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The Cosmology Large Angular Scale Surveyor (CLASS) observes the polarized cosmic microwave background (CMB) over the angular scales of 1$^\circ \lesssim \theta \leq$ 90$^\circ$ with the aim of characterizing primordial gravitational waves and cosmic reionization. We report on the on-sky performance of the CLASS Q-band (40 GHz), W-band (90 GHz), and dichroic G-band (150/220 GHz) receivers that have been operational at the CLASS site in the Atacama desert since June 2016, May 2018, and September 2019, respectively. We show that the noise-equivalent power measured by the detectors matches the expected noise model based on on-sky optical loading and lab-measured detector parameters. Using Moon, Venus, and Jupiter observations, we obtain power-to-antenna-temperature calibrations and optical efficiencies for the telescopes. From the CMB survey data, we compute instantaneous array noise-equivalent-temperature sensitivities of 22, 19, 23, and 71 $\mathrm{\mu K}_\mathrm{cmb}\sqrt{\mathrm{s}}$ for the 40, 90, 150, and 220 GHz frequency bands, respectively. These noise temperatures refer to white noise amplitudes, which contribute to sky maps at all angular scales. Future papers will assess additional noise sources impacting larger angular scales., Comment: 13 pages, 3 figures, published in ApJ

The current and future cosmic microwave background (CMB) experiments fielding kilo-pixel arrays of transition-edge sensor (TES) bolometers require accurate and robust gain calibration methods. We simplify and refactor the standard TES model to directly relate the detector responsivity calibration and optical time constant to the measured TES current $I$ and the applied bias current $I_{\mathrm{b}}$. The calibration method developed for the Cosmology Large Angular Scale Surveyor (CLASS) TES bolometer arrays relies on current versus voltage ($I$-$V$) measurements acquired daily prior to CMB observations. By binning Q-band (40GHz) $I$-$V$ measurements by optical loading, we find that the gain calibration median standard error within a bin is 0.3%. We test the accuracy of this "$I$-$V$ bin" detector calibration method by using the Moon as a photometric standard. The ratio of measured Moon amplitudes between detector pairs sharing the same feedhorn indicates a TES calibration error of 0.5%. We also find that for the CLASS Q-band TES array, calibrating the response of individual detectors based solely on the applied TES bias current accurately corrects TES gain variations across time but introduces a bias in the TES calibration from data counts to power units. Since the TES current bias value is set and recorded before every observation, this calibration method can always be applied to raw TES data and is not subject to $I$-$V$ data quality or processing errors., Comment: 19 pages, 7 figures, 5 tables. Submitted to ApJS May 2022. Published ApJS Oct 2022

Using Planck polarization data, we search for and constrain spatial variations of the polarized dust foreground for cosmic microwave background (CMB) observations, specifically in its spectral index, $\beta_d$. Failure to account for such variations will cause errors in the foreground cleaning that propagate into errors on cosmological parameter recovery from the cleaned CMB map. It is unclear how robust prior studies of the Planck data which constrained $\beta_d$ variations are due to challenges with noise modeling, residual systematics, and priors. To clarify constraints on $\beta_d$ and its variation, we employ two pixel space analyses of the polarized dust foreground at $>3.7^{\circ}$ scales on $\approx 60\%$ of the sky at high Galactic latitudes. A template fitting method, which measures $\beta_d$ over three regions of $\approx 20\%$ of the sky, does not find significant deviations from an uniform $\beta_d = 1.55$, consistent with prior Planck determinations. An additional analysis in these regions, based on multifrequency fits to a dust and CMB model per pixel, puts limits on $\sigma_{\beta_d}$, the Gaussian spatial variation in $\beta_d$. At the highest latitudes, the data support $\sigma_{\beta_d}$ up to $0.45$, $0.30$ at mid-latitudes, and $0.15$ at low-latitudes. We also demonstrate that care must be taken when interpreting the current Planck constraints, $\beta_d$ maps, and noise simulations. Due to residual systematics and low dust signal to noise at high latitudes, forecasts for ongoing and future missions should include the possibility of large values of $\sigma_{\beta_d}$ as estimated in this paper, based on current polarization data., Comment: 17 pages, 10 figures, 4 tables, version accepted by ApJ

The Cosmology Large Angular Scale Surveyor (CLASS) is a telescope array that observes the cosmic microwave background (CMB) over 75% of the sky from the Atacama Desert, Chile, at frequency bands centered near 40, 90, 150, and 220 GHz. CLASS measures the large angular scale ($1^\circ\lesssim��\leqslant 90^\circ$) CMB polarization to constrain the tensor-to-scalar ratio at the $r\sim0.01$ level and the optical depth to last scattering to the sample variance limit. This paper presents the optical characterization of the 40 GHz telescope during its first observation era, from 2016 September to 2018 February. High signal-to-noise observations of the Moon establish the pointing and beam calibration. The telescope boresight pointing variation is $, 32 pages, 24 figures, published in ApJ

