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Although biologiocal ancillay materials (AMs) have specific risk associated with their derivations, it plays key role to manufature cell and gene therapy (CGT) products. It is important to understand the regulation relevant to AMs for developers.The authors investigated the guidelines and pharmacopeia (hereinafter referred to as "guidelines") for biological AMs used for the manufacture of CGT products in Asia (China, India, Japan, Korea and Taiwan). In addition, the authors benchmarked the relevant guidelines in the United States (US) and European Union (EU).The guidelines could be classified into two types based on whether specific AMs are scoped: (i) general guidelines for risk assessment of AMs and (ii) guidelines for specific AMs. The authors compared the risk categories for each type of AM provided in the general guidelines between the US and China and the specific requirements for bovine serum and trypsin in the guidelines of China, Japan, Taiwan, US and EU. The authors further compiled in-depth descriptions of the respective regulations in China, India, Japan, Korea and Taiwan. There is limited availability of some guidelines for specific AMs. Moreover, there are no common requirements established across the surveyed countries and regions. Therefore, the authors suggest a risk assessment approach for AMs with consideration of their biological origin and traceability, production steps applied and ability to control or remove AMs from the final medicinal product over the CGT manufacturing process.

The 4th Asia Partnership Conference of Regenerative Medicine (APACRM) was held online on April 15, 2021, to promote regulatory harmonization of regenerative medicine products throughout Asia. Recognizing domestic regulatory guidelines within each country and region, and their underpinning rationales, is an important initial step toward a convergence of regulations. The 4th APACRM consisted of an open dialog with regulatory agencies regarding nonclinical and quality settings for cell therapy products (CTPs) through industry presentations and panel discussions with regulatory agencies. The latest updates on regenerative medicine fields in each country and region, and specific regulatory schematics in Japan, were also introduced. The objective of this paper is to summarize the proceedings of the 4th APACRM for public dissemination and to foster further discussion in the future.

Semiconductor manufacturing equipment must maintain high productivity and provide high-yield processing and Canon has developing high-reliability exposure tools that have demonstrated high-uptime and performance stability in production. As global emergency epidemic restrictions limit the travel of expert engineers, customer service becomes more challenging and alternative methods of support are being developed to help customers meet their production roadmaps. To help control performance, lithography tools have sophisticated logging systems that can monitor every movement in the tool and we studied a novel Artificial Intelligence system that utilizes big logging data to help improve exposure tool uptime, productivity and performance related to yield. One goal of our study is to minimize exposure tool downtime by monitoring and reacting to tool status. For this purpose we are applying machine learning to develop abnormality detection or prediction models with automated recovery procedures for each abnormality. We will report on Auto-Fault-Tree-Analysis (FTA) models being constructed to evaluate large volumes of design and trouble information to help minimize downtime. Another study goal is to improve lithography tool performance by monitoring and reacting to factors including overlay accuracy and CD uniformity that can strongly affect device yield. Outputs of this analysis include simulation and optimization of equipment performance, and virtual metrology. This paper reports on the system we are developing to help increase the uptime, productivity and imaging performance of Canon semiconductor lithography tools. The system is designed to monitor the operating state of lithography tools and apply automated recovery and optimization actions identified through machine learning.

The XRT Synoptic Composite Image Archive (SCIA) is a storage and gallery of X-ray full-Sun images obtained through the synoptic program of the X-Ray Telescope (XRT) onboard the Hinode satellite. The archived images provide a quick history of solar activity through the daily and monthly layout pages and long-term data for morphological and quantitative studies of the X-ray corona. This article serves as an introduction to the SCIA, i.e., to the structure of the archive and specification of the data products included therein. We also describe a number of techniques used to improve the quality of the archived images: preparation of composite images to increase intensity dynamic range, removal of dark spots that are due to contaminants on the CCD, and correction of the visible stray light contamination that has been detected on the Ti-poly and C-poly filter images since May 2012.

We present coalignment calibration procedures for the X-ray Telescope (XRT) onboard the Hinode satellite. We performed not only an XRT stand-alone calibration, but also cross calibration using data from the Helioseismic and Magnetic Imager (HMI) and the Atmospheric Imaging Assembly (AIA) onboard the Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO). Several new methods we describe here may also be useful for the coalignment calibration of other instruments. We have developed a database of coalignment coefficients and software to access it, so that all XRT images can be easily and accurately overlaid onto the images from other instruments, especially AIA and HMI.

