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The association of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) with self-reported maternal cannabis use from 3 months pre-conception to delivery ("peri-pregnancy") was assessed in children aged 30-68 months, born 2003 to 2011. Children with ASD (N = 1428) were compared to children with other developmental delays/disorders (DD, N = 1198) and population controls (POP, N = 1628). Peri-pregnancy cannabis use was reported for 5.2% of ASD, 3.2% of DD and 4.4% of POP children. Adjusted odds of peri-pregnancy cannabis use did not differ significantly between ASD cases and DD or POP controls. Results were similar for any use during pregnancy. However, given potential risks suggested by underlying neurobiology and animal models, further studies in more recent cohorts, in which cannabis use and perception may have changed, are needed.

Background Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) seroprevalence in sub-Saharan African children can range up to 50% by age 2 years but factors affecting early age of KSHV infection are not well understood. Malaria during pregnancy has been associated with hindered transplacental transfer of antibodies to several pathogens but whether it affects transplacental transfer of KSHV antibodies is unknown. We aimed to determine if in utero malaria exposure reduced the transfer of KSHV antibodies across the placenta. Methods A cohort study in Kisumu, Kenya enrolled pregnant women at their first antenatal clinic (ANC) visit and followed them through delivery. We included 70 KSHV-positive, HIV-negative mothers and their children. KSHV antibody levels were measured by ELISA (K8.1, ORF73) and multiplex assay (K8.1, ORF73, K10.5, ORF38, ORF50). Transplacental transfer of antibodies was measured by the cord to maternal blood ratio (CMR) of KSHV antibodies. Malaria during pregnancy was defined as detection of Plasmodium falciparum (Pf) DNA at any ANC visit or delivery. Among women with malaria during pregnancy, we examined time of last malaria infection prior to delivery ( Results KSHV seroprevalence (positive for K8.1 or ORF73 by ELISA) among pregnant women was 88%. Neither malaria during pregnancy, malaria infection timing, nor MIR were associated with maternal delivery KSHV antibody blood levels. Maternal delivery and cord blood KSHV antibody levels were highly correlated but these correlations did not differ by malaria during pregnancy. KSHV transplacental antibody transfer was not associated with malaria during pregnancy, malaria infection timing, nor MIR. Conclusions Malaria during pregnancy does not appear to affect transfer of KSHV antibodies across the placenta.

BACKGROUND: The Environmental Determinants of KSHV transmission in rural Uganda (ENDKU) study began enrollment in February 2020 with the purpose of defining the relationship between malaria, primarily caused by Plasmodium falciparum in sub-Saharan Africa, and KSHV susceptibility and reactivation. Uganda is an ideal study site, because both malaria and KSHV are endemic and widespread, even among young children. METHODS: ENDKU is a longitudinal cohort study of infants enrolled at six months of age and followed until three years of age. The main study, and one smaller sub-study, is nested within the General Population Cohort (GPC), a long-standing population cohort in rural Uganda. The ENDKU study was created to test the hypothesis that P. falciparum malaria increases an infant’s susceptibility to KSHV infection. A sub-study to evaluate the effects of P. falciparum on KSHV reactivation involves an additional cohort of 5–10-year-old children with and without acute malaria who presented to the GPC study clinic. For each study, participants provided demographic and behavioral data through administered questionnaires and blood and saliva samples. RESULTS: Despite barriers presented by the COVID-19 pandemic, the study team was able to leverage the longstanding relationship of the UK Medical Research Council and the Uganda Virus Research Institute (MRC/UVRI) with the community, a strong commitment to research, and a multi-disciplinary team of experts to successfully implement the ENDKU study. CONCLUSION: The results of this multi-pronged approach will answer important questions about the etiology and transmission of KSHV in sub-Saharan Africa and the data and samples collected will be an important future resource for scientific research in the region.

