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The purpose of this study was to explore the protective effects of different doses of rutin with the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties on acute lung injury (ALI) induced by oleic acid (OA) in rats. Thirty-five Sprague-Dawley male rats were randomly separated into five groups comprising control, rutin 150 mg, OA, rutin 75 mg + OA and rutin 150 mg + OA. In the rutin 75 mg + OA and rutin 150 mg + OA groups, the lung malondialdehyde level (MDA) was significantly lower than that of the OA group. In the rutin 75 mg + OA and and rutin 150 mg + OA groups, the lung GPx (glutathione peroxidase), CAT (catalase) and SOD (superoxide dismutase) activities and GSH (glutathione) levels were significantly higher than those of the OA group, and significantly lower than those of the control group. iNOS expressions in the interstitial parts of the lungs were significantly lower than those of the OA group. The iNOS expression was lower in the 150 mg + OA group compared to the rutin 75 mg + OA group. It was concluded that on the ALI induced by OA, rutin had protective effects through the antioxidant and antiinflammatory properties and that the treatment of rutin as a supportive treatment in ALI was found to be practically useful.

The aim of this study was to investigate the usage of Taraxacum officinale extract (TOE) in inflammatory and painful cases as an alternative to paracetamol (PRC) through the assessment of biochemical and reproductive parameters. Totally, 30 male Sprague Dawley rats aged eight weeks old, were used in this study. The animals were obtained from Atatürk University Experimental Research and Application Centre and kept under standard laboratory conditions. Commercial pellet chow and fresh drinking water were available ad libitum. Rats were divided into five groups: Group I (n= 6); referred as control. Group II (n=6); referred as TOE150 (150 mg/kg). Group III (n=6); referred as TOE200 (200 mg/kg). Group IV (n=6); referred as TOE250 (250 mg/kg). Group V (n=6); referred as Paracetamol (PRC) (2 g/kg). The treatment was performed for consecutive 8 days. The animals were tranquilized and sacrificed on 9th day of study. Blood samples, cauda epididymal semen samples and testes tissues were collected. Routine semen examinations were performed and oxidative stress levels of testicular tissues were assayed. Reproductive organ weights [total testes weight (TTW) and total cauda epididymal weights (TCEW)] were recorded. Motility in TOE250 group was significantly higher when compared to the other groups (P

Approximately 90% of mushroom poisoning deaths in the world is caused by types of Amanita phalloides. Alpha-amanitine has a bicyclic octapeptide structure, which is the main structure responsible for these poisoning cases. In the present study, it was aimed to investigate effects of leaf extracts with artichoke extract on this toxicity. In the study, 28 male rats of Sprague-Dawley species were randomized to 4 groups. The groups were designed as control; receiving serum physiological solution of 0.1 mL intraperitoneally (ip), alpha-amanitine; receiving 3 mg/kg single dose ip, artichoke leaf extract; receiving 1.5 g/kg orally for 14 d, and treatment group¸ receiving alpha-amanitine 3 mg/kg single dose ip+artichoke leaf extract 1.5 g/kg orally for 14 d. It was determined that alpha-amanitine increased hepatic malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, and decrease superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), catalase (CAT) activities with decreasing glutathione (GSH) levels. The supplementation with extract with artichoke, decreased MDA levels, it improved antioxidant parameters, and histopathological findings, so it was decided that extract with artichoke juice might be beneficial in alpha-amanitine related hepatic damage.

Currently, the number of imaging and interventional procedures that use contrast agents (CAs) is gradually increasing. Contrast-induced nephropathy (CIN) is the most important CA-related complication. Oxidative stress plays a significant role in its pathophysiology. Lycopene (LPN) is a natural substance with strong antioxidant capacity. The present study aimed to investigate the potential preventive effects of LPN against CIN. In total, 28 male Wistar albino rats were divided into 4 groups with 7 rats in each group; the groups include normal control group, LPN only group at a dose of 4 mg/kg/day for 10 days, CIN group by administering 10 mg/kg furosemide IM + 10 mg/kg indomethacin IP + 10 ml/kg iomeprol IV following 24-h dehydration, and CIN + LPN group. There were statistically significant increase in urea, creatinine, and malondialdehyde levels (p < 0.001, for all) but a significant decrease in glutathione, superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase levels (p < 0.001, for all) in the CIN group compared with the control group. On histological examination, a significant increase of infiltrated inflammatory cells and necrotic degenerative changes were observed in the CIN group and the immunohistochemical examination revealed a significant increase in inflammation (inducible nitric oxide synthase), autophagy (LC3/B), and apoptosis (cleaved caspase 3) in the CIN group compared with the control group (p < 0.05, for all). Significant improvements in these unfavorable parameters were observed with CIN + LPN group compared with the CIN only group. In conclusion, the favorable effects of LPN as an anti-inflammatory, antiautophagic, and antiapoptotic agent in an experimental model of CIN have been demonstrated. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Aim: Tramadol (TRM), a widely used opioid analgesic for moderate to severe pain, is associated with liver and kidney toxicity at high doses or prolonged use. This study investigates the protective role of rosmarinic acid (RA), a natural phenolic compound known for its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and cell-protective properties, against TRM-induced hepatorenal toxicity., Methods: Thirty-five male Wistar rats were divided into five groups: Control, TRM, RA, TRM+RA25, and TRM+RA50. Rats received TRM (50 mg/kg) and RA (25 or 50 mg/kg), with liver and kidney function tests, oxidative stress, inflammation, ER stress, apoptosis, and tissue damage indicators assessed through qRT-PCR, ELISA, Western blotting, H&E, and immunohistochemical analysis., Results: TRM induced liver and kidney dysfunctions, evident from increased ALT, AST, ALP, urea, creatinine, nephrin, TIM-1 and 8-OHdG levels, along with activated oxidative stress, inflammation, ER stress, and apoptosis pathways. RA significantly reduced these effects, ameliorating histologic and immunohistochemical markers of tissue damage and inflammation., Conclusion: RA demonstrates therapeutic potential by mitigating TRM-induced hepatorenal toxicity and preserving tissue integrity., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest ☒ The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2025. Published by Elsevier Ltd.)

