Tadashi, Nagano, Ai, Naito, Takashi, Nakai, Hirotaka, Nakajima, Hiromitsu, Nakamura, Isamu, Nakamura, Tomoya, Nakanishi, Tsutomu, Nakao, Katsumi, Nakao, Noriaki, Nakayoshi, Kazuo, Nam, Sang, Namito, Yoshihito, Namkung, Won, Nantista, Chris, Napoly, Olivier, Narain, Meenakshi, Naroska, Beate, Nauenberg, Uriel, Nayyar, Ruchika, Neal, Homer, Nelson, Charles, Nelson, Janice, Nelson, Timothy, Nemecek, Stanislav, Neubauer, Michael, Neuffer, David, Newman, Myriam Q., Nezhevenko, Oleg, Ng, Cho-Kuen, Nguyen, Anh Ky, Nguyen, Minh, Nguyen Thi, Hong, Niebuhr, Carsten, Niehoff, Jim, Niezurawski, Piotr, Nishitani, Tomohiro, Nitoh, Osamu, Noguchi, Shuichi, Nomerotski, Andrei, Noonan, John, Norbeck, Edward, Nosochkov, Yuri, Notz, Dieter, Nowak, Grazyna, Nowak, Hannelies, Noy, Matthew, Nozaki, Mitsuaki, Nyffeler, Andreas, Nygren, David, Oddone, Piermaria, O, Joseph, Oh, Jong-Seok, Oh, Sun Kun, Ohkuma, Kazumasa, Ohlerich, Martin, Ohmi, Kazuhito, Ohnishi, Yukiyoshi, Ohsawa, Satoshi, Ohuchi, Norihito, Oide, Katsunobu, Okada, Nobuchika, Okada, Yasuhiro, Okamura, Takahiro, Okugi, Toshiyuki, Okumi, Shoji, Okumura, Ken-Ichi, Olchevski, Alexander, Oliver, William, Olivier, Bob, Olsen, James, Olsen, Jeff, Olsen, Stephen, Olshevsky, A. 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X., Penn, Gregory, Penzo, Aldo, Perry, Colin, Peskin, Michael, Peters, Franz, Petersen, Troels Christian, Peterson, Daniel, Peterson, Thomas, Petterson, Maureen, Pfeffer, Howard, Pfund, Phil, Phelps, Alan, Phi, Quang, Phillips, Jonathan, Piccolo, Marcello, Piemontese, Livio, Pierini, Paolo, Thomas Piggott, W., Pike, Gary, Pillet, Nicolas, Jayawardena, Talini Pinto, Piot, Phillippe, Pitts, Kevin, Pivi, Mauro, Plate, Dave, Pleier, Marc-Andre, Poblaguev, Andrei, Poehler, Michael, Poelker, Matthew, Poffenberger, Paul, Pogorelsky, Igor, Poirier, Freddy, Poling, Ronald, Poole, Mike, Popescu, Sorina, Popielarski, John, Pöschl, Roman, Postranecky, Martin, Potukochi, Prakash N., Prast, Julie, Prat, Serge, Preger, Miro, Prepost, Richard, Price, Michael, Proch, Dieter, Puntambekar, Avinash, Qin, Qing, Qu, Hua Min, Quadt, Arnulf, Quesnel, Jean-Pierre, Radeka, Veljko, Rahmat, Rahmat, Rai, Santosh Kumar, Raimondi, Pantaleo, Ramberg, Erik, Ranjan, Kirti, Rao, Sista V. L. 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Subjects
Physics::Accelerator Physics, Accelerators and Storage Rings
Abstract

The International Linear Collider (ILC) is a 200-500 GeV center-of-mass high-luminosity linear electron-positron collider, based on 1.3 GHz superconducting radio-frequency (SCRF) accelerating cavities. The ILC has a total footprint of about 31 km and is designed for a peak luminosity of 2x10^34 cm^-2 s^-1. The complex includes a polarized electron source, an undulator-based positron source, two 6.7 km circumference damping rings, two-stage bunch compressors, two 11 km long main linacs and a 4.5 km long beam delivery system. This report is Volume III (Accelerator) of the four volume Reference Design Report, which describes the design and cost of the ILC. The International Linear Collider (ILC) is a 200-500 GeV center-of-mass high-luminosity linear electron-positron collider, based on 1.3 GHz superconducting radio-frequency (SCRF) accelerating cavities. The ILC has a total footprint of about 31 km and is designed for a peak luminosity of 2x10^34 cm^-2 s^-1. The complex includes a polarized electron source, an undulator-based positron source, two 6.7 km circumference damping rings, two-stage bunch compressors, two 11 km long main linacs and a 4.5 km long beam delivery system. This report is Volume III (Accelerator) of the four volume Reference Design Report, which describes the design and cost of the ILC.