Most Zimbabweans access medical care through tiered health systems. In 2013, HIV care was decentralized to primary care clinics; while oncology care remained centralized. Most persons in Zimbabwe with Kaposi sarcoma (KS) are diagnosed late in their disease, and the prognosis is poor. Little is known about whether educational interventions could improve KS outcomes in these settings.Interventions to improve KS detection and management were evaluated at eight Zimbabwe primary care sites (four rural/four urban) that provided HIV care. Interventions included a standardized KS clinical evaluation tool, palliative care integration, standardized treatment and improved consultative services. Interventions were implemented between February 2013 and January 2016 using a randomized stepped-wedge cluster design. Sites were monitored for KS diagnosis rates and KS outcomes, including early diagnosis (T0 vs. T1 tumour stage), participant retention and mortality. Analyses controlled for within-clinic correlations.A total of 1102 persons with suspected KS (96% HIV positive) were enrolled: 47% incident (new diagnosis), 20% prevalent (previous diagnosis) and 33% determined as not KS. Early (T0) diagnosis increased post-intervention, though not significant statistically (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 1.48 [95% confidence interval (95% CI): 0.66-3.79], p = 0.37). New KS diagnosis rates increased 103% (95% CI: 11-273%), p = 0.02) post-intervention; although paired with an increased odds of incorrectly diagnosing KS (aOR = 2.08 [95% CI: 0.33-3.24], p = 0.001). Post-intervention, non-significant decreases in 90-day return rates (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR] = 0.69 [95% CI: 0.38-1.45], p = 0.21) and survival (aHR = 1.36 [95% CI: 0.85-2.20], p = 0.20) were estimated.KS training interventions at urban and rural Zimbabwe decentralized primary care clinics significantly increased overall and incorrect KS diagnosis rates, but not early KS diagnosis rates, 90-day return rates or survival.

Typically conducted by telephone, routine enteric disease case interviews are critical for foodborne illness surveillance, outbreak detection, and disease control. However, an increasing case load, along with the increased use of mobile telephones, has made case interviews more challenging to complete. For this reason, the Colorado Integrated Food Safety Center of Excellence developed and evaluated a pilot program using online surveys to supplement routine telephone-based enteric disease case investigations. From April to September 2019, investigators offered laboratory-confirmed

Serological testing of large representative populations for antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 is needed to estimate seroprevalence, transmission dynamics, and the duration of antibody responses from natural infection and vaccination. In this study, a high-throughput SARS-CoV-2 multiplex microsphere immunoassay (MMIA) was developed for the receptor binding domain (RBD) and nucleocapsid (N) that was more sensitive than enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) (98% versus 87%). The MMIA was then applied and validated in 264 first responders in Colorado using serum and dried blood spot (DBS) eluates, compared to ELISA, and evaluated for neutralizing antibodies. Four percent (11/264) of first responders were seropositive in July to August 2020. Serum and DBS were highly correlated for anti-RBD and anti-N antibodies (R = 0.83, P

Maternal infection and fever during pregnancy have been implicated in the etiology of autism spectrum disorder (ASD); however, studies have not been able to separate the effects of fever itself from the impact of a specific infectious organism on the developing brain. We utilized data from the Study to Explore Early Development (SEED), a case-control study among 2- to 5-year-old children born between 2003 and 2006 in the United States, to explore a possible association between maternal infection and fever during pregnancy and risk of ASD and other developmental disorders (DDs). Three groups of children were included: children with ASD (N = 606) and children with DDs (N = 856), ascertained from clinical and educational sources, and children from the general population (N = 796), randomly sampled from state birth records. Information about infection and fever during pregnancy was obtained from a telephone interview with the mother shortly after study enrollment and maternal prenatal and labor/delivery medical records. ASD and DD status was determined by an in-person standardized developmental assessment of the child at 3-5 years of age. After adjustment for covariates, maternal infection anytime during pregnancy was not associated with ASD or DDs. However, second trimester infection accompanied by fever elevated risk for ASD approximately twofold (aOR = 2.19, 95% confidence interval 1.14-4.23). These findings of an association between maternal infection with fever in the second trimester and increased risk of ASD in the offspring suggest that the inflammatory response to the infectious agent may be etiologically relevant. Autism Res 2019, 12: 1551-1561. © 2019 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc. LAY SUMMARY: Using data from a large multisite study in the United States-the Study to Explore Early Development-we found that women who had an infection during the second trimester of pregnancy accompanied by a fever are more likely to have children with ASD. These findings suggest the possibility that only more severe infections accompanied by a robust inflammatory response increase the risk of ASD.