Ovarian ischemia is a pathological condition that usually occurs due to ovarian torsion, resulting in the interruption of blood supply to the ovaries and oxygen deficiency. Silymarin (SLM) is a flavonoid complex of plant origin with pharmacological properties such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antiapoptotic effects. In this study, we investigated the effects of SLM through different pathways in rats subjected to experimental ovarian ischemia/reperfusion (I/R). Female Wistar rats were divided into five groups: Control, SLM (50 mg/kg), I/R, I/R + SLM25 (25 mg/kg), and I/R + SLM50 (50 mg/kg). SLM was given orally for 7 days, followed by ischemia (2 h) and reperfusion (2 h) on day 8. Biochemical (MDA, GSH, SOD, CAT, GPx) and histological (H&E, Ki-67 IHC) analyses were performed. Also, molecular (qRT-PCR) analyses were performed to evaluate oxidative stress, inflammation, apoptosis, and Wnt signaling. I/R increased MDA and NO levels in ovarian tissue while decreasing SOD, CAT, GPx, and GSH. Antioxidant defense genes (Nrf-2, HO-1, NQO1) were suppressed, and inflammation markers (NF-ĸB, IL-1β, TNF-α) along with apoptotic markers (Bax, Caspase-3) were elevated, while Bcl-2 decreased. The Wnt signaling pathway was inhibited, particularly at Wnt-3A, LRP5, Dvl-2, and Cyclin-1, reducing Ki-67 protein levels and IHC positivity. Silymarin has shown a therapeutic effect on ovarian ischemia reperfusion injury with its antioxidant, antiapoptotic and anti-inflammatory effects and cell cycle regulatory activity., (© 2025 The Author(s). Journal of Biochemical and Molecular Toxicology published by Wiley Periodicals LLC.)

Background: Drug-induced organ toxicity is a significant health concern, with gentamicin known for its effective antibacterial properties but also severe side effects, particularly cytotoxicity in liver and kidney tissues. This current study observed the preventive role of baicalein and bergenin against hepatic and renal injuries caused by gentamicin in rats., Methods: Thirty-two male Sprague Dawley rats were divided into four groups, namely, control, gentamicin (gentamicin 80 mg/kg/day), baicalein (gentamicin 80 mg/kg/day + baicalein 100 mg/kg/day) and bergenin (gentamicin 80 mg/kg/day + bergenin 100 mg/kg/day). Hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity were induced by giving gentamicin (80 mg/kg/day). We evaluated the biochemical markers, including alkaline phosphatase (ALP), urea, alanine transaminase (ALT), creatinine and aspartate transaminase (AST) levels, antioxidant enzymes, oxidative stress parameters and histopathological and immunohistochemical changes., Results: Gentamicin increased oxidative stress parameters and decreased antioxidant activity. The treatment with baicalein and bergenin significantly restored these markers., Conclusions: Baicalein and bergenin significantly mitigated gentamicin-induced hepatic and renal toxicity by restoring biochemical markers, reducing oxidative stress and enhancing antioxidant enzyme activity. Histopathological and immunohistochemical analyses confirmed the protective effects of both compounds against organ damage. No statistically significant differences were observed between the two drugs for these parameters. These results suggest their potential as therapeutic agents to prevent gentamicin-induced organ toxicity., (© 2024 Nordic Association for the Publication of BCPT (former Nordic Pharmacological Society). Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

Bisphenol A (BPA) has been commonly used in various consumer products, including water bottles, food containers, and canned food linings. However, there are concerns about its potential toxicity to human health, particularly its impact on the liver and kidneys. The objective of this research was to investigate the potential ameliorative effects of 18β-glycyrrhetinic acid (GA) against BPA-induced hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity in rats. The animals were supplemented with BPA (250 mg/kg b.w.) alone or with GA (50 and 100 mg/kg b.w.) for 14 days. GA treatment alleviated the BPA-induced hepato-renal tissue injuries through reducing the serum ALT, AST and ALP levels, and urea and creatinine levels. GA co-treatment also increased activities of SOD, CAT and GPx enzymes and levels of GSH, and suppressed MDA levels in BPA induced tissues. BPA also induced inflammation by increasing the levels of TNF-α, NF-κB, JAK1, STAT1, P38 MAPK and JNK in liver and kidney tissues and GA treatment ameliorated these effects. BPA triggered apoptosis by increasing caspase-3, Bax, and cytochrome c at protein levels and also by decreasing the antiapoptotic Bcl-2 level. However, treatment with GA (50 and 100 mg/kg) decreased apoptosis. Overall, our results have revealed the potential ameliorative mechanisms of GA, as a possible agent for BPA-induced hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare the following financial interests/personal relationships which may be considered as potential competing interests: Ekrem Darendelioglu reports financial support was provided by Bingol University. If there are other authors, they declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Mercury (Hg) is one of the most toxic heavy metals that damage testicular tissue. Mercury chloride (HgCl 2 ) is one of the most toxic forms of mercury that can easily cross biological membranes. Syringic acid (SA) is a natural flavonoid found in many vegetables and fruits. In this study, the effects of SA against HgCl 2 -induced testicular damage in rats were determined by biochemical, histopathological, and spermatological analyses. For this study, a total of 35 Spraque Dawley rats were used. Rats were divided into five groups as control, HgCl 2 , SA 50, HgCl 2  + SA 25, and HgCl 2  + SA 50. HgCl 2 was administered intraperitoneal (IP) at a dose of 1.23 mg/kg/bw, while SA was administered by oral gavage at doses of 25 and 50 mg/kg/bw. The rats were then sacrificed, and testicular tissues were removed. HgCl 2 caused an increase in MDA level and a decrease in SOD, CAT, and GPx activity and GSH level in the testicular tissue of rats. HgCl 2 is involved in the increase of eIF2-α, PERK, ATF-4, ATF-6, CHOP, NF-κB, TNF-α, IL-1β, Apaf-1, Bax, and Caspase-3 mRNA expression. HgCl 2 caused a decrease in sperm motility, an increase in the rate of abnormal sperm and sperm DNA fragmentation in rats. However, SA oral administration dose-dependently inhibited endoplasmic reticulum stress, oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis and preserved epididymal sperm quality and testicular histoarchitectures. In conclusion, SA had protective effects against HgCl 2 -induced testicular oxidative damage, inflammation, endoplasmic reticulum stress, and apoptosis., (© 2024 The Author(s). Environmental Toxicology published by Wiley Periodicals LLC.)

