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Metaplastic breast carcinoma is very rare neoplasm which contains mixture of carcinomatous (epithelial) and sarcomatous (mesenchymal) elements in variable proportion. Metaplastic carcinoma with chondroid differentiation is even rarer. We report a case of metaplastic carcinoma with extensive chondroid differentiation as there is paucity of information regarding pathological features and clinical outcomes for these rare tumors. Tumor had characteristic definite areas of classic infiltrating duct carcinoma with abundant chondromyxoid matrix, focal areas of chondrosarcoma and cartilagenous metaplasia. Tumour cells were immunoreactive for S-100, ER, and PR. When pathologist encounter breast tumor with chondroid differentiation, careful gross sampling, histopathology and immunoreactivity for mesenchymal and epithelial component are most useful to differentiate metaplastic carcinoma from malignant phylloides tumors and malignant adenomyoepithelioma.

Context: Caveolin-1 is a surface protein that is a major structural component of caveolae, which are vesicles of the plasma membrane integral to a variety of signal transduction molecules and transport functions. Caveolin-1 is a biomarker undergoing research & studies have shown an increased expression of Cav-1 in the stepwise carcinogenesis from the normal oral mucosa, hyperplastic mucosa, dysplastic mucosa, precancerous lesions to Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma. In the present study Correlation between Caveolin-1 expression and grade of tumor was established statistically. Aims: To study immunohistochemical expression of Caveolin-1 in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Settings and Design: Cross sectional study carried out in a tertiary care hospital. Materials and Methods: A total of 90 cases of histopathologically diagnosed oral squamous cell carcinoma was evaluated. Grading of the cases into well, moderate and poorly differentiated carcinomas was done as per WHO guidelines. Margin and lymph node status were evaluated. Anti-Caveolin-1 antibody (E249)- Caveolae marker ab32577 was used in the dilution of 1:100. Results were expressed taking reference of the methodology used by Hung et al 2003. Statistical Analysis Used: Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS 25.0). Results: Correlation of tumor grade and lymph node metastasis was statistically significant p=0.0006. There was a significant statistical correlation between tumor grade and immunohistochemical expression of Caveolin-1, p-value=0.00. Correlation between Lymph node metastasis and Caveolin-1 was statistically significant, p-value=0.008. Conclusions: Caveolin-1 expression correlates with aggressive tumor behavior and poor prognostic outcome. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Oral submucous fibrosis (OSMF) is a potentially malignant disorder (PMD) known to transform into oral cancer. One of the important hallmarks of malignant transformation is the uncontrolled growth rate, commonly reflected as increased cell proliferation which can be significantly detected by proliferative markers such as a high Ki-67 index. Aim: The aim of this study is to evaluate the degree and pattern of expression of Ki67 in OSMF, oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) and in normal mucosal (NOM) patients and to correlate the Ki67 expression with clinical and histological grading of OSMF and OSCC patient. Materials and Methods: A prospective cross-sectional study was conducted over a duration of two years. An immunohistochemical study was performed for Ki76 expression on 35 cases of OSMF, 10 cases of OSCC and 10 normal mucosal patients. Statistical Analysis: Data were analysed using SPSS version 21. Chi-squared test was used to analyse the differences between the intensity levels in OSMF, OSCC and NOM. Results: Expression of Ki67 was significantly higher in OSMF than that of NOM samples but less than that of OSCC samples. Expression of Ki67 increased with increasing grade of clinical and histological stages. Conclusion: The study demonstrated a high incidence of Ki67 overexpression in OSMF and OSCC and showed a correlation between clinical and histological grading of OSMF and OSCC. Identification of high-risk oral PMDs and intervention at premalignant stages could constitute one of the key steps in reducing the mortality, morbidity and cost of treatment associated with malignant transformation of these diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Cervical lymphadenopathy (CL) is one of the most common and worrisome presentations of the underlying pathology in the head and neck region with many differential diagnoses with similar presentations. The pathologies associated with CL range from inflammation and infection to malignancy. Thus, comprehensive clinicopathological knowledge of CL would allow for timely diagnosis and reduction in morbidity and mortality. Objective To evaluate the clinicopathological