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Intense and prolonged physical activity can lead to a decrease in muscle capacity, making it difficult to maintain the desired exercise intensity and resulting in exercise fatigue. The long‐term effects of exercise fatigue can be very damaging to the body, so it is an urgent problem to be addressed. The intervention of foodborne active substances will be an effective measure. There is growing evidence that the molecular structure and function of curcumin have a positive effect on relieving fatigue. In this review, we summarize curcumin's molecular structure, which enables it to bind to a wealth of molecular targets, regulate signaling pathways, and thus alleviate exercise fatigue through a variety of mechanisms, including reducing oxidative stress, inhibiting inflammation, reducing metabolite accumulation, and regulating energy metabolism. The effects of curcumin on fatigue‐related markers were analyzed from the perspective of animal models and human models and based on the bidirectional interaction between curcumin and intestinal microbiota: Intestinal microbiota can transform curcumin, and curcumin regulates gut microbiota through metabolic pathways, providing a new perspective for alleviating fatigue. This review contributes to a more comprehensive understanding of the possible molecular mechanisms of curcumin in anti‐fatigue and provides a new possibility for the development of functional foods in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Compared to conventional energy sources, wind power is a clean energy source with high intermittence and uncertainty. As a system that converts wind energy into electricity, wind farms inevitably face severe reliability issues. In this paper, based on reliability theory, a new reliability modeling method for wind farms is proposed. Firstly, a belief reliability model for wind farms is constructed. Then, a power generation model based on two-directional rotor equivalent wind speed is established to represent the wind farm performance in the belief reliability model. Finally, several numerical studies are conducted to verify the power generation model under different wind speeds and directions, to demonstrate the belief reliability model with different levels of uncertainty, and to compare the belief reliability considering two-directional rotor equivalent wind speed with other methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4), a member of the ATF/cAMP response element-binding (CREB) family, plays a critical role as a stress-induced transcription factor. It orchestrates cellular responses, particularly in the management of endoplasmic reticulum stress, amino acid deprivation, and oxidative challenges. ATF4's primary function lies in regulating gene expression to ensure cell survival during stressful conditions. However, when considering its involvement in ferroptosis, characterized by severe lipid peroxidation and pronounced endoplasmic reticulum stress, the ATF4 pathway can either inhibit or promote ferroptosis. This intricate relationship underscores the complexity of cellular responses to varying stress levels. Understanding the connections between ATF4, ferroptosis, and endoplasmic reticulum stress holds promise for innovative cancer therapies, especially in addressing apoptosis-resistant cells. In this review, we provide an overview of ATF4, including its structure, modifications, and functions, and delve into its dual role in both ferroptosis and cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) activates the Toll-like receptor (TLR)-4 sensor on the cell membrane of macrophages, triggering myeloid differentiation primary response 88 (MYD88)-dependent and independent pathways and subsequent activation of the nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) or interferon regulatory factor (IRF) transcription factors. Gram-negative bacteria use outer membrane vesicles and toxin-mediated pathways to deliver LPS into macrophages, triggering inflammasome activation in mouse models of sepsis. The SARS-CoV-2 spike protein binds LPS, thereby activating the NF-κB pathway in human monocytes and in mice. Hepatocytes and lung epithelial cells secrete proteins high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) and secretoglobin family 3A member 2 (SCGB3A2), along with extracellular vesicles derived from serum, to transport LPS into macrophages; this consequently activates caspase (CASP)-11/4/5-dependent inflammasomes. LPS delivery systems have a pivotal role in initiating non-canonical NOD-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome activation, leading to the release of interleukin (IL)-1β and IL18, and contributing to lethal infection in mouse models. LPS, commonly known as endotoxin, is a complex molecule primarily found in the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria, and has a crucial role in triggering inflammatory responses. Recent studies have illuminated LPS delivery systems used by both pathogens and hosts, providing insights into host–pathogen interactions. Modulating these delivery pathways could help regulate immune responses, potentially leading to the development of new treatments for infectious diseases, sepsis, and other inflammatory conditions. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a key component of the outer membrane in Gram-negative bacteria (GNB), is widely recognized for its crucial role in mammalian innate immunity and its link to mortality in intensive care units. While its recognition via the Toll-like receptor (TLR)-4 receptor on cell membranes is well established, the activation of the cytosolic receptor caspase-11 by LPS is now known to lead to inflammasome activation and subsequent induction of pyroptosis. Nevertheless, a fundamental question persists regarding the mechanism by which LPS enters host cells. Recent investigations have identified at least four primary pathways that can facilitate this process: bacterial outer membrane vesicles (OMVs); the spike (S) protein of SARS-CoV-2; host-secreted proteins; and host extracellular vesicles (EVs). These delivery systems provide new avenues for therapeutic interventions against sepsis and infectious diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

By describing the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of drugs, pharmacokinetics helps to find optimal therapies for patients and speed up drug development. In pharmacokinetics, dynamic uncertainties, such as fluctuations in hormone levels and external environment factors, are ubiquitous. Due to sparse clinical data and patient disease specificity, these uncertainties are mainly epistemic uncertainties rather than aleatory uncertainties, which cannot be handled well by probability theory based methods. Therefore, several pharmacokinetics based on uncertain differential equations under the framework of uncertainty theory were investigated, which all considered one compartment models. Noting that many drugs follow two compartment kinetics, this article proposes a two compartment pharmacokinetic model based on uncertain differential equations. Based on the proposed model, several essential pharmacokinetic parameters are investigated, which are important information required by regulatory bodies to approve drugs for public use. Estimation for unknown parameters in the model are given. Finally, a real data analysis using lidocaine drug concentration illustrates our methodology in details. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Catalytic transfer hydrogenation has attracted great interest as a safe and green method to achieve biomass-based hydrogenation. In this study, a NiZr1/CoOx-400 catalyst was fabricated by in-situ structure topological transformation of layered double hydroxides (LDHs) precursors, which exhibited excellent performance in the in-situ hydrogenation of furfural (FF) using isopropanol as the hydrogen donor, with a maximum FF conversion of 83.5% in only 2 h. According to XRD, XPS and H 2 -TPR analyses, there was a strong interaction between different metal species in NiZr/CoOx, which increased the surface charge heterogeneity and promoted the phase transition of metal oxides, thereby favoring the generation of oxygen vacancies. Among them, LDHs structure of NiZr1/CoOx-400 catalyst was conducive to expose oxygen vacancies, which could facilitate its interaction with FF. And the Co in the catalyst similarly promoted the adsorption of FF through the coordination of the catalyst surface with the –CHO group in FF, thus contributing to its conversion. The electron-rich Zr repelled the furan ring and prevented the excessive hydrogenation, which improved its selectivity. In addition, the FF hydrogenation followed the quasi-primary kinetics with a low apparent activation energy of 18.4 kJ/mol, which was comparable to that of noble metal catalysts. [Display omitted] • The NiZr/CoOx surface presented abundant oxophilic Co and oxygen vacancies. • A high FF conversion of 83.5% was obtained in only 2 h. • The activation energy of FF hydrogenation was as low as 18.4 kJ mol−1. • The impact of Zr on the selective hydrogenation of FF to FA was revealed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over the past decade, extensive research has been dedicated to understanding oxidative cell death, specifically the transition from oxytosis to ferroptosis. Oxytosis was initially characterized in 1989 as a calcium-dependent form of nerve cell death induced by glutamate. It was associated with intracellular glutathione depletion and the inhibition of cystine uptake through system xc−, a cystine–glutamate antiporter. In 2012, the term "ferroptosis" was coined during a compound screening that aimed to selectively induce cell death in RAS-mutated cancer cells. This screening identified erastin and RSL3 as inhibitors of system xc− and glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4), respectively, triggering oxidative cell death. Subsequently, the term oxytosis gradually fell out of frequent usage, being replaced by ferroptosis. This editorial provides a narrative review of the significant findings, experimental models, and molecular players involved in ferroptosis, shedding light on its intricate mechanisms. Moreover, it discusses the implications of these findings in various pathological conditions, including neurodegenerative disorders, cancer, and ischemia–reperfusion disease. By summarizing the decade-long progress made in this field, the present Forum serves as a valuable resource for researchers aiming to unravel the complex mechanisms underlying oxidative cell death and explore potential therapeutic interventions. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 39, 162–165. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: ACSL4 is an enzyme involved in the intracellular conversion of long-chain fatty acids and coenzyme A into fatty-acid coenzymes. It plays a vital role in various biological processes, including maintaining cell membrane structure, energy metabolism, and lipid metabolism. Recent studies have shed light on the involvement of ACSL4 in cell death pathways, autophagy regulation, and the development of human diseases. These findings position ACSL4 as a potential therapeutic target. This review provides an overview of the fundamental structure and mechanisms regulating ACSL4 at both the gene and protein levels, emphasizing its diverse biological functions. Additionally, we discuss the role of ACSL4 in different regulated cell death modalities, including apoptosis and ferroptosis, as well as its involvement in autophagosome formation. Furthermore, we explore potential modulators targeting ACSL4 and emphasize the importance of further research to comprehensively understand the clinical impact of ACSL4 in regulating various pathological conditions. By addressing concerns regarding the systemic impact of therapeutic approaches targeting ACSL4, we aim to pave the way for the development of effective treatments for human diseases. Lipid metabolism, cell death, and autophagy are interconnected processes in cells. Dysregulation of lipid metabolism can lead to cell death, such as via ferroptosis and apoptosis, while lipids also play a crucial role in the regulation of autophagosome formation. An increased autophagic response not only promotes cell survival but also causes cell death depending on the context, especially when selectively degrading antioxidant proteins or organelles that promote ferroptosis. ACSL4 is an enzyme that catalyzes the formation of long-chain acyl-CoA molecules, which are important intermediates in the biosynthesis of various types of lipids. ACSL4 is found in many tissues and is particularly abundant in the brain, liver, and adipose tissue. Dysregulation of ACSL4 is linked to a variety of diseases, including cancer, neurodegenerative disorders, cardiovascular disease, acute kidney injury, and metabolic disorders (such as obesity and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease). In this review, we introduce the structure, function, and regulation of ACSL4; discuss its role in apoptosis, ferroptosis, and autophagy; summarize its pathological function; and explore the potential implications of targeting ACSL4 in the treatment of various diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vasculogenic mimicry (VM) describes the phenomenon whereby fluid-conducting vessels are formed by highly invasive tumour cells, which supply blood to tumours during their early growth stages. Single antiangiogenic agents have limited inhibitory effects on VM, therefore, a multi-pathway anti-VM strategy is required. In this study, Apatinib (Apa) was coordinated with Cu2+ to form a Cu-Apa copper complex. The latter was loaded into oligo-hyaluronic acid (HA) polymeric micelles (HA-Chol) and subsequently embedded in Astragalus polysaccharide-based in situ hydrogels (APsGels) to generate Cu-Apa/HA-Chol@APsGels. In this system, Cu-Apa exerts the combined effects of Cu2+ and Apa to inhibit VM; HA-Chol micelles achieve targeted drug delivery and enhance endocytosis efficiency; APsGels realise sustained release of the drugs to ensure an anti-VM effect. This system demonstrated improved VM inhibition with low cytotoxicity and high biocompatibility, wound healing, and transwell invasion in three-dimensional cell cultured VM. Moreover, this system significantly inhibited VM formation and melanoma growth in a mouse tumour transplantation model. This study provides an effective strategy for inhibiting VM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a type of lytic cell death driven by unrestricted lipid peroxidation and subsequent plasma membrane damage, ferroptosis occurs and develops because of sophisticated signals and regulatory mechanisms. The reactive oxygen species (ROS) used to initiate ferroptosis come from a variety of sources, including iron‐mediated Fenton reactions, mitochondrial ROS, and membrane‐associated ROS driven by the NOX protein family. Polyunsaturated fatty acid‐containing phospholipids are the main substrates of lipid peroxidation in ferroptosis, which is positively regulated by enzymes, such as ACSL4, LPCAT3, ALOXs, or POR. Selective activation of autophagic degradation pathways promotes ferroptosis by increasing iron accumulation to cause lipid peroxidation. In contrast, system xc–‐glutathione–GPX4 axis plays a central role in limiting lipid peroxidation, although other antioxidants (such as coenzyme Q10 and tetrahydrobiopterin) can also inhibit ferroptosis. A main nuclear mechanism of cell defense against ferroptosis is the activation of the NFE2L2‐dependent antioxidant response by transcriptionally upregulating the expression of antioxidants or cytoprotective genes. Additionally, the membrane damage caused by ferroptotic stimulus can be repaired by ESCRT‐III‐dependent