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Endometriosis is a complex condition causing surgical challenges, sometimes leading to urogynecological complications, the diagnosis and treatment of which are not always obvious. We present a case of a 46-year-old woman with a history of severe endometriosis and adenomyosis who developed an oligosymptomatic vesicovaginal fistula (VVF) as a complication of surgery. The patient’s medical history included multiple surgeries for endometriosis, a cesarean section, and a laparoscopic hysterectomy. After the excision of the full-thickness infiltration of the urinary bladder, she experienced postoperative bowel obstruction treated by laparotomy. Subsequent urinary complications of bladder healing were eventually recognized as oligosymptomatic VVF. Symptoms of VVFs may vary, making a diagnosis challenging, especially when the lesion is narrow. Imaging techniques such as cystoscopy and cystography are helpful for diagnosis. The treatment options for VVFs range from surgical repair to conservative methods, like bladder catheterization, hormonal therapy, and platelet-rich plasma (PRP) injections, depending on the lesions’ size and location. In this case, the patient’s VVF was treated with PRP injections, a low-invasive method in urogynecology. PRP, known for its pleiotropic role, is increasingly used in medicine, including gynecology. The patient’s fistula closed after 6 weeks from the PRP session, highlighting the potential of this conservative treatment modality.

Due to the increasing number of patients suffering from diabetes mellitus scientists raise awareness of different symptoms that patients might present. The disease results from a defect in insulin secretion or action. Chronic hyperglycemia in diabetes causes damage and dysfunction of organs, especially the eyes, kidneys, nerves, heart and blood vessels. Diabetes can occur at any age and always requires treatment. A common non-specific symptom of untreated DM may be osteoarticular complications. Typical symptoms of diabetes include polyuria, increased thirst, dehydration, weakness and drowsiness. Complications of the disease include eyes, kidneys, nerves, microangiopathies, diabetic foot syndrome, bones, joints, skin. In all patients, the most important thing is to control glycemia from the beginning of the disease

Introduction and objective: The purpose of this paper is a systematic review of articles and research in the context of the relationship between genetic determinants of migraine and thyroid dysfunction. Materials and methods: A non-systematic review of the scientific literature was carried out according to the following keywords: PubMed was searched and 76 articles published up to 2023 were analyzed. Description of the state of knowledge: Epidemiological studies confirm the co-occurrence of migraine and thyroid dysfunction, especially hypothyroidism, which are considered to be diseases with a strong genetic background. Thyroid function parameters such as TSH and fT4 are susceptible to genetic influences. However, there is a lack of consistent interpretation of the observational results, which highlights the need for further research. Analysis of gene overlaps and links between headache and thyroid function, based on GWAS data, could shed light on the complex genetic interactions underlying this association. Summary: The genetic associations revealed in the study enhance our comprehension of the intricate relationship between migraine and thyroid dysfunction. These findings not only offer the prospect of developing biomarkers for identifying migraine patients who might benefit from thyroid hormone therapy but also underscore the promising potential of future genetic studies in providing biological insights to advance clinical decision-making in understanding and addressing these interconnected phenomena.

Introduction: On the basis of education, the criterion-referenced diagnosis of the disorder does not provide sufficient grounds for planning educational and therapeutic support. The functional characteristics supplementing the data from the nosological diagnosis show the possibilities and difficulties of a person in functioning in the everyday life context. Research Aim: The aim of the article is to present observational scales for assessing the cognitive functioning of people with moderate (KAPP_SNIU), severe (KAPP_SNIZ) and profound (KAPP_SNIG) intellectual disabilities aged 6 to 25, which are part of the KAPP diagnostic battery. Evidence-based Facts: Current diagnostic instruments for the functional assessment of people with moderate, severe and profound intellectual disabilities contain outdated or non-standardized tools. In Poland, there is a need to supplement this catalogue. Summary: The scales are intended for functional assessment performed by special educators, psychologists and specialists. Theoretical assumptions on which the construction of the scales is based and the stages of this process, which included: pilot studies, standardization studies and validation studies, are presented. The psychometric properties of the scales as well as the data confirming convergent and differential validity are also described. The last chapter presenting the fields for interpretation of the results (inter-individual, intra-individual comparisons and between the parallel perspectives of the parent and teacher in the 270-degree diagnosis model) gives specialists a picture of the possibility of using tools in everyday diagnostic and therapeutic work.