1. The E3 ubiquitin protein ligase 1 (WWP1) gene, the mutation of which causes muscular dystrophy in chickens, is expressed not only in the pectoral muscle, but also in a number of tissues such as the kidney. Therefore, this study examined some parameters related to kidney function in muscular dystrophic (MD) chickens. 2. Plasma osmolality, Na+ and K+ concentrations, aldosterone levels, and the expression of aquaporin (AQP) 2, AQP3, and α subunits of the amiloride-sensitive epithelial sodium channel (αENaC) were analysed in the kidneys of 5-week-old MD chickens and White Leghorn (WL) chickens under physiological conditions or after one day of water deprivation. 3. Plasma osmolality, Na+ concentrations, and plasma aldosterone levels were significantly higher in MD chickens than in WL chickens. αENaC mRNA expression levels were lower in MD chickens than in WL chickens. AQP2 and AQP3 mRNA expression levels were similar in the two strains of chickens. 4. Plasma osmolality correlated with aldosterone levels and AQP2 and αENaC mRNA levels in WL chickens. In MD chickens, plasma osmolality correlated with AQP2 mRNA levels, but not with plasma aldosterone or αENaC mRNA levels. 5. These results suggest that neither water reabsorption nor the expression of AQP2 and AQP3 is impaired in MD chickens and that a WWP1 gene mutation may or may not directly induce an abnormality in Na+-reabsorption in the kidneys of MD chickens, potentially through αENaC.

The NAND type flash-memory is now used not only on smart phones or tablet PCs, but also adopted on infrastructures such as servers, etc.

A number of crested chicken strains, such as the Polish chicken, exhibit a bony protuberance in the anterodorsal region of their skulls. The shape of their brain shows the anatomical peculiarity that is characterized by the upthrusting of cerebral hemispheres, called "cerebral hernia." Some early works suggested that this phenotype may be caused by a genetic factor and any modifiers influencing the development of brain and/or skull. However, the causative gene and its formation mechanism are still unclear. The present study is aimed to analyze the inheritance and ontogenic process of cerebral hernia in the crested Polish chicken. Firstly, we constructed the resource family with the Polish chicken and PNP inbred strain. Genetic analysis of this family revealed that cerebral hernia is controlled by a single autosomal recessive gene and is closely associated with crest formation. Furthermore, our morphological analysis of brain structures in the progenies suggested that the significant enlargement of brain cavity at later stages of embryos, particularly after 15 days of incubation, may be the main cause of cerebral hernia.

To clarify the mechanism of observed violent vibration of a brace adjacent to a high circular stack, an experimental study was performed. The experimental apparatus consists of a vertical elastic rod placed close to a large solid cylinder. Accordingly, airflow makes the rod whirl at its first natural angular frequency. Whirling motion grows as airflow velocity increases. Whirling direction depends on the relative location to the cylinder and not on airflow velocity. Further, analytical study was done by assuming the flow past cylinder is frictionless, irrotational and incompressible. Analytical results show fairly good agreement with experimental ones as well as the actual brace vibration.

The effects of lysine (Lys), monosodium glutamate (GluNa), glycine (Gly) and alanine (Ala) on the viscosity, turbidity, morphological features, solubility of saccharides and molecular size distribution of the dissolved saccharides in retorted potato starch paste were investigated. Gly and Ala with zero net charge-containing pastes showed a large decrease in the viscosity due to collapse of the swollen starch granules by the retort treatment, whereas GluNa and Lys with a positive or negative net charge could inhibit such viscosity change and collapse of the starch granules. The turbidity of GluNa- and Lys-containing pastes evaluated by the absorbance at 500 nm was higher than that of Gly- and Ala-containing pastes. The dissolved saccharides for each retorted paste mainly consisted of low-molecular-weight molecules below Mr 600. GluNa and Lys could strongly suppress the increased viscosity and turbidity of the retorted paste during storage for 7 days at 5 and 55°C, although Gly and Ala had little effect. The charged amino acids could thus be applied to improving the viscosity and turbidity of the retorted starch paste by maintaining the swollen starch granules.

BACKGROUND: Neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia (NAIT) is a neonatal disorder characterized by maternal alloimmunization against fetal platelet (PLT) antigens inherited from the father. A healthy 30-year-old Japanese woman (Hit) gave birth to her second child after an uneventful pregnancy. Nine hours after birth, the infant presented with severe petechiae and a PLT count of 6 × 109/L. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: To elucidate the maternal cause of NAIT in the infant, serologic and genetic studies, including PLT genotyping and sequence-based analysis, were conducted. Additionally, serologic screening for the new PLT antigen was performed. RESULTS: Serum from the NAIT infant's mother contained antibodies directed against a human PLT antigen (HPA) of the newborn. Using five-cell-lineage flow cytometry, we localized the antigen to a PLT glycoprotein (GP). Subsequent monoclonal antibody immobilization of PLT antigen assay and PLT immunofluorescence inhibition experiments localized the antigen to the GPIIIa subunit of the GPIIb/IIIa complex. GPIIIa localization was confirmed by sequence-based typing studies, which identified a 1297C>T (407proline>serine substitution) mutation on the ninth exon of the GPIIIa gene. This mutation identified the third allele of HPA-7. Anti-Hita reacted with mutated GPIIIa-transfected cells but not with stable transfectants expressing wild-type GPIIIa. Serologic screening for Hita in the Japanese population revealed a phenotypic frequency of approximately 0.0015. CONCLUSIONS: We identified a new third allele of HPA-7, which is characterized by a 1297C>T mutation in the GPIIIa gene. This 1297C>T allele was found in 0.15% of the Japanese population. An antibody against this antigen could be the cause of severe NAIT.