membrane scission machinery. In this review, we summarize recent progress in understanding the signaling pathways and defense mechanisms of ferroptosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An eco-friendly and stable metal-free acidic catalyst phosphorus-doped graphitic carbon nitride (P–UCN) synthesized for the highly efficient dehydration of fructose to 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) was presented. The acidic sites (P sites) were introduced into the g-C 3 N 4 structure via a simple thermal polycondensation of urea. A 91.7% HMF yield was achieved with optimal P–UCN catalyst under mild reaction conditions (160 °C, 3 h). XPS and NMR characterizations of P–UCN catalysts suggested that the P atoms may replace the corner and bay carbon sites, which could provide stable acidic sites for fructose dehydration into HMF. NH 3 -TPD analysis indicated that a moderate amount of P doped would provide higher catalytic activity for the dehydration reaction. Furthermore, the 1.0P–UCN (real content 1.83 wt %) catalyst was demonstrated high stability in the dehydration system and retained high reactivity after being recycled 5 times. The characterization results of recovered 1.0P–UCN further confirmed that the morphology and structure of the catalyst remained well after the dehydration reaction. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates the stabilization for stochastic coupled Kuramoto oscillators (SCKOs) via nonlinear distributed feedback control. An original nonlinear distributed feedback control with the advantages of fast response, no steady-state deviation, and easy implementation is designed to stabilize SCKOs. With the help of the Lyapunov method and stochastic analysis skills, some novel sufficient conditions guaranteeing the stochastic stability for SCKOs are provided by constructing a new and suitable Lyapunov function for SCKOs. Finally, a numerical example is given to illustrate the effectiveness and applicability of the theoretical result. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A general sampling problem can be described by an Ellsberg urn, which is a mathematical model that assumes that balls are randomly drawn from an urn with an uncertain numbers of colored balls. This means that the Ellsberg urn is essentially an intricate model with simultaneous randomness and epistemic uncertainty, and this is the core problem discussed in this paper. Since practical sampling is usually processed in an intricate environment, the solution for an equivalent mathematical problem is necessary. Suppose an Ellsberg urn contains three unknown numbers of colored balls (i.e., a two-degrees-of-freedom Ellsberg urn), and three balls are randomly drawn from the urn. Compared to the published papers, this paper first constructs a chance space with two-dimensional uncertainty space and three-dimensional probability space to rigorously calculate the color distributions for those drawn balls by uncertainty theory, probability theory, and chance theory. Moreover, it is interesting to find that all cases of the drawn balls are symmetric in such a specific situation of a sample problem with epistemic uncertainty. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • A high 1,4-PDO yield of 93.1% was obtained in CuZr/CoOx-400. • The co-exist of hydrogenation and acidic sites facilitates the formation of 1, 4-PDO. • The Cu0-Cu+ synergistic effect plays a vital role in determining the catalytic behavior. • Isopropanol is favorable for maintaining catalyst stability as a solvent. Catalytic hydrogenation of ethyl levulinate (EL) to 1,4-pentanediol (1, 4-PDO) could provide a potential approach to obtain valuable chemicals from renewable biomass. In this study, a CuZr/CoOx catalyst was developed based on a structural topotactic transformation process of layered double hydroxides. The prepared CuZr/CoOx catalysts possess a double functionality of metal-acid sites and showed superior catalytic activity in the production of 1, 4-PDO from cascade conversion of EL. A complete EL conversion (100 %) and 93.1 % 1, 4-PDO yield were obtained under optimized conditions over catalyst CuZr/CoOx-400. The co-existence of Cu0 and Cu+ on the surface of catalyst CuZr/CoOx was confirmed by XRD and XAES characterizations. In addition, the XPS results suggested a strong interaction between Co and Cu, which would effectively stabilize the Cu+ species in the catalyst. The Cu0 was believed to activate hydrogen, while the Cu+ could promote the adsorption of carbonyl group of the substrate thus facilitating the hydrogenolysis. The introducing of Zr in the catalyst greatly improved the dispersion of Cu species and increased the abundance of the acid sites as revealed by the TEM and NH 3 -TPD analysis. Catalyst CuZr/CoOx-400 also exhibited highly catalytic activity after five reaction cycles. Together with the low cost of the non-precious metals, the CuZr/CoOx catalysts demonstrate a potential for the scaled-up application in the biomass refinery process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Designed a self-powered intelligent sensing system (IGS) for real-time monitoring of human movement steps and pace. • IGS can be used in sports scenarios such as triple jump or hurdle races that require pressure sensing monitoring. • P(AM-MA)-PEI hydrogels exhibit excellent stretchability (>800 %) and conductive recoverability. • DES-TENG demonstrates excellent contact sensing performance in terms of high frequency, high pressure, and durability. With the continuous development of intelligent wearable devices, new requirements are put forward for the collection of human motion information. In this paper, a self-powered motion sensor with high precision, high stability and high output power was prepared by utilizing the flexibility and stretchability of the conductive hydrogel and combining with the nanogenerator. Even at a contact frequency of 3.0 Hz, the sensor can produce an open circuit voltage of 225 V and a power density of 187 mW m−2. It can not only be used as a power source to drive electronic devices, but also to achieve accurate acquisition of human movement steps and walking speed. When applying different forces, the sensor shows a more obvious difference, and its theoretical resolution can reach 0.1 N. Because the hinge hydrogel has good flexibility, resilience and stability, it can still maintain its original shape after 4000 times of pressure testing, and can be directly attached to the human skin surface, providing a new idea for the field of self-powered pressure sensors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to the increased dependency of the modern system on software-based system, software reliability has become the primary concern during the software development. To track and measure the software reliability, various software reliability growth models under the framework of probability theory have been proposed. Note that software failures involve lots of epistemic uncertainty, which cannot be depicted well by the probability theory, and debugging processes are usually imperfect due to the complexity and incomplete understanding of software systems. This article deduces an imperfect debugging software belief reliability growth model using the uncertain differential equation under the framework of uncertainty theory, and investigates properties of essential software belief reliability metrics, namely belief reliability, belief reliable time, and mean time between failures based on the belief reliability theory. Estimations for unknown parameters in this model are derived. Real data analyses validate our model and show that it performs better than previous models from the perspective of the sum of square error. A theoretical analysis for these results is presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel 3D-GhostNet has been developed for hyperspectral microscopic imaging (HMI) data analysis to improve classification of foodborne pathogens. The HMI, leveraging microscopic technology, surpasses traditional spectral imaging in terms of sensitivity and resolution by utilizing visible/near-infrared spectroscopy integrated with high-resolution single-cell images. The newly constructed 3D-Ghost network directly processes and recognizes single-cell hypercube, enables HMI technology to become near-real-time detection by combining with automated data processing pipeline. 