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Glacio-eustatic cycles lead to changes in sedimentation on all types of continental margins. There is, however, a paucity of sedimentation rate data over eustatic sea-level cycles in active subduction zones. During International Ocean Discovery Program Expedition 375, coring of the upper ∼110 m of the northern Hikurangi Trough Site U1520 recovered a turbidite-dominated succession deposited during the last ∼45 kyrs (Marine Isotope Stages (MIS) 1–3). We present an age model integrating radiocarbon dates, tephrochronology, and δ18O stratigraphy, to evaluate the bed recurrence interval (RI) and sediment accumulation rate (SAR). Our analyses indicate mean bed RI varies from ∼322 yrs in MIS1, ∼49 yrs in MIS2, and ∼231 yrs in MIS3. Large (6-fold) and abrupt variations in SAR are recorded across MIS transitions, with rates of up to ∼10 m/kyr occurring during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM), and

Calcareous rocks are commonly found in subduction zones, but few studies have investigated the consolidation and compactive deformation of these rocks prior to subduction, and their potential effects on subduction and accretionary processes are thus poorly understood. Using drilling data obtained during International Ocean Discovery Program (IODP) Expeditions 372 and 375 combined with 2D and 3D seismic reflection data, the structure, growth history, and slip rates of normal faults identified in the incoming pelagic sedimentary sequences of the Hikurangi Margin were investigated. A seismic coherence depth slice and vertical profiles show that these faults exhibit polygonal structure that has rarely been documented at subduction margins. The polygonal faults are closely spaced and layer-bound within sequences dominated by pelagic carbonate and calcareous mudstone of Paleocene-Pliocene age. Kinematic modeling and 2D displacement analysis reveal that fault throws decrease toward the upper and lower tipline. In detail, two groups of throw profiles are defined by locations of displacement maxima, possibly reflecting lateral variations in physical properties. The polygonal fault system (PFS) likely formed by syneresis processes that involve diagenetically induced shear failure and volumetric contraction of the pelagic unit associated with fluid escape. Fault growth sequences reveal multiple, weakly correlated intervals of contemporaneous seafloor deformation and sedimentation and allow estimates of fault slip rates. We find evidence for a significant increase in typical slip rates from 0.5-3 m/Ma during pelagic sedimentation to >20 m/Ma following the onset of terrigenous sedimentation. These observations suggest that rapid loading of the pelagic sediments by the trench-wedge facies was associated with renewed and faster growth of the PFS. The PFS will eventually be transported into the base of the accretionary wedge, enhancing geometric roughness and heterogeneity of materials along the megathrust, and providing inherited zones of weakness. Selective fault reactivation may facilitate deformation and episodic vertical fluid migration in the lower wedge associated with microearthquakes, tremor, and slow slip events.

Quantifying fault damage zones provides a window into stress distribution and rheology around faults. International Ocean Discovery Program (IODP) Expeditions 372/375 drilled an active thrust splay fault within the Hikurangi subduction margin. The fault, which is hosted in Pleistocene clastic sediments, is surrounded by brittle fractures and faults as well as ductile deformation features. We find that fracture density in the damage zone enveloping the fault is asymmetric, with the hanging wall showing greater overall fracture density and at greater distances from the fault than the footwall. Furthermore, the peak in fracture density occurs within an area of mesoscale folding and localized slip in the hanging wall rather than adjacent to the main fault zone. We attribute the asymmetry in damage to disparate deformation histories between the hanging wall and footwall, greater ductile deformation within the footwall, and/or dynamic stress asymmetry around a propagating rupture. Damage asymmetry is common at shallow depths in subduction zones and influences the mechanical and hydrological properties of the fault, such as channelized fluid flow and fault stability. Finally, we demonstrate that subduction zone faults show similar damage-displacement scaling as continental faults.

We constrain orientations of the horizontal stress field from borehole image data in a transect across the Hikurangi Subduction Margin. This region experiences NW‐SE convergence and is the site of recurrent slow slip events. The direction of the horizontal maximum stress is E‐W at an active splay thrust fault near the subduction margin trench. This trend changes to NNW‐SSE in a forearc trench slope basin on the offshore accretionary wedge, and to NE‐SW in the onshore forearc. Multiple, tectonic, and geological processes, either individually or in concert, may explain this variability. The observed offshore to onshore stress rotation may reflect a change from dominantly compressional tectonics at the deformation front, to a strike‐slip and/or extensional tectonic regime closer to the Taupo Volcanic Zone, further inland. In addition, the offshore stress may be affected by topography and/or stress rotation around subducting seamounts, and/or temporal stress changes during the slow slip cycle.

