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An innovative approach to a design of cyclotron allows to produce cheaper and more power efficient cyclotrons for medical and industrial application. 15 MeV cyclotron for PET (and other) isotopes production are widely used and in very high demand. In this paper a design of a very compact and cheap to build and to run cyclotron is presented., Proceedings of the 13th International Particle Accelerator Conference, IPAC2022, Bangkok, Thailand

An innovative approach to a design of cyclotron allows to produce cheaper and more power efficient cyclotrons for medical and industrial application. A design of 230 MeV proton cyclotron for proton therapy, using this approach is presented. The cyclotron is one of the line of cyclotrons from 15 to 230 MeV, that uses same magnet field level and RF frequency and utilises many identical solutions within the lineup to make it cheaper to produce and run., Proceedings of the 13th International Particle Accelerator Conference, IPAC2022, Bangkok, Thailand

Superconducting cyclotron MSC230 is dedicated for acceleration the proton beam to 230 MeV for medico-biological research. MSC230 is an isochronous four-sector compact cyclotron with a magnetic field in the center of 1.7 T. Acceleration is performed at the fourth harmonic mode of the accelerating radio-frequency (RF) system consisting of four cavities located in the cyclotron valleys. The accelerator will use an internal Penning type source with a hot cathode. Extraction is carried out by an electrostatic deflector located in the gap between sectors and two passive magnetic channels. The current status of the project is discussed., Proceedings of the 13th International Particle Accelerator Conference, IPAC2022, Bangkok, Thailand

Cyclotrons are the oldest type of circular accelerators, with many applications, design of the majority of cyclotrons nowadays follow has become a standard for most of developers, and there is a clear trend for switching towards superconducting magnets to increase the magnet field level and descrease the size and weight. A new approach, described in this paper allowed the author to design a lineup of cyclotrons from 15 to 230 MeV as compact and power efficient as superconducting cyclotrons, but using copper coil., Proceedings of the 13th International Particle Accelerator Conference, IPAC2022, Bangkok, Thailand

In this paper, we compared the effect of the cyclotron coil shape on the beam dynamics. Two models were created. The first has a conventional round coil, the second has a coil that follows the trajectory of the protons. Parameters of extracted beams are discussed., Proceedings of the 12th International Particle Accelerator Conference, IPAC2021, Campinas, SP, Brazil

The classic way of beam dynamics simulation in a cyclotron is to separate it into many different stages from the ion source to the extraction (or even further), this was absolutely necessary to fit the calculations into any reasonable time in a cost of influence of some operation devices from one stage, on beam dynamics of another (next or previous mostly) stage. We’ve managed to perform beam dynamics from ion source through a solenoid to the center region in a single model in COMSOL, using several fields simultaneously: external magnetic (the magnet), calculated magnetic (the solenoid) and alternating and stationary electric fields in the center region., Proceedings of the 12th International Particle Accelerator Conference, IPAC2021, Campinas, SP, Brazil

Physical design of the compact superconducting cyclotron SC230 (91.5MHz) has been performed. The cyclotron can deliver up to 230 MeV beam for proton therapy and medico-biological research. As the cyclotron will have a relatively small magnet field, it is possible to use both superconducting and resistive coil. Besides a superconducting cyclotron we simulate design of the cyclotron with a conventional copper water-cooled coil. Such a solution allows us to achieve a lower price compared to superconducting options, but it becomes a bit heavier., Proceedings of the 22nd International Conference on Cyclotrons and their Applications, Cyclotrons2019, Cape Town, South Africa

The purpose of this article is to show the prospects of cyclotrons with resistive coils and prove that even in such a well-established field there is still room for innovation. The concept of a 15 MeV cyclotron accelerating H¯ ions with a current of up to 1 mA is presented. The design features significantly lower weight and power consumption, compared to the majority of existing cyclotrons of the same energy., Proceedings of the 22nd International Conference on Cyclotrons and their Applications, Cyclotrons2019, Cape Town, South Africa