3D-GhostNet incorporates Ghost modules as its backbone and adds convolutional block attention module (CBAM) for adaptively extracting high-dimensional depth spatial-spectral information. In the task of identifying four different foodborne bacteria cells, our 3D-GhostNet achieved 100% accuracy, surpassing spectral-only-based (SOB) classifiers such as linear discriminant analysis (LDA, 89.7%), support vector machine (SVM, 93.9%), 1D convolutional neural network (1D-CNN, 98%), and long short-term memory (LSTM, 98.5%). Furthermore, our independent blind test results indicate that 3D-GhostNet remains robust for identifying complex mixtures of pathogens. As a label-free detection tool, 3D-GhostNet-assisted HMI technology is fully competent in classification of different foodborne pathogens, suggesting broad applications in food safety and quality. [Display omitted] • HMI technology facilitates spectral profiling of live bacteria cells. • 3D-GhostNet directly classifies hypercubes from bacteria cells. • High-dimensional spatial-spectral features enhance the robustness of pathogen identification model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • This work systematically summarizes the application of PBA-based materials used in aqueous batteries. • This review provides significant comprehension for construction and optimization of high-performance PBAs-based materials. • The future research directions of PBA-based materials in aqueous batteries are prospected. Prussian blue analogues (PBAs) have been considered as one of the most promising candidates of aqueous batteries owing to their advantages such as large pore size, high safety, low solubility equilibrium constant, and adjustable output voltage. However, controllable synthesis of high-performance PBAs for aqueous batteries remains a challenging task due to the presence of unavoidable crystal defects, coordinated water, metal ion dissolution, and a stable window of limited aqueous solution. To address these challenges and achieve practical applications, significant efforts made and some key progress have been made. The structure and electrochemical behavior of PBA, such as electronic transfer, ion transport, ion diffusion, and material phase transitions, are extensively discussed. In addition, on the basis of a comprehensive introduction to the many challenges faced by the use of PBAs in aqueous batteries, we systematically summarized the synthesis routes of PBAs and modification strategies, such as acid/base chemical etching, inorganic/organic compound, transition metal doping. Finally, an insight into the future research directions and further development prospects of PBAs-based materials are proposed so as to facilitate the extensive application in the filelds of aqueous batteries. This review provides significant comprehension for construction and optimization of high-performance PBAs-based materials used in aqueous batteries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The catalytic transfer hydrogenation (CTH) of levulinate ester to γ-valerolactone is one of the important reactions for production of renewable fuels from biomass. An efficient and robust bimetallic Cu–Ru catalyst were developed for the hydrogenation of biomass-derived ethyl levulinate to γ-valerolactone. A series of bimetallic catalysts were prepared and characterized in detail. Subsequently, the as-prepared catalysts were evaluated in the hydrogenation system of ethyl levulinate. The results showed that Cu–Ru/ZrO 2 –SO 3 –SiO 2 -450 catalyst provided 100 % GVL yield in 12 h at 180 °C. Meanwhile, it also exhibited high catalytic hydrogenation activity for the various biomass-derived carbonyl compounds. The structure-reactivity relationship of catalysts was investigated in detail, and the results show the interaction between support and metal sites played an important role in the hydrogenation activity. The sulfur species could tune the electronic states of metallic sites to gain optimal activity. Besides, the Cu–Ru/ZrO 2 –SO 3 –SiO 2 -450 catalyst performed excellent recyclability in five reaction runs without an obvious loss of activity. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The catalytic transfer hydrogenation (CTH) of levulinate ester to γ-valerolactone is one of the important reactions for production of renewable fuels from biomass. An efficient and robust bimetallic Cu–Ru catalyst were developed for the hydrogenation of biomass-derived ethyl levulinate to γ-valerolactone. A series of bimetallic catalysts were prepared and characterized in detail. Subsequently, the as-prepared catalysts were evaluated in the hydrogenation system of ethyl levulinate. The results showed that Cu–Ru/ZrO 2 –SO 3 –SiO 2 -450 catalyst provided 100 % GVL yield in 12 h at 180 °C. Meanwhile, it also exhibited high catalytic hydrogenation activity for the various biomass-derived carbonyl compounds. The structure-reactivity relationship of catalysts was investigated in detail, and the results show the interaction between support and metal sites played an important role in the hydrogenation activity. The sulfur species could tune the electronic states of metallic sites to gain optimal activity. Besides, the Cu–Ru/ZrO 2 –SO 3 –SiO 2 -450 catalyst performed excellent recyclability in five reaction runs without an obvious loss of activity. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, an active learning method combining Kriging and Monte Carlo Simulation (AK-MCS), has been developed for calculating the failure probability. However, the original AK-MCS only uses serial computing, which limits its ability to take advantage of distributed computing. Thus, this work introduces a novel adaptive learning approach for reliability analysis by combining local optimization and a parallelization strategy. The new approach identifies the points of greatest uncertainty through local optimization and adds them into the design of experiments. An inner learning loop is implemented, searching for additional best points with a pseudo Kriging model so that the performance function can be evaluated in parallel. Furthermore, an adaptive strategy is proposed to determine the amount of additional points during iteration based on the minimum value of the learning function. We conducted a comparison between the proposed method and the original AK-MCS as well as a few additional methods in order to assess its efficacy and precision. Five examples were considered to assess performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The wide usage of voice intelligent assistants (VIAs), such as Siri, brings lots of convenience to our daily life. However, there are also kinds of issues related to VIAs displaying inappropriate contents to restricted users such as children. To address this problem, we developed a system that detects the inappropriate contents and rates them with defined ranks. In this manner, a threshold or suggestion could be given in order to avoid displaying inappropriate contents to restricted users. This evaluation system is called Voice Intelligent Aid Rating System (VIARS). With a developed VIARS prototype, we further tested its effectiveness with a designed experiment that consisted of several tasks. As a result, VIARS's intelligent rating results were proven to be highly consistent with the experts' manual rating results, indicating the reliability of the VIARS classification mechanism. It is also notable that when compared with experts' manual