profile of patients who presented with CL. Materials and Methods This hospital-based prospective study was conducted on 167 patients who presented with CL at a tertiary care hospital in Karad, Maharashtra, from June 2017 to May 2019. A detailed clinical history was documented, followed by a thorough local examination and routine blood investigations for all the patients. Results The most common lesions seen were tuberculous lymphadenitis (41.26%), metastatic lesions (27.78%), and reactive lymphadenitis (24.60%). Reactive lymphadenitis (38.2%) and tuberculosis (25.8%) were found to be common in 21-30 years of age, whereas metastasis was common in the age group of 61-70 years (36.17%). The posterior triangle group of lymph nodes was the most affected in tuberculosis in 30.65% cases and in metastasis upper jugular lymph nodes was most commonly affected in 36.17% cases. Neck swelling (100%) and fever were the most common presenting symptoms (53.89%) followed by cough (35.93%). Of the 60 patients with anemia, 34 patients had metastasis in the lymph nodes (56.67%) and 16 had tuberculous lymphadenitis (26.67%). Conclusion CL is the presenting sign in a heterogeneous group of diseases with variations according to age, geographical distribution, anatomical location of the CL, and the signs and symptoms; a thorough knowledge of which allows for rapid diagnosis and treatment planning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Cervical lymphadenopathy is a very common clinical manifestation of many diseases. Excisional biopsy followed by histopathological examination is the optimum protocol for the diagnosis of cervical lymphadenopathy. However, it cannot be used in initial pathological examination as it is a surgical procedure involving potential complications. Objective To assess the accuracy of FNAC in the diagnosis of cervical lymphadenopathy and compare it with histopathology. Materials and Methods In this prospective study, 167 patients with cervical lymphadenopathy who underwent either FNAC or biopsy were selected. Of these, 126 underwent FNAC only, 26 underwent FNAC and biopsy, and 15 underwent only biopsy. FNAC was carried out, smears prepared on slides and stained with hematoxylin and eosin (H&E), Giemsa, or Ziehl-Neelsen stain. Excisional biopsy was followed by grossing and sectioning according to Rosai,10 and H & E staining. The sensitivity and specificity of FNAC were calculated, and the correlation and degree of agreement between the FNAC and biopsy findings were determined using Cohen's kappa coefficient (κ). Result The maximum number of cases was in patients who were in the 3rd decade (19.77%) of life followed by those in the 5th and 7th decade. The mean age of presentation was 40.67 years. There was a slight male predominance with male to female ratio being 1.1:1 (males: 88 (52.69%); females: 79 (47.31%).FNAC demonstrated a sensitivity of 94.44%, a specificity of 100%, a positive predictive value of 100%, a negative predictive value of 88.89%, and an accuracy of 96.15% compared to biopsy findings. There was an almost total correlation between FNAC and histopathology. Conclusion CL is the presenting sign in a heterogeneous group of diseases with variations according to age, geographical distribution, anatomical location of the CL, and the signs and symptoms; a thorough knowledge of which allows for rapid diagnosis and treatment planning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objective: Anemia has always been a major health burden in underdeveloped countries. Despite several nutritional anemia studies, their tribe-specific information is inadequate. The foremost objective of this study is to generate the tribe-specific information on anemia and its association with sociodemographic characters and contribution of iron metabolism. Method: A cross-sectional study was conducted on 1135 healthy adolescents (Girls 549) from six leading Scheduled Tribes (STs) of Maharashtra, India. Complete Blood Count (CBC) and serum iron with total iron-binding capacity (TIBC) was calculated using fasting venous blood collected in EDTA and Non-EDTA tubes respectively. Contribution of Iron deficiency in etiology of anemia was studied by monitoring two months of oral iron tablet supplementation. Results: It was observed that 41.3% of tribal adolescents were underweight. Prevalence of anemia was observed 41.5% in both tribal adolescents with an average Hb 11.1 ± 1.3g/dl. 21.3% girls & 37.7% boys had mild anemia; however moderate anemia was 17.4% in adolescent girls. Microcytic hypochromic anemia was observed in a large number of tribal adolescents. Hb levels improved significantly after the iron supplementation with 35% recovery with a significant reduction in TIBC along and increase in the ferritin, but without microcytosis (MCV<80fl) improvement. Interpretation and Conclusion: All tribal adolescents in this study were grossly underweight and anemia was a substantial health problem with a significant association with sociodemographic