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Abstract Background Medication errors related to the pre-admission medication history obtained on admission are a major cause of medication error during hospitalization. Medication reconciliation (MR) improves patient safety through the detection of inadvertent medication discrepancies at transitions of care. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of MR by pharmacists for patients prior to hospital admission on the incidence of medication errors in the early post-admission period. Patients and methods Patients admitted to the orthopedic ward for surgery between April 2012 and March 2020 were included. Pharmacist-led MR for pre-admission patients was started on April 1, 2017. The incidence of medication errors related to pre-admission medications that occurred during hospitalization were compared between the pre- and post-initiation of pharmacist-led MR (pre-initiation: April 1, 2012 to March 31, 2015, post-initiation: April 1, 2017 to March 31, 2020). Result In the post-initiation group, 94.2% (1245/1321) of patients who were taking medications on admission had a pharmacist-led MR before admission. The proportion of patients whose physicians ordered the prescription of their pre-admission medications at the time before hospitalization to continue from admission was significantly higher in the post-initiation group than in the pre-initiation group (47.4% vs. 1.0%, p

Glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis (GIOP) is a side effect of glucocorticoid (GC) treatment; however, despite established prevention guidelines in various countries, a gap persists between these guidelines and clinical practice. To address this gap, we implemented a collaborative intervention between hospitals and community pharmacists, aiming to assess its effectiveness. Pharmacists recommended to the prescribing doctor osteoporosis treatment for patients who did not undergo osteoporosis treatment with a fracture risk score of ≥3 via tracing reports (TRs), between 15 December 2021, and 21 January 2022. Data were extracted from electronic medical records, including prescriptions, concomitant medications, reasons for not pursuing osteoporosis treatment, and TR contents. Of 391 evaluated patients, 45 were eligible for TRs, with 34 (75.6%) being males. Prednisolone was the most common GCs administered, and urology was the predominant treatment department. Among the 45 patients who received TRs, prescription suggestions were accepted for 19 (42.2%). After undertaking the intervention, guideline adherence significantly increased from 87% to 92.5%. This improvement indicates that TRs effectively bridged the evidence-practice gap in GIOP prevention among GC patients, suggesting their potential utility. Expansion of this initiative is warranted to further prevent GIOP.

Modified FOLFIRINOX (mFFX) and Gemcitabine plus nab-paclitaxel (GnP) are effective first-line chemotherapies for unresectable advanced pancreatic cancer (APC); however, both lead to peripheral neuropathy (PN)., Aims: To evaluate the impact of first-line mFFX-induced PN on the efficacy of second-line GnP in patients with APC., Methods: A database containing patients with APC was retrospectively analyzed to evaluate patients who received second-line GnP after first-line mFFX failure between September 2014 and January 2021. The efficacy and safety of GnP were compared between patients with PN ≥ Grade 2 (PN group) and PN ≤ Grade 1 (non-PN group) at the start of second-line GnP. Cox proportional hazards analysis was also performed to examine the effect on overall survival (OS) and time-to-treatment failure (TTF)., Results: Fifty-nine patients (PN group, 18 patients; non-PN group, 41 patients) were included. Median OS and TTF in the PN versus non-PN group were 7.7 versus 5.7 months ( p = 0.19) and 3.8 versus 2.7 months ( p = 0.18), respectively. Multivariate analysis showed that PN (≥Grade 2) was not a significant factor affecting either OS (hazard ratio (HR) 0.66, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.33-1.31, p = 0.24) or TTF (HR 0.71, 95% CI 0.38-1.33, p = 0.28). No significant difference was observed in the relative dose intensity of GEM or nab-PTX, and incidence of adverse events., Conclusions: mFFX-induced PN has little impact on the efficacy and safety of second-line GnP in patients with APC. Second-line GnP could be a possible treatment option regardless of the presence of PN.

