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In recent years, the field of nanomaterials has exponentially expanded with versatile biological applications. However, one of the roadblocks to their clinical translation is the critical knowledge gap about how the nanomaterials interact with the biological microenvironment (nano–bio interactions). When nanomaterials are used as drug carriers or contrast agents for biological imaging, the nano–bio interaction-mediated protein conformational changes and misfolding could lead to disease-related molecular alterations and/or cell death. Here, we studied the conformation changes of human immunoglobulin G (IgG) upon interaction with silicon quantum dots functionalized with 1-decene, Pluronic-F127 (SiQD-De/F127 micelles) using UV-visible, fluorescence steady state and excited state kinetics, circular dichroism, and molecular modeling. Decene monolayer terminated SiQDs are accumulated inside the Pluronic F127 shells to form SiQD-De/F127 micelles and were shown to bind strongly with IgG. In addition, biological evaluation studies in cell lines (HeLa, Fibroblast) and medaka fish (eggs and larvae) showed enhanced uptake and minimal cytotoxicity. Our results substantiate that engineered QDs obviating the protein conformational changes could have adept bioefficacy.

Elucidation of the details of the associating mode is one of the major concerns for the precise design of DNA-binding molecules that are used for gene regulation. Pyrrole-imidazole polyamide (PIP) is a well-established synthetic DNA-binding molecule that has sequence-specificity for duplex DNA. By the design of the sequence of pyrrole, imidazole, and other synthetic units, PIP is bound to the target DNA sequence selectively. Here, we report the X-ray crystal structure of newly synthesized chiral cyclic PIP (cPIP) complexed with DNA at 1.5 A resolution and reveal that cPIP binds in the reverse orientation in the DNA minor groove. Analysis of the crystal structure revealed that the positions of the hydrogen bonds between the bases and the pyrrole-imidazole moieties of cPIP were similar for both forward- and reverse-binding orientations and that the distortion of the B-form DNA structure caused by cPIP binding was also similar for both orientations. We further found that new hydrogen bonds formed between the amino groups on the γ-turn units and DNA at both ends of the cPIP molecule. Additionally, by comparing the reverse PIP orientation with the forward orientation, we could clarify that the cause of the preference toward the reverse orientation in the S-form cPIP as used in this study is the overall conformation of the cPIP-DNA complex, particularly the configuration of hydrogen bonds. These results thus provide an explanation for the different stereoselectivity of cPIP binding in the minor groove.

We demonstrated the photo-controlled sequence-selective dsDNA cleavage using a DNA origami structure with Cas9 nuclease. The activity of Cas9 incorporated inside the ring-shaped DNA origami was completely suppressed. After photoirradiation, Cas9 was released, and its activity for selective dsDNA cleavage was restored.

We report the direct observation of the formation and degradation of tensegrity triangle DNA crystals using atomic force microscopy (AFM). We observed the crystal surface by AFM and characterized the lattice coordination of the assembled triangle units at a molecular level. We visualized dynamic formation and degradation of the crystals and characterized them at nano-scale resolution.