rating, VIARS's automatic rating mechanism showed significant advantages in response time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Classical production scheduling based on stochastic process cannot deal with the cases that the estimated distribution function is not close enough to the real frequency. Unfortunately, since uncertainty is common for a production process system with machine breakdowns or innovative products, uncertainty theory proposed by Professor Baoding Liu in 2007 should be applied. To analyze the effect of delayed time existing in a production process, this paper first introduces uncertain delayed production risk process and proposes the concepts of delayed shortage index as well as delayed shortage time for measuring the function and its failure of the production process system. Moreover, some numerical examples are documented to illustrate the calculation for the delayed shortage index and the uncertainty distribution of the delayed shortage time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High Temperature Superconductors (HTS) are promising materials for future fusion magnets. One of HTS conductors' main issues is the quench protection: the quench develops much slower than in LTS, delaying the quench detection by voltage monitoring and causing a massive temperature increase before detection. The Swiss Plasma Center (SPC), with the support of EUROFusion, has upgraded the SULTAN facility to test large current conductors during the whole quench evolution. The 100 kA superconducting transformer has been replaced by an 18 kA direct power supply, which allows sustaining the operating current in the sample during a quench. Five HTS conductors have been manufactured at SPC: they are sub-size of the HTS high-current cables designed by the group for an HTS high current high field cable proposed for EU-DEMO Central Solenoid (CS) hybrid magnet. Every conductor has a specific feature. The aim is to compare the quench behavior of the five conductors “parametrically”. The commissioning of the upgraded facility and the preliminary results of the measurements are presented in this work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• PDA coated Na 1.33 FeFe(CN) 6 ·1·16H 2 O with stable cycle stability are constructed for Na-ion batteries. • PDA coating improves the electrochemical property of Na 1.33 FeFe(CN) 6 ·1·16H 2 O. • PDA coated Na 1.33 FeFe(CN) 6 ·1·16H 2 O material shows a potential application prospect. In this study, high-performance polydopamine (PDA) coated Na 1.33 FeFe(CN) 6 ·1·16H 2 O (PBA) cathode materials for sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) are successfully synthesized by using a single source method with Na 4 Fe(CN) 6 as sole iron source. The PDA coating does not alter the structure or morphology of the PBA sample, but greatly improves its conductivity and Na ion diffusion ability because of the good conductivity. Consequently, we observe enhanced reversible capacity, rate capability and cycle stability during cycling. Our results indicate that PBA-2 has the best electrochemical performance and sodium ion diffusion coefficient among all samples. Even at 1 C rate, PBA-2 has a high initial discharge capacity of 145 mAh g−1 with a capacity retention of 90% over 100 cycles. The introduction of a suitable amount of PDA represents an effective strategy for enhancing the electrochemical activity of PBA for advanced SIBs. Such design strategies can be also used to modify other cathode materials for SIBs. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the last few years, the current density of Bi-2212 wires has been greatly improved by filament densify technologies. One further step toward applications in fusion magnets is to design a high current cable, which must overcome the drawbacks of Bi-2212 wires: brittleness and complex heat treatment process. In this article, react-and-wind flat cables are proposed. With react-and-wind technique, a larger number of choices of jacket and quench protection materials are available including stainless steel and copper, both of which are widely used for Nb3Sn and NbTi superconducting cables but are not directly usable for wind-and-react Bi-2212 cables due to their reaction during heat treatment. Two wires, representing, respectively, modest and top performance of the state-of-the-art wires, are considered. Several cable layouts are studied in terms of dimension, compaction rate, and transverse mechanical pressure. Materials for quench protection and jacket materials are also discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fluorescence imaging using charge‐coupled device cameras has become the prevailing method for the investigation of cancer drug efficacy in in vivo preclinical trials involving animal models. The lack of imaging depth, however, limits the use of fluorescence techniques to small murine models, and compels large animal models to rely on more‐costly magnetic resonance imaging or positron emission tomography techniques. Here, a wide field‐of‐view fluorescence imaging technique that uses near‐infrared (NIR) laser‐scanning excitation and efficient quantum dot photoluminescence is developed to achieve deep imaging across thick animal tissues. The smaller excitation volume from the scanning laser beam minimizes undesired background fluorescence, and allows signals to be detected and resolved at large tissue depths exceeding 10 mm. By implementing an artificial neural network algorithm, a twofold enhancement in imaging resolution is further demonstrated, which paves a promising way forward for the use of machine intelligence to enhance imaging quality in highly scattering media. The superior contrast of the imaging method is further corroborated by the imaging of a human palm, where bone structures are, for the first time, distinguishable using a NIR technique. In combination, the laser‐scanning approach and the artificial neural network image‐processing can constitute a low‐cost, yet powerful methodology for performing noninvasive deep‐imaging in larger animal models or human tissues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Ferroptosis is a form of iron‐dependent regulated cell death characterized by the accumulation of toxic lipid peroxides, particularly in the plasma membrane, leading to lytic cell death. While it plays a crucial role in maintaining the overall health and proper functioning of multicellular organisms, it can also contribute to tissue damage and pathological conditions. Although ferroptotic damage is generally recognized as an immunostimulatory process associated with the release of damage‐associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), the occurrence of ferroptosis in immune cells or the release of immunosuppressive molecules can result in immune tolerance. Consequently, there is ongoing exploration of targeting the upstream signals or the machinery of ferroptosis to therapeutically enhance or inhibit the immune response. In addition to introducing the core molecular mechanisms of ferroptosis, we will focus on the immune characteristics of ferroptosis in pathological conditions, particularly in the context of infection, sterile inflammation, and tumor immunity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective The goal of this study was to clarify the changes and clinical significance of thromboelastography (TEG) parameters in papillary thyroid carcinomas and nodular goiters. Methods 62 nodular goiter (NG) patients and 53 papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) patients were included. Coagulation indicators, together with a series of TEG parameters were collected and analyzed, compared with results of 61 healthy controls (HC). Correlation analysis was conducted between routine coagulation indicators and TEG parameters. ROC curves were used to evaluate the potential diagnosis value of the TEG parameters that were altered in papillary