Background/aim: Nausea and vomiting are two of the most distressing adverse events of cancer radiotherapy. The aim of this study was to examine the control rate and risk factors associated with nausea and vomiting in patients with cervical cancer receiving radiotherapy., Patients and Methods: This retrospective study examined patients with cervical cancer who received radiotherapy alone or with concomitant cisplatin. Patients who received radiotherapy alone were not administered antiemetic premedication, while patients who received radiotherapy with concomitant weekly cisplatin (40 mg/m 2 ) were administered antiemetic therapy comprising granisetron and dexamethasone. Risk factors for non-complete response (CR) were identified using multivariate logistic regression analysis., Results: Multivariate analysis indicated that younger age and concomitant weekly cisplatin were significant factors associated with non-CR across 5 weeks of treatment in patients who received radiotherapy. The proportion achieving CR among younger patients (<65 years) who received radiotherapy alone or with concomitant cisplatin was significantly lower than that among older patients (≥65 years) (Concomitant cisplatin: 27% vs. 67%, p=0.049; Radiotherapy alone: 62% vs. 91%, p=0.166). However, the proportion of patients achieving CR across 5 weeks of treatment was insufficient in all groups except for those aged ≥ 65 years who received radiotherapy alone., Conclusion: Antiemetic prophylaxis should be considered for younger patients with cervical cancer undergoing radiotherapy alone. Further, neurokinin-1 receptor antagonist should be added to 5-hydroxytryptamine type-3 receptor antagonist and dexamethasone as antiemetic prophylactic therapy for patients with cervical cancer undergoing radiotherapy with concomitant weekly doses of 40 mg/m 2 cisplatin., (Copyright © 2022 International Institute of Anticancer Research (Dr. George J. Delinasios), All rights reserved.)

Background: The effect of pharmaceutical intervention to treat adverse events on quality of life (QOL) in outpatients receiving cancer chemotherapy is unclear. We investigated whether pharmaceutical intervention provided by pharmacists in collaboration with physicians improves QOL with outpatient cancer chemotherapy., Methods: We conducted a single-center retrospective descriptive study of pharmaceutical intervention for patients receiving outpatient cancer chemotherapy at Gifu University Hospital between September 2017 and July 2020. We assessed patient QOL using the Japanese version of the EuroQol 5 Dimension5 Level (EQ-5D-5L). Adverse events were graded using the Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE) version 4.0. We compared the EQ-5D-5L utility value and incidence of grade 2 or higher adverse events before and after pharmaceutical intervention., Results: Our analysis included 151 patients who underwent 210 chemotherapy cycles. Pharmaceutical intervention significantly improved patients' EQ-5D-5L utility values from 0.8197 to 0.8603 (P < 0.01). EQ-5D-5L utility values were significantly improved after pharmaceutical intervention for nausea and vomiting (pre-intervention 0.8145, post-intervention 0.8603, P = 0.016), peripheral neuropathy (pre-intervention 0.7798, post-intervention 0.7988, P = 0.032) and pain (pre-intervention 0.7625, post-intervention 0.8197, P = 0.035). Although not statistically significant, the incidence of grade 2 or higher adverse events, including nausea and vomiting, dermopathy, pain, oral mucositis, diarrhea and dysgeusia, tended to be lower post-intervention than pre-intervention., Conclusions: Pharmaceutical intervention by pharmacists in collaboration with physicians may improve QOL in patients undergoing outpatient cancer chemotherapy., (© 2022. The Author(s).)

Background: Cancer chemotherapy usually improves clinical outcomes in patients with advanced pancreatic cancer (APC), but can also cause moderate-to-severe adverse events (AEs). We investigated the relationship between moderate-to-severe AEs and quality of life (QOL) in patients with APC who received outpatient chemotherapy., Methods: We recruited APC patients who received outpatient chemotherapy in Gifu University Hospital between September 2017 and December 2018. Adverse events related to chemotherapy were assessed by a pharmacist collaborating with a physician using common terminology criteria for AEs (CTCAE) ver 4.0, and QOL of patients was self-assessed by patients using the five-level EuroQol five-dimensional questionnaire (EQ-5D-5L Japanese edition 2). Associations between the EQ-5D-5L utility value and serious AEs were assessed using proportional odds logistic regression., Results: A total of 59 patients who received 475 chemotherapy cycles were included. The proportional odds logistic regression indicated that grade ≥ 2 anorexia, pain and peripheral neuropathy were significantly correlated with a decreased EQ-5D-5L utility value. Pharmaceutical intervention for these AEs significantly improved the patients' EQ-5D-5L utility value., Conclusions: Anorexia, pain and peripheral neuropathy were significantly associated with a decrease in QOL. It is assumed that appropriate pharmaceutical intervention with particular emphasis on these AEs can improve the QOL of pancreatic cancer patients receiving outpatient chemotherapy., (© 2021. The Author(s).)

