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With the increasing advancements in Artificial Intelligence and its varied applications across multiple domains, the manufacturing industry is not left behind. Manufacturing and Production require a lot of labour force to ensure good quality end results. While this may be a necessity in the rudimentary stages of development, there is a way to cut down on this while checking the quality of the end product. This project aims at using the power of Artificial Intelligence, specifically Computer vision to create a quality inspecting tool that entails localizing and predicting the required objects in the image of the Dengue kit. This project highlights the entire process including simulation, design of conveyor belt and displays the final process of how both combined can help catalyse quality inspection by subtracting the manual crunch. Keywords: Artificial Intelligence, Inspection, Computer vision, Industry 4.0 Revolution, Object Detection, Yolov4

This paper attempt to analyze the Covid -19 pandemic impact on the gross value added of the Indian service sector. The purpose of present study is to examine the relationship between the number of Covid -19 confirmed cases in India and gross value added of service sector and sub-service sector of India. The results of the study suggest that number of Covid -19 confirmed cases have a negative impact on the gross value added of the service sector and sub-service sectors of India. However, the negative impact of Covid -19 confirmed cases on the gross value added of the service sector and sub-service sectors of India is not statistically significant. This study also suggests what steps the government can take to revitalize the service sector. The present study is quantitative. For the purpose of study data collected from FY 2019 to the first quarter of FY 2021-22. The study is based on secondary data. The database of the Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation was the source of information for the Indian Service Sector GVA and the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare (MoHFW) was the source of information for the number of confirmed Covid -19 cases in India.

Microglia are brain-resident immune cells with a repertoire of functions in the brain. However, the extent of their interactions with the vasculature and potential regulation of vascular physiology has been insufficiently explored. Here, we document interactions between ramified CX3CR1 + myeloid cell somata and brain capillaries. We confirm that these cells are bona fide microglia by molecular, morphological and ultrastructural approaches. Then, we give a detailed spatio-temporal characterization of these capillary-associated microglia (CAMs) comparing them with parenchymal microglia (PCMs) in their morphological activities including during microglial depletion and repopulation. Molecularly, we identify P2RY12 receptors as a regulator of CAM interactions under the control of released purines from pannexin 1 (PANX1) channels. Furthermore, microglial elimination triggered capillary dilation, blood flow increase, and impaired vasodilation that were recapitulated in P2RY12−/− and PANX1−/− mice suggesting purines released through PANX1 channels play important roles in activating microglial P2RY12 receptors to regulate neurovascular structure and function., Microglia are involved in debris clearance and synaptic pruning, among other processes. However, their direct interaction with the brain vasculature is less clear. Here, the authors show that capillary-associated microglia (CAMs) regulate vascular tone via PANX1-P2RY12 signalling.

Microglia are brain-resident immune cells with a repertoire of functions in the developing, mature and pathological brain. Their wide-ranging roles in physiology include the clearance of cellular debris, elimination of excess synapses, regulation of neuronal activity and contributions to blood vessel development. Despite these known roles for microglia, the extent of their interactions with the vasculature and potential regulation of vascular physiology has been insufficiently explored. Here, using in vivo acute and longitudinal two-photon imaging in transgenic mice combined with electron microscopy, fixed tissue immunohistochemistry, pharmacological treatments and laser speckle imaging, we document the steady-state interactions between ramified CX3CR1+ myeloid cell somata and capillaries in the brain. We first confirm that these myeloid cells are bona fide microglia by molecular, morphological and ultrastructural approaches. Then we give a detailed spatio-temporal characterization of these capillary-associated microglia (CAMs) comparing and contrasting them with parenchymal microglia (PCMs) in their static, dynamic and chronic morphological activities including during microglial depletion and repopulation. Molecularly, we identify microglial-specific purinergic P2RY12 receptors as a receptor regulating CAM interactions under the control of released purines from pannexin 1 (PANX1) channels. Furthermore, to elucidate roles for microglia in vascular structure and function, we eliminated microglia and showed that this triggered capillary dilation, blood flow increase, and impaired vasodilative responses. We find that P2RY12−/− and PANX1−/− mice recapitulate these vascular impairments suggesting purines released through PANX1 channels play important roles in activating microglial P2RY12 receptors to regulate neurovascular structure and function.