variables in tribal adolescents. Iron therapy observations suggested that Iron deficiency superimposed on the background of a-thalassaemia in tribal's. This observation should be useful to a physician practising in tribal areas for the treatment of hemoglobinopathies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: Prostatic enlargement occurs due to nodular hyperplasia, prostatitis and neoplasm of prostate gland. Incidence of prostate cancer increases by 1% yearly which has been reported in the last three years. Early detection of prostate cancer is important. Also, the differentiation between benign hyperplasia and malignant lesions of prostate is very important for the treatment of patient. Aim of the present study is to evaluate the usefulness of Mucin stains in differentiating between benign hyperplasia and malignant lesions of prostate. Material and Methods: The study was done on ninety-five specimens of benign hyperplasia (n=73) and malignant (n=22) prostates which were collected from postmortem and surgically resected specimens in KIMSU and KHMRC hospital. Routine Hematoxylin & Eosin and special stains such as PAS, PAS-Diastase, PAS-Phenyl Hydrazine, Alcian Blue PH -2.5 and 1, Aldehyde Fuchsin, combined AB-PAS and AF-AB were performed. Results: We tabulated our results according to color intensity into different grades ranging from -ve to +++. Acid mucins were present predominantly in prostate carcinoma. Conclusion: Hence, mucin histochemistry may be a valuable and cost-effective tool for the differentiation between benign hyperplasia and carcinoma of prostate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Cervical cancer is a major concern of health risk in urban and rural parts of India.. Aim and Objectives: This study was aimed to find out frequency of polymorphisms in DNA repair genes including Xeroderma pigmentosum complementation group C (XPC) and Xenoderma pigmentosum complementation group G (XPG) in patients of cervical cancer from Maharashtra and to evaluate their association with risk of cervical cancer. Materials and Methods: We used polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) to examine gene polymorphisms in 350 patients with cancer of cervix and 400 age and sex matched normal controls. Results: The results obtained indicated that there was no significant difference in the genotype distribution between cervical cancer patients and controls for XPC Lys939Gln, -371promoter and XPG His 1104 Asp. The result showed that genotype frequencies of XPC Val 499 Arg of codon 499 in exon 15 (OR=4.26; 95% CI= (3.007-6.03); p= <0.0001) were increased significantly. Conclusion: This study indicates that polymorphisms in Val499Arg haplotype of XPC gene appear to influence genetic susceptibility of individual to cervical cancer in Maharashtrian patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A 45-year-old female complained of a painless swelling, which had developed in the epigastric region, and was slowly growing in size over the last one year. The patient had undergone excision of a similar swelling at the same site seven years ago and was now facing recurrence. Histopathology and immunohistochemical (IHC) examination confirmed the diagnosis of Dermatofibrosarcoma Protuberans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction Hypothyroidism represents an endocrine disorder marked by the insufficient production of hormones by the thyroid gland, with significant effects on bodily functions. Its occurrence during pregnancy is of particular concern due to its profound effects on both maternal and fetal health outcomes. Aim To study the impact of hypothyroidism in pregnancy and its correlation with feto-maternal outcomes. Methodology The present study is a two-year prospective observational study carried out at a tertiary care hospital from July 2022 to June 2024. A total of 350 antenatal women with singleton pregnancies and without any pre-existing medical disorder were screened. Serum thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) was evaluated with a cut-off value of 4.0 mIU/L. If serum TSH was abnormal, free thyroxine (FT4) and free triiodothyronine (FT3) levels were assessed. The participants were categorized into three groups designated as euthyroid, overt hypothyroidism, and subclinical hypothyroidism. TSH was periodically re-evaluated at 16 weeks, 20 weeks, and 32 weeks. All patients were monitored up to the point of delivery, allowing for comparison of outcomes across the three groups. Results The prevalence of hypothyroidism in the present study was 11.14% (n=39). Eight percent (n=28) of the cases had subclinical hypothyroidism whereas 3.14% (n=11) of cases had overt hypothyroidism. Hypothyroidism was more common in the 26-30 years age group. There was a higher incidence of hypothyroidism in multigravida patients. Lower segment caesarean section (LSCS) was the most common mode of delivery in the women with hypothyroidism. Maternal outcomes included