41. International Linear Collider Reference Design Report Volume 2: Physics at the ILC

Author

Djouadi, Abdelhak, Lykken, Joseph, Moenig, Klaus, Okada, Yasuhiro, Oreglia, Mark, Yamashita, Satoru, Aarons, Gerald, Abe, Toshinori, Abernathy, Jason, Ablikim, Medina, Abramowicz, Halina, Adey, David, Adloff, Catherine, Adolphsen, Chris, Afanaciev, Konstantin, Agapov, Ilya, Ahn, Jung-Keun, Aihara, Hiroaki, Akemoto, Mitsuo, Del Carmen Alabau, Maria, Albert, Justin, Albrecht, Hartwig, Albrecht, Michael, Alesini, David, Alexander, Gideon, Alexander, Jim, Allison, Wade, Amann, John, Amirikas, Ramila, An, Qi, Anami, Shozo, Ananthanarayan, B., Anderson, Terry, Andricek, Ladislav, Anduze, Marc, Anerella, Michael, Anfimov, Nikolai, Angal-Kalinin, Deepa, Antipov, Sergei, Antoine, Claire, Aoki, Mayumi, Aoza, Atsushi, Aplin, Steve, Appleby, Rob, Arai, Yasuo, Araki, Sakae, Arkan, Tug, Arnold, Ned, Arnold, Ray, Arnowitt, Richard, Artru, Xavier, Arya, Kunal, Aryshev, Alexander, Asakawa, Eri, Asiri, Fred, Asner, David, Atac, Muzaffer, Atoian, Grigor, Attié, David, Augustin, Jean-Eudes, Augustine, David B., Ayres, Bradley, Aziz, Tariq, Baars, Derek, Badaud, Frederique, Baddams, Nigel, Bagger, Jonathan, Bai, Sha, Bailey, David, Bailey, Ian R., Baker, David, Balalykin, Nikolai I., Balbuena, Juan Pablo, Baldy, Jean-Luc, Ball, Markus, Ball, Maurice, Ballestrero, Alessandro, Ballin, Jamie, Baltay, Charles, Bambade, Philip, Ban, Syuichi, Band, Henry, Bane, Karl, Banerjee, Bakul, Barbanotti, Serena, Barbareschi, Daniele, Barbaro-Galtieri, Angela, Barber, Desmond P., Barbi, Mauricio, Bardin, Dmitri Y., Barish, Barry, Barklow, Timothy L., Barlow, Roger, Barnes, Virgil E., Barone, Maura, Bartels, Christoph, Bartsch, Valeria, Basu, Rahul, Battaglia, Marco, Batygin, Yuri, Baudot, Jerome, Baur, Ulrich, Elwyn Baynham, D., Beard, Carl, Bebek, Chris, Bechtle, Philip, Becker, Ulrich J., Bedeschi, Franco, Bedjidian, Marc, Behera, Prafulla, Behnke, Ties, Bellantoni, Leo, Bellerive, Alain, Bellomo, Paul, Bentson, Lynn D., Benyamna, Mustapha, Bergauer, Thomas, Berger, Edmond, Bergholz, Matthias, Beri, Suman, Berndt, Martin, Bernreuther, Werner, Bertolini, Alessandro, Besancon, Marc, Besson, Auguste, Beteille, Andre, Bettoni, Simona, Beyer, Michael, Bhandari, R. 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Subjects
Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, High Energy Physics::Phenomenology, Physics::Accelerator Physics, High Energy Physics::Experiment, hep-ph
Abstract

This article reviews the physics case for the ILC. Baseline running at 500 GeV as well as possible upgrades and options are discussed. The opportunities on Standard Model physics, Higgs physics, Supersymmetry and alternative theories beyond the Standard Model are described. This article reviews the physics case for the ILC. Baseline running at 500 GeV as well as possible upgrades and options are discussed. The opportunities on Standard Model physics, Higgs physics, Supersymmetry and alternative theories beyond the Standard Model are described.

42. Design of an X-ray imaging system for the low-energy ring of PEP-II

Author

Scott DeBarger, J.T. Seeman, Don Arnett, D. McCormick, Alan Fisher, David Kharakh, Bennett Smith, Hobey DeStaebler, M.C. Ross, J. A. Kadyk, Keith Jobe, Mark Petree, Justin Albert, Janice Button-Shafer, and D. G. Hitlin

Subjects
Physics, Photomultiplier, Scanner, Photon, business.industry, Detector, Scintillator, Zone plate, law.invention, Optics, Bunches, law, Pinhole camera, Physics::Accelerator Physics, business
Abstract

An x-ray beam-size monitor for positrons in the lowenergy ring (LER) of the PEP-II B Factory at SLAC is being designed to accommodate the present 2-A, 3.1-GeV beam and anticipated currents of up to 4.7 A. The final photon stop of an arc will be rebuilt to pass dipole radiation through cooled apertures to optics 17 m from the source. The initial installation will use pinhole optics with a calculated resolution of 35 µm. We then plan an upgrade using zone-plate imaging to obtain a resolution of 6 µm. Two multilayer x-ray mirrors precede the zone plate, limiting the bandwidth to 1%, in order to avoid chromatic blurring and protect the zone plate. Despite the narrow bandwidth, the zone plate’s larger diameter compared to a pinhole camera allows for a comparable photon flux. We will image all of the available 1700 LER bunches and also measure them individually, searching for variations along the train due to electron-cloud and beam-beam effects, using a scanning detector conceptually derived from a wire scanner. A mask with three narrow slots at different orientations will scan the image to obtain three projections. In one passage, signals from a fast scintillator and photomultiplier will be rapidly digitized and sorted to profile each bunch.

43. High Gradient Performance of NLC/GLC X-band Accelerating Structures

Author

M.C. Ross, D. McCormick, J.W. Wang, D. L. Burke, R.E. Kirby, K. Takata, J. Nelson, N. Toge, D.C. Schultz, J.C. Frisch, Zenghai Li, Sami Tantawi, Ivan Gonin, Gennady Romanov, T. Arkan, C. Boffo, Y. Morozumi, H. Kawamata, Chris Adolphsen, Jose Chan, T.N.Khabiboulline, Gordon Bowden, Tatsuya Kume, Steffen Döbert, N. Higashi, Keith Jobe, Y. Watanabe, K. Ueno, Toshiyasu Higo, Y. Funahashi, C. Pearson, Hitoshi Hayano, Robert J. Miller, Roger Jones, C. Nantista, Yasuo Higashi, Tonee Smith, Toshikazu Takatomi, S. Mishra, H. Carter, Valery Dolgashev, Nikolay Solyak, and James Lewandowski

Subjects
Nuclear physics, Physics, Breakdown rate, Dipole mode, International Linear Collider, business.industry, Electrical engineering, X band, Group velocity, business, Cell phase
Abstract

During the past five years, there has been an concerted program at SLAC and KEK to develop accelerator structures that meet the high gradient (65 MV/m) performance requirements for the Next Linear Collider (NLC) and Global Linear Collider (GLC) initiatives. The design that resulted is a 60-cm-long, traveling-wave structure with low group velocity and 150 degree per cell phase advance. It has an average iris size that produces an acceptable short-range wakefield, and dipole mode damping and detuning that adequately suppresses the long-range wakefield. More than eight such structures have operated at a 60 Hz repetition rate over 1000 hours at 65 MV/m with 400 ns long pulses, and have reached breakdown rate levels below the limit for the linear collider. Moreover, the structures are robust in that the rates continue to decrease over time, and if the structures are briefly exposed to air, the rates recover to their low levels within a few days. This paper presents a summary of the results from this program, which effectively ended last August with the selection of ‘cold’ technology for an International Linear Collider (ILC).