Analyzing a dynamic general equilibrium model that incorporates endogenous and directed technical change and environmental constraints, Acemoglu et al. (2012) present thought-provoking discussions on green growth and environmental disaster. For the clarity of argument, they place a restriction on the initial technology levels (Assumption 1). By means of the phase diagram, this note shows that without the assumption the same arguments can be extended. In other words, their results remain valid in the wide range of the initial technology levels. Also, it is shown that there exists a threshold of the relative technology level, which determines the future of the environment: disaster or restoration.

Education is generally accepted as a leading instrument for promoting economic growth. Growth theories have attempted to explain the relationship existing between education and growth through the important role played by labor productivity. However, productivity itself can be explained by consumers’ requirement for higher-quality products, which need more complex production process, suggesting more complex jobs. This paper extends the theoretical model in Teulings and van Rens (Rev Econ Stat 90(1):89–104, 2008)). Using a general model, it shows that education levels are influenced by the productivity and jobs’ complexity levels. However, the impact of the jobs’ complexity is attenuated by the effect of the elasticity of substitution between workers types.

The reionization optical depth is the most poorly determined of the six $\Lambda$CDM parameters fit to CMB anisotropy data. Instrumental noise and systematics have prevented uncertainties from reaching their cosmic variance limit. At present, the datasets providing the most statistical constraining power are the WMAP, Planck LFI, and Planck HFI full-sky polarization maps. As the reprocessed HFI data with reduced systematics are not yet publicly unavailable, we examine determinations of $\tau$ using 9-year WMAP and 2015 Planck LFI data, with an emphasis on characterizing potential systematic bias resulting from foreground template and masking choices. We find evidence for a low-level systematic in the LFI polarization data with a roughly common-mode morphology across the LFI frequencies and a spectrum consistent with leakage of intensity signal into the polarization channels. We demonstrate significant bias in the optical depth derived when using the LFI 30 GHz map as a template to clean synchrotron from WMAP data, and recommend against use of the 2015 LFI 30 GHz polarization data as a foreground template for non-LFI datasets. We find an inconsistency between versions of the 2015 polarized 353 GHz dust templates reconstructed from the Planck likelihood and those from delivered maps, which can affect $\tau$ at the 1$\sigma$ level. The spread in $\tau$ values over the ensemble of data combinations we study suggests that systematic uncertainties still contribute significantly to the current uncertainty in $\tau$, but all values are consistent with the range of $\tau$ = 0.07 +/- 0.02., Comment: 13 pages, 7 figures, accepted for publication by ApJ

The third generation of the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS-III) took data from 2008 to 2014 using the original SDSS wide-field imager, the original and an upgraded multi-object fiber-fed optical spectrograph, a new near-infrared high-resolution spectrograph, and a novel optical interferometer. All the data from SDSS-III are now made public. In particular, this paper describes Data Release 11 (DR11) including all data acquired through 2013 July, and Data Release 12 (DR12) adding data acquired through 2014 July (including all data included in previous data releases), marking the end of SDSS-III observing. Relative to our previous public release (DR10), DR12 adds one million new spectra of galaxies and quasars from the Baryon Oscillation Spectroscopic Survey (BOSS) over an additional 3000 sq. deg of sky, more than triples the number of H-band spectra of stars as part of the Apache Point Observatory (APO) Galactic Evolution Experiment (APOGEE), and includes repeated accurate radial velocity measurements of 5500 stars from the Multi-Object APO Radial Velocity Exoplanet Large-area Survey (MARVELS). The APOGEE outputs now include measured abundances of 15 different elements for each star. In total, SDSS-III added 2350 sq. deg of ugriz imaging; 155,520 spectra of 138,099 stars as part of the Sloan Exploration of Galactic Understanding and Evolution 2 (SEGUE-2) survey; 2,497,484 BOSS spectra of 1,372,737 galaxies, 294,512 quasars, and 247,216 stars over 9376 sq. deg; 618,080 APOGEE spectra of 156,593 stars; and 197,040 MARVELS spectra of 5,513 stars. Since its first light in 1998, SDSS has imaged over 1/3 of the Celestial sphere in five bands and obtained over five million astronomical spectra., Comment: DR12 data are available at http://www.sdss3.org/dr12. 30 pages. 11 figures. Accepted to ApJS