preeclampsia, eclampsia, anemia, gestational hypertension, gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), spontaneous miscarriage, preterm labor, oligohydramnios, etc. The fetal outcomes included intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR), low birth weight (LBW) and fetal distress. Conclusion Early diagnosis and adequate treatment of maternal hypothyroidism leads to successful pregnancy outcomes. Therefore, universal thyroid screening in pregnancy is recommended in order to prevent maternal and fetal complications., Competing Interests: Human subjects: Consent for treatment and open access publication was obtained or waived by all participants in this study. Institutional Ethics Committee issued approval KIMSDU/IEC/07/2022. Animal subjects: All authors have confirmed that this study did not involve animal subjects or tissue. Conflicts of interest: In compliance with the ICMJE uniform disclosure form, all authors declare the following: Payment/services info: All authors have declared that no financial support was received from any organization for the submitted work. Financial relationships: All authors have declared that they have no financial relationships at present or within the previous three years with any organizations that might have an interest in the submitted work. Other relationships: All authors have declared that there are no other relationships or activities that could appear to have influenced the submitted work., (Copyright © 2024, Khawale et al.)

Introduction  Gastrointestinal (GI) malignancies represent a diverse group of cancers affecting various parts of the digestive system. These malignancies encompass an important burden of cancer incidence and mortality globally, contributing to substantial morbidity and mortality worldwide. Studying the coagulation parameters of patients having GI malignancies is crucial for several reasons. It allows to identify the patients at an increased risk of thrombotic complications, enabling clinicians to implement appropriate prophylactic measures, such as anticoagulant therapy or mechanical thromboprophylaxis. Aim  To study coagulation parameters in patients diagnosed with GI malignancies. Materials and methods The present study is a two-year prospective observational study, carried out in the Department of Pathology in our tertiary care institute from July 2022 to June 2024 to investigate the coagulation profile in patients diagnosed with GI malignancies. A total of 86 cases were studied. Results  A significant increase in the mean values of coagulation parameters was noted with an increase in the grade of malignancy. Conclusion  Early examination for the presence of coagulation abnormalities can help to prevent morbidity and mortality and other bleeding diathesis in GI malignancies as alterations in the coagulation pathway can lead to lethal complications., Competing Interests: Human subjects: Consent for treatment and open access publication was obtained or waived by all participants in this study. Institutional Ethics Committee issued approval KIMSDU/IEC/07/2022. Institutional Ethics Committee of Krishna Institute of Medical Sciences, Krishna Vishwa Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be University), Karad, has approved this protocol number 285/2021-2022. The duration of this study was July 2022 to June 2024. Animal subjects: All authors have confirmed that this study did not involve animal subjects or tissue. Conflicts of interest: In compliance with the ICMJE uniform disclosure form, all authors declare the following: Payment/services info: All authors have declared that no financial support was received from any organization for the submitted work. Financial relationships: All authors have declared that they have no financial relationships at present or within the previous three years with any organizations that might have an interest in the submitted work. Other relationships: All authors have declared that there are no other relationships or activities that could appear to have influenced the submitted work., (Copyright © 2024, Patil et al.)

Preterm and extremely low-birth-weight newborns are at a higher risk for early-onset neonatal sepsis (NN-SP). This condition is often linked to intrapartum fever, PROM, and sepsis occurring within the first day of life. The causal pathogen can be acquired through intrauterine transmission or from the mother's flora. Therefore, our study aimed to evaluate PC and PI in cases involving NN-SP. Therefore, we can conclude that analyzing the PC and its indices can improve the prognosis of sepsis in NN. Studying NN using this method is a cost-effective approach that helps prevent mortality and morbidity. Early identification of newborn sepsis can help reduce the associated medical tests and medical bills. Clinical correlation with specific indicators and tools is a method for achieving this., Competing Interests: There are no conflicts of interest., (Copyright: © 2024 Journal of Pharmacy and Bioallied Sciences.)