Background/aim: To clarify the risk of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting (CINV) with GnP therapy, gemcitabine (GEM) plus nab-paclitaxel (nab-PTX), we compared CINV between GEM and GnP therapy., Patients and Methods: Patients who had received an initial course of GEM and GnP therapy were enrolled. Primary endpoint was the incidence of nausea, and secondary endpoints were the incidence of vomiting and rescue. In addition, the association between nausea and combination therapy with GEM and nab-PTX was evaluated by multivariate logistic regression with adjustment for covariates. All patients received anti-cancer drugs under guideline-consistent, low-risk antiemetic measures., Results: Data from 105 patients were analyzed (GEM group, 44 patients; GnP group, 61 patients). The incidence of nausea, vomiting, and rescue did not significantly differ between the two groups during the acute, delayed or overall periods. The multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that combination therapy with GEM and nab-PTX was not significantly associated with nausea compared to GEM alone., Conclusion: Under guideline-consistent, low-risk antiemetic measures, GnP therapy-induced nausea and vomiting can be controlled similarly to when induced by GEM., (Copyright © 2021 International Institute of Anticancer Research (Dr. George J. Delinasios), All rights reserved.)

Oral mucositis is a common and distressing complication in patients receiving high-dose chemotherapy followed by hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). We reported previously in a single-center retrospective analysis that zinc-L-carnosine (polaprezinc [PZ]) reduced the incidence of oral mucositis associated with HSCT. To verify the accuracy of the prophylactic effect of PZ against oral mucositis, we carried out a multi-institutional prospective randomized controlled study. Patients were randomly allocated to either the prevention group, in which PZ lozenge treatment was started before chemotherapy, or the control group, in which administration of PZ lozenges was initiated immediately after the onset of Grade 2 oral mucositis. Oral mucositis was evaluated daily from the start of chemotherapy to 35 days after transplantation. A total of 91 patients were enrolled, and 88 patients (47 in the control group and 41 in the prevention group) were eligible for data analysis. The incidence of Grade ≥2 but not Grade ≥3 oral mucositis was significantly reduced in the prevention group compared to the control group (44.7% in control group vs 22.0% in the prevention group, P = .025). There were no significant differences in the incidence rates of other adverse events or the rate of engraftment (95.6% vs 97.2%, P = .693) between the two groups. These findings suggest that PZ lozenge is effective for prophylaxis against Grade ≥2 oral mucositis associated with chemotherapy in patients undergoing HSCT without any influence on the HSCT outcome., (© 2020 Union for International Cancer Control.)

Background: Outpatient cancer chemotherapy may lead to improved quality of life (QOL) by allowing treatment to continue without impairing the social lives of patients compared with hospitalization. However, the occurrence of serious adverse events may cause a decline in QOL. We investigated the relationship between outpatient chemotherapy-induced adverse events and QOL., Methods: A single-center retrospective descriptive study was conducted in patients who received outpatient chemotherapy at Gifu University Hospital (Gifu, Japan) between September 2017 and December 2018. The utility values of QOL, type and severity of adverse events, type of cancer, chemotherapy regimen, and other patient demographics were analyzed. Adverse events were graded according to the Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events, version 4.0. QOL was evaluated using the Japanese version of the EuroQol 5 Dimension 5 Level (EQ-5D-5L). Associations between the EQ-5D-5L utility value and serious adverse events were assessed using adjusted (age and sex) odds ratios obtained with a proportional odds logistic regression model., Results: Data from 1008 patients who received 4695 chemotherapy cycles were analyzed. According to proportional odds logistic regression, the adverse events that significantly correlated with a decreased EQ-5D-5L utility value were malaise, edema of the limbs, peripheral neuropathy, pruritus, and dry skin. Based on the proportional odds logistic analysis, neither cancer type nor anticancer drugs were significantly correlated with the EQ-5D-5L utility value in patients who received chemotherapy. Pharmaceutical care for peripheral neuropathy significantly improved patients' EQ-5D-5L utility value from 0.747 to 0.776 (P < 0.01)., Conclusions: Adverse events (i.e., peripheral neuropathy, malaise, and edema of the limbs) are significantly correlated with a decrease in QOL, regardless of the type of cancer or anticancer drugs used. Pharmaceutical care provided by pharmacists in collaboration with physicians may improve QOL.