The SC200 proton therapy superconducting cyclotron is currently under construction by ASIPP (Hefei, China) and JINR (Dubna, Russia). The radio frequency (RF) system which provides an accelerating electric field for the particles, has been designed and tested in a high-power commissioning. The RF system consists of RF cavity, Low-level RF control system, RF source, transmission network and so on. The main performances of RF cavity meet design and use requirements in the cold test. The RF cavity achieved with an unload Q factor of 5200 at the resonant frequency of 91.5 MHz, 60 kV (Center)~120 kV (Extraction) accelerating voltage and coupling state of S11 -30 dB. The low-level RF (LLRF) system has been tested with an amplitude stability of 0.2% and a phase stability of 0.1 degree in the high-power commissioning. What is more, the cavity operated in a ~50 kW continuous wave state after 4 weeks RF conditioning. Some risks have exposed at higher power test, but related solutions and improvements have been developed. In future work, the target of RF system is effective operation under the overall assembly of cyclotron after further optimization and RF conditioning., Proceedings of the 22nd International Conference on Cyclotrons and their Applications, Cyclotrons2019, Cape Town, South Africa

We present results of the beam dynamics simulation for the compact isochronous superconducting cyclotron SC230. We have performed beam tracking starting from the ion source. The extraction system scheme and results of beam extraction simulations are presented. The codes and methods used for beam tracking are briefly described., Proceedings of the 10th Int. Particle Accelerator Conf., IPAC2019, Melbourne, Australia

Physical design of the compact superconducting cyclotron SC230 (91.5MHz) has been performed. The cyclotron will deliver up to 230 MeV beam for proton therapy and medico-biological research. We have performed simulations of magnetic and accelerating systems of the SC230 cyclotron and specified the main parameters of the accelerator., Proceedings of the 10th Int. Particle Accelerator Conf., IPAC2019, Melbourne, Australia

In 2015 the joint project JINR (Dubna, Russia) - ASIPP (Hefei, China) on design and construction of supercon-ducting proton cyclotron SC202 was started. Two cyclo-trons are planned to be manufactured in China, according to the Collaboration Agreement between JINR and ASIPP. The first cyclotron will be used for proton therapy in Hefei and the second one will replace the Phasotron in the research and treatment program on proton therapy in Dubna. New schema of extraction system and results of beam acceleration and extraction simulations for Dubna cyclotron are presented., Proceedings of the 9th Int. Particle Accelerator Conf., IPAC2018, Vancouver, BC, Canada

The superconducting cyclotron SC200 for proton therapy is designing by ASIPP (Hefei, China) and JINR (Dubna, Russia) will be able to accelerate protons to the energy 200 MeV with the maximum beam current of 1 µA. A conceptual design study with 3D codes for the superconducting cyclotron magnet has been carried out during 2015-16 at ASIPP and JINR. The main design considerations are reviewed. The results obtained by numerical field computation for a suitable choice of design parameters are presented. Results of numerical calculations are the basis for technical design of SC200 cyclotron., Proceedings of the 21st Int. Conf. on Cyclotrons and their Applications, Cyclotrons2016, Zurich, Switzerland

The SC202 superconducting cyclotron for hadron therapy is under development by collaboration of ASIPP (Hefei, China) and JINR (Dubna, Russia). The accelerator will provide about 200 MeV proton beam with maximum current of 1μA in 2017-2018. We have performed simulations of all systems of the SC202 cyclotron and specified the main parameters of magnet, acceleration system and extraction elements., Proceedings of the 8th Int. Particle Accelerator Conf., IPAC2017, Copenhagen, Denmark