In this study, it was aimed to determine the effect of sinapic acid (SNP), a polyphenol with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antibacterial properties, on testicular damage caused by vancomycin (VCM), a widely used antibiotic against gram positive bacteria. A total of 35 male Sprague Dawley rats were used in the study, divided into five groups: control, VCM, SNP, VCM + SNP 10, and VCM + SNP 20. Following a week of oral administration, the rats were euthanized under sevoflurane anesthesia. While the VCM group had a significant increase in MDA levels, the SNP administration inhibited the increase in MDA levels. VCM led to a significant decrease in GSH levels, SOD, CAT, and GPx activity in the testicular tissue of rats, while SNP administration increased these antioxidant levels. SNP administration decreased the mRNA expression levels of VCM induced Nrf-2, HO-1, and NQO1 in testicular tissue while increasing the levels of MAPK14, MAPK15, JNK, P53, Apaf-1, Caspase-3, Caspase-6, Caspase-9, and Beclin-1 mRNA transcript levels. The VCM group showed a significant increase in Bax and NF-κB levels in testicular tissue, while Bcl-2 levels decreased. VCM significantly decreased sperm motility and increased the percentage of damaged sperm in rats. Histopathological results revealed that VCM caused disruption of basement membranes and disorganization of seminiferous tubules, but SNP administration preserved testicular histology. As a result, VCM increased oxidative stress, apoptosis, and autophagy in the testicular tissue of rats, altered testicular histopathology, and decreased sperm quality, while SNP decreased these effects., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Mercuric chloride (HgCl 2 ) is a heavy metal that is toxic to the human body. Carvacrol (CAR) is a flavonoid found naturally in plants and has many biological and pharmacological activities including anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anticancer activities. This study aimed to investigate the efficacy of CAR in HgCl 2 -induced testicular tissue damage. HgCl 2 was administered intraperitoneally at a dose of 1.23 mg/kg body weight alone or in combination with orally administered CAR (25 mg/kg and 50 mg/kg body weight) for 7 days. Biochemical and histological methods were used to investigate oxidative stress, inflammation, apoptosis, and autophagy pathways in testicular tissue. CAR treatment increased HgCl 2 -induced decreased antioxidant enzyme (SOD, CAT, and GPx) activities and GSH levels. In addition, CAR reduced MDA levels, a marker of lipid peroxidation. CAR decreased the levels of inflammatory mediators NF-κB, TNF-α, IL-1β, COX-2, iNOS, MAPK14, MAPK15, and JNK. The increases in apoptotic Bax and Caspase-3 with HgCl 2 exposure decreased with CAR, while the decreased antiapoptotic Bcl-2 level increased. CAR reduced HgCl 2 -induced autophagy damage by increasing Beclin-1, LC3A, and LC3B levels. Overall, the data from this study suggested that testicular tissue damage associated with HgCl 2 toxicity can be mitigated by CAR administration., (© 2023. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.)

Arsenic is a toxic environmental pollutant heavy metal, and one of its critical target tissues in the body is the liver. Carvacrol is a natural phytocompound that stands out with its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antiapoptotic properties. The current study aims to investigate the protective feature of carvacrol against sodium arsenite-induced liver toxicity. Thirty-five Sprague-Dawley male rats were divided into five groups: Control, Sodium arsenite (SA), CRV, SA + CRV25, and SA + CRV50. Sodium arsenite was administered via oral gavage at a dose of 10 mg/kg for 14 days, and 30 min later, CRV 25 or 50 mg/kg was administered via oral gavage. Oxidative stress, inflammation, apoptosis, autophagy damage pathways parameters, and liver tissue integrity were analyzed using biochemical, molecular, western blot, histological, and immunohistological methods. Carvacrol decreased sodium arsenite-induced oxidative stress by suppressing malondialdehyde levels and increasing superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase activities, and glutathione levels. Carvacrol reduced inflammation damage by reducing sodium arsenite-induced increased levels of NF-κB and the cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, RAGE, and NLRP3) it stimulates. Carvacrol also reduced sodium arsenite-induced autophagic (Beclin-1, LC3A, and LC3B) and apoptotic (P53, Apaf-1, Casp-3, Casp-6, Casp-9, and Bax) parameters. Carvacrol preserved sodium arsenite-induced impaired liver tissue structure. Carvacrol alleviated toxic damage by reducing sodium arsenite-induced increases in oxidative stress, inflammation, apoptosis, and autophagic damage parameters in rat liver tissues. Carvacrol was also beneficial in preserving liver tissue integrity., (© 2024 The Author(s). Journal of Biochemical and Molecular Toxicology published by Wiley Periodicals LLC.)

Aim: Bortezomib is a proteasome inhibitor antineoplastic agent that was the first to be approved for cancer treatment. One of bortezomib's most prominent dose-limiting effects is nephrotoxicity; the underlying mechanism is believed to be oxidative stress. Chrysin is a compound found actively in honey and many plant species and stands out with its antioxidant properties. The present study aimed to determine the ameliorative effects of chrysin in bortezomib-induced nephrotoxicity., Material-Method: Thirty-five male Wistar rats were divided into control, BTZ, CHR, BTZ + CHR25, and BTZ + CHR50. Biochemical, molecular, Western blot, and histological methods analyzed renal function indicators, oxidative stress, endoplasmic reticulum stress, inflammation, apoptosis, and damage pathways., Results: Chrysin decreased oxidative stress by reducing oxidants (MDA) and increasing antioxidants (SOD, CAT, Gpx, GSH, Nrf-2, HO-1, NQO1). Chrysin reduced endoplasmic reticulum stress by decreasing ATF-6, PERK, IRE1, and GRP-78 levels. Chrysin reduced inflammation damage by inhibiting the NF-κB pathway. Chrysin exhibited protective properties against apoptotic damage by decreasing Bax and Caspase-3 levels and increasing Bcl-2 levels. In addition, chrysin improved renal function and structural integrity and exhibited healing properties against toxic damage in tissue structure., Conclusion: Overall, chrysin exhibited an ameliorative effect against bortezomib-induced nephrotoxicity., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024. Published by Elsevier Ltd.)

Paclitaxel (PTX), which is actively used in the treatment of many types of cancer, has a toxic effect by causing increased oxidative stress in testicular tissues. Naringin (NRG) is a natural flavonoid found in plants, and its antioxidant properties are at the forefront. This study aims to investigate the protective feature of NRG in PTX-induced testicular toxicity. Thirty-five male Sprague rats were divided into five groups: control, NRG, PTX, PTX + NRG50, and PTX + NRG100. Rats were administered PTX (2 mg/kg, BW) intraperitoneally once daily for the first 5 days. Then, between the 6th and 14th days, NRG (50 and 100 mg/kg) was administered orally once a day. NRG reduced PTX-induced lipid peroxidation and increased testicular tissue antioxidant capacity (superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, and glutathione). While NRG reduces the mRNA expression levels of nuclear factor kappa B, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-1 beta, cyclooxygenase-2, interleukin-6, inducible-nitric oxide synthase, mitogen-activated protein kinase 14 (MAPK)14, MAPK15, c-Jun N-terminal kinase, P53, Apaf1, Caspase3, Caspase6, Caspase9, and Bax in testicular tissues; it caused an increase in Nrf2, HO-1, NQO1 and Bcl-2 levels. NRG also improved the structural and functional integrity of testicular tissue disrupted by PTX. PTX-induced sperm damage was alleviated by NRG. NRG showed a protective effect by alleviating the PTX-induced testicular toxicity by increasing oxidative stress, inflammation, apoptosis, and autophagy., (© 2024 The Author(s). Journal of Biochemical and Molecular Toxicology published by Wiley Periodicals LLC.)