The Pāpaku Fault Zone, drilled at International Ocean Discovery Program (IODP) Site U1518, is an active splay fault in the frontal accretionary wedge of the Hikurangi Margin. In logging‐while‐drilling data, the 33‐m‐thick fault zone exhibits mixed modes of deformation associated with a trend of downward decreasing density, P‐wave velocity, and resistivity. Methane hydrate is observed from ~30 to 585 m below seafloor (mbsf), including within and surrounding the fault zone. Hydrate accumulations are vertically discontinuous and occur throughout the entire logged section at low to moderate saturation in silty and sandy centimeter‐thick layers. We argue that the hydrate distribution implies that the methane is not sourced from fluid flow along the fault but instead by local diffusion. This, combined with geophysical observations and geochemical measurements from Site U1518, suggests that the fault is not a focused migration pathway for deeply sourced fluids and that the near‐seafloor Pāpaku Fault Zone has little to no active fluid flow.

The Hikurangi Subduction Margin (HSM) of New Zealand is well-known for its variable seismic behaviour along strike, and across the Pacific-Australian subduction interface. Pacific-Australian plate motion is accommodated by a combination of slow slip and normal seismic events. The mechanics of slow slip earthquakes and their relationship to normal earthquakes are not well constrained, and so they represent a challenge to the development of hazard models for this region of New Zealand.Variability in a number of aspects of the stress state along the HSM may play a role in controlling the observed spatially variable seismic behaviour. Here we present preliminary analysis of stress orientation information from borehole image logs acquired from oil and gas exploration wells, and scientific wells drilled as part IODP Expedition 372. Orientations of borehole breakouts (BOs) and drilling-induced tensile fractures (DITFs) from these image logs are used to determine orientations of the minimum and maximum horizontal stress directions respectively within the upper 3 km of the over-riding Australian Plate (hanging wall of the HSM subduction interface). Our analysis reveals that present day maximum horizontal compressive stress orientation (SHmax) within the subduction hangingwall varies along the HSM strike, from NE-SW (oblique to Pacific-Australian plate motion, parallel to HSM strike) in the northern HSM, to NW-SE (oblique to Pacific-Australian plate motion and HSM strike) in the southern HSM. Some deviation from this trend can be observed in both regions. At the frontal thrust in the northern HSM, SHmax is oriented N-S, and in the southern HSM one well shows a shallow E-W oriented SHmax. The borehole image log SHmax orientations in the northern HSM are consistent with SHmax orientations derived from shallow focal mechanism inversion. In contrast, borehole image logs SHmax orientations in the south of HSM are oblique to focal mechanisms derived shallow SHmax orientations. Borehole SHmax orientations are compatible with the maximum horizontal contraction strain rate direction determined from campaign GPS surface velocities, though in the southern HSM multiple directions are determined from this technique. The difference in stress orientations along the HSM is consistent with the variation in seismic behaviour linked to changes in coupling at the subduction interface. Interestingly, it is the southern HSM, where the subduction interface is considered strongly coupled, that stress field orientations are not consistent with depth and show variability. In the northern HSM, where the subduction interface is considered to be weakly coupled, stress orientations appear broadly consistent with depth.

International audience; nternational Ocean Discovery Program (IODP) Expedition 352 recovered a high-fidelity record of volcanism related to subduction initiation in the Bonin fore-arc. Two sites (U1440 and U1441) located in deep water nearer to the trench recovered basalts and related rocks; two sites (U1439 and U1442) located in shallower water further from the trench recovered boninites and related rocks. Drilling in both areas ended in dolerites inferred to be sheeted intrusive rocks. The basalts apparently erupted immediately after subduction initiation and have compositions similar to those of the most depleted basalts generated by rapid sea-floor spreading at mid-ocean ridges, with little or no slab input. Subsequent melting to generate boninites involved more depleted mantle and hotter and deeper subducted components as subduction progressed and volcanism migrated away from the trench. This volcanic sequence is akin to that recorded by many ophiolites, supporting a direct link between subduction initiation, fore-arc spreading, and ophiolite genesis.