The SC200 is a compact superconducting cyclotron, which is designed under the collaboration of ASIPP (Hefei, China)-JINR (Dubna, Russia), for proton therapy. The protons are accelerated to 200 Mev with maximum beam current of 500 nA. The very high mean magnetic field of 2.9T-3.5T (center-extraction) challenges the design of radio frequency (RF) system because of the restricted space. The orbital frequency of the protons is ~45 MHz according to the magnetic field and beam dynamics. The RF system is supposed to operate on 2rd harmonic of ~90 MHz. Two Dee cavities located at the valley of the magnet have been adopted. The preliminary design of RF system, which consists of active tuning, coupling and so on, is presented. The computation and simulation showed good results to ensure the Dee cavities operating at the 2rd harmonic and the proper variation of acceleration voltage versus radius., Proceedings of the 21st Int. Conf. on Cyclotrons and their Applications, Cyclotrons2016, Zurich, Switzerland

In 2015 the joint project with ASIPP (Hefei, China) on design and construction of superconducting proton cyclotron SC202 was started. Two copies of SC202 shall be produced, according to the Collaboration Agreement between JINR and ASIPP. One will be used for proton therapy in Hefei and the second one will be used to replace the Phasotron in the research and treatment program on proton therapy at JINR. Recent status of the SC202 superconducting cyclotron for hadron therapy design and manufacture is presented., Proceedings of the 8th Int. Particle Accelerator Conf., IPAC2017, Copenhagen, Denmark

According to the agreement between the Institute of Plasma Physics (ASIPP) of the Chinese Academy of Sciences in Hefei, China, and Joint Institute for Nuclear Research (JINR), Dubna, Russia, the project of superconducting isochronous cyclotron for proton therapy SC200 is under development at JINR. The cyclotron will provide acceleration of protons up to 200 MeV with maximum beam current ~1 µA. Extraction system of the beam consists of electrostatic deflector and two passive magnetic channels. Electric field strength in deflector does not exceed 170 kV/cm, gradients of magnetic field in channels are in range 2-4 kG/cm.The first of the channels focusing the beam in horizontal plane is subdivided into four parts. Geometry and magnetic field of two and three bars sub channelsare described. Results of the beam tracking inside extraction system are presented. Efficiency of the beam extraction was estimated for different amplitudes of the betatron oscillations in accelerated beam., Proceedings of the 21st Int. Conf. on Cyclotrons and their Applications, Cyclotrons2016, Zurich, Switzerland

SC200 is a superconducting isochronous cyclotron which generates 200 MeV, 400 nA proton beam for particle therapy. The cold-cathode-type Penning ion gauge (PIG) ion source for the internal ion source of SC200 has been selected as an alternative and preliminary designed. In this paper, design of ion source and test bench are demonstrated. Currently, the properties of ion source have been simulated for a variety of electric field distributions and magnetic field strengths. The secondary electron emission in electromagnetic field has been simulated. It provides reference for the optimization design of arc chamber. In addition, the sample of cold-cathode-type ion source has been tested on the test bench and extracted beam intensity has been measured over 200 μA., Proceedings of the 10th Int. Particle Accelerator Conf., IPAC2019, Melbourne, Australia

The SC200 superconducting cyclotron for hadron therapy is under development by collaboration of ASIPP (Hefei, China) and JINR (Dubna, Russia). The accelerator will provide 200 MeV proton beam with maximum current of 1μA in 2017-2018. The cyclotron is very compact and light, the estimate total weight is about 30 tons and extraction radius is 60 cm. We have performed simulations of all systems of the SC200 cyclotron and specified the main parameters of the accelerator. Average magnetic field of the cyclotron is up to 3.5 T and the particle revolution frequency is about 45 MHz, these parameters increases the requirements for accuracy of the beam dynamics studies. We have designed and performed beam tracking starting from the ion source. Codes and methods used for the beam tracking are presented., Proceedings of the 7th Int. Particle Accelerator Conf., IPAC2016, Busan, Korea