Introduction: In the knee joint are two menisci, which are fibrocartilaginous structures. The tears of the meniscus are one of the most common injuries within knee. Arthroscopy with suturing of torn or menisectomy are the most popular methods of treatment, however in long term observation menisectomy often results in osteoarthritis 10-20 years after surgery. For this reason, less invasive treatment methods are being sought, such as platelet-rich plasma injections. Platelet-rich plasma has many growth factors, which stimulates healing. Objective: The aim of this study is to review latest the literature on the use of platelet-rich plasma injections in the patients with meniscus tears. Material and methods: A literature review was conducted on databases such as PubMed and Google Scholar using the terms: ”meniscus”, “meniscus tear”, “platelet-rich plasma”, “platelet-rich plasma injections”, “meniscus injuries treatment’. Conclusions: The injuries of meniscus are very common, and often must be treated by arthroscopy. Platelet-rich plasma has a positive impact on tissue healing. Platelet-rich plasma injuries in the patients with meniscal tears repair lead to improve healing rates compare with patients without PRP injections, but there is no guidelines and further studies are necessary.

Hair loss is a problem that affects many people around the world. Androgenic alopecia (AGA) is the most common cause of hair loss affecting up to 50% of men and 40% of women over the age of 50. This type of hair loss is mediated by androgens, the strongest of which is dihydrotestosterone (DHT). This hormone influences the weakening hair follicles. The problem of excess DHT and the associated androgenic hair loss may concern people practicing sports, especially aerobic disciplines of moderate and high intensity. In the recent decades, many topical and oral therapies have been introduced to delay and stop hair loss. However, commonly used medications have only a partial and temporary effect, therefore alternative treatment methods are needed. Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) is known, among other things, for its use in orthopedics. The use of PRP may benefit athletes in the treatment of injuries to tendons, ligaments, muscles and cartilage. Many publications indicate good results with the use of PRP in the treatment of hair loss. The aim of this study is to summarise the published reports on the effect of platelet-rich plasma (PRP) on hair loss prevention in people with androgenic alopecia (AGA) and to analyse the papers discussing androgen levels in physically active people.

L-theanine is an amino-acid found in green tea (Camellia sinensis), a beverage consumed by people all around the world. Its chemical structure is similar to L-glutamic acid. L-theanine acts as an antagonist of AMPA and kainate receptors as well as partial co-agonist of the NMDA receptors. The application may be associated with several health benefits, such as improvements in cognition, reduction of stress and anxiety-like symptoms. Although the dosage of L-theanine in green tea, which is around 20 mg per tea, is not very likely to have meaningful impact on mental health, supplementation of doses 200-400 mg/day has shown some promising advantages. Despite some evidence towards beneficial impact of L-theanine on mental health, longer-term and larger cohort clinical studies are required in order to justify its application for patients suffering from such diseases as anxiety, depression, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia and sleep disorders. What is more, it is more possible to act as a therapy augmentation in particular cases, rather than conventional therapy replacement.

Introduction and purpose: The main aim of our study is to summarise existing knowledge and draw conclusions about the impact of magnesium deficiency on the occurrence of anxiety. Methodology: The literature available in the National Library of Medicine database at https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov and Google Scholar was reviewed. Articles were searched by using keywords: magnesium, deficiency, supplementation, anxiety disorders. Forty-seven research papers and meta-analyses were analysed. Description of the state of knowledge: Magnesium is an extremely important mineral in the human body involved in many physiological processes. A deficiency of this element affects the whole body and can cause mental disorders - including anxiety disorders. There are many theories showing a link between magnesium and anxiety disorders in both humans and animals. Magnesium has been shown to influence the function of neurotransmitters affecting the experience of anxiety. Supplementation in people with hypomagnesaemia has been proven to improve their health and well-being. However, it should be noted that supplements on the market vary in the bioavailability of the mineral, and the frequency of intake and dosage also affect the bioavailability of magnesium. Conclusions: It is important to ensure adequate levels of magnesium in the diet, given its impact on the proper functioning of the human body (including the nervous system) and the fact that most people consume insufficient amounts of this macronutrient. Evidence of a link between magnesium levels and anxiety has led to increased interest in the potential efficacy of magnesium supplementation to alleviate anxiety symptoms.