It is well known that sea-salt aerosols in particulate matter (PM) react with acids such as H 2 SO 4 and HNO 3 during transportation and thereby lose chloride ions (Cl-loss). The PM and fog were sampled concurrently at different altitudes in the Hachimantai mountain range, northern Japan. The PM and fog sampled at different altitudes had nearly identical properties for the ion components. However, the PM was in a Cl-depleted state (more than 80% of all samples), but the fog water was not in so Cl-depleted state (less than 29%). As a result, it could be explained that this phenomenon caused because the fog droplets took up the gaseous state HCl other than sea-salt PM. After all Cl - in the fog water recovered and was rather rich compared with the sea-salt or the PM by the uptake of the gaseous state HCl. Moreover, it was found that for PM coarse (2.5

Pepsin-solubilized collagen (PSC) was conjugated with carboxymethyl dextran (CMD) using cyanogen bromide to obtain a PSC-CMD film having improved physical properties, physiological properties, and cell affinity. The conjugation was confirmed by the loss of the alpha- and beta-subunit chains and the polymerized band on SDS-PAGE, and by a decrease in the isoelectric point to 3.2. PSC-CMD had a large polymerized structure with the 6 PSC and 228 CMD molecules. PSC-CMD was readily soluble in water, reconstructed a matrix with a less-ordered structure and a characteristic morphological shape, and lost platelet aggregation-inducing ability. The PSC-CMD film, cross-linked by ultraviolet irradiation, exhibited reduced solubility, moderate water vapor permeability, and increased flexibility. PSC-CMD coatings exhibited good cell attachment and growth for fibroblasts and vein endothrical cells.

Although flow cytometric (FCM) analysis is one of the most widely used approaches to screen the presence of leucocyte antibodies, it has several drawbacks. First, neutrophils and, especially, monocytes exhibit high background reactivity. Second, to determine antibody specificity, it is often necessary to examine not only neutrophils and monocytes but also other lineage cells including T cells, B cells and platelets. Therefore, we attempted to establish an FCM analysis system in which four lineages of leucocytes and platelets are simultaneously tested with low background. FCM analysis was performed using ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid-anticoagulated whole blood as cell sample without any cell preparation. Discrimination of five cell lineages was carried out based on the differences in forward vs. side scatter distribution and in the expression of CD4, CD20 and CD14. When anti-HNA (human neutrophil antigen) 1b antiserum was applied to HNA 1b-positive blood samples, only neutrophils were unambiguously positive. When anti-Naka (anti-CD36) antiserum was applied, only platelets and monocytes were positive. The background reactivity of neutrophils and monocytes was low enough. When anti-human leucocyte antigen (HLA) class II antiserum was tested, only B-lymphocytes and monocytes were positive. When anti-HLA class I antiserum was tested, all the five-lineage cells were positive.

We present the H$\alpha$ observations from ARIES, Nainital of a compact and impulsive solar flare occurred on March 10, 2001 and associated with a CME. We have also analysed HXT, SXT/Yohkoh observations as well as radio observations from Nobeyama Radio Observatory to derive the energetics and dynamics of this impulsive flare. We co-align the H$\alpha$, SXR, HXR, MW and magnetogram images within the instrumental spatial resolution limit. We detect a single HXR source in this flare, which is found spatially associated with one of the H$\alpha$ bright kernel. The unusual feature of HXR and H$\alpha$ sources, observed for the first time, is the rotation during the impulsive phase in clockwise direction. We propose that the rotation may be due to asymmetric progress of the magnetic reconnection site or may be due to the change of peak point of the electric field. In MW emission we found two sources, one is main source which is at the main flare site and another is remote source located in South-West direction. It appears that the remote source is formed by the impact of accelerated energetic electrons from the main flare site. From the spatial co-relation of multi-wavelength images of th, Comment: Accepted in Solar Physics, 20 pages, 12 Figures

The flare catalogue of the Yohkoh mission is compiled and linked to this article as an electronic supplement. For showing flare characteristics over wide energy range concisely, we provide the images of Hard X-ray Telescope (HXT) and the Soft X-ray Telescope (SXT), and the spectra of Hard X-ray Spectrometer (HXS) and Gamma-Ray Spectrometer (GRS) with the Wide Band Spectrometer (WBS) time profiles. The energy versus pulse height (PH) data channels in HXS and GRS are re-calibrated by using the data of the whole mission period. Secular gain changes are recognized in HXS, and the characteristics of power-law flare spectra simultaneously observed by HXT and HXS confirms the trend. The GRS gains are different for the flare observations during the previous maximum and for the current maximum. The total of 33 γ -ray events are observed, and for 12 of them γ-ray flare spectra are obtained.