Lead acetate (PbAc) is a compound that produces toxicity in many tissues after exposure. Sinapic acid (SNP) possesses many biological and pharmacological properties. This study aimed to investigate the efficacy of SNP on the toxicity of PbAc in lung tissue. PbAc was administered orally at 30 mg/kg and SNP at 5 or 10 mg/kg for 7 days. Biochemical, genetic, and histological methods were used to investigate inflammatory, apoptotic, endoplasmic reticulum stress, and oxidative stress damage levels in lung tissue. SNP administration induced PbAc-reduced antioxidant (GSH, SOD, CAT, and GPx) and expression of HO-1 in lung tissue. It also reduced MDA, induced by PbAc, and thus alleviated oxidative stress. SNP decreased the inflammatory markers NF-κB, TNF-α and IL-1β levels induced by PbAc in lung tissue and exhibited anti-inflammatory effect. PbAc increased apoptotic Bax, Apaf-1, and Caspase-3 mRNA transcription levels and decreased anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 in lung tissues. SNP decreased apoptotic damage by reversing this situation. On the other hand, SNP regulated these markers and brought them closer to the levels of the control group. PbAc caused prolonged ER stress by increasing the levels of ATF6, PERK, IRE1α, GRP78 and this activity was stopped and tended to retreat with SNP. After evaluating all the data, While PbAc caused toxic damage in lung tissue, SNP showed a protective effect by reducing this damage., (© 2024 The Authors. Environmental Toxicology published by Wiley Periodicals LLC.)

Background: Paclitaxel (PAX) is a widely used chemotherapy drug for various cancer types but often induces significant toxicity in multiple organ systems. Silymarin (SIL), a natural flavonoid, has shown therapeutic potential due to its multiple benefits., Aims: To evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of SIL in mitigating liver and kidney damage induced by PAX in rats, focusing on oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis pathways., Study Design: Experimental animal model., Methods: The study included 28 male Wistar rats aged 12-14 weeks weighing 270-300 g. The rats were divided into four groups: control, SIL, PAX, and PAX + SIL, with seven in each group. The rats received intraperitoneal (i.p.) injections at a dose of 2 mg per kilogram of body weight of PAX for 5 successive days, followed by oral gavage with 200 mg/kg body mass of SIL for 10 uninterrupted days. We examined the effect of SIL on specific serum biochemical parameters using an autoanalyzer and rat-specific kits. The spectrophotometric methods was used to investigate oxidative stress indicators in kidney and liver tissues. Aquaporin-2 (AQP-2), B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2), cysteine aspartate-specific protease-3 (caspase-3), interleukin-6 (IL-6), nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), and streptavidin-biotin staining were used to assess immunoreactivity in PAX-induced liver and kidney injury models., Results: SIL treatment significantly reduced serum levels of alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, creatinine, urea, and C-reactive protein, indicating its effectiveness in treating PAX-induced liver and kidney injury. SIL treatment significantly reduced oxidative stress by increasing essential antioxidant parameters, such as superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, and glutathione. It also reduced malondialdehyde levels in liver and kidney tissues of SIL-PAX groups ( p < 0.05). SIL administration reduced NF-κB, caspase-3, and IL-6 expression while increasing Bcl-2 and AQP2 levels in liver and kidney tissues of rats treated with SIL and PAX ( p < 0.05)., Conclusion: Our findings indicate the potential of SIL to alleviate PAX-induced liver and kidney damage in rats by reducing oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptotic processes., Competing Interests: Conflict of Interest: The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

Chlorpyrifos (CPF), considered one of the most potent organophosphates, causes a variety of human disorders including neurotoxicity. The current study was designed to evaluate the efficacy of hesperidin (HSP) in ameliorating CPF-induced neurotoxicity in rats. In the study, rats were treated with HSP (orally, 50 and 100 mg/kg) 30 min after giving CPF (orally, 6.75 mg/kg) for 28 consecutive days. Molecular, biochemical, and histological methods were used to investigate cholinergic enzymes, oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis in the brain tissue. CPF intoxication resulted in inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butrylcholinesterase (BChE) enzymes, reduced antioxidant status [superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and glutathione (GSH)], and elevation of malondialdehyde (MDA) levels and carbonic anhydrase (CA) activities. CPF increased histopathological changes and immunohistochemical expressions of 8-OHdG in brain tissue. CPF also increased levels of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) while decreased levels of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf-2), heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator-1 alpha (PGC-1α). Furthermore, CPF increased mRNA transcript levels of caspase-3, Bax, PARP-1, and VEGF, which are associated with apoptosis and endothelial damage in rat brain tissues. HSP treatment was found to protect brain tissue by reducing CPF-induced neurotoxicity. Overall, this study supports that HSP can be used to reduce CPF-induced neurotoxicity., (© 2023. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.)

Acetaminophen (N-acetyl-p-aminophenol, APAP, or paracetamol) is one of the drugs that may be damaging to the kidneys and liver when used in excess. In this context, it is vital to treat these side effects on the liver and kidneys with various antioxidants. Diseases have been treated using herbal and mineral remedies since ancient times. The mineral boron, found in rocks and water, is a crucial ingredient with multiple positive biological effects. The primary objective of this research is to determine whether or not boron has a protective effect against the toxicity generated by APAP in rats. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were pretreated orally with boron-source sodium pentaborate (B50 and B100 mg/kg) for 6 days by gastric gavage in order to counteract the toxicity caused by a single dose of APAP (1g/kg). APAP increased lipid peroxidation as well as serum BUN, creatinine concentrations, and serum activities of AST, ALP, and ALT by consuming GSH in liver and kidney tissues. In addition, the activity of antioxidative enzymes, including SOD, CAT, and GPx, was diminished. Inflammatory indicators such as TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-33 were elevated in conjunction with APAP toxicity. In kidney and liver tissues, APAP dramatically increased the activity of caspase-3 and triggered apoptosis. Sodium pentaborate therapy on a short-term basis reduced biochemical levels despite these effects of APAP. This study showed that boron protects rats from the harmful effects of APAP by acting as an anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anti-apoptotic agent., (© 2023. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.)