Introduction: Autoimmune pancreatitis is a type of chronic autoimmune inflammation that can be divided into two types. Type 1 is a clinical manifestation of IgG4-mediated disease, while type 2 may coexist with inflammatory bowel diseases. Objective: The aim of the study is to review the literature on the role of the intestinal microbiota in the pathogenesis of autoimmune pancreatitis. Methods: A literature review was conducted on databases such as PubMed and Google Scholar using the terms: ”autoimmune pancreatits”, “intestinal dysbiosis”, “intestinal microbiome”, and “pathogenesis”. Conclusions: The intestinal microbiota has an impact on the development of autoimmune pancreatitis, but it is not the main pathogenic factor, but rather a risk factor.

Background: Hypothyroidism is a common disorder among patients and it is well known that individuals with hypothyroidism often have lower tolerance for physical activity. However, regular exercise can have a positive impact on health and quality of life of these patients. Objective: The aim of this work is to review the relationship between hypothyroidism and physical activity, including the potential benefits of physical exercise for individuals with hypothyroidism, as well as the factors that may limit exercise tolerance in this population. Method: A literature review was conducted on databases such as PubMed and Google Scholar using terms „hypothyroidism”, „physical exercise”, „exercise tolerance”, „quality of life”, „thyroid function”. Results: People with hypothyroidism engage in sports less frequently, which may be due to the influence of hypothyroidism on the lungs, heart and muscles, which can cause impaired exercise tolerance. However, physical exercise in individuals with hypothyroidism may have a positive impact on thyroid function, depressive states and cognitive functions. Conclusions: Studies suggest that exercise can have positive effects on thyroid function, mood and symptoms of depression in patients with hypothyroidism. Therefore, incorporating regular physical activity into the management of hypothyroidism can be an important strategy for improving health outcomes in these patients.

Background From the perspective of dyslexia, familial risk is the issue most researched worldwide. The familial risk has never been studied in Poland. Results of many studies conducted in Europe, the U.S. and Australia show that children who have a close family member with dyslexia are at greater risk of this disorder than children in the control groups. This conclusion is backed up by the results of research on the genetic aetiology of learning disorders. In the presented study on Polish 1st grade students, the Adult Reading History Questionnaire by Lefly and Pennington (2000) in the Polish adaptation (ARHQ-PL) was used. The connections between the familial risk and the level of reading, spelling, phonological abilities and other cognitive functions were analysed. Participants and procedure The study covered 513 children, including their parents, from randomly selected primary schools in the Mazowieckie province. According to the ARHQ-PL assumptions, the children’s parents were divided into groups taking into account the familial risk level. Children were individually assessed for reading, spelling, phonological abilities, naming speed, phonological memory, vocabulary level and selective attention. Inter-group comparisons were performed based on the analysed variables for the groups of children whose parents had critical results in the ARHQ. The comparisons identified high risk (or lack of risk), as per sex, age, education level and SES (socio-economical status). Results The results show that there is a significant connection between risk group membership and the level of reading and of the majority of assessed phonological abilities. More significant relationships were determined for the familial risk of dyslexia observed for mothers. Conclusions The study confirms the diagnostic accuracy of the familial dyslexia risk ratio determined using the ARHQ-PL questionnaire for reading and for the majority of the phonological abilities closely connected with reading. Further longitudinal studies are needed to confirm the prognostic accuracy of diagnosing developmental dyslexia.