Gelatin samples conjugated with acidic saccharides such as glucuronic acid, alginic acid oligosac-charide, and low-molecular-weight alginic acid were prepared to improve the functional properties of ossein gelatin by the Maillard reaction. The conjugation resulted in a decreased isoelectric point, retardate gelation time, low storage modulus, and low melting temperature and enthalpy of gelatin gel; in particular, low-molecular-weight alginic acid resulted in a large improvement. The alginic acid oligosaccharide-conjugated gelatins and low-molecular-weight alginic acid-conjugated gelatins had calcium-retaining ability, and the latter exhibited calcium-aggregating ability. It is thus considered that conjugation with low-molecular-weight alginic acid could be effective for providing a new type of gelatin with a soft texture and calcium-retaining and calcium-aggregating ability.

In order to obtain an overall view of the flow structure of convective gas in emerging flux regions (EFRs), we studied three EFRs in two solar active regions, NOAA 8218 and NOAA 10774. Using the Local Correlation Tracking method, we found several horizontally divergent flow structures, which were stable over a period of 1 hour, in 2 EFRs in NOAA 8218. The horizontal flow velocities and the sizes of the structures were around 500ms−1 and about 4Mm in radius, respectively. We analyzed another dataset of NOAA 10774 using spectroscopic methods and found temporarily stable up-ward gas flows in the central part of the EFR. The line-of-sight velocities were around 150ms−1 and the size of the flow patch was 2 to 5Mm in radius. These results support our previous findings that convective-cell-like flow appears in the central part of an EFR. We estimated from these results that the depth of the flow cell in EFRs is about 600 km, and the turn-over time of the cell is about 2 hours.

When a strong wind blows a high circular stack, the braces located around the stack vibrated violently. The vibration was induced by winds whose directions are in some particular range. Assuming the flow is potential, fluid dynamic forces acting on a brace are obtained. Dynamic behavior of the brace is analyzed. Analytical results show that the brace vibration may be unstable due to cross coupling spring terms related to fluid dynamics forces. They also agree well with the observed phenomena.

We present the results of a detailed analysis of multi-wavelength observations of a very impulsive solar flare 1B/M6.7, which occurred on 10 March, 2001 in NOAA AR 9368 (N27 W42). The observations show that the flare is very impulsive with very hard spectrum in HXR that reveal non-thermal emission was most dominant. On the other hand this flare also produced type II radio burst and coronal mass ejections (CME), which are not general characteristics for impulsive flares. In H$\alpha$ we observed the bright mass ejecta (BME) followed by drak mass ejecta (DME). Based on the consistence of the onset times and direction of BME and CME, we conclude that these two phenomena are closely associated. It is inferred that the energy build-up took place due to photospheric reconnection between emerging positive parasitic polarity and predominant negative polarity, which resulted as a consequence of flux cancellation. The shear increased to $>80^o$ due to further emergence of positive parasitic polarity causing strongly enhanced cancellation of flux. It appears that such enhanced magnetic flux cancellation in a strongly sheared region triggered the impulsive flare., Comment: 14 pages, 8 Figures, Accepted for the publication in Solar Physics

Water samples from radiation and upslope types of fog were collected at Takanosu Basin and Hachimantai mountain range of Akita Prefecture in northern Japan, respectively. The effect of the long-range transport of pollutants from the Asian Continent to the basin and the mountain range on the chemical characteristics of two types of fog was studied using chemical analysis data for the water samples as well as the back-trajectories of the air mass. In particular, non-sea-salt (nss)-SO 4 2 - of radiation fog provided a much higher concentration than that of upslope fog, which suggests that nss-SO 4 2 - might be transported mainly from the Asian Continent. The transport and uptake mechanism of pollutants in the radiation fog water were explained based on their accumulation in the basin due to anticyclonic subsidence and by the long-lasting fog behavior.

の結果をみると，ほぼ日本全国にわたって平均pH 4 台の雨水が観測されている．現在の被害は樹木の立ち枯れ（これも直接原因かどうか分からない）等以外には顕著ではないが，近い将来，他の生態系への影響が懸念されている．その中で農業県秋田では，農作物などに対する影響が心配されているが，酸性雨水の系統的な研究は少なく，著者らの研究グループ以外にはほとんど見られない．特に，1 雨水又は1 日ごとのサンプリングの結果はほとんど報告されていなかった．そこで著者らの研究グループでは1993 年冬季から秋田県の雨水を1 日ごとにサンプリングし，その化学組成を分析し，雨水の酸性化の原因や汚染起源を特定するために化学的，統計的，気象学的な解析を行ってきた

Fog water samples were collected at the Akita Hachimantai mountain range in northern Japan from August to September 1997 and from June to September 1988 to 2000 to investigate the pollution mechanism of fog. Ionic components and insoluble substances in fog water were analyzed using ion chromatography and particle induced X-ray emission (PIXE) analysis, respectively. Combining a 72 h back trajectory and principal component analysis (PCA) to chemical analysis data elucidated the effect of the transport course of an air mass on samples insoluble substances and ionic components. When the air mass was transported from northern China to the Hachimantai range, the nss- SO 42- was greater than in other cases. That fog contained "Kosa" as an insoluble substance from northern China. Our PCA analysis revealed that the score of PC1 (which was about –0.5) was a measure of containing "Kosa".