A revised age model for Site U1480 was generated for the 0–67 Ma time interval using biomagnetostratigraphic data from which age-depth tie points have been selected to determine sediment accumulation rates and durations of identified hiatuses. This revised age model relies on biostratigraphic data between ~2 and 67 Ma and biomagnetostratigraphic data between 0 and 1.8 Ma and differs from the shipboard age model in terms of (1) the timing and duration of the major Cenozoic hiatus, (2) the late Miocene–early Pliocene transition, (3) the 0–1.8 Ma interval, and (4) the age of the sediment/volcanic interface at 1415 meters below seafloor (mbsf), here determined to be ≤67.4 Ma. Two intervals of igneous strata totaling 60 m occur in the Paleocene sedimentary rock sequence, giving a thickness of 1355 m for sediments and sedimentary rocks. In Hole U1481A, sedimentary rocks were recovered between 1150 and 1499 mbsf. The revised age model differs from the shipboard version mainly in more clearly acknowledging the lack of biostratigraphic data between 1411 and 1495 mbsf.

The destructive nature of subduction erosion poses challenges to fully understanding the evolution of erosive convergent margins that are critical to understanding crustal recycling and seismogenesis. Forearc deformation holds important clues to the evolution of erosive convergent margins. Here we present detailed paleomagnetic and structural analyses of IODP Site U1380 cores from the middle slope of the forearc of the Costa Rican erosive convergent margin. The analyses reveal a strong deformation zone from ~490 to ~550 mbsf that is characterized by abundant fissility/foliations shallower than the bedding. Similar relatively strong deformation zones are recognized from the frontal prism and upper slope sites, and are broadly correlative, forming a zone of strong deformation across the forearc. This zone spans ~2.0 to 1.83 Ma and the deformation likely occurred briefly at ~1.80 Ma. The widespread, short-lived, and strong deformation is interpreted as a result of intense subhorizontal shear following the rapid forearc subsidence driven by the dramatic subduction erosion associated with the abrupt onset of the Cocos Ridge subduction. Given the typical occurrence of forearc subsidence by subduction erosion, similar styles of deformation are probably common in other erosive convergent margins as well.

International audience; New biostratigraphical, geochemical, and magnetic evidence is synthesized with IODP Expedition 352 shipboard results to understand the sedimentary and tectono-magmatic development of the Izu–Bonin outer forearc region. The oceanic basement of the Izu–Bonin forearc was created by supra-subduction zone seafloor spreading during early Eocene (c. 50–51 Ma). Seafloor spreading created an irregular seafloor topography on which talus locally accumulated. Oxide-rich sediments accumulated above the igneous basement by mixing of hydrothermal and pelagic sediment. Basaltic volcanism was followed by a hiatus of up to 15 million years as a result of topographic isolation or sediment bypassing. Variably tuffaceous deep-sea sediments were deposited during Oligocene to early Miocene and from mid-Miocene to Pleistocene. The sediments ponded into extensional fault-controlled basins, whereas condensed sediments accumulated on a local basement high. Oligocene nannofossil ooze accumulated together with felsic tuff that was mainly derived from the nearby Izu–Bonin arc. Accumulation of radiolarian-bearing mud, silty clay, and hydrogenous metal oxides beneath the carbonate compensation depth (CCD) characterized the early Miocene, followed by middle Miocene–Pleistocene increased carbonate preservation, deepened CCD and tephra input from both the oceanic Izu–Bonin arc and the continental margin Honshu arc. The Izu–Bonin forearc basement formed in a near-equatorial setting, with late Mesozoic arc remnants to the west. Subduction-initiation magmatism is likely to have taken place near a pre-existing continent–oceanic crust boundary. The Izu–Bonin arc migrated northward and clockwise to collide with Honshu by early Miocene, strongly influencing regional sedimentation.

Sediments tell a tsunami story Trying to understand where major earthquakes and tsunamis might occur requires analysis of the sediments pouring into a subduction zone. Thick sediments were expected to limit earthquake and tsunami size in the Sumatran megathrust event in 2004, but the magnitude 9.2 earthquake defied expectations. Hüpers et al. analyzed sediments recovered from the Sumatran megathrust. They found evidence of sediment dehydration, which increased fault strength and allowed for the much larger earthquake to occur. Thus, models of other subduction zones, such as the Gulf of Alaska, may underestimate the maximum earthquake magnitude and tsunami risk. Science , this issue p. 841