Antimicrobial agent resistance has become a growing health issue across the world. Colistin (COL) is one of the drugs used in the treatment of multidrug-resistant bacteria resulting in toxic effects. Naringin (NRG), a natural flavonoid, has come to the fore as its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antiapoptotic activities. The aim of the present study was to determine whether NRG has protective effects on COL-induced toxicity in testicular tissue. Thirty-five male Spraque rats were randomly divided into five groups (n = 7 per group): Control, COL, NRG, COL + NRG 50, COL + NRG 100. COL (15 mg/kg b.w., i.p., once per/day), and NRG (50 or 100 mg/kg, oral, b.w./once per/day) were administered for 7 days. The parameters of oxidative stress, inflammation, apoptosis, and autophagic damage were evaluated by using biochemical, molecular, western blot, and histological methods in testicular issues. NRG treatment reversed the increased malondialdehyde level and reduced antioxidants (superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, and glutathione) levels due to COL administration (p < 0.001), and oxidative stress damage was mitigated. Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor-2 pathway, one of the antioxidant defence systems, was stimulated by NRG (p < 0.001). NRG treatment reduced the levels of markers for the pathways of apoptotic (p < 0.001) and autophagic (p < 0.001) damages induced by COL. Sperm viability and the live/dead ratio were reduced by COL but enhanced by NRG treatment. Testicular tissue integrity was damaged by COL but showed a tendency to improve by NRG. In conclusion, COL exhibited toxic effect on testicular tissue by elevating the levels of oxidative stress, apoptosis, autophagy, inflammation, and tissue damage. NRG demonstrated a protective effect by alleviating toxic damage., (© 2024 Wiley Periodicals LLC.)

Objectives: In the present study, the potential protective effects of zingerone (ZNG) against sciatic nerve damage caused by sodium arsenite (SA), a common environmental pollutant, were evaluated by various biochemical, molecular, and histological methods., Materials and Methods: In the study, SA and ZNG were given to 35 male Sprague Dawley rats for 14 days. At the end of the period, the sciatic nerve tissues were taken and the markers involved in oxidative stress, endoplasmic reticulum stress, inflammation, and apoptosis were analyzed., Results: The data obtained showed that SA decreased glutathione (GSH) levels and increased malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in the sciatic nerve tissue. However, it was determined that these markers approached the control group levels due to the anti-oxidant properties of ZNG. While SA triggered endoplasmic reticulum stress and apoptosis pathways, ZNG suppressed them. Moreover, SA up-regulated inflammatory markers such as nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-1-beta (IL-1β), and neuronal nitric oxide synthases (nNOS) in the sciatic nerves and caused neuro-inflammation and inhibited cell survival by suppressing serine/threonine-protein kinase 2 (Akt2) and forkhead box protein O1 (FOXO1) genes. It has also been shown histopathologically that SA causes degeneration in the sciatic nerves. In contrast, ZNG suppressed neuro-inflammation, activated Akt2/FOXO1 signaling, and repaired histological irregularities., Conclusion: In general, SA caused oxidative stress, inflammation, ER stress, and apoptosis in the sciatic nerves of rats, causing damage to the tissues, however, ZNG suppressed these pathways and protected the sciatic nerves from the destructive effect of SA., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the effects of zingerone (ZNG) treatment on testicular toxicity in rats induced by sodium arsenite (SA)., Materials and Methods: In the study, five groups were formed (n=7) and the experimental groups were designated as follows; Vehicle group, ZNG group, SA group, SA+ZNG 25 group, and SA+ZNG 50 group. While SA was administered orally to rats at 10 mg/kg/bw, ZNG was given to rats orally at 25 and 50 mg/kg/bw doses for 14 days., Results: As a result of the presented study, an increase was observed in the MDA contents of the testicular tissue of the rats administered SA, while significant decreases were observed in GSH levels, SOD, CAT, and GPx activities. The mRNA transcript levels of the pro-inflammatory genes NF-κB, TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 were triggered after SA administration. Additionally, SA administration caused inflammation by increasing RAGE, NLRP3, and JAK-2/STAT3 gene expression. Moreover, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress occurred in the testicular tissues of SA-treated rats and thus ATF-6, PERK, IRE1, and GRP78 genes were up-regulated. SA caused apoptosis by up-regulating Bax and Caspase-3 expressions and inhibiting Bcl-2 expression in testicles. SA caused histological irregularities in the testicles, resulting in decreased sperm quality., Conclusion: ZNG treatment reduced SA-induced oxidative stress, ER stress, inflammation, apoptosis, and histological irregularities in the testicles while increasing sperm quality. As a result, it was observed that ZNG could alleviate the toxicity caused by SA in the testicles., Competing Interests: Authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest .

Oxaliplatin (OXL) is a significant therapy agent for the worldwide increase in cancer cases. Naringin (4',5,7-trihydroxy flavonon 7-rhamnoglucoside, NRG) has a wide range of biological and pharmacological activities, including antioxidant and anti-inflammatory potentials. This research aimed to investigate NRG activity in OXL-induced hepatorenal toxicity. Accordingly, OXL (4 mg/kg b.w.) in 5% glucose was injected intraperitoneally on the first, second, fifth, and sixth days, and NRG (50 and 100 mg/kg b.w.) was given orally 30 min before to treatment. Biochemical, genetic, and histological methods were utilized to investigate the function tests, oxidant/antioxidant status, inflammation, apoptosis, and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress pathways in kidney and liver tissues. Administration of NRG demonstrated an antioxidant effect by increasing the activities of OXL-induced reduced antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase) and decreasing the elevated lipid peroxidation parameter malondialdehyde levels. Nuclear factor-κB, tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-1β, and inducible nitric oxide synthase levels increased in OXL administered groups but reduced in NRG-treated groups. In the OXL-administered groups, NRG reduced the apoptosis-inducing factors Caspase-3 and B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2)-associated X protein levels, while elevating the antiapoptotic factor Bcl-2 levels. OXL triggered prolonged ER stress by increasing the levels of ER stress parameters activating transcription factor 6, protein kinase R-like ER kinase, inositol-requiring enzyme 1α, and glucose-regulated protein 78. Therefore, with the NRG administration, this activity was reduced and the ER stress level decreased. Taken together, it was found that OXL induced toxicity by increasing the levels of urea and creatinine, alanine transaminase, aspartate aminotransferase, and alkaline phosphatase activities, inflammation, apoptosis, ER stress, and oxidants in the liver and kidney tissue, and NRG had a protective effect by reversing the deterioration in these pathways., (© 2023 Wiley Periodicals LLC.)

Objectives: Oxaliplatin (OXL) is a platinum-based chemotherapeutic agent widely used in the treatment of colorectal cancer. Unfortunately, this important drug also causes unwanted side effects such as neuropathy, ototoxicity, and testicular toxicity. This study aimed to investigate the possible protective effects of naringin (NRG) against OXL-induced testicular toxicity in rats., Materials and Methods: In the present study, rats were injected with OXL (4 mg/kg, b.w./day, IP) in 5% dextrose solution 30 min after oral administration of NRG (50 and 100 mg/kg, b.w./day) on the 1st, 2nd, 5th, and 6th days. Then, the rats were sacrificed on the 7th day and the testicular tissues were removed., Results: The results showed that NRG decreased ( P <0.001) lipid peroxidation, increased ( P <0.001) the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), catalase (CAT), and the levels of glutathione (GSH), and also maintained the testis histological architecture and integrity. NRG decreased the levels of apoptosis-related markers such as caspase-3, Bax, and Apaf-1 and increased Bcl2 in the OXL-induced testicular toxicity ( P <0.001). In addition, NRG reversed the changes in mRNA transcript levels of oxidative stress, inflammation, and endoplasmic reticulum stress parameters such as Nrf2, HO-1, NQO1, RAGE, NLRP3, MAPK-14, STAT3, NF-κB, IL-1β, TNF-α, PERK, IRE1, ATF6, and GRP78 in OXL-induced testicular toxicity ( P <0.001)., Conclusion: Our results demonstrated that NRG can protect against OXL-induced testicular toxicity by enhancing the anti-oxidant defense system and suppressing apoptosis, inflammation, and endoplasmic reticulum stress., Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.