Chronic psychological stress is one of the most important triggers and environmental risk factors for neuropsychiatric disorders. Chronic stress can influence all organs via the secretion of stress hormones, including glucocorticoids by the adrenal glands, which coordinate the stress response across the body. In the brain, glucocorticoid receptors (GR) are expressed by various cell types including microglia, which are its resident immune cells regulating stress-induced inflammatory processes. To study the roles of microglial GR under normal homeostatic conditions and following chronic stress, we generated a mouse model in which the GR gene is depleted in microglia specifically at adulthood to prevent developmental confounds. We first confirmed that microglia were depleted in GR in our model in males and females among the cingulate cortex and the hippocampus, both stress-sensitive brain regions. Then, cohorts of microglial-GR depleted and wild-type (WT) adult female mice were housed for 3 weeks in a standard or stressful condition, using a chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) paradigm. CUMS induced stress-related behavior in both microglial-GR depleted and WT animals as demonstrated by a decrease of both saccharine preference and progressive ratio breakpoint. Nevertheless, the hippocampal microglial and neural mechanisms underlying the adaptation to stress occurred differently between the two genotypes. Upon CUMS exposure, microglial morphology was altered in the WT controls, without any apparent effect in microglial-GR depleted mice. Furthermore, in the standard environment condition, GR depleted-microglia showed increased expression of pro-inflammatory genes, and genes involved in microglial homeostatic functions (such as Trem2, Cx3cr1 and Mertk). On the contrary, in CUMS condition, GR depleted-microglia showed reduced expression levels of pro-inflammatory genes and increased neuroprotective as well as anti-inflammatory genes compared to WT-microglia. Moreover, in microglial-GR depleted mice, but not in WT mice, CUMS led to a significant reduction of CA1 long-term potentiation and paired-pulse ratio. Lastly, differences in adult hippocampal neurogenesis were observed between the genotypes during normal homeostatic conditions, with microglial-GR deficiency increasing the formation of newborn neurons in the dentate gyrus subgranular zone independently from stress exposure. Together, these findings indicate that, although the deletion of microglial GR did not prevent the animal's ability to respond to stress, it contributed to modulating hippocampal functions in both standard and stressful conditions, notably by shaping the microglial response to chronic stress.

The central nervous system (CNS) is regulated by a complex interplay of neuronal, glial, stromal, and vascular cells that facilitate its proper function. Although studying these cells in isolation in vitro or together ex vivo provides useful physiological information; salient features of neural cell physiology will be missed in such contexts. Therefore, there is a need for studying neural cells in their native in vivo environment. The protocol detailed here describes repetitive in vivo two-photon imaging of neural cells in the rodent cortex as a tool to visualize and study specific cells over extended periods of time from hours to months. We describe in detail the use of the grossly stable brain vasculature as a coarse map or fluorescently labeled dendrites as a fine map of select brain regions of interest. Using these maps as a visual key, we show how neural cells can be precisely relocated for subsequent repetitive in vivo imaging. Using examples of in vivo imaging of fluorescently-labeled microglia, neurons, and NG2+ cells, this protocol demonstrates the ability of this technique to allow repetitive visualization of cellular dynamics in the same brain location over extended time periods, that can further aid in understanding the structural and functional responses of these cells in normal physiology or following pathological insults. Where necessary, this approach can be coupled to functional imaging of neural cells, e.g., with calcium imaging. This approach is especially a powerful technique to visualize the physical interaction between different cell types of the CNS in vivo when genetic mouse models or specific dyes with distinct fluorescent tags to label the cells of interest are available.

In vivo two-photon imaging of microglia in the intact brain has revealed that microglia constantly survey neuronal soma. Research over the past decade and a recent paper by Cserep et al. published in Science are now uncovering the nature, mechanisms, and consequences of these interactions in health and injury.

This is a protocol for the dual visualization of microglia and infiltrating macrophages in mouse brain tissue. TMEM119 (which labels microglia selectively), when combined with IBA1 (which provides an exceptional visualization of their morphology), allows investigation of changes in density, distribution, and morphology. Quantifying these parameters is important in providing insights into the roles exerted by microglia, the resident macrophages of the brain. Under normal physiological conditions, microglia are regularly distributed in a mosaic-like pattern and present a small soma with ramified processes. Nevertheless, as a response to environmental factors (i.e., trauma, infection, disease, or injury), microglial density, distribution, and morphology are altered in various manners, depending on the insult. Additionally, the described double-staining method allows visualization of infiltrating macrophages in the brain based on their expression of IBA1 and without colocalization with TMEM119. This approach thus allows discrimination between microglia and infiltrating macrophages, which is required to provide functional insights into their distinct involvement in brain homeostasis across various contexts of health and disease. This protocol integrates the latest findings in neuroimmunology that pertain to the identification of selective markers. It also serves as a useful tool for both experienced neuroimmunologists and researchers seeking to integrate neuroimmunology into projects.