thyroid carcinoma patients. Results APTT and PT in papillary thyroid carcinoma group were statistically significant higher than that in control group (p<0.05). MPV was found to be higher in PTC than NG and healthy controls. R, K and SP levels were significantly lower in PTC group than that in HC group; Angle, CI and TPI levels were significantly higher in PTC group than that in HC group. Areas under the ROC curve of CI, TPI, and angle were 0.725, 0.714, and 0.687 for distinguishing PTC from HC, 0.662, 0.668 and 0.591 for distinguishing PTC from NG. Conclusion TEG parameters are altered and indicate hypercoagulablilty status of papillary thyroid carcinoma patients; CI, TPI, and angle could be potential diagnosis indicators for detecting papillary thyroid carcinoma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: After the scale-up of antiretroviral therapy (ART) for HIV infected people, increasing numbers of patients have pretreatment drug resistance (PDR). In this study, the prevalence of PDR was evaluated in adults initiating antiretroviral therapy in China. Methods: Blood samples were obtained from 1943 patients who initiated antiretroviral therapy (ART) in 2017 from 13 provinces or cities in China. Pol sequences were used to analyze drug resistance and construct transmission networks. Logistic regression model was used to estimate the potential factors associated with PDR. Results: In total, 1711 eligible patients (76.0% male; 87.8% aged ≥ 25 years) were included, of which 117 (6.8%) had PDR. The highest rates of PDR were 12.2% in Liangshan Prefecture of Sichuan and 9.3 and 8.9% in Dehong and Lincang Prefecture of Yunnan. A multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that PDR was significantly higher among intravenous drug users (adjusted Odds Ratio (aOR) = 2.64, 95% CI: 1.57–4.44) and individuals from Liangshan, Dehong, and Lincang (aOR = 2.04, 95% CI: 1.26–3.30). In total, 754 sequences were used to generate 164 transmission networks. Five transmission networks had two or three sequences containing the same mutations, two networks contained subjects from Liangshan, and one network contained subjects from Dehong. Conclusions: Overall, the PDR prevalence was moderate, with a particularly high prevalence in areas with severe HIV epidemics. These results indicate the importance of continuous PDR monitoring in patients initiating antiretroviral therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Foodborne pathogens have become ongoing threats in the food industry, whereas their rapid detection and classification at an early stage are still challenging. To address early and rapid detection, hyperspectral microscope imaging (HMI) technology combined with convolutional neural networks (CNN) was proposed to classify foodborne bacterial species at the cellular level. HMI technology can simultaneously obtain both spatial and spectral information of different live bacterial cells, while two CNN frameworks, U-Net and one-dimensional CNN (1D-CNN), were employed to accelerate the data analysis process. U-Net was used for automating cellular regions of interest (ROI) segmentation, which generated accurate cell-ROI masks in a shorter timeframe than the conventional Otsu or Watershed methods. The 1D-CNN was employed for classifying the spectral profiles extracted from cell-ROI and resulted in a higher accuracy (90%) than k-nearest neighbor (81%) and support vector machine (81%). Overall, the CNN-assisted HMI technology showed potential for foodborne bacteria detection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

I introduced a method for persona segmentation in the tourism industry to identify representative subgroups with different motivations or goals. Data from 496 key opinion leaders of groups representing 7,965 travel service users were analyzed with a logistic regression model of user characteristics and tourism motivation. I found that logistic regression is an integrated method of persona segmentation that balances precision and accuracy, and yields replicable and valid results. Three subgroups for persona segmentation based on logistic regression models are proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High strength–ductility synergy is difficult to achieve in Mg alloys. Although high strength has been achieved through considerable alloying addition and low-temperature extrusion, these techniques result in low ductility (2%–5%). In this work, a novel low-alloy Mg–Ca-based alloy that overcomes this strength–ductility trade-off is designed. The alloy has an excellent tensile yield strength (∼425 MPa) and exhibits a reasonably high elongation capacity (∼11%). A microstructure examination reveals that a high density of submicron grains and nano-precipitates provides the alloy high strength, and the leaner alloy additions and higher extrusion temperatures initially improve ductility. As a result, the density of residual dislocations is reduced, and the formation of low-angle grain boundaries (LAGBs) is enhanced. With fewer residue dislocations, it becomes less probable for the newly activated mobile dislocations to be impeded and transformed into an immobile type during the subsequent tensile test. The LAGBs function as potential sites to emit new dislocations, thus enhancing the dislocation–multiplication capability. More importantly, they can induce evident sub-grain refinement hardening and guarantee that the alloy achieves high strength. The findings lead to a controllable Mg alloy design strategy that can simultaneously afford high strength and ductility. Image, graphical abstract [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Quench protection is a critical issue for magnet using high-temperature superconducting (HTS) materials such as REBCO. For cable-in-conduit conductor (CICC) with twisted REBCO tapes, which is considered for high-current HTS conductor for fusion magnet, the anisotropic critical current density (Jc) of tape and complex conductor layout will further complicate the quench behavior. The CryoSoft code THEA is used to simulate the quench behavior of various subscale CICCs in view of a quench experiment in SULTAN facility. The CICCs are composed of twisted tape stack assembled into copper shell (strand). It has been found that neglecting the anisotropy of Jc in quench simulation will significantly underestimate the hot spot temperature by about 40 K. Therefore, it could leave potential risk to damage the magnet. It is also shown that the thermal contact resistance between strand and the steel jacket (the conduit) plays a very important role on quench behavior. The hot spot temperature can be reduced by more than 100 K if the thermal resistance is reduced by two order of magnitude. On the other hand, variations of interstrand electrical and/or thermal resistance have only very little influence (few kelvin). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Inflammation represents a fundamental immune response triggered by various detrimental stimuli, such as infections, tissue damage, toxins, and foreign substances. Protein degradation plays a crucial role in regulating the inflammatory process at multiple levels. The identification of sequestosome 1 (SQSTM1, also known as p62) protein as a binding partner of lymphocyte-specific protein tyrosine kinase in 1995 marked a significant milestone. Subsequent investigations unveiled the activity of SQSTM1 to interact with diverse unstructured substrates, including proteins, organelles, and pathogens, facilitating their delivery to the lysosome for autophagic degradation. In addition to its well-established intracellular functions, emerging studies have reported the active secretion or passive release of SQSTM1 by immune or non-immune cells, orchestrating the inflammatory responses. These distinct characteristics render SQSTM1 a critical therapeutic target in numerous human diseases, including infectious diseases, rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, pancreatitis, asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and cardiovascular diseases. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the structure and modulation of SQSTM1, discusses its intracellular and extracellular roles in inflammation, and highlights its significance in inflammation-related diseases. Future investigations focusing on elucidating the precise localization, structure, post-translational modifications of SQSTM1, as well as the identification of additional interacting partners, hold promise for unravelling further insights into the multifaceted functions of SQSTM1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The metabolic checkpoint of ferroptosis remains obscure. We find that glucose favors system xc− inhibitor-induced ferroptosis by activating pyruvate oxidation, thereby promoting fatty acid synthesis and subsequent lipid peroxidation. In contrast, the upregulation of pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 4 (PDK4) switches into a ferroptosis-resistant state in pancreatic cancer cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel rare-earth-free Mg-Sn-Ca-Mn wrought alloy with the new yield strength record of 450 MPa is developed, and a balanced ductility of ∼5% is achieved. The role of Mn addition is associated with promoting the nucleation rate for dynamic recrystallized grains and restricting their growths by enhancing the thermal stability. Specially, the dynamic recrystallization within the twinned region readily occurs due to the extensive dislocation accumulations and high thermal stability of the pre-existed twins. Twining induced dynamic recrystallization can effectively rotate the original grains to the non-basal orientation, leading to the texture weakening and elongation improvement. Image 1 • Ultra-fine grain size (∼0.35 μm) can be achieved in the Mg-Sn-Ca-Mn wrought alloy. • Yield strength of ∼450 MPa can be achieved in the Mg-2.0Sn-1.95Ca-0.5Mn wt% alloy. • Improvement in ductility of the Mg-Sn-Ca alloy has been achieved (∼5.0%). • Formation mechanism of texture randomization is clarified. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Ferroptosis is a form of lipid peroxidation-induced cell death that can be regulated in many ways, from altering the activity of antioxidant enzymes to the level of transcription factors. The p53 tumor suppressor is 'the guardian of the genome' that participates in the control of cell survival and division under various stresses. Beyond its effects on apoptosis, autophagy, and cell cycle, p53 also regulates ferroptosis either through a transcriptional or posttranslational mechanism. On one hand, p53 can enhance ferroptosis by inhibiting the expression of SLC7A11 (solute carrier family 7 member 11) or by enhancing that of SAT1 (spermidine/spermine N1-acetyltransferase 1) and GLS2 (glutaminase 2). On the other hand, p53 suppresses ferroptosis through the direct inhibition of DPP4 (dipeptidyl peptidase 4) activity or by the induction of CDKN1A/p21 (cyclin dependent kinase inhibitor 1 A) expression. Here, we review recent discoveries and emerging trends in the study of the ferroptosis network and highlight the context-dependent impact of p53 on ferroptosis and oxidative stress. Graphical abstract fx1 Highlights • Ferroptosis is a form of regulated cell death. • p53 plays a dual role in ferroptosis. • p53 enhances ferroptosis through targeting SLC7A11, SAT1 or GLS2. • p53 suppresses ferroptosis through targeting DPP4 or CDKN1A. • Activation of autophagy promotes ferroptosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights • New strategy to dual-fuel dual-injection system was proposed and investigated. • Three dual-fuel dual-injection modes are systematically compared and analyzed. • Dual direct injection system can significantly expand engine load. • Dual direct injection mode shows higher knock tendency. Abstract Dual-injection strategy combined with dual-fuel can provide flexible and instantaneous blend ratios according to engine demands under different operating conditions. Furthermore, ethanol direct injection has the potentials to increase the engine compression ratio and thermal efficiency by taking advantages of ethanol fuel such as the high octane number and latent heat. Therefore, in order to maximize the charge cooling effect, a dual-fuel (gasoline and ethanol) dual-direct injection system is proposed and investigated in this paper. In current work, different injection modes in terms of knock suppression and combustion performance are compared and studied on a single-cylinder SI engine with stoichiometric air/fuel ratios. The results show that the new injection strategy of dual-fuel dual-direct injection mode can significantly expand engine load compared with conventional modes of gasoline direct injection plus ethanol port injection and ethanol direct injection plus gasoline port injection. Direct injection ethanol mode can reduce knocking tendency. However, with higher brake mean effective pressure, dual-fuel dual-injection mode shows higher knock tendency. Dual-fuel dual-injection mode can increase brake mean effective pressure and thermal efficiency simultaneously. However, the brake thermal efficiency behavior is non-linear when increasing brake mean effective pressure and direct injection ethanol mass fraction. The equivalent heat value brake specific fuel consumption decreases with the increase of direct injection ethanol ratio, and dual-fuel dual-injection mode has superior fuel conversion efficiency. Relatively high maximum pressure can be found in dual-fuel dual-injection mode. With the increase of ethanol ratio, the combustion phasing is further advanced, resulting in better combustion, which contributes to higher thermal efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract The super-knock phenomenon is a major obstacle for further improving the power density in SI engines. The objective of this paper is to experimentally investigating the mechanism involved in the occurrence of super-knock. In this work, a high compression ratio (CR = 13) coupled with advanced spark timings were employed to achieving intense or critical thermal-dynamic conditions to easily inducing the super-knock. The results show that super-knock can originate from spark ignition, which is different from previous results regarding pre-ignition. Changing the spark timing super-knock can be induced with very high pressure oscillation at the present high compression ratio. The high compression ratio could generate sufficiently high thermal-dynamic conditions to inducing the abnormal combustion. In this research, four combustion phenomena were observed. The present work indicates that there is a nonlinear relationship between knock intensity and knocking onset in terms of pressure profiles at different cycles. The super-knock or knock phenomena were dominantly induced by spark ignition, which were controlled by the pre-ignition after several cycles. Finally, the analysis of the mechanism of super-knock with severe pressure oscillation was employed based on the thermal explosion theory and cavity resonances. There are two possible auto-ignition combustion modes that can induce the intense pressure oscillation. Highlights • The cause of super-knock occurrence is comprehensively studied. • Pre-ignition is not a unique condition leading to super-knock. • There is no direct relationship between super-knock intensity and super-knock onset. • The fundamental theories were employed to explaining the mechanism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