Recognition of coring-induced disturbance, which is essential for magnetic fabric and paleomagnetic studies of poorly lithified sediments, is generally not straightforward. Here, we report on anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility (AMS) and paleomagnetic data of the sediments from Holes U1480E and U1480H, IODP Expedition 362, west of the Sumatra subduction zone. AMS is characterized by steep minimum principal axes (Kmin) in undisturbed sediments. However, a considerable portion of the recovered sediments are affected by significant coring-induced disturbance. In these cases, we observed three AMS patterns: (1) AMS principal axes are randomly distributed for sediments with mingling and distortion of beds, (2) Kmin axes of sediments with upward-arching beds are deflected out of the splitting face of the working half, and (3) suck-in sediments are characterized by vertical Kmax axes. These deformation-dependent AMS patterns can be attributed to the realignment of mineral particles caused by the coring process and subsequent sampling procedures. Besides a low-coercivity, vertical, drilling-induced overprint, we observed a high-coercivity component that is likely a composite of the primary magnetization with a demagnetization-resistant portion of the drilling overprint. After accounting for the disturbed intervals, several polarity transitions can be identified in the undisturbed sediments which correlate well with the Pleistocene geomagnetic polarity timescale. These observations demonstrate that great caution is required when attributing geological significance to AMS and paleomagnetic data obtained from soft sediment cores, which are highly susceptible to coring-induced disturbance. In addition, AMS measurements provide a potential tool for identifying core deformation for further paleomagnetic studies.

The near-flat subduction of the Cocos Ridge (CR) along the Middle American Trench (MAT) plays a pivotal role in governing the geodynamic evolution of the central American convergent margin. Elucidating the onset of its subduction is essential to understand the tectonic evolution and seismogenesis of the Costa Rican convergent margin, a typical erosive convergent margin and modern example of a flat-slab subduction. Initial subduction of the CR has been previously investigated by examining upper plate deformation that was inferred to have resulted from the initial CR subduction. However, little attention has been paid to the extensive sedimentary archives on the CR that could hold important clues to the initial CR subduction. Drilling on the CR during IODP Expedition 344 discovered a pronounced sedimentary hiatus at Site U1381. Here we present paleomagnetic and rock magnetic results of the Cenozoic sedimentary sequences at this site that bracket the hiatus between ca. 9.61 and 1.52 Ma. We also examine the areal extent, timing, and geologic significance of the hiatus by analyzing sedimentary records from five other ODP/IODP sites on CR and Cocos plate. The analyses show that the hiatus appears to be regional and the presence/absence of the sedimentary hiatus at different locations on CR implies a link to the onset of CR shallow subduction, as a result of either bottom current erosion or CR buckling upon its initial collision at the MAT. Records directly from CR thus provide a new window to unraveling the geodynamic evolution of the central American margin.

The Costa Rica Seismogenesis Project (CRISP) was designed to elucidate processes that control nucleation and seismic rupture of large earthquakes at erosional subduction zones. The CRISP study area is located offshore the Osa Peninsula where the incoming Cocos Ridge has lifted the seismogenic zone to within reach of scientific drilling. This area is characterized by low sediment supply, a fast convergence rate, abundant plate interface seismicity, and a change in subducting plate relief along strike. In addition to elucidating processes at erosional convergent margins, this project is complementary to other deep fault drilling projects (e.g., The Nankai Trough Seismogenic Zone Experiment and the Japan Trench Fast Drilling Project). Integrated Ocean Drilling Program (IODP) Expedition 344 is the second expedition of CRISP Program A (IODP Proposal 537A-Full5), a first step toward deep riser drilling through the seismogenic zone. The focus of CRISP Program A is on the shallow lithologic, hydrologic, stress, and thermal conditions that lead to unstable slip in the seismogenic zone. Together with IODP Expedition 334, the first expedition of CRISP Program A, these data provide exciting insights into the nature of seismogenesis and erosive plate boundaries.