44. ILC Reference Design Report Volume 4 - Detectors

Author

Behnke, Ties, Damerell, Chris, Jaros, John, Miyamoto, Akiya, Aarons, Gerald, Abe, Toshinori, Abernathy, Jason, Ablikim, Medina, Abramowicz, Halina, Adey, David, Adloff, Catherine, Adolphsen, Chris, Afanaciev, Konstantin, Agapov, Ilya, Ahn, Jung-Keun, Aihara, Hiroaki, Akemoto, Mitsuo, Del Carmen Alabau, Maria, Albert, Justin, Albrecht, Hartwig, Albrecht, Michael, Alesini, David, Alexander, Gideon, Alexander, Jim, Allison, Wade, Amann, John, Amirikas, Ramila, An, Qi, Anami, Shozo, Ananthanarayan, B., Anderson, Terry, Andricek, Ladislav, Anduze, Marc, Anerella, Michael, Anfimov, Nikolai, Angal-Kalinin, Deepa, Antipov, Sergei, Antoine, Claire, Aoki, Mayumi, Aoza, Atsushi, Aplin, Steve, Appleby, Rob, Arai, Yasuo, Araki, Sakae, Arkan, Tug, Arnold, Ned, Arnold, Ray, Arnowitt, Richard, Artru, Xavier, Arya, Kunal, Aryshev, Alexander, Asakawa, Eri, Asiri, Fred, Asner, David, Atac, Muzaffer, Atoian, Grigor, Attié, David, Augustin, Jean-Eudes, Augustine, David B., Ayres, Bradley, Aziz, Tariq, Baars, Derek, Badaud, Frederique, Baddams, Nigel, Bagger, Jonathan, Bai, Sha, Bailey, David, Bailey, Ian R., Baker, David, Balalykin, Nikolai I., Balbuena, Juan Pablo, Baldy, Jean-Luc, Ball, Markus, Ball, Maurice, Ballestrero, Alessandro, Ballin, Jamie, Baltay, Charles, Bambade, Philip, Ban, Syuichi, Band, Henry, Bane, Karl, Banerjee, Bakul, Barbanotti, Serena, Barbareschi, Daniele, Barbaro-Galtieri, Angela, Barber, Desmond P., Barbi, Mauricio, Bardin, Dmitri Y., Barish, Barry, Barklow, Timothy L., Barlow, Roger, Barnes, Virgil E., Barone, Maura, Bartels, Christoph, Bartsch, Valeria, Basu, Rahul, Battaglia, Marco, Batygin, Yuri, Baudot, Jerome, Baur, Ulrich, Elwyn Baynham, D., Beard, Carl, Bebek, Chris, Bechtle, Philip, Becker, Ulrich J., Bedeschi, Franco, Bedjidian, Marc, Behera, Prafulla, Bellantoni, Leo, Bellerive, Alain, Bellomo, Paul, Bentson, Lynn D., Benyamna, Mustapha, Bergauer, Thomas, Berger, Edmond, Bergholz, Matthias, Beri, Suman, Berndt, Martin, Bernreuther, Werner, Bertolini, Alessandro, Besancon, Marc, Besson, Auguste, Beteille, Andre, Bettoni, Simona, Beyer, Michael, Bhandari, R. K., Bharadwaj, Vinod, Bhatnagar, Vipin, Bhattacharya, Satyaki, Bhattacharyya, Gautam, Bhattacherjee, Biplob, Bhuyan, Ruchika, Bi, Xiao-Jun, Biagini, Marica, Bialowons, Wilhelm, Biebel, Otmar, Bieler, Thomas, Bierwagen, John, Birch, Alison, Bisset, Mike, Biswal, S. S., Blackmore, Victoria, Blair, Grahame, Blanchard, Guillaume, Blazey, Gerald, Blue, Andrew, Blümlein, Johannes, Boffo, Christian, Bohn, Courtlandt, Boiko, V. I., Boisvert, Veronique, Bondarchuk, Eduard N., Boni, Roberto, Bonvicini, Giovanni, Boogert, Stewart, Boonekamp, Maarten, Boorman, Gary, Borras, Kerstin, Bortoletto, Daniela, Bosco, Alessio, Bosio, Carlo, Bosland, Pierre, Bosotti, Angelo, Boudry, Vincent, Boumediene, Djamel-Eddine, Bouquet, Bernard, Bourov, Serguei, Bowden, Gordon, Bower, Gary, Boyarski, Adam, Bozovic-Jelisavcic, Ivanka, Bozzi, Concezio, Brachmann, Axel, Bradshaw, Tom W., Brandt, Andrew, Brasser, Hans Peter, Brau, Benjamin, Brau, James E., Breidenbach, Martin, Bricker, Steve, Brient, Jean-Claude, Brock, Ian, Brodsky, Stanley, Brooksby, Craig, Broome, Timothy A., Brown, David, Brownell, James H., Bruchon, Mélanie, Brueck, Heiner, Brummitt, Amanda J., Brun, Nicole, Buchholz, Peter, Budagov, Yulian A., Bulgheroni, Antonio, Bulyak, Eugene, Bungau, Adriana, Bürger, Jochen, Burke, Dan, Burkhart, Craig, Burrows, Philip, Burt, Graeme, Burton, David, Büsser, Karsten, Butler, John, Butterworth, Jonathan, Buzulutskov, Alexei, Cabruja, Enric, Caccia, Massimo, Cai, Yunhai, Calcaterra, Alessandro, Caliier, Stephane, Camporesi, Tiziano, Cao, Jun-Jie, Cao, J. S., Capatina, Ofelia, Cappellini, Chiara, Carcagno, Ruben, Carena, Marcela, Carloganu, Cristina, Carosi, Roberto, Stephen Carr, F., Carrion, Francisco, Carter, Harry F., Carter, John, Carwardine, John, Cassel, Richard, Cassell, Ronald, Cavallari, Giorgio, Cavallo, Emanuela, Cembranos, Jose