To the Editor: Coxsackievirus A6 (CVA6) belongs to human enterovirus species A of the genus Enterovirus. According to a Japanese Infectious Agents Surveillance Report, this virus is one of the major causes of herpangina, an acute febrile disease characterized by vesicles, ulcers, and redness around the uvula, which occurs mainly in young children and infants (1). In June 2011, a sudden increase in cases of hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) at pediatric sentinel sites (≈3,000 pediatric hospitals and clinics) was reported to the National Epidemiologic Surveillance of Infectious Diseases System in Japan. Compared with past numbers of cases over 30 years of surveillance, the number of cases of HFMD per sentinel site peaked in week 28 (July) of 2011 (10.97 cases per sentinel), particularly in western Japan (2). According to the Infectious Agents Surveillance Report (as of September, 18, 2011), CVA6 was detected in 709 HFMD cases and 156 herpangina cases throughout Japan (1). Clinical samples (throat swab specimens and feces) obtained from sentinel sites in Shimane, Hyogo, Hiroshima, and Shizuoka, Japan, were screened for enteroviruses by using an enterovirus-specific reverse transcription PCR and sequence analysis of the partial viral protein (VP)4/VP2 or VP1 region (3). Among 93 clinical samples from 108 HFMD case-patients, we identified 74 case-patients as CVA6 positive by sequence analysis. On the basis of sequence analysis of the entire VP1 region (GenBank accession nos. {"type":"entrez-nucleotide-range","attrs":{"text":"AB649286-AB649291","start_term":"AB649286","end_term":"AB649291","start_term_id":"342166534","end_term_id":"342166544"}}AB649286-AB649291), the consensus sequence had 82.3%–82.5% nt identity (94.8%–95.4% aa identity) with the prototype CVA6 Gdula strain (GenBank accession no. {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"AY421764","term_id":"40068436"}}AY421764). CVA6 was not isolated from clinical samples in a cell culture system. Therefore, most CVA6 strains were identified by molecular detection directly from clinical samples and sequence analysis. Some CVA6 strains were grown and isolated in suckling mice; these strains were antigenically identified as CVA6 by a neutralization test with specific antiserum against CVA6 (4). In Japan, HFMD and herpangina are classified as category V infectious diseases. On the basis of clinical diagnosis, suspected infections were reported by pediatric sentinel sites on a weekly basis to the Infectious Disease Surveillance Center of the National Institute of Infectious Diseases (Tokyo, Japan). Typical clinical signs and symptoms of HFMD cases caused by CVA6 were fever, mild vesicles in oral mucosa, and skin blisters on hands, arms, feet, legs, buttocks, and nail matrixes (Figure). Some patients with HFMD had onychomadesis (periodic shedding of the nails) 1–2 months after onset of HFMD. Most cases of HFMD were self-limited. However, additional follow-up may be necessary for patients with onychomadesis who are treated at dermatology clinics. Figure Typical clinical manifestations of hand, foot, and mouth disease associated with coxsackievirus CVA6 in Shizuoka, Japan, June–July, 2011. A) Hand and arm of a 2.5-year-old boy; B) foot and C) buttocks of a 6-year-old boy; D) nail matrix of a 20-month ... As in other countries in the Asia–Pacific region, major causes of HFMD in Japan were CVA16 and enterovirus 71. In 2010, enterovirus 71 was identified as a major cause of HFMD (2). In contrast, CVA6 was consistently associated with herpangina, as were CVA2, CVA4, CVA5, and CVA10, but CVA6 was occasionally detected in HFMD case-patients. CVA6 was the major cause of herpangina in 2007, but an increase in the detection rate of CVA6 in HFMD case-patients was reported in Japan in 2009 (2). HFMD outbreaks caused by CVA6 were reported in Singapore, Finland, and Taiwan in 2007–2009 (5–8). Recent HFMD outbreaks in Finland and Spain were associated with cases of onychomadesis 1–2 months after onset of HFMD (6,8,9). In Japan, cases of onychomadesis after onset of HFMD were reported in 2009 (10). Therefore, changes in clinical outcomes of CVA6-associated diseases should be investigated. Although most HFMD cases caused by CVA6 in Japan were mild, CVA6 was also detected in other clinical samples, including cerebrospinal fluid from a patient with acute encephalitis in Hiroshima, which reaffirmed possible additional clinical manifestations during an HFMD outbreak caused by CVA6. Careful surveillance of disease and infectious agent activities are crucial in monitoring CVA6-associated HFMD, onychomadesis, and neurologic diseases. Nucleotide identity between CVA6 strains in Finland (2008) (7) and Japan (2011) was ≈95% in the partial VP1 region. More detailed genetic, phenotypic, and epidemiologic analyses of CVA6 are needed to determine the role of CVA6 in HFMD outbreaks with or without onychomadesis.

During 1997 to 1998, a nationwide epidemic of aseptic meningitis occurred in Japan. More than 4,500 isolates from patients with aseptic meningitis were identified as echovirus type 30. To investigate the character of these isolates, we examined the nucleotide sequences of thirty-seven geographical representatives and compared them with 50 strains isolated during the past 20 years. The phylogenic analysis used partial sequences from either the VP1 or VP4-VP2 region of the viral capsid. This analysis revealed that the isolates were divided into six genomic groups. All isolates identified during 1997-1998 belonged to only two genomic groups; these two groups are thought to be the causative viral agents involved in the recent epidemic.

CdTe is one of the most effective semiconductors used for solar battery, and thus it is desired to prepare its powder for usage as a printable electronic material. This work reports that CdTe powder was successfully prepared by the following procedures: The molten mixture of CdCl2 and CdTe was cooled rapidly and placed in water. CdTe powder precipitated by resolution of CdCl2 into water from the mixed solid. Doping into CdTe powder was realized by addition of a dopant material in the molten mixture. Electric conductivity, photoconductivity and action spectra were measured on the pure and doped powders, which had a similar size distribution (approximate maximum size: 0.3-0.5μm). The temperature dependencies of electric current and photocurrent were expressed, respectively, by I=I0exp(-E/kT) and Ip=Ip0exp(-Ep/kT)+Ip1, and the values of parameters obtained were shown in Tables I and II. The band gap of the powders was estimated from the action spectra to be almost the same as that of crystal, and its temperature coefficient was also the same. The electric and particulate properties showed the suitability of the present powders for the purpose.

It is well known that some inorganic powders show remarkable activities to extinguish fire. The authors proposed a kind of procedures to appreciate the activity and also to approach to the extinguishing mechanism. Propagating speed of flame was measured in the cylindrical combustion tube by the oscilloscopic patterns from the phototransistors attached on the wall (Fig. 1). The powder was poured from the funnel to be attached on the wall. Mixtures of methane and air of various pressures and components were used inflamable gases. The powder was (NH4)2HPO4 with average surface of 2.72m2/g. The examples of results were shown in Fig. 5 and 6, and Table 2. The extinguishing activity was estimated quantitatively, and its mechanism was concluded to be due to catalytic activity of surface and also partly to thermal decomposition of powder material.