According to the agreement between the Institute of Plasma Physics (IPP) of the Chinese Academy of Sciences in Hefei (China) and Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Dubna, (Russia), the development of a superconducting isochronous cyclotron for proton therapy SC200 is started. The cyclotron will provide acceleration of protons up to 200 MeV with maximum beam current of 1 μA. We plan to manufacture in China two cyclotrons: one will operate in Hefei cyclotron medical center the other will replace Phasotron in Medico-technical Center JINR Dubna and will be used for further research and development of cancer therapy by protons. Now we present main parameters of cyclotron and simulation results of magnetic, accelerating and extraction systems., Proceedings of the 7th Int. Particle Accelerator Conf., IPAC2016, Busan, Korea

The ASIPP-JINR collaboration develops superconducting cyclotron SSC200 dedicated for proton therapy. The results of conceptual design study of a 200 MeV superconducting isochronous cyclotron are presented. Computer modeling results for the magnetic, accelerating and extracting systems are given. Results of the beam dynamic simulations are also presented., Proceedings of the 12th Int. Computational Accelerator Physics Conf., ICAP2015, Shanghai, China

The superconducting cyclotron SC200 for proton therapy is designing by ASIPP (Hefei, China) and JINR (Dubna, Russia) will be able to accelerate protons to the energy 200 MeV with the maximum beam current of 1 mkA. By computer simulation with 3D codes the cyclotron magnet principal parameters were estimated (pole radius 0.62 m, outer diameter 2.2 m, valley depth 0.3 m, height 1.22 m, weight ~30 t). The required isochronous magnetic field is shaped with accuracy some mT. Four fold symmetry and spiralized sectors with minimal gap 4 mm at extraction provide the stable beam acceleration till 10 mm from the pole edge., Proceedings of the 7th Int. Particle Accelerator Conf., IPAC2016, Busan, Korea

A 200MeV compact isochronous superconducting cyclotron, named SC200, for proton therapy is under development by collaboration of ASIPP (Hefei, China) and JINR (Dubna, Russia). The radio frequency (RF) system as one of most significant subsystems in cyclotron consists of acceleration cavity, low level RF, RF source and transmission network. SC200 has two cavities connected in the centre, which are operated at 91.5 MHz with second harmonic. To meet the required acceleration voltage, the cavities have been carefully designed with comprised choices between several aspects, such as Q factor, mechanic stability and so on. The low-level RF (LLRF) system has been implemented by using the FPGA to achieve the significant accelerating voltage with an amplitude stability of, Proceedings of the 9th Int. Particle Accelerator Conf., IPAC2018, Vancouver, BC, Canada

The Extra Low ENergy Antiproton (ELENA) ring will provide seven different experiments at CERN with cooled beams of low energy (~100 keV) antiprotons. As a result, a system of transfer lines is being designed to ensure that each experiment receives a beam with its required properties. In this contribution, particle tracking simulations using MADX are performed to explore the effects on the beam quality and orbit stability of different lattice imperfections, such as element misalignment, electric field and matching errors. The tolerances on the actual values of these quantities are obtained as a guide for the construction of the transfer lines., Proceedings of the 6th Int. Particle Accelerator Conf., IPAC2015, Richmond, VA, USA

The Extremely Low ENergy Antiproton ring (ELENA) is a small synchrotron equipped with an electron cooler, which shall be constructed at CERN to decelerate antiprotons to energies as low as 100 keV. Scattering of beam particles on rest gas molecules may have a detrimental effect at such low energies and leads to stringent vacuum requirements. Within this contribution scattering of the stored beam on rest gas molecules is discussed for very low beam energies. It is important to carefully distinguish between antiprotons scattered out of the acceptance and lost, and those remaining inside the aperture to avoid overestimation of emittance blow-up. Furthermore, many antiprotons do not interact at all during the time they are stored in ELENA and hence this is not a multiple scattering process, Proceedings of the 5th Int. Particle Accelerator Conf., IPAC2014, Dresden, Germany