Light deterioration of hair in mink fur was evaluated by sensory evaluation, color difference measurement, scanning electron microscope (SEM) observation, fourier transform infrared (FTIR) measurement and chemical analysis of extracted protein, aiming to have an insight into the practical aspect of quality examination by summarizing these evaluation. As a result of the sensory test on the deterioration of hair in irradiated mink fur, deterioration in smoothness and straightness of guard hair was recognized within the irradiation time of 96h. In instrumental examination, a significant deterioration was detected in color difference, SEM picture, FTIR spectrum and analyses of extracted proteins within the irradiation time of 96h. The degree of deterioration detected was generally proportional to the irradiation time. It was recognized that examination items adopted in this study were meaningful for the evaluation of light deterioration of hair in mink fur. Furthermore, the introduction of FTIR measurement and chemical analyses of extracted proteins enabled to detect such a light deterioration that can't be detected by sensory test.

Close correlations were found between Hα dark emerging loops and soft x-ray loop brightenings from five coordinated observations of emerging flux regions between the Soft X-ray Telescope (SXT) aboard Yohkoh satellite and the Domeless Solar Telescope (DST) of Hida Observatory. The results for the EFR of NOAA 7495 (4–5 May, 1993) are presented in some detail.

To evaluate the light deterioration in sapphire mink guard hair, the irradiated hair was examined by the mechanical measurement and surface observation. A deterioration of hair by irradiation indicating the mobility increase can be detected as an increase in tan δ in a temperature region from 150°C to 220°C by the dynamic viscoelasticity measurement. The observation by scanning electron microscope (SEM) revealed that light deterioration in mink hair can be evaluated as adhesion of particles, melted scale structure of tip portion, cracks running in the axial direction by inflection, or transverse cracks at tensile break.

We compared high-resolution images of an emerging flux region in Hα and in soft X-ray, using two types of coalignments. Hα images were taken at Hida Observatory. Soft X-ray images were taken by the Soft X-ray telescope onboard Yohkoh. These data were obtained through coordinated observations by Hida Observatory and Yohkoh. Soft X-ray brightenings were found above most of the emerging Hα arch filaments, which are traces of rising magnetic flux tubes. The released energies in the soft X-ray brightenings were found to be ~1027 ergs, which is consistent with an estimate of energy release through magnetic reconnection between coronal fields and rising flux tubes as an Hα arch filament. These observational results indicate that an arch filament or rising magnetic flux tube itself is not heated up to coronal temperature as soon as it has reached coronal heights, but it can induce a change of magnetic structure through magnetic reconnection in the overlying corona. We also studied the structure of an arch filament in detail at its birth stage. Its morphological feature and evolutionary characteristics can be well explained by the asymmetric rising of a flux tube.

Aiming at optimizing the preparation of pepsin-solubilized collagen and investigating its properties, comparison between shark and pig skin collagens (SC and PC) was done. SC is not only more soluble in acetic acid but also more susceptible to pepsin-attack compared with PC. Solubilization of SC attained almost 100% at 20°C, while PC dissolved about 50%. SC has a small amount of collagen-associated peptides, which appeared transiently released from SC with pepsin at 20°C and disappeared ultimately. They are consisted of non-collagen and collagen origins. For preparation of pepsin-solubilized SC (PSSC), it is desirable to conduct the pepsin treatment at 20°C for more than 48 hours. Pepsin-solubilized PC (PSPC) mainly consisted of α chain, while PSSC mainly consisted of β chain. Elastic modulus G' and viscous modulus G" of collagen solution decreased suddenly with concomitant rapid increase in tan δ at a defined temperature, reflecting the typical denaturation process of collagen. G" of PSSC and PSPC was smaller than that of acid soluble collagen (ASC), and tan δ of PSSC and PSPC was also higher than that of ASC. It is suggested that the decrease of intermolecular interaction by removing telopeptide with pepsin. It is considered that the present dynamic viscoelasticity study could distinguish the difference between PSSC and PSPC, and hence provides an effective means of evaluating collagen materials.

府下の要監視項目使用事業場に対して排出及び処理状況の実態把握のための調査を行った。調査項目は, ニッケル, ホウ素, アンチモン, モリブデン, トルエン及びキシレン等11物質である。これらの物質の排水濃度は事業場で大きく異なり, かなり広い範囲に分布していた。ニッケルについては指針値の50倍を超える事業場が調査事業場の3割以上あった。ホウ素, アンチモン, モリブデン, トルエン及びキシレンについても指針値の10倍 (予想される排水基準濃度) 以上の排水濃度が検出された。その他のクロロホルム等については指針値の10倍以下あるいは検出されなかった。処理方法はニッケルについては凝集沈澱処理が効果的な方法であるが, 処理効率にはかなりバラツキがあった。ホウ素は還元処理で, トルエンとキシレンは活性炭吸着で良好な結果が得られた。