Background: Breast cancer comprises a highly heterogeneous subset of tumours that respond well to Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy (NAC). Tumour Infiltrating Lymphocytes (TIL) act as a means to an end by shedding light on the treatment response as well as predictive factors to the clinicopathological features for the same. Therefore, this article attempts to shift the attention to the relevance of TIL in the aforementioned aspects by bringing to notice the contrasting traits displayed by them in the different immunohistochemical subtypes of breast carcinoma., Materials and Methods: 75 triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) patients, 25 human epidermal growth factor receptor (HER2BC) positive patients and 77 hormone receptor (HRBC) positive breast cancer patients were included in this study who received NAC before surgical excision of the tumour which was then stained using routine Haematoxylin and Eosin techniques. Standardised guidelines were used to evaluate TIL in the stroma and the tumour., Results: In TNBC, a significant association between Intratumoural (IT) TIL (p=0.0288) and Intrastromal (IS) TIL (p=0.0250) with pathological complete response (pCR). IS TIL and age at operation (p=0.0494) showed significant values but no correlation was found with IT TIL. In HER2BC, IS TIL revealed a significant association with the tumour response(p=0.0229). A strong association was found between IT TIL and the age of menopause(p=0.0441). In HRBC, no significant associations were found between IT and IS TIL scores and the clinicopathological features., Conclusion: The predictive factors of TIL and complete response post-neoadjuvant chemotherapy can be a strong indicative factor for immunohistochemical markers. It also helps throw light on further studies which can be carried out to determine the clinicopathological features and TIL correlation in the various subtypes of breast carcinoma.

Aim: To study immunohistochemical (IHC) expression patterns of Moesin and FLOT 1 in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) and to correlate it with histopathological prognostic factors., Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study design was conducted on histopathologically diagnosed cases of OSCC. The inclusion criteria were carcinoma of buccal mucosa, tongue, alveolar mucosa, palate, gingiva, the floor of the mouth, retromolar area, and soft palate. The exclusion criteria included cases of squamous cell carcinoma from sites other than the oral cavity, potentially malignant disorders (PMDs), and any pseudomalignancies of the head and neck. Tissue sections were subjected to IHC staining for Moesin and FLOT 1 and the results were subjected to statistical analysis., Results: Moesin showed strong positivity and was significantly associated with the histopathological variables such as lymph nodes and the worst pattern of invasion, whereas FLOT 1 was not associated with any clinical, histopathological, or demographical variable in this study., Conclusion: Cytoplasmic detection of Moesin (35.19%) was higher than FLOT 1 (15.74%). There was no statistically significant relationship between the grade of the lesion and Moesin and FLOT 1., Clinical Significance: New emerging prognostic biomarkers can aid to assess the rate of malignant transformation (epigenetic and molecular changes), thereby resulting in early prophylactic conciliation of the disease progression in OSCC. There is an urgent need for introducing these as an interventional therapy for effectively addressing OSCC at an early stage, thus preventing it from further proceeding to the advanced severe stage.