A. R., Chakraborty, Dhiman, Chandez, Frederic, Charles, Matthew, Chase, Brian, Chattopadhyay, Subhasis, Chauveau, Jacques, Chefdeville, Maximilien, Chehab, Robert, Chel, Stéphane, Chelkov, Georgy, Chen, Chiping, Chen, He Sheng, Chen, Huai Bi, Chen, Jia Er, Chen, Sen Yu, Chen, Shaomin, Chen, Shenjian, Chen, Xun, Chen, Yuan Bo, Cheng, Jian, Chevallier, M., Chi, Yun Long, Chickering, William, Cho, Gi-Chol, Cho, Moo-Hyun, Choi, Jin-Hyuk, Choi, Jong Bum, Choi, Seong Youl, Choi, Young-Il, Choudhary, Brajesh, Choudhury, Debajyoti, Rai Choudhury, S., Christian, David, Christian, Glenn, Christophe, Grojean, Chung, Jin-Hyuk, Church, Mike, Ciborowski, Jacek, Cihangir, Selcuk, Ciovati, Gianluigi, Clarke, Christine, Clarke, Don G., Clarke, James A., Clements, Elizabeth, Coca, Cornelia, Coe, Paul, Cogan, John, Colas, Paul, Collard, Caroline, Colledani, Claude, Combaret, Christophe, Comerma, Albert, Compton, Chris, Constance, Ben, Conway, John, Cook, Ed, Cooke, Peter, Cooper, William, Corcoran, Sean, Cornat, Rémi, Corner, Laura, Cortina Gil, Eduardo, Clay Corvin, W., Cotta Ramusino, Angelo, Cowan, Ray, Crawford, Curtis, Cremaldi, Lucien M., Crittenden, James A., Cussans, David, Cvach, Jaroslav, Da Silva, Wilfrid, Dabiri Khah, Hamid, Dabrowski, Anne, Dabrowski, Wladyslaw, Dadoun, Olivier, Dai, Jian Ping, Dainton, John, Daly, Colin, Danilov, Mikhail, Daniluk, Witold, Daram, Sarojini, Datta, Anindya, Dauncey, Paul, David, Jacques, Davier, Michel, Davies, Ken P., Dawson, Sally, Boer, Wim, Curtis, Stefania, Groot, Nicolo, La Taille, Christophe, Lira, Antonio, Roeck, Albert, Sangro, Riccardo, Santis, Stefano, Deacon, Laurence, Deandrea, Aldo, Dehmelt, Klaus, Delagnes, Eric, Delahaye, Jean-Pierre, Delebecque, Pierre, Delerue, Nicholas, Delferriere, Olivier, Demarteau, Marcel, Deng, Zhi, Denisov, Yu N., Densham, Christopher J., Desch, Klaus, Deshpande, Nilendra, Devanz, Guillaume, Devetak, Erik, Dexter, Amos, Di Benedetto, Vito, Diéguez, Angel, Diener, Ralf, Dinh, Nguyen Dinh, Dixit, Madhu, Dixit, Sudhir, Djouadi, Abdelhak, Dolezal, Zdenek, Dollan, Ralph, Dong, Dong, Dong, Hai Yi, Dorfan, Jonathan, Dorokhov, Andrei, Doucas, George, Downing, Robert, Doyle, Eric, Doziere, Guy, Drago, Alessandro, Dragt, Alex, Drake, Gary, Drásal, Zbynek, Dreiner, Herbert, Drell, Persis, Driouichi, Chafik, Drozhdin, Alexandr, Drugakov, Vladimir, Du, Shuxian, Dugan, Gerald, Duginov, Viktor, Dulinski, Wojciech, Dulucq, Frederic, Dutta, Sukanta, Dwivedi, Jishnu, Dychkant, Alexandre, Dzahini, Daniel, Eckerlin, Guenter, Edwards, Helen, Ehrenfeld, Wolfgang, Ehrlichman, Michael, Ehrlichmann, Heiko, Eigen, Gerald, Elagin, Andrey, Elementi, Luciano, Eliasson, Peder, Ellis, John, Ellwood, George, Elsen, Eckhard, Emery, Louis, Enami, Kazuhiro, Endo, Kuninori, Enomoto, Atsushi, Eozénou, Fabien, Erbacher, Robin, Erickson, Roger, Oleg Eyser, K., Fadeyev, Vitaliy, Fang, Shou Xian, Fant, Karen, Fasso, Alberto, Faucci Giannelli, Michele, Fehlberg, John, Feld, Lutz, Feng, Jonathan L., Ferguson, John, Fernandez-Garcia, Marcos, Luis Fernandez-Hernando, J., Fiala, Pavel, Fieguth, Ted, Finch, Alexander, Finocchiaro, Giuseppe, Fischer, Peter, Fisher, Peter, Eugene Fisk, H., Fitton, Mike D., Fleck, Ivor, Fleischer, Manfred, Fleury, Julien, Flood, Kevin, Foley, Mike, Ford, Richard, Fortin, Dominique, Foster, Brian, Fourches, Nicolas, Francis, Kurt, Frey, Ariane, Frey, Raymond, Friedsam, Horst, Frisch, Josef, Frishman, Anatoli, Fuerst, Joel, Fujii, Keisuke, Fujimoto, Junpei, Fukuda, Masafumi, Fukuda, Shigeki, Funahashi, Yoshisato, Funk, Warren, Furletova, Julia, Furukawa, Kazuro, Furuta, Fumio, Fusayasu, Takahiro, Fuster, Juan, Gadow, Karsten, Gaede, Frank, Gaglione, Renaud, Gai, Wei, Gajewski, Jan, Galik, Richard, Galkin, Alexei, Galkin, Valery, Gallin-Martel, Laurent, Gannaway, Fred, Gao, Jian She, Gao, Jie, Gao, Yuanning, Garbincius, Peter, Garcia-Tabares, Luis, Garren, Lynn, Garrido, Luís, Garutti, Erika, Garvey, Terry, Garwin, Edward, Gascón, David, Gastal, Martin, Gatto, Corrado, Gatto, Raoul, Gay, Pascal, Ge, Lixin, Ge, Ming