サメ皮コラーゲン線維の性質について,既に産業的に重要な原料として使用されているウシやブタの皮コラーゲンと比較して特徴を検討している.本報告では,この3種のコラーゲンにつき(それぞれ,SC, PC, BCと略す),代表的なタンパク質架橋試薬であるホルムアルデヒド及び塩基性硫酸クロムに対する反応性を結合性と鞣し効果(熱的性質)の面から検討した,ホルムアルデヒド処理においては,3種のコラーゲンとも最終pHが高くなるほど熱変性温度(Td)は高くなったが,SCはPCやBCと比較して,Tdは低いが未処理からのTdの上昇(Δ To)は大きかった.また,ホルムァルデヒド結合量はSCが最も高いことが認められた.SCはホルムアルデヒドにより特異的に耐熱性が高まるが,初期段階の膨潤度も重要な因子となることが明らかとなった.塩基性硫酸クロム処理において,SC及びPCともクロム吸着速度は,塩化ナトリウムの添加によって抑制された.塩化ナトリウムの有無がTdへ与える影響を見ると,反応初期にはその影響が見られるが,全体としてはTdに顕著な影響を示さなかった.特にSCとPCの間では,Tdの上昇経過に顕著な違いは見られなかった.しかし,SCのΔToは製革工程のクロム鞣し段階では小さいが,中和,乾燥と工程が進むにつれて増大し,最終的にはPCまたBCのTd値と差が小さくなった.SCはタイプの異なる2種類の鞣剤に対する反応性についてもPCやBCと異なる性質を持っていることが示唆された.

When magnetic flux emerges from beneath the photosphere it displaces the preexisting field in the corona, and a current sheet generally forms at the boundary between the old and new magnetic domains. Reconnection in the current sheet relaxes this highly stressed configuration to a lower energy state. This scenario is most familiar, and most often studied, in flares, where the flux transfer is rapid. We present here a study of steady, quiescent flux transfer occurring at a rate three orders of magnitude below that in a large flare. In particular we quantify the reconnection rate, and related energy release, occurring as new polarity emerges to form Active Region 11112 (2010-10-16T00:S18W14) within a region of preexisting flux. A bright, low lying kernel of coronal loops above the emerging polarity, observed with AIA onboard SDO and XRT onboard Hinode, originally shows magnetic connectivity only between regions of newly emerged flux when overlaid on magnetograms from HMI. Over the course of several days, this bright kernel advances into the preexisting flux. The advancement of an easily visible boundary into the old flux regions allows measurement of the rate of reconnection between old and new magnetic domains. We compare the reconnection rate to the inferred heating of the coronal plasma. To our knowledge, this is the first measurement of steady, quiescent heating related to reconnection. We determine that the newly emerged flux reconnects at a fairly steady rate of 0.38e16 Mx/s over two days, while the radiated power varies between 2~8e25 erg/s over the same time. We find that as much as 40% of the total emerged flux at any given time may have reconnected. The total amount of transferred flux (1e21 Mx) and radiated energy (7.2e30 ergs) are comparable to that of a large M- or small X-class flare, but are stretched out over 45 hours., Comment: 22 pages, 8 figures, accepted for publication in Solar Physics

Summary. DNA samples were analysed from Japanese individuals with the very rare ABO variant phenotype, cisAB (A2B3), which is characterized by the apparent inheritance of both A and B genes on one chromosome. The nature of the bases present at nucleotide positions (nps) 261, 526, 703, 796 and 803 is important for the specificity of the alleles at the ABO locus and the DNA from the cis AB donors was analysed by polymerase chain reaction - restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) to determine which nucleotides are present at these positions. The results indicated that the cisAB allele had the AAAB-structure, which was a chimera of normal A and B alleles, when the expression ‘AAAA’ and ‘BBBB’ indicated the nucleotides of normal A (C, G, C and G) and B (G, A, A and C) genes at nps 526, 703, 796 and 803, respectively. The AAAB allele was found in all 27 individuals (17 families) with the cisAB including three phenotypes A2B3, A1B3 and A2B and no other chimeric gene was found. The causative gene of cisAB was the AAAB allele, and the A and B alleles were not on one chromosome. The cisAB allele appeared to be a product of the normal A allele due to a point mutation at nucleotide position 803, from G to C. The AAAB allele is thought to be normally transcribed and translated to produce an unusual transferase polypeptide, which has weak A- and weaker B-specific activity. PCR-RFLP is a rapid and useful means of detecting the cisAB allele (the AAAB allele) without a family study, even when they have A1B3 and A2B phenotypes, because trans-type A1B3 and A2B samples have obviously different PCR-RFLP profiles.