SUMMARY The asymmetry (skewness) of marine magnetic anomaly 32 (72.1‐73.3 Ma) on the Pacific plate has been analysed in order to estimate a new palaeomagnetic pole. Apparent eVective remanent inclinations of the seafloor magnetization were calculated from skewness estimates of 108 crossings of anomaly 32 distributed over the entire Pacific plate and spanning a great-circle distance of ~12 000 km. The data were inverted to obtain a palaeomagnetic pole at 72.1°N, 26.8°E with a 95 per cent confidence ellipse having a 4.0° major semi-axis oriented 98° clockwise of north and a 1.8° minor semi-axis; the anomalous skewness is 14.2°±3.7°. The possible dependence of anomalous skewness on spreading rate was investigated with two empirical models and found to have a negligible eVect on our palaeopole analysis over the range of relevant spreading half-rates, ~25 to ~90 mm yr’1. The new pole is consistent with the northward motion for the Pacific plate indicated by coeval palaeocolatitude and palaeoequatorial data, but diVers significantly from, and lies to the northeast of, coeval seamount poles. We attribute the diVerence to unmodelled errors in the seamount poles, mainly in the declinations. Comparison with the northward motion inferred from dated volcanoes along the Hawaiian‐Emperor seamount chain indicates 13° of southward motion of the Hawaiian hotspot since 73 Ma. When the pole is reconstructed with the Pacific plate relative to the Pacific hotspots, it diVers by 14°‐18° from the position of the pole relative to the Indo‐Atlantic hotspots. This has several possible explanations including bias in one or more of the palaeomagnetic poles, motion between the Pacific and Indo‐Atlantic hotspots, and errors in plate reconstructions relative to the hotspots.

A new, global set of palaeomagnetic observations was obtained from analysis of the symmetry of the shape of 203 crossings of the Central marine magnetic anomaly, the anomaly observed above seafloor, formed during the Brunhes normal polarity chron (0-0.78 Ma). The data indicate that the time-averaged field can be described best by a dominant geocentric axial dipole component, whose position differs insignificantly from the present spin axis, and by a small geocentric axial quadrupole component (6.0% −6.7% +5.7% the size of the dipole component). If we simply assume that the Brunhes palaeomagnetic axis has been aligned with the present spin axis, the quadrupole component is 6.2% ± 4.7%, which differs significatly from a purely dipolar field, and is in good agreement with estimates from other palaeomagnetic data. Besides expanding the spatial distribution of palaeomagnetic field observations, an important step in removing biases in prior field estimates caused by poor global coverage, these results illustrate that valuable geomagnetic information as well as accurate palaeomagnetic poles can be obtained from skewness data.

SUMMARY An increase in the accuracy and age resolution of the apparent polar wander path of the Pacific plate could be important for testing reconstructions that relate the motion of Pacific basin plates to other plates, for testing if hotspots in different ocean basins are stationary relative to one another, and for estimating the motion of hotspots relative to the spin axis. With these goals in mind, herein we investigate how accurately a palaeomagnetic pole can be estimated from skewness analysis of many crossings of a single magnetic anomaly on the Pacific plate. Apparent effective remanent inclinations of the sea-floor magnetization were estimated from the skewnesses of 132 useful (out of 149 total) crossings of anomaly 25r (56.5–57.8 Ma) distributed over a distance of more than 11000 km across the Pacific plate. These estimates were inverted to obtain a best-fitting palaeomagnetic pole latitude, pole longitude, and anomalous skewness for this single reversed-polarity chron. The best-fitting model gives a pole of 78.2°N, 4.8°E with a 95 per cent confidence ellipse having a 6.4° major semi-axis oriented 93° clockwise of north and a 4.1° minor semi-axis; anomalous skewness is 16.2°± 4.6° (95 per cent confidence limits). We also investigated the effect of the dependence of anomalous skewness on spreading rate by correcting our data using an empirical model. The pole obtained from the inversion of this alternative data set lies a statistically insignificant 0.6° from the pole obtained using no correction. That a pole with usefully compact confidence limits and a narrowly resolved, precisely estimated age can be so determined suggests that an accurate apparent polar wander path with a fine-age resolution can be determined for the Pacific plate by applying the same approach to the shapes of other marine magnetic anomalies. Comparison of our chron 25r pole with other Pacific palaeomagnetic and palaeoequatorial sediment facies data indicates that the Pacific plate remained nearly stationary relative to the spin axis during the Eocene (-0.05°Myr−1± 0.28° Myr−1), but probably moved rapidly northward during the Paleocene (0.83° Myr−1± 0.46° Myr−1). Comparison of these data to latitudes of dated volcanic edifices along the Hawaiian-Emperor chain indicates that the Hawaiian hotspot drifted southward by 10.2°± 3.4° (95 per cent confidence limits) since 57 Ma, but only by 1.7°± 1.9° since 39 Ma, which gives a southward displacement of 8.5°± 3.9° (95 per cent confidence limits) between 57 and 39 Ma, corresponding to a rate of southward motion of 52°24mm yr−1. Incorporation of realistic uncertainties of volcano ages would increase these uncertainties considerably, however. We also examined the distance between the crossings of anomalies 25 and 27 on all the profiles we analysed; along the palaeo-Pacific-Farallon boundary these distances are inconsistent with the joint hypotheses of symmetric spreading and single Pacific and Farallon plates between 62 and 56 Ma, indicating that the evidence for a single Pacific plate in early Tertiary time is not as compelling as it had previously seemed.