Immune system abnormalities have been widely reported among children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), which may increase the risk of childhood infections. The Study to Explore Early Development (SEED) is a multisite case-control study of children aged 30-69 months, born in 2003-2006. Cases are children previously diagnosed and newly identified with ASD enrolled from education and clinical settings. Children with a previously diagnosed non-ASD developmental condition were included in the developmental delay/disorder (DD) control group. The population (POP) control group included children randomly sampled from birth certificates. Clinical illness from infection during the first 28 days ("neonatal," from medical records) and first three years of life (caregiver report) in cases was compared to DD and POP controls; and between cases with and without regression. Children with ASD had greater odds of neonatal (OR = 1.8; 95%CI: 1.1, 2.9) and early childhood infection (OR = 1.7; 95%CI: 1.5, 1.9) compared to POP children, and greater odds of neonatal infection (OR = 1.5; 95%CI: 1.1, 2.0) compared to DD children. Cases with regression had 1.6 times the odds (95%CI: 1.1, 2.3) of caregiver-reported infection during the first year of life compared to cases without regression, but neonatal infection risk and overall early childhood infection risk did not differ. Our results support the hypothesis that children with ASD are more likely to have infection early in life compared to the general population and to children with other developmental conditions. Future studies should examine the contributions of different causes, timing, frequency, and severity of infection to ASD risk. Autism Research 2019, 12: 136-146. © 2018 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc. LAY SUMMARY: We looked at infections during early childhood in relation to autism spectrum disorder (ASD). We found that children with ASD were more likely to have an infection in the first 28 days of life and before age three compared to children with typical development. Children with ASD were also more likely than children with other developmental delays or disorders to have an infection in the first 28 days of life.

Background Interferon (IFN)- λ4, a type III IFN, production is controlled by a dinucleotide frameshift variant (rs368234815-dG/TT) within the first exon of the IFNL4 gene. Carriers of the IFNL4-dG allele but not the IFNL4-TT allele are able to produce the IFN-λ4 protein. Patients with hepatitis C virus that do not produce the IFN-λ4 protein have higher rates of viral clearance suggesting a potential inhibitory role of IFN-λ4 in liver-tropic infections. Methods In this study, it was investigated whether children infected with Plasmodium falciparum, which has a well-characterized liver stage infection, would be more susceptible to clinical malaria relative to their IFNL4-rs368234815 allele. A cohort of 122 children from a malaria holoendemic region of Kenya was analysed. Episodes of clinical malaria and upper respiratory tract infections (URTIs) were determined using information collected from birth to 2 years of age. The dinucleotide frameshift variant IFNL4-rs368234815-dG/TT was genotyped using a TaqMan assay. Results In this cohort, 33% of the study participants had the dG/dG genotype, 45% had the dG/TT genotype, and 22% had TT/TT genotype. The number and time to first episode of clinical malaria and URTIs with respect to the IFNL4-rs368234815 allele was evaluated. It was found that children that carried the IFNL4-rs368234815-dG allele had an increased number of clinical malaria episodes. In addition, there was a significant association between earlier age of first malaria infection with carriers of the IFNL4-dG allele (p-value: 0.021). Conclusion The results suggest that the ability to produce IFN-λ4 negatively affects host immune protection against P. falciparum malaria in Kenyan children.