Qi, Ge, Rui, Geiser, Achim, Gellrich, Andreas, Genat, Jean-Francois, Geng, Zhe Qiao, Gentile, Simonetta, Gerbick, Scot, Gerig, Rod, Ghosh, Dilip Kumar, Ghosh, Kirtiman, Gibbons, Lawrence, Giganon, Arnaud, Gillespie, Allan, Gillman, Tony, Ginzburg, Ilya, Giomataris, Ioannis, Giunta, Michele, Gladkikh, Peter, Gluza, Janusz, Godbole, Rohini, Godfrey, Stephen, Goldhaber, Gerson, Goldstein, Joel, Gollin, George D., Gonzalez-Sanchez, Francisco Javier, Goodrick, Maurice, Gornushkin, Yuri, Gostkin, Mikhail, Gottschalk, Erik, Goudket, Philippe, Gough Eschrich, Ivo, Gournaris, Filimon, Graciani, Ricardo, Graf, Norman, Grah, Christian, Grancagnolo, Francesco, Grandjean, Damien, Grannis, Paul, Grassellino, Anna, Graugés, Eugeni, Gray, Stephen, Green, Michael, Greenhalgh, Justin, Greenshaw, Timothy, Grefe, Christian, Gregor, Ingrid-Maria, Grenier, Gerald, Grimes, Mark, Grimm, Terry, Gris, Philippe, Grivaz, Jean-Francois, Groll, Marius, Gronberg, Jeffrey, Grondin, Denis, Groom, Donald, Gross, Eilam, Grunewald, Martin, Grupen, Claus, Grzelak, Grzegorz, Gu, Jun, Gu, Yun-Ting, Guchait, Monoranjan, Guiducci, Susanna, Guler, Ali Murat, Guler, Hayg, Gulmez, Erhan, Gunion, John, Guo, Zhi Yu, Gurtu, Atul, Ha, Huy Bang, Haas, Tobias, Haase, Andy, Haba, Naoyuki, Haber, Howard, Haensel, Stephan, Hagge, Lars, Hagura, Hiroyuki, Hajdu, Csaba, Haller, Gunther, Haller, Johannes, Hallermann, Lea, Halyo, Valerie, Hamaguchi, Koichi, Hammond, Larry, Han, Liang, Han, Tao, Hand, Louis, Handu, Virender K., Hano, Hitoshi, Hansen, Christian, Hansen, Jørn Dines, Hansen, Jorgen Beck, Hara, Kazufumi, Harder, Kristian, Hartin, Anthony, Hartung, Walter, Hast, Carsten, Hauptman, John, Hauschild, Michael, Hauviller, Claude, Havranek, Miroslav, Hawkes, Chris, Hawkings, Richard, Hayano, Hitoshi, Hazumi, Masashi, He, An, He, Hong Jian, Hearty, Christopher, Heath, Helen, Hebbeker, Thomas, Hedberg, Vincent, Hedin, David, Heifets, Samuel, Heinemeyer, Sven, Heini, Sebastien, Helebrant, Christian, Helms, Richard, Heltsley, Brian, Henrot-Versille, Sophie, Henschel, Hans, Hensel, Carsten, Hermel, Richard, Herms, Atilà, Herten, Gregor, Hesselbach, Stefan, Heuer, Rolf-Dieter, Heusch, Clemens A., Hewett, Joanne, Higashi, Norio, Higashi, Takatoshi, Higashi, Yasuo, Higo, Toshiyasu, Hildreth, Michael D., Hiller, Karlheinz, Hillert, Sonja, Hillier, Stephen James, Himel, Thomas, Himmi, Abdelkader, Hinchliffe, Ian, Hioki, Zenro, Hirano, Koichiro, Hirose, Tachishige, Hisamatsu, Hiromi, Hisano, Junji, Hlaing, Chit Thu, Hock, Kai Meng, Hoeferkamp, Martin, Hohlfeld, Mark, Honda, Yousuke, Hong, Juho, Hong, Tae Min, Honma, Hiroyuki, Horii, Yasuyuki, Horvath, Dezso, Hosoyama, Kenji, Hostachy, Jean-Yves, Hou, Mi, Hou, Wei-Shu, Howell, David, Hronek, Maxine, Hsiung, Yee B., Hu, Bo, Hu, Tao, Huang, Jung-Yun, Huang, Tong Ming, Huang, Wen Hui, Huedem, Emil, Huggard, Peter, Hugonie, Cyril, Hu-Guo, Christine, Huitu, Katri, Hwang, Youngseok, Idzik, Marek, Ignatenko, Alexandr, Ignatov, Fedor, Ikeda, Hirokazu, Ikematsu, Katsumasa, Ilicheva, Tatiana, Imbault, Didier, Imhof, Andreas, Incagli, Marco, Ingbir, Ronen, Inoue, Hitoshi, Inoue, Youichi, Introzzi, Gianluca, Ioakeimidi, Katerina, Ishihara, Satoshi, Ishikawa, Akimasa, Ishikawa, Tadashi, Issakov, Vladimir, Ito, Kazutoshi, Ivanov, V. V., Ivanov, Valentin, Ivanyushenkov, Yury, Iwasaki, Masako, Iwashita, Yoshihisa, Jackson, David, Jackson, Frank, Jacobsen, Bob, Jaganathan, Ramaswamy, Jamison, Steven, Janssen, Matthias Enno, Jaramillo-Echeverria, Richard, Jauffret, Clement, Jawale, Suresh B., Jeans, Daniel, Jedziniak, Ron, Jeffery, Ben, Jehanno, Didier, Jenner, Leo J., Jensen, Chris, Jensen, David R., Jiang, Hairong, Jiang, Xiao Ming, Jimbo, Masato, Jin, Shan, Keith Jobe, R., Johnson, Anthony, Johnson, Erik, Johnson, Matt, Johnston, Michael, Joireman, Paul, Jokic, Stevan, Jones, James, Jones, Roger M., Jongewaard, Erik, Jönsson, Leif, Joshi, Gopal, Joshi, Satish