SUMMARY We present a method for simultaneously determining palaeomagnetic poles and anomalous skewness from the observed skewness of marine magnetic anomalies from a single plate. Skewness is esimated by visual comparison of phase-shifted observed anomaly profiles with an ideal zero-phase synthetic anomaly calculated for sea-floor formed and observed in a vertical magnetic field. We assume that each crossing of the same anomaly or anomalies is anomalously skewed by an identical amount. This assumption is supported by the great reduction in squared error (i.e., x') obtained by adding just this one adjustable parameter. Our inversion procedure determines the palaeomagnetic pole and anomalous skewness that give a maximum likelihood best fit in a least-squares sense to the observed effective remanent inclinations, which are inferred by simple calculation from the observed phase shift. Our method determines 95 per cent confidence limits both from a constant-chisquare boundary and by linear propagation of errors and also estimates the information distribution of the data. The anomalous skewness values we determine agree with values estimated from comparison of anomalies across a spreading centre. These encouraging results suggest that further skewness studies may permit variations in anomalous skewness with age to be quantified, provide constraints for models that describe the processes affecting the magnetic source layer during its creation and evolution, and permit oceanic plate apparent polar wander paths to be determined with a fine age resolution.

The Pacific plate is positioned into the hotspot reference frame, first directly relative to the Pacific hotspots, and then indirectly relative to the African hotspots by using seafloor spreading data. The reconstructions are repeated for 10, 15, 37, 48, and 61 Ma. The errors associated with each link for both approaches are expressed by covariance matrices which can be combined to yield the overall error in the case of the relative plate motion circuit. Assuming the hotspots are fixed, and that the reconstructions record the true relative positions of the plates, the reconstructions should be equivalent within their uncertainties. In fact, however, there is agreement within the uncertainties only for 10 Ma, with the misfit increasing with age for the earlier reconstructions. These misfits can he accounted for by three alternative explanations: large hotspot location uncertainties, a shift in time of the Pacific group of hotspots relative to the African group, or an additional plate boundary in the relative plate motion circuit, which we assume to be in Antarctica. By examining each of these possibilities in turn, we conclude that the uncertainties in individual hotspot locations required to bring the reconstructions into agreement are unreasonably large, and that the data available at present do not allow us to distinguish which of the remaining two possibilities may be the primary source of reconstruction errors.

The geocentric axial dipole hypothesis states that the geomagnetic field, when averaged over tens to hundreds of thousands of years, corresponds to that of a dipole located at Earth's center and aligned with Earth's rotation axis. Accordingly, paleomagnetic poles, which are estimates of the position of the ancient dipole axis, give past positions of the Earth's rotation axis relative to a sample locality from which the paleolatitude of the sample can be derived. Using this hypothesis, paleomagnetists have established detailed paleogeographies for the continents that span several hundreds of million years. Such information is essential for understanding plate and terrane motions, mantle convection, paleoclimates, and geomagnetism, as well as many other subjects.

The skewness of magnetic anomalies corresponding to chrons 25 to 32r (56-72 Ma) was investigated on 22 North Pacific profiles recording Pacific-Kula spreading. From 172 estimates of skewness we find that it varies with age, with irregular scatter superimposed on a steady increase with age of 1.20±0.27°/m.y. Skewness differs significantly between anomalies differing in age by as little as a million years. An analysis of the errors in the skewness estimates indicates significant errors that are systematic for an anomaly of a given age, but varying irregularly with age. The significant increase with age of phase shift may reflect an increase with age of anomalous skewness, or the northward motion of the Pacific plate, or both. If it is due entirely to Pacific plate motion, and an age-independent value of anomalous skewness of 14° found in prior studies is assumed, the rate of northward motion is 0.70±0.26°/m.y., four times faster than estimated from seamount paleomagnetic poles and paleolatitudes determined from sediment cores.