African American students have been systematically discouraged from taking advanced courses in science and math. In addition, low Advanced Placement (AP) exam passing rates among African American students raise further concerns regarding whether accessibility alone adequately addresses the issue of equity. However, little research has been conducted to understand African American students' learning experiences in AP science courses. The purpose of this research is twofold: (a) to gain deeper understandings of the behaviors and attitudes that African American students employ in their AP science courses, especially how they align their personal motives and goals with meaningful practices within the AP learning context, and (b) to offer an opportunity for science educators to re‐conceptualize AP science learning environment from an Cultural‐Historical Activity Theory (CHAT) perspective. The participants were four African American students enrolled in two AP courses: biology and environmental science. The primary data source was from semistructured interviews. Three major themes were identified: (a) exchange value dominating intrinsic value, (b) community support overcoming an oppositional cultural, and (c) metacognitive strategies disconnecting from conceptual understanding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Cas9 (CRISPR associated protein 9) is an RNA-guided DNA endonuclease enzyme derived from Streptococcus that has been widely used for genome editing in a variety of organisms, including humans. Here, we report that exogenous Cas9 protein can elicit an inflammatory immune response through the release of MIP3α, CD40L, and MPO in primary human peripheral blood mononuclear cells and human monocytic cell lines (THP1). Inhibition of the STING-STAT6 pathway blocks Cas9-induced proinflammatory mediator release. These results suggest that targeting the STING-STAT6 axis may prevent host immune responses in human gene therapy with the CRISPR-Cas9 system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study is to present a novel method of level-2 uncertainty analysis in risk assessment by means of uncertainty theory. In the proposed method, aleatory uncertainty is characterized by probability distributions, whose parameters are affected by epistemic uncertainty. These parameters are described as uncertain variables. For monotone risk models, such as fault trees or event trees, the uncertainty is propagated analytically based on the operational rules of uncertain variables. For non-monotone risk models, we propose a simulation-based method for uncertainty propagation. Three indexes, i.e., average risk, value-at-risk and bounded value-at-risk, are defined for risk-informed decision making in the level-2 uncertainty setting. Two numerical studies and an application on a real example from literature are worked out to illustrate the developed method. A comparison is made to some commonly used uncertainty analysis methods, e.g., the ones based on probability theory and evidence theory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Various uncertainty metrics have been applicable to measure reliability under aleatory uncertainty and epistemic uncertainty, including evidence-theory-based reliability, interval-analysis-based reliability, fuzzy-interval-analysis-based reliability, posbist reliability and belief reliability. Difficulties arise, however, when an attempt is made to solve one specific situation by implementing one of these methods since the evaluating results may be different from each other. It is unconvinced to choose one method merely based on the qualitative analysis. Therefore, this paper proposes an optimal evaluation model to conduct an objective evaluation on these metrics and provide reasonable decision-making proposals. An evaluating index system is established on the feature analysis of these metrics. Cooke classical model has been adopted to weigh experts’ performance and improve the objectivity of the quantification results. Considering both evaluation indexes and requirements from the demanding sides, an optimal model is introduced based on data envelopment analysis. Numerical examples are subsequently conducted to illustrate the evaluating methods. The proposed model was found to outperform alternative methods in terms of objectivity and ability to provide reasonable decision-making suggestions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The retina, an important tissue of the eye, is essential in visual transmission and sustaining adequate eyesight. However, oxidative stress and inflammatory reactions can harm retinal structure and function. Recent studies have demonstrated that exposure to light can induce oxidative stress and inflammatory reactions in retinal cells, thereby facilitating the progression of retinal damage–related diseases and asthenopia. Plant bioactive compounds such as anthocyanin, curcumin, resveratrol, lutein, zeaxanthin, epigallocatechin gallate, and quercetin are effective in alleviating retinal damage and asthenopia. Their strong oxidation resistance and unique chemical structure can prevent the retina from producing reactive oxygen species and regulating eye muscle relaxation, thus alleviating retinal damage and asthenopia. Additionally, the combination of these active ingredients produces a stronger antioxidant effect. Consequently, understanding the mechanism of retinal damage caused by light and the regulation mechanism of bioactive compounds can better protect the retina and reduce asthenopia. Light causes retinal damage and asthenopia through oxidative stress, inflammatory reaction, mitochondrial damage, apoptosis, and autophagy. Anthocyanin, curcumin, resveratrol, lutein, zeaxanthin, epigallocatechin gallate, and quercetin can exert antioxidant and anti-inflammatory mechanisms and prevent retinal light damage. In addition, this bioavailability and preventive effect can be improved by embedding bioactive compounds and synergistic effect of bioactive compounds. Abbreviation: ROS, reactive oxygen species. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Internal blast tests are conducted to investigate dynamic responses of ultralight honeycomb-cored sandwich panels. • Fully confined blast loading is produced by detonation of TNT charge within purposely-designed rectangular blast chamber. • The internal pressures, and permanent mid-span deflection and deformation modes of sandwich panels are analyzed. • Coupled Eulerian-Lagrangian (CEL) FE simulations are validated and agreed well with the experimental observations. • The sandwich panel exhibits a superior shock resistance to its monolithic counterpart of equal mass. Fatal threats of fully confined blasts to surface battleships must be minimized to avoid catastrophic failure such as ship sinking. In the present study, for enhanced blast resistance, ultralight all-metallic sandwich panels with square honeycomb cores are proposed as an alternative to traditional metallic plates for ship construction. A combined experimental and numerical approach is employed to investigate the dynamic responses of fully-clamped sandwich panel subjected to fully confined blast loading and compare its blast resistance to that of its monolithic counterpart having equal mass. To explore the underlying physical mechanisms, finite element simulations with the Coupled Eulerian-Lagrangian (CEL) approach are performed. The simulation results are validated against experimental measurements for both sandwich and monolithic target plates, with good agreement achieved. It is demonstrated that, with the pressure versus time history on target plate featured by multiple reflected overpressures and a long-duration quasi-static phase with considerably lower pressure amplitude, the proposed sandwich panel exhibits a considerably higher blast resistance than its monolithic counterpart of equal areal density placed at the same standoff distance, due mainly to its consumption of impact energy via global out-of-plane bending, in-plane stretching, and localized core crushing. Results of this study are helpful for designing novel lightweight protection structures with enhanced blast resistance for ship construction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]