Background: Heavy metals are one of the environmental pollutants. Lead (Pb) is one of the most common of these heavy metals. In this study, it was aimed at investigating the effects of syringic acid (SA) against testicular toxicity in rats administered lead acetate (PbAc)., Methods: In the present study, a total of 35 Sprague-Dawley rats, 7 in each group, were used. The rats were divided into 5 groups, with 7 male rats in each group. Rats were given PbAc and SA orally for 7 days. The effects of PbAc and SA on epididymal sperm quality and apoptosis, inflammation, oxidative stress and histopathological changes in testicular tissue were determined., Results: While PbAc disrupted the seminiferous tubules and produced atrophic images, SA corrected these histological abnormalities. PbAc adminisration significantly reduced the levels of SOD, GSH, GPx, CAT, NRF-2 and NQO1 and significantly increased the levels of MDA and 8-OHdG in the testicular tissue of rats, while SA improved this situation. NF-κB, TNF-α, IL-1β, NLRP3, RAGE, ATF6, PERK, IRE1, CHOP, and GRP78 genes expression levels increased with PbAc administration, however these levels decreased with SA administration. In addition, PbAc increased the levels of apoptotic markers Bax, Caspase-3 and APAF-1 and decreased the level of Bcl-2, while SA improved this situation. It was observed that PbAc significantly reduced sperm quality in rats, while SA positively affected sperm quality., Conclusion: As a result, SA administered against PbAc-induced testicular dysfunction in rats can provide effective protection at doses of 25 mg/kg/bw and 50 mg/kg/bw., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.)

In this study, the effect of lead acetate (PbAc) and sinapic acid (SNP) administration on oxidative stress, apoptosis, inflammation, sperm quality and histopathology in testicular tissue of rats was tried to be determined. PbAc was administered at a dose of 30 mg/kg/bw for 7 days to induce testicular toxicity in rats. Oral doses of 5 and 10 mg/kg/bw SNP were administered to rats for 7 days after PbAc administration. According to our findings, while PbAc administration increased MDA content in rats, it decreased GPx, SOD, CAT activity and GSH content. NF-kB, IL-1β, TNF-α, and COX-2, which are among the inflammation parameters that increased due to PbAc, decreased with the administration of SNP. Nrf2, HO-1, and NQO1 mRNA transcript levels decreased with PbAc, but SNP treatments increased these mRNA levels in a dose-dependent manner. RAGE and NLRP3 gene expression were upregulated in PbAc treated rats. MAPK14, MAPK15, and JNK relative mRNA levels decreased with SNP treatment in PbAc treated rats. While the levels of apoptosis markers Bax, Caspase-3, and Apaf-1 increased in rats treated with PbAc, the level of Bcl-2 decreased, but SNP inhibited this apoptosis markers. PbAc caused histopathological deterioration in testis tissue and negatively affected spermatogenesis. When the sperm quality was examined, the decrease in sperm motility and spermatozoon density caused by PbAc, and the increase in the ratio of dead and abnormal spermatozoa were inhibited by SNP. As a result, while PbAc increased apoptosis and inflammation by inducing oxidative stress in testicles, SNP treatment inhibited these changes and increased sperm quality., (© 2023 Wiley Periodicals LLC.)

Background: Cadmium (Cd) is a strong toxic agent and causes serious damage to testicular tissues. Chrysin (CHR) is a natural flavonoid with many effective properties, especially antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic properties. The current study describes new evidence for the ameliorative effects of CHR on oxidative stress, apoptosis, autophagy and inflammation pathways in Cd-induced testicular tissue toxicity., Methods: Thirty-five male Wistar rats were divided into five groups, control, Cd, CHR, Cd + CHR25, and Cd + CHR50. Cd was administered alone at a dose of 25 mg/kg body weight or in combination with CHR 25 mg/kg and CHR 50 mg/kg for 7 days. Cd and CHR were administered orally. Biochemical, molecular, and histological methods were used to investigate inflammation, apoptosis, autophagy, and oxidant pathways in testicular tissue., Results: Cd increased lipid peroxidation, JAK-2/STAT-3 levels, inflammation-related NF-κB, TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, COX-2, and iNOS levels, AKT-2, FOXO1, Bax, Apaf-1 and Caspase-3 levels, autophagic Beclin-1, LC3A and LC3B. The Cd also caused a decrease in the activities of antioxidant enzymes and GSH levels, antiapoptotic Bcl-2 levels. CHR, on the other hand, had the opposite effect of all these Cd-induced changes., Conclusions: Overall, the data of this study indicate that testicular damage associated with Cd toxicity could be ameliorated by CHR administration., (© 2023. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature B.V.)

Lead acetate (PbAc) is one of the top five most dangerous toxic heavy metals, particularly leading to kidney damage and posing serious health risks in both humans and animals. Sinapic acid (SNP) is a naturally occurring flavonoid found in fruits and vegetables that stands out with its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer properties. This is the first study to investigate the effects of SNP on oxidative stress, inflammation, apoptosis, autophagy and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in PbAc-induced nephrotoxicity in rats by biochemical, molecular and histological methods. 35 Spraque dawley rats were randomly divided into five groups of 7 rats each: control, PbAc, SNP (10mg/kg), PbAc + SNP 5, PbAC + SNP 10. PbAc at a dose of 30 mg/kg body weight was administered via oral gavage alone or in combination with SNP (5 and 10 mg/kg body weight) via oral gavage for seven days. While PbAc impaired renal function by increasing serum urea and creatinine levels, SNP decreased these levels and contributed to the improvement in renal function. The administration of SNP reduced oxidative stress by increasing PbAc-induced decreased antioxidant enzyme (SOD, CAT, and GPx) activities and GSH levels, decreasing MDA levels, a marker of increased lipid peroxidation. SNP administration reduced NF-κB, TNF-α, IL-1β, NLRP3, and RAGE mRNA transcription levels, NF-κB, and TNF-α protein levels that are among the PbAc-induced increased inflammation parameters. Decreases in antiapoptotic Bcl-2 and increases in apoptotic Bax, APAF-1, and Caspase-3 due to PbAc exposure, SNP reversed the situation. SNP reduced ER stress caused by PbAc by increasing PERK, IRE1, ATF-6, CHOP, and GRP-78 levels and made it tend to regress. SNP reduced autophagy damage by decreasing the Beclin-1 protein level increased by PbAc. The findings of the present study suggested that SNP attenuates PbAc-induced nephrotoxicity., (© 2023. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.)