Lanthanide metals (Ln: Eu and Yb) were dissolved in liquid ammonia and reacted readily with Co and Ni powders to form active lanthanide-covered Co and Ni (Ln-Co and Ln-Ni). The present systems were found to be a good probe for defining and understanding the surface properties of hydrogen-absorbing lanthanide-3d transition metal intermetallic compounds. To evaluate the surface properties towards hydrogen, Ln-Co and Ln-Ni were characterized by the isotopic exchange reaction of H 2 and D 2 . When Eu or Yb was introduced onto the Co or Ni surface, the reaction rates of isotopic exchange somewhat decreased in the region of low coverage with the lanthanide metals and then increased with increasing coverage. The active surface of Co and Ni powders was gradually covered with the lanthanide metals and simultaneously the interactions between the lanthanide and 3d-transition metals occurred to produce local intermetallic compound formation on the grain surface. This is a reason why the surfaces of lanthanide-covered 3d-transition metals are active for catalytic activation of hydrogen.

A field experiment for snowfall at the coastal area in northern Japan was performed, and chemical components in snow were analyzed. When the synoptic weather pattern is a high pressure in the west and a low pressure in the east of Japan (WH&EL), it is influenced that the sea-salt concentration in the snow was in proportion to the squares of the wind speed at the sampling site. This relationship offers that the amount of sea-salt aerosol supplied from sea surface to air mass and finally to the snow depends strongly on the squares of the friction speed on the sea surface and of the wind speed at the snowfall site.

A number of crested chicken strains, such as the Polish chicken, exhibit a bony protuberance in the anterodorsal region of their skulls. The shape of their brain shows the anatomical peculiarity that is characterized by the upthrusting of cerebral hemispheres, called "cerebral hernia." Some early works suggested that this phenotype may be caused by a genetic factor and any modifiers influencing the development of brain and/or skull. However, the causative gene and its formation mechanism are still unclear. The present study is aimed to analyze the inheritance and ontogenic process of cerebral hernia in the crested Polish chicken. Firstly, we constructed the resource family with the Polish chicken and PNP inbred strain. Genetic analysis of this family revealed that cerebral hernia is controlled by a single autosomal recessive gene and is closely associated with crest formation. Furthermore, our morphological analysis of brain structures in the progenies suggested that the significant enlargement of brain cavity at later stages of embryos, particularly after 15 days of incubation, may be the main cause of cerebral hernia.

The line-of-sight magnetograms from Solar Optical Telescope Narrowband Filter Imager observations of NOAA Active Region 10930 have been used to study the evolution of spinning and braiding helicities over a period of five days starting from 2006 December 9. The north (N) polarity sunspot was the follower and the south (S) polarity sunspot was the leader. The N-polarity sunspot in the active region was rotating in the counterclockwise direction. The rate of rotation was small during the first two days of observations and it increased up to 8°hr-1 on the third day of the observations. On the fourth and fifth days it remained at 4°hr-1 with small undulations in its magnitude. The sunspot rotated about 260° in the last three days. The S-polarity sunspot did not complete more than 20° in five days. However, it changed its direction of rotation five times over a period of five days and injected both the positive and negative type of spin helicity fluxes into the corona. Through the five days, both the positive and negative sunspot regions injected equal amounts of spin helicity. The total injected helicity is predominantly negative in sign. However, the sign of the spin and braiding helicity fluxes computed over all the regions were reversed from negative to positive five times during the five-day period of observations. The reversal in spinning helicity flux was found before the onset of the X3.4-class flare, too. Though, the rotating sunspot has been observed in this active region, the braiding helicity has contributed more to the total accumulated helicity than the spinning helicity. The accumulated helicity is in excess of -7 × 1043Mx2 over a period of five days. Before the X3.4-class flare that occurred on 2006 December 13, the rotation speed and spin helicity flux increased in the S-polarity sunspot. Before the flare, the total injected helicity was larger than -6 × 1043Mx2. The observed reversal in the sign of spinning and braiding helicity fluxes could be the signature of the emergence of a twisted flux tube, which acquires the writhe of an opposite sign. The magnetic cloud associated with the ejected mass has carried about -7 × 1041Mx2 of helicity. A time integration of helicity flux of about 1.2hr integrated backward in time of the observation of the coronal mass ejection is sufficient for this event. © 2011. The American Astronomical Society. All rights reserved. Fil: Ravindra, B.. Indian Institute Of Astrophysics; India Fil: Yoshimura, Keiji. Montana State University; Estados Unidos Fil: Dasso, Sergio Ricardo. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciónes Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Ciudad Universitaria. Instituto de Astronomía y Física del Espacio. - Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Instituto de Astronomía y Física del Espacio; Argentina. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Departamento de Física; Argentina

In our blood center, we have been screening red cells of donors with various antibodies (monoclonal antibodies, human antisera), Ulex lectin and 2 M urea by the use of Groupamatic-2000 machine and manual technique. We detected 522 donors of the rare phenotype bloods (Rh-positive —Oh: 1, para-Bombay: 2, -D-: 11, Lu (a-b-)·In (Lu): 2, Ko: 10, McLeod-like: 2, Jk (a-b-): 16, SS: 56, Fy (a-b+): 150, Di (a+b-): 53, Jr (a-): 36;Rh-negative— Rhmod: 2, SS: 32, Fy (a-b+): 119, Di (a+b-): 20, Jr (a-): 10).These donors did not contain any irregular antibody in their sera except 1 Bombay and 2 para-Bombay phenotype donors. On the other hand, only 55 rare phenotype donors were detected by antibody screening. Consequently, we are confident that the screening of the rare phenotypes using Groupamatic-2000 machine with monoclonal antibodies is very useful and clinically significant.Our blood center shipped 749 total units of the rare phenotype bloods including 683 units (91.2%) of frozen and thawed red cells from April 1, 1985 to March 31, 1992. Total units shipped of the rare phenotype bloods by all the Japanese Red Cross Blood Centers amounted to 4, 558. Especially, the ratio of Jr (a-) to the total units was 49.3%. Three thousand six hundred and eighteen (79.4%) of the 4, 558 units shipped were frozen thawed red cells.