Background: The increasing cost of anticancer drugs is now being recognised as a global problem, and measures against drug wastage are among the most important cost containment strategies for anticancer drugs., Objective: When blood examination results or changes to a patient's condition necessitate dose reduction or discontinuation of anticancer drugs after their preparation, the compounded anticancer drugs are discarded. To reduce anticancer drug wastage after preparation, we developed a protocol that set the eligibility, start of treatment, dose reduction and discontinuation criteria for injectable anticancer drugs and assessed the effect of pharmacists' checks of these criteria based on the present protocol prior to preparation of injectable anticancer drugs., Method: Observations before and after introduction of the protocol were conducted at Gifu University Hospital. We recorded the number, type and cost of anticancer drugs discarded after preparation and the reason for discarding these drugs in our dedicated database., Results: Checking the criteria for anticancer drug administration before preparation significantly reduced the rate at which anticancer drugs within a chemotherapy cycle were discarded after preparation compared with that prior to the protocol's introduction (0.367% [18/4909] vs 0.032% [2/6248], P < .001). Additionally, the total cost of anticancer drugs discarded after preparation was reduced from JPY 2 041 786 (USD 18 562) to JPY 398 414 (USD 3622)., Conclusion: Pharmacists' checks of the eligibility, start of treatment, dose reduction and discontinuation criteria for anticancer drugs based on the present protocol prior to preparation of injectable anticancer drugs was useful for reducing drug wastage after preparation., (© 2019 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

What Is Known and Objective: Patients who receive hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) are usually administered a calcineurin inhibitor. Because vancomycin is associated with an increased incidence of nephrotoxicity, neutropenic patients receiving HSCT are considered a high-risk population for nephrotoxicity with vancomycin. We retrospectively compared the efficacy and safety of vancomycin and teicoplanin in febrile neutropenic patients receiving HSCT., Methods: A single-centre, retrospective cohort study was conducted at the 614-bed Gifu University Hospital in Japan. Patients who received HSCT and were administered vancomycin or teicoplanin by injection for febrile neutropenia from 1 January 2012 to 31 August 2017 were enrolled. Time to attain an effective trough concentration, clinical efficacy and adverse events were compared between the two groups., Results: Time to attain an effective trough concentration of over 10 μg/mL tended to be shorter in the teicoplanin group than in the vancomycin group (median 3, 95% confidence interval [CI] 2.4-3.6 days vs median 6, 95% CI 1.5-10.5 days; hazard ratio [HR] 0.4, 95% CI 0.15-1.06; P = .066). The rate of clinical failure was lower in the teicoplanin group than in the vancomycin group (18.8% vs 53.8%, P = .113). In addition, the overall incidence of nephrotoxicity was significantly lower in the teicoplanin group (0% vs 46.2%, P = .004)., What Is New and Conclusion: Our findings suggest that administration of teicoplanin may lead to early attainment of the effective concentration with a lower rate of clinical failure and incidence of nephrotoxicity compared to vancomycin in febrile neutropenic patients receiving HSCT., (© 2019 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

Irinotecan is effective for the treatment of metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC) and advanced pancreatic cancer (aPC). However, these treatments are often limited due to the incidence of severe neutropenia. We identified risk factors for severe neutropenia in patients with mCRC or aPC, receiving irinotecan-based chemotherapy regimens. The study selected 104 patients (mCRC: 53 and aPC: 51) who received irinotecan-based chemotherapy between January 2014 and May 2018 and who were included in the present study. The initial dose of irinotecan was 150 mg/m 2 in all patients, and patients with a lower initial dose of irinotecan were excluded. Severe neutropenia (grade ≥ 3) occurred in 56 patients (53.8%). Multivariable Cox proportional hazards analysis indicated that modified FOLFIRINOX (mFOLFIRINOX) and serum total bilirubin (T-Bil) were significant risk factors for severe neutropenia. Moreover, with receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis, the cutoff for T-Bil was found to be 0.7 mg/dL. Among patients treated with mFOLFIRINOX therapy, the incidence of severe neutropenia was significantly higher in patients with high level of T-Bil (> 0.7 mg/dL) than in those without it (93.8% vs 55.0%, P = 0.006). A chemotherapy regimen (modified FOLFIRINOX therapy) and T-Bil > 0.7 mg/dL were significant risk factors for severe neutropenia in patients receiving 150 mg/m 2 irinotecan.