Background: Most Zimbabweans access medical care through tiered health systems, with decentralized HIV care and centralized oncology care. Local health centre staff are trained in ART administration but not in AIDS-associated Kaposi sarcoma (AIDS-KS) diagnosis or management. To improve AIDS-KS prognoses, interventions on screening, diagnosis, and treatment must be integrated into primary HIV care settings. We conducted a community-based randomized step-wedge cluster trial for a package of KS care training interventions. Methods: Interventions intended to improve KS detection and management included a standardized KS clinical evaluation tool, palliative care integration, standardized treatment, and improved consultative services. Interventions were evaluated at eight Zimbabwe primary HIV care sites by monitoring KS diagnoses and outcomes, including early diagnosis (T0 vs T1 tumor stage), patient retention, and mortality. Analyses controlled for within clinic correlations. Findings: 1102 suspected KS patients (96% HIV+) were enrolled: 47% newly diagnosed, 20% previously diagnosed, and 33% determined as not KS (incorrectly diagnosed). Diagnosis at T0 stage increased post-intervention, though not significant statistically (adjusted odds ratio (aOR)=1·48 (95% confidence interval (95%CI):0·66-3·79);p=0·37). New KS diagnosis rates increased 103% (95%CI:11%-273%);p=0·02) post-intervention, with parallel increased odds of incorrect diagnosis (aOR=2·08 (95%CI:0·33-3·24);p=0·001). Post-intervention, non-significant changes in 90-day return rates (adjusted hazard ratio (aHR)=0·69 (95%CI:0·38-1·45);p=0·21) and survival (aHR=1·36 (95%CI:0·85-2·20);p=0·20) were estimated. Interpretation: KS training interventions increased overall and incorrect KS diagnosis, but not early KS diagnosis, 90-day return rates, or survival at HIV primary care sites. Approaches to increase KS diagnosis accuracy in low-resource settings are needed. Trial Registration: Study design details are available at ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01764360. Funding: Funding was provided by the National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health: grant 1R01CA172050. Declaration of Interest: None to declare. Ethical Approval: The study was approved by the institutional review boards of Zimbabwe (Medical Research Council of Zimbabwe, MRCZ), University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus (COMIRB), and the Joint Parirenyatwa Hospital and University of Zimbabwe College of Health Sciences Research Ethics Committee (JREC).

Supplemental Digital Content is available in the text, Objectives: Define the seroprevalence and risk factors for SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in Arapahoe County, Colorado first responders (eg, law enforcement, human services, fire departments). Methods: Two hundred sixty four first responders were enrolled June to July 2020. SARS-CoV-2 seropositivity was defined as detection of immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies to both spike receptor binding domain and nucleocapsid in venous blood by validated enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. We compared risk factors for being seropositive versus seronegative. Results: 4% (11/264) were SARS-CoV-2 seropositive. Seropositive participants were significantly more likely to have lung disease (% seropositive, % seronegative; P-value) (36%, 8%; P = 0.01), prior SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19 testing (36%, 8%; P ≤ 0.01), a prior positive result (18%, less than 1%), and to believe they previously had COVID-19 (64%, 15%; P

Gastrointestinal symptoms (GIS) are commonly reported in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). This multi-site study evaluated the prevalence of GIS in preschool-aged children with ASD/(n = 672), with other developmental delays (DD)/(n = 938), and children in the general population (POP)/(n = 851). After adjusting for covariates, children in the ASD group were over 3 times more likely to have parent-reported GIS than the POP group, and almost 2 times more likely than the DD group. Children with GIS from all groups had more behavioral and sleep problems. Within the ASD group, children with developmental regression had more GIS than those without; however, there were no differences in autism severity scores between children with and without GIS. These findings have implications for clinical management.

Background We aimed to determine whether Plasmodium falciparum infection affects age of Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) seroconversion in Kenyan children. Methods Kenyan children (n = 144) enrolled at age 1 month, from 2 sites with different levels of malaria transmission (stable/high vs unstable/low) were followed to age 24 months. Plasma was tested for KSHV antibodies using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA; K8.1 and LANA) and a multiplex bead-based assay (K8.1, K10.5, ORF38, ORF50, and LANA) and whole blood tested for P. falciparum DNA using quantitative PCR. Cox proportional hazards models were used to assess associations between P. falciparum DNA detection, malaria annualized rate (P. falciparum detections/person-years), and enrollment site (malaria-high vs malaria-low) with time to KSHV seroconversion. Results KSHV seroprevalence was 63% by age 2 years when assessed by multiplex assay. Children with P. falciparum were at increased hazards of earlier KSHV seroconversion and, among children with malaria, the hazard of becoming KSHV seropositive increased significantly with increasing malaria annualized rate. Children from the malaria-high transmission region had no significant difference in hazards of KSHV seroconversion at 12 months but were more likely to become KSHV seropositive by age 24 months. Discussion Malaria exposure increases the risk for KSHV seroconversion early in life.