Aquaporin-4 (AQP4), a member of the water channel family, has high water permeability and multi-functional potentiality. Although an avian AQP4 homolog has recently been identified, its overall localization is still largely unknown. This study demonstrates the presence of AQP4 in several organs of chicken by using a specific chicken AQP4 antibody. Western blot analysis has revealed two bands of chicken AQP4 (30 and 32 kDa) in the brain, proventriculus, pectoral muscle, kidney, and ureter. The brain is the primary expression site of AQP4 in chicken. Immunohistochemical analysis of the brain has shown the highest AQP4 immunoreactivity around the cerebral ventricles, blood vessels, and the Purkinje cells. In peripheral organs, AQP4-immunoreactive elements have been observed in the ureter, glandular cells of the proventriculus, sarcolemma of the pectoral muscle, and the epithelium of the ceca and the rectum. Moreover, a heavily stained network of AQP4-immunoreactive fibers has been detected within the enteric plexuses.

Neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia (NAIT) is a neonatal disorder characterized by maternal alloimmunization against fetal platelet (PLT) antigens inherited from the father. A healthy 30-year-old Japanese woman (Hit) gave birth to her second child after an uneventful pregnancy. Nine hours after birth, the infant presented with severe petechiae and a PLT count of 6 x 10(9)/L.To elucidate the maternal cause of NAIT in the infant, serologic and genetic studies, including PLT genotyping and sequence-based analysis, were conducted. Additionally, serologic screening for the new PLT antigen was performed.Serum from the NAIT infant's mother contained antibodies directed against a human PLT antigen (HPA) of the newborn. Using five-cell-lineage flow cytometry, we localized the antigen to a PLT glycoprotein (GP). Subsequent monoclonal antibody immobilization of PLT antigen assay and PLT immunofluorescence inhibition experiments localized the antigen to the GPIIIa subunit of the GPIIb/IIIa complex. GPIIIa localization was confirmed by sequence-based typing studies, which identified a 1297CT (407prolineserine substitution) mutation on the ninth exon of the GPIIIa gene. This mutation identified the third allele of HPA-7. Anti-Hit(a) reacted with mutated GPIIIa-transfected cells but not with stable transfectants expressing wild-type GPIIIa. Serologic screening for Hit(a) in the Japanese population revealed a phenotypic frequency of approximately 0.0015.We identified a new third allele of HPA-7, which is characterized by a 1297CT mutation in the GPIIIa gene. This 1297CT allele was found in 0.15% of the Japanese population. An antibody against this antigen could be the cause of severe NAIT.

The Yohkoh Legacy Data Archive (YLA) is one of the first group of Resident Archives (RAs) selected for funding for NASA's Virtual Observatories for the Heliophysics Data program. YLA provides the best corrected data set of solar X-ray images and spectra from the Yohkoh satellite with a user-friendly web interface. As a RA, we take responsibility to keep our products well maintained and easily accessible. In addition, we have launched the 'E-consultant service', an e-mail based support to individual users regarding data handling to bolster access and use from a wide range of communities.

Lanthanide metals (Eu and Yb) dissolved in liquid ammonia and reacted readily with reduced Ni powders to form Eu–Ni and Yb–Ni bimetallic catalysts with different lanthanide contents. The catalysts were characterized by the hydrogenolysis of ethane and cyclohexane, the hydrogenation of ethene, hydrogen chemisorption and temperature-programmed desorption (TPD) measurements. The rate of hydrogenolysis decreased markedly when Yb and Eu were added to the Ni surface, whereas the hydrogenation activity showed a tendency to increase, especially in the Eu–Ni system. The lanthanide itself showed a low activity for the hydrogenolysis and hydrogenation reactions under the reaction conditions. An analysis of the decrease in the rate of hydrogenolysis with lanthanide addition suggested a decrease in concentration of surface nickel available for structure-sensitive reactions caused by lanthanide coverage. For the hydrogenation of ethene the surface was gradually covered with the lanthanide metals and simultaneously certain interactions occurred to produce active centres; the presence of lanthanide metals on Ni strongly influenced the state of adsorption of hydrogen in the subsequent activation processes, resulting in enhanced capacity of this surface to dissociate hydrogen. For the hydrogenation of ethene and adsorption characteristics, lanthanide and transition metals were more efficient when they were used together.