What Is Known and Objective: The target trough concentration of tacrolimus for ulcerative colitis is recommended to be 10-15 ng/mL in the initial two weeks and 5-10 ng/mL in the later phase. However, the effectiveness of rapid attainment of these target trough concentrations of tacrolimus in patients with ulcerative colitis is still unclear. In the present study, we evaluated the clinical efficacy and safety of rapid attainment of target trough concentrations of tacrolimus in patients with ulcerative colitis., Methods: A prospective cohort was conducted at Gifu University Hospital in Gifu, Japan. Hospitalized patients who received tacrolimus for the treatment of ulcerative colitis between April 2009 and March 2017 were enrolled. Since June 2011, the initial loading dose of tacrolimus increased from 0.05 to 0.1-0.2 mg/kg/d, and the maintenance dose to achieve the target trough concentration was determined to be 12.5 ng/mL by proportional calculation with measured blood concentration. The period required to attain target trough concentration and the clinical efficacy before and after dosage modification was compared., Results: The initial dose after dosage modification was significantly increased compared to that before dosage modification (0.10 [0.04-0.22], median [range] mg/kg/d vs 0.05 [0.03-0.05] mg/kg/d, P < 0.001). The period required to attain a target trough concentration over 10 ng/mL was significantly shortened by dosage modification (6 [4-14] days before dosage modification vs 4.5 [2-8] days after modification, P = 0.048). Further, stool frequency score was significantly improved after dosage modification, without affecting the incidence of adverse events., What Is New and Conclusion: Our findings suggest that rapid attainment of the target trough concentration of tacrolimus improves clinical symptoms in patients with ulcerative colitis., (© 2019 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

While modified FOLFIRINOX therapy is effective for treating advanced pancreatic cancer, it frequently causes severe neutropenia. The present study investigated the effect of severe neutropenia on clinical outcomes in advanced pancreatic cancer patients who received modified FOLFIRINOX. The study subjects were 51 patients (30 males and 21 females) with advanced pancreatic cancer who received modified FOLFIRINOX (2h bolus injection of oxaliplatin at 85 mg/m², 2 h bolus injection of L-leucovorin at 200 mg/m², 90min bolus injection of irinotecan at 150 mg/m², followed by continuous infusion of 5-fluorouracil for 46 h at 2400 mg/m² without bolus 5-fluorouracil) during the period from January 2014 to May 2018. No patients had prior history of chemotherapy. Adverse events, including neutropenia, were graded according to the Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events, version 4.0. Median overall survival (OS) was the primary endpoint, while median time to treatment failure (TTF), overall response rate (ORR), and the incidence of other adverse events were secondary endpoints. Severe neutropenia (grade ≥3) occurred in 39 patients (76.4%), and Cox proportional hazard analysis identified high total bilirubin level as a significant risk factor. Median duration of OS was significantly longer in patients with severe neutropenia than in those without it (21.3 months versus 8.9 months, p = 0.020). Moreover, there was a significant correlation between OS and the grade of neutropenia (r = 0.306, p = 0.029). ORR tended to be higher, though not significantly, in patients with severe neutropenia. In contrast, the incidence rates of other adverse events were not different between the two groups. Severe neutropenia is an independent predictor of prognosis in advanced pancreatic cancer patients received modified FOLFIRINOX therapy.

Purpose: Topical ketoprofen patch has been developed to reduce the risk of systemic adverse effects such as gastrointestinal injury and renal toxicity., Materials and Methods: We reported here a case of lower intestinal bleeding associated with chronic excessive use of topical ketoprofen patch in an elderly patient., Results: A 74-year-old female visited to the outpatient clinic of the Gifu University Hospital and admitted thereafter. She had fecal occult blood and anemia. Enteroscopic examination showed several ulcerative lesions and a protruded lesion accompanied with redness in the small intestinal mucosa. She used 8 sheets of 20 mg ketoprofen patch every day for a long period to relieve pain in the shoulder, lower back and lower limb. She had no diseases that are related to the initiation of gastrointestinal bleeding, including infection, inflammatory bowel disease, autoimmune disease and malignant disease. Thus, the present lower intestinal bleeding was concluded to be due to the use of topical ketoprofen patch. The symptoms were recovered after cessation of the patch., Conclusions: Extensive care should be taken to avoid ulcerative intestinal hemorrhage to elderly patients receiving multiple doses of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug patch for multiple days.