Purpose: The aim of the present Aetiology/Risk type and Prognostic type of systematic review is to evaluate the value of Moesin as a biomarker of invasiveness in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma patients and to review/assess the available evidence regarding the prospective prognostic association between Moesin and histopathological grading of OSCC to enhance the quality of life and survival rate of oral cancer patients., Method: A systematic wide-range literature search was performed by authors (BS, KS, and DK) till October 2022 using both, electronic search media and manual search by hand, searching appropriate journals as per the focussed guiding question and inclusion/exclusion criteria. Major databases such as Scopus, EMBASE, Web of Science, Cochrane central register for controlled trials, PubMed & Google Scholar were conducted by two calibrated reviewers independently to gauge the association between the prognostic significance of Moesin with histopathological grading of oral squamous cell carcinoma. As this study is based on tissue samples of oral squamous cell carcinoma patients, all the selected studies were mostly, cross-sectional studies, and retrospective in nature. The studies were integrated with this review to gauge the association between the prognostic significance of Moesin with histopathological grading of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). The review included a total of 7 studies with tissue samples of 645 cases. The prime outcome was to assess the immunoexpression of Moesin among the different histopathological grades i.e well-differentiated SCC, moderately differentiated SCC, and poorly differentiated SCC and the subordinate outcome was to consider the extent of strong immunoexpression characteristics (cytoplasmic, membranous and mixed type) in different grades of OSCC as well as to correlate with morbidity, mortality, and/or 5 years or 10 years survival rate., Results: The results were analyzed and presented narratively using the Critical Appraisal Tools developed by the University Of Oxford; Risk of Bias - Cochrane Risk of Bias tool - RoB 2.0, and GRADE-pro (Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluations) which rates the features of the evidence as high, moderate, low and very low. The risk of mortality expressed in terms of Hazard ratio has been elicited as a 1.37 times higher rate of mortality in the advanced histopathological stages of the OSCC cases. As the sample size of this review was insignificant, therefore, the authors have incorporated hazard ratios of some other studies of carcinomas in diverse sites in the body to give a flavor of prognostic outcomes of Moesin. It was observed that Moesin expression in Breast cancer and UADT carcinomas have a higher mortality rate as compared to OSCC and lung carcinoma cases and this decree strengthens our conviction that Moesin expression in the cytoplasm of advanced histopathological stages of cancer can be assumed as a sign of poor prognosis in all carcinomas including OSCC patients., Conclusion: A sample of seven studies is inadequate as definite evidence for claiming that Moesin is a strong biomarker of invasiveness in OSCC cases and more clinical trials need to be conducted on the prognostic efficacy of Moesin expression in the various histopathological grades of OSCC cases., Competing Interests: There are no conflicts of interest., (Copyright: © 2023 Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology.)

Objectives: Oral Submucous Fibrosis (OSMF) is potentially malignant disorder known to transform into oral cancer. The aim of this study is to determine the degree and pattern of expression of aberrant Ki67 in OSMF, oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) and in normal oral mucosa  patients (NOM). The objective is to correlate between Ki67 expression and degree of dysplasia in OSMF patents and also Ki67 expression with clinical and histological grading of OSMF and OSCC patient., Materials and Methods: A prospective cross-sectional study was conducted with purposive sampling technique from Jan 2017 to April 2020.The study groups consist of 35 OSMF cases, 10 cases of each OSCC and NOM. The samples were immunohistochemically analyzed for expression Ki67 antigen using chi-square test (P < 0.05)., Results: The expression of Ki67 was significantly higher in OSMF than that of NOM samples, but less than that of OSCC samples. Present study showed correlation between expression of Ki67 with clinical staging and histological grading both in OSMF and OSCC patients., Conclusion: The study demonstrated a high incidence of Ki67 over expression in, OSMF and OSCC. Hence, Ki-67 can be widely used as a proliferation marker to measure growth fraction of cells in OSMF and also for determining the severity of epithelial dysplasia.

A 70-year-old woman presented with chief complaints of swelling in the right side of her neck for 20 years, mainly in the submandibular region, with an increase in size 2 months prior, discharge of foul-smelling pus, ulceration of the overlying skin, and pain in the swelling for 15 days. Immunohistochemical studies reported the tumor to be a mixed malignant tumor arising from the submandibular gland. Wide excision of the tumor with deltopectoral flap was done.

An 18-year-old man presented with complaints of epigastric pain, vomiting after meals, loss of appetite and weight, evening rise of temperature, and irregular bowel movements. Barium meal follow-through revealed a dilated stomach and first and second parts of the duodenum and stenotic lesion in the second part of the duodenum. Endoscopic biopsy of the stenotic lesion revealed acute on chronic nonspecific duodenitis with fibrosis. Isoperistaltic antecolic gastrojejunostomy was done to bypass the obstruction, and enlarged lymph nodes were biopsied. The biopsy of the enlarged lymph nodes revealed changes consistent with tuberculosis; therefore, the patient was started on antituberculous drugs in the postoperative period.