BACKGROUND: Sleep problems can impact daytime behavior, quality of life, and overall health. We compared sleep habits in young children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and other developmental delays and disorders and in children from the general population (POP). METHODS: We included 2- to 5-year-old children whose parent completed all items on the Children’s Sleep Habits Questionnaire (CSHQ) in a multisite case-control study: 522 children with ASD; 228 children with other developmental delays and disorders with autism spectrum disorder characteristics (DD w/ASD); 534 children with other developmental delays and disorders without autism spectrum disorder characteristics (DD w/o ASD); and 703 POP. Multivariable analysis of variance compared CSHQ mean total score (TS) and subscale scores between groups. Logistic regression analysis examined group differences by using TS cutoffs of 41 and 48. Analyses were adjusted for covariates. RESULTS: Mean CSHQ TS for children in each group: ASD (48.5); DD w/ASD (50.4); DD w/o ASD (44.4); and POP (43.3). Differences between children with ASD and both children with DD w/o ASD and POP were statistically significant. Using a TS cutoff of 48, the proportion of children with sleep problems was significantly higher in children in the ASD group versus DD w/o ASD and POP groups (adjusted odds ratios [95% confidence intervals]: 2.12 [1.57 to 2.87] and 2.37 [1.75 to 3.22], respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Sleep problems are more than twice as common in young children with ASD and DD w/ASD. Screening for sleep problems is important in young children to facilitate provision of appropriate interventions.

Evidence about injury outcomes in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is limited. We compared injury treatments and outcomes in children with ASD versus typically-developing (TD) controls. Children aged 30–68 months were recruited from education and health providers and randomly sampled birth certificates. Cases were determined using established ASD-specific diagnostic instruments. Parent-reported injury treatments and outcomes in ASD cases (n=224) were compared to TD (n=267) controls, overall and stratified by intellectual disability (ID) and attention problems (Child Behavior Checklist score or prior diagnosis), adjusting for sociodemographic characteristics and maternal psychiatric conditions using logistic regression. Injury nature, region and mechanism were similar between groups. ASD and TD children had comparable receipt of emergency care (EC) and/or hospitalization (82.1 percent vs 81.6 percent, adjusted odds ratio [aOR]=0.88 [95 percent CI: 0.56, 1.39]) and medication (41.5 percent vs 46.1 percent, aOR=0.79 [0.47, 1.31]) but ASD children more often had surgery (14.7 percent vs 5.2 percent, aOR=2.62 [1.49, 4.61]). Results were equivalent in ASD children with and without ID. Compared to TD children, ASD cases with attention problems had similar odds of receiving EC/hospitalization (aOR=1.77 [0.78, 4.02]), whereas those without attention problems were less likely to receive EC/hospitalization (aOR=0.55 [0.37, 0.82]). Parent-reported long-term/significant behavior change post-injury was uncommon (ASD 5.4 percent vs TD 3.4 percent, aOR=1.21 [0.51, 2.86]) and did not vary by ID status or attention problems. Significant differences in injury treatment/management were observed in ASD versus TD children. Attention problems in ASD children might have influenced management: those without attention problems were significantly less likely than TD children to have injury-related EC/hospitalization, a difference not observed for those with attention problems. Injuries rarely resulted in long-term or significant behavior change in children with ASD. Future research could explore differences in injury management in children with developmental delays/disorders, including ASD, and attention problems.

This study explored whether ASD phenotypes in the child were associated with a history of anxiety or depression in the mother. We hypothesized that an ASD profile in children characterized by mild delays and increased rates of dysregulation would be associated with preexisting maternal anxiety or depression. Participants were 672 preschool children with ASD and their mothers. Children were classified as ASD after a comprehensive developmental evaluation. Mothers reported whether a healthcare provider ever diagnosed them with anxiety or depression before the birth of their child. Four child ASD phenotypes were derived from latent class analysis: Mild Language Delay with Cognitive Rigidity (Type 1), Significant Developmental Delay with Repetitive Motor Behaviors (Type 2), General Developmental Delay (Type 3), and Mild Language and Motor Delay with Dysregulation (i.e., aggression, anxiety, depression, emotional reactivity, inattention, somatic complaints, and sleep problems) (Type 4). Type 2 ASD served as the referent category in statistical analyses. Results showed that 22.6% of mothers reported a diagnosis of anxiety or depression before the birth of their child. Maternal anxiety or depression was associated with 2.7 times the odds (95% confidence interval: 1.4, 5.3) of Type 4 or Dysregulated ASD in the child; maternal anxiety and depression was associated with 4.4 times the odds (95% confidence interval: 1.4, 14.0) of Type 4 or Dysregulated ASD in the child. Our findings suggest an association between Dysregulated ASD in the child and anxiety and depression in the mother. These findings can enhance screening methods and inform future research efforts.