C., Jung, Jin-Young, Junk, Thomas, Juste, Aurelio, Kado, Marumi, Kadyk, John, Käfer, Daniela, Kako, Eiji, Kalavase, Puneeth, Kalinin, Alexander, Kalinowski, Jan, Kamitani, Takuya, Kamiya, Yoshio, Kamiya, Yukihide, Kamoshita, Jun-Ichi, Kananov, Sergey, Kanaya, Kazuyuki, Kanazawa, Ken-Ichi, Kanemura, Shinya, Kang, Heung-Sik, Kang, Wen, Kanjial, D., Kapusta, Frédéric, Karataev, Pavel, Karchin, Paul E., Karlen, Dean, Karyotakis, Yannis, Kashikhin, Vladimir, Kashiwagi, Shigeru, Kasley, Paul, Katagiri, Hiroaki, Kato, Takashi, Kato, Yukihiro, Katzy, Judith, Kaukher, Alexander, Kaur, Manjit, Kawagoe, Kiyotomo, Kawamura, Hiroyuki, Kazakov, Sergei, Kekelidze, V. D., Keller, Lewis, Kelley, Michael, Kelly, Marc, Kelly, Michael, Kennedy, Kurt, Kephart, Robert, Keung, Justin, Khainovski, Oleg, Khan, Sameen Ahmed, Khare, Prashant, Khovansky, Nikolai, Kiesling, Christian, Kikuchi, Mitsuo, Kilian, Wolfgang, Killenberg, Martin, Kim, Donghee, Kim, Eun San, Kim, Eun-Joo, Kim, Guinyun, Kim, Hongjoo, Kim, Hyoungsuk, Kim, Hyun-Chui, Kim, Jonghoon, Kim, Kwang-Je, Kim, Kyung Sook, Kim, Peter, Kim, Seunghwan, Kim, Shin-Hong, Kim, Sun Kee, Kim, Tae Jeong, Kim, Youngim, Kim, Young-Kee, Kimmitt, Maurice, Kirby, Robert, Kircher, François, Kisielewska, Danuta, Kittel, Olaf, Klanner, Robert, Klebaner, Arkadiy L., Kleinwort, Claus, Klimkovich, Tatsiana, Klinkby, Esben, Kluth, Stefan, Knecht, Marc, Kneisel, Peter, Ko, In Soo, Ko, Kwok, Kobayashi, Makoto, Kobayashi, Nobuko, Kobel, Michael, Koch, Manuel, Kodys, Peter, Koetz, Uli, Kohrs, Robert, Kojima, Yuuji, Kolanoski, Hermann, Kolodziej, Karol, Kolomensky, Yury G., Komamiya, Sachio, Kong, Xiang Cheng, Konigsberg, Jacobo, Korbel, Volker, Koscielniak, Shane, Kostromin, Sergey, Kowalewski, Robert, Kraml, Sabine, Krammer, Manfred, Krasnykh, Anatoly, Krautscheid, Thorsten, Krawczyk, Maria, James Krebs, H., Krempetz, Kurt, Kribs, Graham, Krishnagopal, Srinivas, Kriske, Richard, Kronfeld, Andreas, Kroseberg, Jürgen, Kruchonak, Uladzimir, Kruecker, Dirk, Krüger, Hans, Krumpa, Nicholas A., Krumshtein, Zinovii, Kuang, Yu Ping, Kubo, Kiyoshi, Kuchler, Vic, Kudoh, Noboru, Kulis, Szymon, Kumada, Masayuki, Kumar, Abhay, Kume, Tatsuya, Kundu, Anirban, Kurevlev, German, Kurihara, Yoshimasa, Kuriki, Masao, Kuroda, Shigeru, Kuroiwa, Hirotoshi, Kurokawa, Shin-Ichi, Kusano, Tomonori, Kush, Pradeep K., Kutschke, Robert, Kuznetsova, Ekaterina, Kvasnicka, Peter, Kwon, Youngjoon, Labarga, Luis, Lacasta, Carlos, Lackey, Sharon, Lackowski, Thomas W., Lafaye, Remi, Lafferty, George, Lagorio, Eric, Laktineh, Imad, Lal, Shankar, Laloum, Maurice, Lam, Briant, Lancaster, Mark, Lander, Richard, Lange, Wolfgang, Langenfeld, Ulrich, Langeveld, Willem, Larbalestier, David, Larsen, Ray, Lastovicka, Tomas, Lastovicka-Medin, Gordana, Latina, Andrea, Latour, Emmanuel, Laurent, Lisa, Le, Ba Nam, Le, Duc Ninh, Le Diberder, Francois, Dû, Patrick Le, Lebbolo, Hervé, Lebrun, Paul, Lecoq, Jacques, Lee, Sung-Won, Lehner, Frank, Leibfritz, Jerry, Lenkszus, Frank, Lesiak, Tadeusz, Levy, Aharon, Lewandowski, Jim, Leyh, Greg, Li, Cheng, Li, Chong Sheng, Li, Chun Hua, Li, Da Zhang, Li, Gang, Li, Jin, Li, Shao Peng, Li, Wei Ming, Li, Weiguo, Li, Xiao Ping, Li, Xue-Qian, Li, Yuanjing, Li, Yulan, Li, Zenghai, Li, Zhong Quan, Liang, Jian Tao, Liao, Yi, Lilje, Lutz, Guilherme Lima, J., Lintern, Andrew J., Lipton, Ronald, List, Benno, List, Jenny, Liu, Chun, Liu, Jian Fei, Liu, Ke Xin, Liu, Li Qiang, Liu, Shao Zhen, Liu, Sheng Guang, Liu, Shubin, Liu, Wanming, Liu, Wei Bin, Liu, Ya Ping, Liu, Yu Dong, Lockyer, Nigel, Logan, Heather E., Logatchev, Pavel V., Lohmann, Wolfgang, Lohse, Thomas, Lola, Smaragda, Lopez-Virto, Amparo, Loveridge, Peter, Lozano, Manuel, Lu, Cai-Dian, Lu, Changguo, Lu, Gong-Lu, Lu, Wen Hui, Lubatti, Henry, Lucotte, Arnaud, Lundberg, Björn, Lundin, Tracy, Luo, Mingxing, Luong, Michel, Luth, Vera, Lutz, Benjamin, Lutz, Pierre, Lux, Thorsten, Luzniak, Pawel, Lyapin, Alexey, Lykken, Joseph, Lynch, Clare, Ma, Li, Ma, Lili, Ma, Qiang, Ma, Wen-Gan, Macfarlane, David, Maciel, Arthur, Macleod, Allan, Macnair, David, Mader, Wolfgang, Magill, Stephen, Magnan, Anne-Marie, Maiheu, Bino, Maity, Manas, Majchrzak, Millicent, Majumder, Gobinda, Makarov, Roman, Makowski, Dariusz, Malaescu, Bogdan, Mallik, C., Mallik, Usha, Malton, Stephen, Malyshev, Oleg