This study aimed to determine the potential protective effects of chrysin (CHR) on experimental cadmium (Cd)-induced lung toxicity in rats. To this end, rats were divided into five groups; Control, CHR, Cd, Cd + CHR25, Cd + CHR50. In the study, rats were treated with CHR (oral gavage, 25 mg/kg and 50 mg/kg) 30 min after giving Cd (oral gavage, 25 mg/kg) for 7 consecutive days. The effects of Cd and CHR treatments on oxidative stress, inflammatory response, ER stress, apoptosis and tissue damage in rat lung tissues were determined by biochemical and histological methods. Our results revealed that CHR therapy for Cd-administered rats could significantly reduce MDA levels in lung tissue while significantly increasing the activity of antioxidant enzymes (SOD, CAT, GPx) and GSH levels. CHR agent exerted antiinflammatory effect by lowering elevated levels of NF-κB, IL-1β IL-6, TNF-α, RAGE and NRLP3 in Cd-induced lung tissue. Moreover CHR down-regulated Cd-induced ER stress markers (PERK, IRE1, ATF6, CHOP, and GRP78) and apoptosis markers (Caspase-3, Bax) lung tissue. CHR up-regulated the Bcl-2 gene, an anti-apoptotic marker. Besides, CHR attenuated the side effects caused by Cd by modulating histopathological changes such as hemorrhage, inflammatory cell infiltration, thickening of the alveolar wall and collagen increase. Immunohistochemically, NF-κB and Caspase-3 expressions were intense in the Cd group, while these expressions were decreased in the Cd + CHR groups. These results suggest that CHR exhibits protective effects against Cd-induced lung toxicity in rats by ameliorating oxidative stress, inflammation, apoptosis, endoplasmic reticulum stress and histological changes., (© 2023. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.)

Cadmium (Cd) is a toxic heavy metal that targets the kidney directly in the body. Chrysin (CHR) is a natural flavonoid with many properties such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic. The current study discloses new evidence as regards of the curative effects of CHR on Cd-induced nephrotoxicity by regulating oxidative stress, apoptosis, autophagy, and inflammation. Cd was administered orally at a dose of 25 mg/kg body weight alone or in combination with orally administered CHR (25 and 50 mg/kg body weight) for 7 days. Biochemical, molecular, and histological methods were used to investigate inflammation, apoptosis, autophagy, and oxidant pathways in renal tissue. Renal function tests were also evaluated. Cd caused an increase in serum toxicity markers, lipid peroxidation and a decrease in the activities of antioxidant enzymes. Nrf-2 triggered inflammatory responses by suppressing HO-1 and NQO1 mRNA transcripts and increasing NF-κB, TNF-α, IL-1β and iNOS mRNA transcripts. Cd caused inflammasome by increasing RAGE and NLRP3 mRNA transcripts. In addition, Cd application caused apoptosis by increasing Bax, Apaf-1 and Caspase-3 mRNA transcripts and decreasing Bcl-2 mRNA transcript level. It caused autophagy by increasing the activity of Beclin-1 level. CHR treatment had the opposite effect on all these values and reduced the damage caused by all these signal pathways. Overall, the data of this study indicate that renal damage associated with Cd toxicity could be ameliorated by CHR administration., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

λ-Cyhalothrin, a type II synthetic pyrethroid, has been widely used in households, agriculture, public health, and gardening to control insect pests. Despite its widespread usage, it is known to induce a variety of adverse effects, including hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity. The goal of this study was to investigate the protective effect of carvacrol, which has antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic, and some other properties, on λ-Cyhalothrin-induced hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity 35 male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into five groups for this purpose: I-Control group: II-CRV group (50 mg/kg carvacrol), III-LCT group (6.23 mg/kg LCT), IV-LCT + CRV 25 group (6.23 mg/kg LCT + 25 mg/kg carvacrol), and V-LCT + CRV 50 group (6.23 mg/kg LCT + 50 mg/kg carvacrol). Using biochemical, real-time PCR, and western blotting methods, the collected tissues were analyzed. While λ-Cyhalothrin treatment increased MDA levels, which are indicated of lipid peroxidation, but reduced SOD, CAT, GPx activities, and GSH levels. After receiving carvacrol therapy, the degree of oxidative stress reduced as the values of these parameters approached those of the control group. Increased inflammation, apoptosis, endoplasmic reticulum stress, and autophagy with λ-Cyhalothrin administration reduced with carvacrol co-administration, and liver and kidney tissues were protected from damage, depending on the degree of oxidative stress. After considering all of these data, it was discovered that λ-Cyhalothrin-induced oxidative stress, inflammation, apoptosis, endoplasmic reticulum stress, and autophagy in the liver and kidneys; however, carvacrol protected the tissues from damage. Our findings indicate that carvacrol may be a promising protective agent in λ-Cyhalothrin-induced hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity., (© 2023 Wiley Periodicals LLC.)

Arsenic (As) is a highly toxic metalloid. Carvacrol (CAR) is the active ingredient of Lamiaceae plants and has various biological and pharmacological properties. The present study investigated the protective effects of carvacrol (CAR) against testicular toxicity induced by sodium arsenite (SA). Rats were given SA (10 mg/kg) and/or CAR (25 or 50 mg/kg) for 14 days. Semen analyzes showed that CAR increased sperm motility and decreased the percentage of abnormal and dead sperm. It was determined that the oxidative stress induced by SA decreased with the increase of Nrf-2 and HO-1 expressions, SOD, CAT, GPx, and GSH levels, and MDA levels decreased after CAR treatment. It was observed that autophagy and inflammation triggered by SA in testicular tissue were alleviated by suppressing the expressions of LC3A, LC3B, MAPK-14, NF-κB, TNF-α, IL-1β, iNOS, and COX-2 biomarkers in rats given CAR. Also, CAR treatment suppressed SA-induced apoptosis by inhibiting Bax and Caspase-3 expressions in testicles and up-regulating Bcl-2 expression. Histopathological analyzes showed that rats given SA had deterioration in tubule structure and spermatogenesis cell line, especially a serious loss of spermatogonia cells, atrophy of seminiferous tubules, and deterioration of germinal epithelium. In the group given CAR, the germinal epithelium and connective tissue were in normal morphological structure and an increase in seminiferous tubule diameters was observed. As a result, it was determined that oxidative stress, inflammation, autophagy, and apoptosis induced by SA were suppressed by CAR, thus protecting the testicular tissue from damage and increasing semen quality., (© 2023 Wiley Periodicals LLC.)