This study examined caregiver-reported medically-attended injuries among 30–68 month old children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) compared to general population (POP) and non-ASD developmental disorders (DD) controls in the Study to Explore Early Development. Injuries were common in ASD cases (32.3%) as well as POP (30.2%) and DD (27.8%) controls; most resulted in an emergency visit or hospitalization. After accounting for sociodemographic, health, IQ and behavior differences, odds of injury in ASD cases were significantly higher than DD controls but similar to POP controls. Attention problems mediated the relationships. Clinicians caring for children with both ASD and attention problems should consider providing targeted safety advice. Differences in injury risk between children with ASD vs. other developmental disorders need further study.

Background Evidence about injury management and outcomes in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is limited. Method Cross-sectional analyses included children aged 30–68 months with at least one medically attended injury. Standardized diagnostic instruments determined ASD cases. Parent-reported injury treatments and outcomes were examined in ASD cases (n = 224) versus developmental delays/disorders (DD) (n = 188) and population (POP) (n = 267) controls, adjusting for child and family characteristics using logistic regression. Results Injury characteristics were similar between groups. Most children (82.5%) had emergency care (EC) or hospitalization after injury. Nearly half (46.4%) ever received a medication or injection, mostly analgesics (53.4%) and local anesthetics (23.8%), while 9.4% ever received surgery, most often for open wound (47.0%) or fracture (16.7%). ASD group children were less likely than DD group children to receive medication/injection (41.1% vs. 53.2%, adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 0.60 [0.40, 0.90]); receipt of EC/hospitalization and surgery were comparable. Children with ASD more often had surgery than POP children (14.3% vs. 4.9%, aOR = 2.62 [1.31, 5.25]); receipt of EC/hospitalization and medication/injection were similar. Loss of consciousness was uncommon (ASD = 6.3%, DD = 5.3%, POP = 3.4%), as was long-term or significant behavior change (ASD = 5.4%, DD = 3.2%, POP = 3.2%); differences were not significant. Conclusions Injured children with ASD received fewer medications/injections than children with non-ASD developmental delays/disorders and more surgical treatments than general population children. Injury management was otherwise similar between groups. Understanding whether these results reflect child or injury characteristics or provider perceptions about behaviors and pain thresholds of children with ASD, and how these may influence care, requires further study.

Background Studies of injury risk in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) have shown conflicting results. We examined medically-treated injuries in children with ASD vs. population (POP) controls. Methods The Study to Explore Early Development (SEED) is a multi-site ASD case-control study of children aged 30–68 months. ASD cases (n = 693) were determined using established ASD-specific diagnostic instruments. POP controls (n = 882) were ascertained from birth certificates. Each child’s primary caregiver reported if the child ever had a medically-treated injury and described each such injury. Injuries resulting in emergency department visit or hospitalisation were defined as “serious.” We describe the nature and cause of each child’s first reported injury. Associations between ASD and having at least one medically-treated injury and serious injury were examined using logistic regression, adjusted for child sex, age, and IQ; maternal race/ethnicity and education; and family income. Results Among children with ASD, 33% ever had a medically-treated injury and 25% ever had a serious injury; the most commonly specified injuries were laceration (41%), fracture (22%) and abrasion/contusion (12%). Among POP children, 30% had a medically-treated injury and 22% a serious injury; the most commonly specified injuries were laceration (46%), fracture (23%) and dislocation/sprain (12%). In both groups, the cause most often specified was a fall (56%). ASD cases and POP controls had similar odds of injury (crude odds ratio [cOR] = 1.1 [95% CI: 0.9, 1.4]; adjusted OR [aOR] = 1.2 [0.9, 1.7]) and serious injury (cOR = 1.1 [0.9, 1.4]; aOR = 1.2 [0.9, 1.6]). Conclusions Children with ASD and population control children had similar odds of any medically-treated injury and serious injury. Sociodemographic and IQ differences did not influence these results. We plan to further explore and compare specific injury types and causes, and additional injury outcomes, between the two groups.