B., Malysheva, Larisa I., Mammosser, John, Mamta, Mamuzic, Judita, Manen, Samuel, Manghisoni, Massimo, Manly, Steven, Marcellini, Fabio, Marcisovsky, Michal, Markiewicz, Thomas W., Marks, Steve, Marone, Andrew, Marti, Felix, Martin, Jean-Pierre, Martin, Victoria, Martin-Chassard, Gisèle, Martinez, Manel, Martinez-Rivero, Celso, Martsch, Dennis, Martyn, Hans-Ulrich, Maruyama, Takashi, Masuzawa, Mika, Mathez, Hervé, Matsuda, Takeshi, Matsumoto, Hiroshi, Matsumoto, Shuji, Matsumoto, Toshihiro, Matsunaga, Hiroyuki, Mättig, Peter, Mattison, Thomas, Mavromanolakis, Georgios, Mawatari, Kentarou, Mazzacane, Anna, Mcbride, Patricia, Mccormick, Douglas, Mccormick, Jeremy, Mcdonald, Kirk T., Mcgee, Mike, Mcintosh, Peter, Mckee, Bobby, Mcpherson, Robert A., Meidlinger, Mandi, Meier, Karlheinz, Mele, Barbara, Meller, Bob, Melzer-Pellmann, Isabell-Alissandra, Mendez, Hector, Mercer, Adam, Merkin, Mikhail, Meshkov, I. N., Messner, Robert, Metcalfe, Jessica, Meyer, Chris, Meyer, Hendrik, Meyer, Joachim, Meyer, Niels, Meyners, Norbert, Michelato, Paolo, Michizono, Shinichiro, Mihalcea, Daniel, Mihara, Satoshi, Mihara, Takanori, Mikami, Yoshinari, Mikhailichenko, Alexander A., Milardi, Catia, Miller, David J., Miller, Owen, Miller, Roger J., Milstene, Caroline, Mimashi, Toshihiro, Minashvili, Irakli, Miquel, Ramon, Mishra, Shekhar, Mitaroff, Winfried, Mitchell, Chad, Miura, Takako, Miyata, Hitoshi, Mjörnmark, Ulf, Mnich, Joachim, Moenig, Klaus, Moffeit, Kenneth, Mokhov, Nikolai, Molloy, Stephen, Monaco, Laura, Monasterio, Paul R., Montanari, Alessandro, Moon, Sung Ik, Moortgat-Pick, Gudrid A., Mora Freitas, Paulo, Morel, Federic, Moretti, Stefano, Morgunov, Vasily, Mori, Toshinori, Morin, Laurent, Morisseau, François, Morita, Yoshiyuki, Morita, Youhei, Morita, Yuichi, Morozov, Nikolai, Morozumi, Yuichi, Morse, William, Moser, Hans-Guenther, Moultaka, Gilbert, Mtingwa, Sekazi, Mudrinic, Mihajlo, Mueller, Alex, Mueller, Wolfgang, Muennich, Astrid, Muhlleitner, Milada Margarete, Mukherjee, Bhaskar, Mukhopadhyaya, Biswarup, Müller, Thomas, Munro, Morrison, Murayama, Hitoshi, Muto, Toshiya, Myneni, Ganapati Rao, Nabhiraj, P. Y., Nagaitsev, Sergei, Nagamine, Tadashi, Nagano, Ai, Naito, Takashi, Nakai, Hirotaka, Nakajima, Hiromitsu, Nakamura, Isamu, Nakamura, Tomoya, Nakanishi, Tsutomu, Nakao, Katsumi, Nakao, Noriaki, Nakayoshi, Kazuo, Nam, Sang, Namito, Yoshihito, Namkung, Won, Nantista, Chris, Napoly, Olivier, Narain, Meenakshi, Naroska, Beate, Nauenberg, Uriel, Nayyar, Ruchika, Neal, Homer, Nelson, Charles, Nelson, Janice, Nelson, Timothy, Nemecek, Stanislav, Neubauer, Michael, Neuffer, David, Newman, Myriam Q., Nezhevenko, Oleg, Ng, Cho-Kuen, Nguyen, Anh Ky, Nguyen, Minh, Nguyen Thi, Hong, Niebuhr, Carsten, Niehoff, Jim, Niezurawski, Piotr, Nishitani, Tomohiro, Nitoh, Osamu, Noguchi, Shuichi, Nomerotski, Andrei, Noonan, John, Norbeck, Edward, Nosochkov, Yuri, Notz, Dieter, Nowak, Grazyna, Nowak, Hannelies, Noy, Matthew, Nozaki, Mitsuaki, Nyffeler, Andreas, Nygren, David, Oddone, Piermaria, O, Joseph, Oh, Jong-Seok, Oh, Sun Kun, Ohkuma, Kazumasa, Ohlerich, Martin, Ohmi, Kazuhito, Ohnishi, Yukiyoshi, Ohsawa, Satoshi, Ohuchi, Norihito, Oide, Katsunobu, Okada, Nobuchika, Okada, Yasuhiro, Okamura, Takahiro, Okugi, Toshiyuki, Okumi, Shoji, Okumura, Ken-Ichi, Olchevski, Alexander, Oliver, William, Olivier, Bob, Olsen, James, Olsen, Jeff, Olsen, Stephen, Olshevsky, A. G., Olsson, Jan, Omori, Tsunehiko, Onel, Yasar, Onengut, Gulsen, Ono, Hiroaki, Onoprienko, Dmitry, Oreglia, Mark, Oren, Will, Orimoto, Toyoko J., Oriunno, Marco, Orlandea, Marius Ciprian, Oroku, Masahiro, Orr, Lynne H., Orr, Robert S., Oshea, Val, Oskarsson, Anders, Osland, Per, Ossetski, Dmitri, Österman, Lennart, Ostiguy, Francois, Otono, Hidetoshi, Ottewell, Brian, Ouyang, Qun, Padamsee, Hasan, Padilla, Cristobal, Pagani, Carlo, Palmer, Mark