The Extremely Low ENergy Antiproton ring (ELENA) is a small synchrotron equipped with an electron cooler, which shall be constructed at CERN to decelerate antiprotons to energies as low as 100 keV. At such low energies it is very important to carefully take contributions from electron cooling and heating effects (e.g. on the residual gas) into account. Detailed investigations into the ion kinetics under consideration of effects from electron cooling and scattering on the residual gas have been carried out using the BETACOOL code. In this contribution a consistent explanation of the different physical effects acting on the beam in ELENA is given. Beam lifetime, equilibrium momentum spread and emittance are all estimated based on numerical simulations. Finally, optimum machine settings are presented as a result of optimization studies., Proceedings of the 5th Int. Particle Accelerator Conf., IPAC2014, Dresden, Germany

Low energy particle beams pose specific challenges to simulation codes and experiments alike as a number of effects become important that can often be neglected at higher beam energies, including e.g. space-charge or fringe field effects. The optimization of low energy charged particle beam transport through arbitrary electromagnetic fields is the purpose of a code aimed at tracking low-energy particles from the sub-eV to the MeV energy range with high precision. The code is based on Matlab/Simulink and able to use 3-dimensional field maps from either Finite Elements Method (FEM) solvers, such as Comsol, OPERA 3D or CST particle studio, fields calculated by the code itself, or field maps from measurements. This contribution describes the code structure and presents its performance limitations. It also gives a summary of results obtained from beam dynamics simulations of cyclotrons injection systems, storage ring extraction systems, electrostatic and magnetic beamlines, as well as from photocathode optimization studies., Proceedings of the 5th Int. Particle Accelerator Conf., IPAC2014, Dresden, Germany

The Transverse Energy Spread Spectrometer (TESS) is an ASTeC experiment designed to measure the energy of electrons from different cathode materials. It is a dedicated test stand for future light sources. A full particle tracking code has been developed in the QUASAR Group, which simulates particle trajectories through TESS. Using this code it is possible to simulate different operational conditions of the experiment and cathode materials. The simulation results can then be benchmarked against experimental data to test the validity of the emission and beam transport model. Within this paper, results from simulation studies are presented and compared against experimental data as a collaboration within the Cockcroft Institute between ASTeC and the QUASAR Group for the case of measuring the longitudinal velocity distribution of electrons emitted from a gallium arsenide cathode using a grid structure as an energy filter., Proceedings of the 5th Int. Particle Accelerator Conf., IPAC2014, Dresden, Germany

JINR has the unique experience in cancer treatment with proton beam during about 50 years. In 2005 the collaboration with IBA (Belgium) was established. During these years the technical design of the first carbon superconducting cyclotron C400 was successfully created, the construction of serial proton cyclotron C230 was significantly improved and the fist modernized cyclotron C235 was assembled, debugged and put in the test operation in Dubna in 2013. This C235 will be used soon in the first Russian medical center with proton therapy in Dimitrovgrad. In 2015 the joint project with ASIPP (Hefei, China) on design and construction of superconducting proton cyclotron SC200 was started. Two samples of SC200 should be created according to the Collaboration Agreement between JINR and ASIPP. One will be used for proton therapy in Hefei and the second one should be used to replace the synchrocyclotron Phasotron in investigations on proton therapy at JINR., Proceedings of the 25th Russian Particle Accelerator Conf., RuPAC2016, St. Petersburg, Russia

Superconducting cyclotron SC200 will provide acceleration of protons up to 200 MeV with maximum beam current of 1 µA. We plan to manufacture in China two cyclotrons: one will operate in Hefei cyclotron medical center the other will replace Phasotron in Medico-technical Center JINR Dubna and will be used for cancer therapy by protons. Now we present results of simulation of magnetic, acceleratiion and extraction systems., Proceedings of the 21st Int. Conf. on Cyclotrons and their Applications, Cyclotrons2016, Zurich, Switzerland