Wind energy assessment of two sites in the Fiji Islands is presented. The wind resource of the remote island of Kadavu is analysed along with the urban Suva Peninsula. The former has average (mean) wind speeds of 3.59 ms −1 and 3.88 ms -1 at 20 m and 34 m above ground level (AGL). The latter has average wind speeds of 5.65 ms -1 and 6.38 ms -1 , respectively. The prevailing wind direction for both the sites corresponds to the South-East winds. A wind shear analysis shows the variations in wind speeds during different periods of the day for the Suva site. A high resolution wind resource map of both the sites is simulated using the WAsP software for a radius of 5 km. The WasP analysis indicates good wind power development potential for Kadavu is for the windward side of the Kadavu ridge in the eastern region. The Suva Peninsula site showed good wind power development potential for the Laucala Bay area. A power analysis using the Vestas V27 225 kW turbine is carried out for the specific sites.

This chapter focuses on evaluating companies with respect to compliance with corporate governance norms, as stipulated in the revised Clause 49 of the Listing Agreement, and then analyzing the findings. The chapter is categorized into three sections. Section A relates to the evaluation of corporate governance compliance in the auto industry. Section B relates to the evaluation of corporate governance compliance in the heavy engineering industry. Section C summarizes the results of sections A and B, and submits the conclusion and comparison of both industries. In this chapter, we will be testing two hypotheses: the first hypothesis of study, that there is no difference in level of compliance with corporate governance norms before 2005 and after 2005, and the second hypothesis, that there is no significant difference in the adoption of corporate governance norms by the auto sector and the heavy engineering sector. To test these hypotheses, applied statistical tools such as average, ranking, percentage, Paired-Difference ‘t’ test, and the Mann-Whitney U test have been used. The following are the areas covered in the study: 1. Statement of the Company’s Philosophy on Code of Governance 2. Board of Directors/Board Issues

The code of corporate governance contains guidelines for companies on how to strengthen their governance. Corporate scandals of various magnitudes have maintained public and political interest in the regulation of corporate governance worldwide. Corporate governance issues have received of late serious attention globally. Several committees have been set up by stock exchanges; other statutory authorities and chambers of commerce have issued reports suggesting measures to strengthen corporate governance practices all over the world. At an international level, the first committee was the Cadbury Committee on the Financial Aspect of Corporate Governance. Others include the Greenbury Report, the Hampel Committee, the Smith Report on audit committees (UK), the Higgs Committee, the CalPERS Global Corporate Governance Principles (US), the Blue Ribbon Committee (US), the Sarbanes-Oxley (SOX) Act, (US), the CACG Guidelines: Principles for Corporate Governance in the Commonwealth, and the UK’s Combined Code of Corporate Governance. Further, close attention has been paid to this issue by the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). At a national level, committees such as the Kumar Mangalam Birla Committee, the Naresh Chandra Committee on Corporate Audit and Governance, the N. R. Narayana Murthy Committee, and the J. J. Irani Committee have been formed.

This chapter summarizes the results of the present study, which aimed to examine corporate governance practice in Indian industry. It was imperative to conduct a detailed study on corporate governance, due to the worldwide financial scandals and others much closer to home, such as the Satyam case, which have rocked the corporate world across the globe. These have caused severe damage, leading to bankruptcies, unstable stock markets, and shaken investor confidence. Thus, the concept of corporate governance rose to meet these challenges, with due emphasis on accountability, transparency, and fairness in disclosures, as well as identifying the role and responsibilities of the board of directors and management. Therefore, the need arose to check the extent of compliance in terms of corporate governance codes and standards, as framed from time-to-time based on several committee recommendations, which worked to improve the existing practices. The automobile industry and heavy engineering industry were selected as a sample for the present study, as coverage of the entire industrial sector was not possible due to time and resource constraints.