A., Pam, Wei Min, Pande, Manjiri, Pande, Rajni, Pandit, V. S., Pandita, P. N., Pandurovic, Mila, Pankov, Alexander, Panzeri, Nicola, Papandreou, Zisis, Paparella, Rocco, Para, Adam, Park, Hwanbae, Parker, Brett, Parkes, Chris, Parma, Vittorio, Parsa, Zohreh, Parsons, Justin, Partridge, Richard, Pasquinelli, Ralph, Pásztor, Gabriella, Paterson, Ewan, Patrick, Jim, Patteri, Piero, Ritchie Patterson, J., Pauletta, Giovanni, Paver, Nello, Pavlicek, Vince, Pawlik, Bogdan, Payet, Jacques, Pchalek, Norbert, Pedersen, John, Pei, Guo Xi, Pei, Shi Lun, Pelka, Jerzy, Pellegrini, Giulio, Pellett, David, Peng, G. X., Penn, Gregory, Penzo, Aldo, Perry, Colin, Peskin, Michael, Peters, Franz, Petersen, Troels Christian, Peterson, Daniel, Peterson, Thomas, Petterson, Maureen, Pfeffer, Howard, Pfund, Phil, Phelps, Alan, Phi, Quang, Phillips, Jonathan, Phinney, Nan, Piccolo, Marcello, Piemontese, Livio, Pierini, Paolo, Thomas Piggott, W., Pike, Gary, Pillet, Nicolas, Jayawardena, Talini Pinto, Piot, Phillippe, Pitts, Kevin, Pivi, Mauro, Plate, Dave, Pleier, Marc-Andre, Poblaguev, Andrei, Poehler, Michael, Poelker, Matthew, Poffenberger, Paul, Pogorelsky, Igor, Poirier, Freddy, Poling, Ronald, Poole, Mike, Popescu, Sorina, Popielarski, John, Pöschl, Roman, Postranecky, Martin, Potukochi, Prakash N., Prast, Julie, Prat, Serge, Preger, Miro, Prepost, Richard, Price, Michael, Proch, Dieter, Puntambekar, Avinash, Qin, Qing, Qu, Hua Min, Quadt, Arnulf, Quesnel, Jean-Pierre, Radeka, Veljko, Rahmat, Rahmat, Rai, Santosh Kumar, Raimondi, Pantaleo, Ramberg, Erik, Ranjan, Kirti, Rao, Sista V. L. 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A., Shepard, Ken, Shepherd-Themistocleous, Claire, Sheppard, John C., Shi, Cai Tu, Shidara, Tetsuo, Shim, Yeo-Jeong, Shimizu, Hirotaka, Shimizu, Yasuhiro, Shimizu, Yuuki, Shimogawa, Tetsushi, Shin, Seunghwan, Shioden, Masaomi, Shipsey, Ian, Shirkov, Grigori, Shishido, Toshio, Shivpuri, Ram K., Shrivastava, Purushottam, Shulga, Sergey, Shumeiko, Nikolai, Shuvalov, Sergey, Si, Zongguo, Siddiqui, Azher Majid, Siegrist, James, Simon, Claire, Simrock, Stefan, Sinev, Nikolai, Singh, Bhartendu K., Singh, Jasbir, Singh, Pitamber, Singh, R. K., Singh, S. K., Singini, Monito, Sinha, Anil K., Sinha, Nita, Sinha, Rahul, Sinram, Klaus, Sissakian, A. N., Skachkov, N. B., Skrinsky, Alexander, Slater, Mark, Slominski, Wojciech, Smiljanic, Ivan, Smith, A. J. 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Subjects
Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, Physics::Accelerator Physics, High Energy Physics::Experiment, physics.ins-det
Abstract

This report, Volume IV of the International Linear Collider Reference Design Report, describes the detectors which will record and measure the charged and neutral particles produced in the ILC's high energy e+e- collisions. The physics of the ILC, and the environment of the machine-detector interface, pose new challenges for detector design. Several conceptual designs for the detector promise the needed performance, and ongoing detector R&D is addressing the outstanding technological issues. Two such detectors, operating in push-pull mode, perfectly instrument the ILC interaction region, and access the full potential of ILC physics. This report, Volume IV of the International Linear Collider Reference Design Report, describes the detectors which will record and measure the charged and neutral particles produced in the ILC's high energy e+e- collisions. The physics of the ILC, and the environment of the machine-detector interface, pose new challenges for detector design. Several conceptual designs for the detector promise the needed performance, and ongoing detector R&D is addressing the outstanding technological issues. Two such detectors, operating in push-pull mode, perfectly instrument the ILC interaction region, and access the full potential of ILC physics.

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