Paclitaxel (PTX) is widely used to treat a number of malignancies, although it has toxic side effects. Hesperidin (HES) has a wide range of biological and pharmacological properties, including anti-inflammatory and antioxidant abilities. This research aims to investigate the role of HES in PTX-induced testicular toxicity. For 5 days, 2 mg/kg/bw i.p. of PTX was administered to induce testicular toxicity. Rats were administered oral dosages of 100 and 200 mg/kg/bw HES for 10 days after PTX injection. The mechanisms of inflammation, apoptosis, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, and oxidants were investigated using biochemical, genetic, and histological techniques. As a result of PTX administration, decreased antioxidant enzyme (superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase) activities and increased malondialdehyde level were regulated, and the severity of oxidative stress was reduced. NF-κB, IL-1β and TNF-α levels, which are among the increased inflammation parameters caused by PTX, decreased with HES administration. Although AKT2 gene expression decreased in PTX administered rats, it was determined that HES administration up-regulated AKT2 mRNA expression. Anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 decreased with PTX administration, and apoptotic Bax and Caspase-3 increased while HES administration reverted these effects towards control level. As a result of toxicity, the increase in ATF6, PERK, IRE1α, GRP78 levels caused prolonged ER stress, and this activity was diminished with HES and tended to regress. While all data were evaluated, Paclitaxel caused damage by increasing inflammation, apoptosis, ER stress and oxidant levels in testicular tissue, and Hesperidin showed a protective effect by correcting the deterioration in these levels., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Favipiravir is a selective RNA polymerase inhibitor and a broad-spectrum antiviral drug, an important agent used in viral infections, including Ebola, Lassa, and COVID-19. This study aims to evaluate the potential toxicological effects of favipiravir administration on rats' liver and kidney tissues. Favipiravir was applied for five and ten days in the present study. During this period, it was aimed to determine possible toxic effects on the liver and kidney. For this purpose, the impact of favipiravir on liver and kidney tissues were examined using histopathologic and biochemical methods. The present study showed that favipiravir administration led to an elevation in the liver and kidney serum enzymes and oxidative and histopathologic damages. Favipiravir administration caused apoptotic cell death (Caspase-3 and Bcl-2), inflammation (NF-κB and IL-6), and a decrease in renal reabsorption (AQP2) levels. In the evaluation of the findings obtained in this study, it was determined that the favipiravir or metabolites caused liver and kidney damages.

Our experimental objective was to investigate the hepatotoxic effect of vincristine (VCR) administration in rats and determined whether combined therapy with Quercetin (Quer) ensured protection. Five groups with seven rats each were used for this purpose, and experimental groups were formulated as follows: Control group; Quer group; VCR group; VCR plus Quer 25 group; VCR plus Quer 50 group. The results showed that VCR significantly increased the activity of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) enzymes. Besides, VCR caused considerable increases in the malondialdehyde (MDA) contents, along with significant decreases in reduced glutathione levels, superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase enzyme activities in the rat livers. Quer treatment in VCR toxicity markedly decreased the activity of ALT, AST, ALP enzymes, and MDA contents and enhanced the activities of antioxidant enzymes. The results also showed that VCR significantly increased the levels of NF-kB, STAT3, and the expression of caspase 3, Bax, and MAP LC3 and decreased the expression of Bcl2 and levels of Nrf2, HO-1, SIRT1, and PGC-1α. Compared to the VCR group, Quer treatment exhibited significantly lower levels of NF-kB, STAT3, and the expression of caspase 3, Bax, and MAP LC3, and higher levels of Nrf2, HO-1, SIRT1, and PGC-1α. In conclusion, our study demonstrated that Quer could alleviate the harmful effects of VCR via activation of NRf2/HO-1 and SIRT1/PGC-1α pathways, and via attenuation of oxidative stress, apoptosis, autophagy, and NF-kB/STAT3 pathways., (© 2023 Wiley Periodicals LLC.)

Arsenic is widely available in the environment and arsenic toxicity is a public health problem of serious concern worldwide. Zingerone is a promising phytochemical with various pharmacological effects. In this study, the potential protective effect of zingerone against sodium arsenite (NaAsO 2 , SA) induced nephrotoxicity was investigated. Thirty-five male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into five different groups as control, zingerone, SA, SA + zingerone 25, SA + zingerone 50. SA was administered alone at a dose of 10 mg/kg for 14 days or given 30 min before zingerone (25 mg/kg or 50 mg/kg) treatment. At the end of the experiment, the kidney tissues was examined biochemically, molecularly and microscopically. SA toxicity was associated with increased malondialdehyde level, whereas glutathione, superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase were decreased. Administration of SA caused inflammation in the kidney tissue by upregulation of NF-κB and IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-6, iNOS, COX-2, MAPK14, MAPK15, JNK. SA administration caused apoptosis in the kidney by upregulating caspase-3 and Bax levels and downregulating Bcl-2, and autophagy by activating beclin-1. Also, SA administration showed a suppressive effect on AKT2 and FOXO1 mRNA transcript levels. All these factors impair kidney function and increase creatinine and urea levels, resulting in pathological changes and a decrease in nephrin. Treatment with zingerone at doses of 25 and 50 mg/kg significantly reduced oxidative stress, inflammation, apoptosis and autophagy in kidney tissue. In addition, it was confirmed by histological evaluation as well as serum urea and creatinine levels that kidney damage due to SA toxicity can be modulated by zingerone administration., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Background: Organ toxicity limits the therapeutic efficacy of methotrexate (MTX), an anti-metabolite therapeutic that is frequently used as an anti-cancer and immunosuppressive medicine. Hepatocellular toxicity is among the most severe side effects of long-term MTX use. The present study unveils new confirmations as regards the remedial effects of morin on MTX-induced hepatocellular injury through regulation of oxidative stress, apoptosis and MAPK signaling., Methods and Results: Rats were subjected to oral treatment of morin (50 and 100 mg/kg body weight) for 10 days. Hepatotoxicity was induced by single intraperitoneal injection of MTX (20 mg/kg body weight) on the 5th day. MTX related hepatic injury was associated with increased MDA while decreased GSH levels, the activities of endogen antioxidants (glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase and catalase) and mRNA levels of HO-1 and Nrf2 in the hepatic tissue. MTX treatment also resulted in apoptosis in the liver tissue via increasing mRNA transcript levels of Bax, caspase-3, Apaf-1 and downregulation of Bcl-2. Conversely, treatment with morin at different doses (50 and 100 mg/kg) considerably mitigated MTX-induced oxidative stress and apoptosis in the liver tissue. Morin also mitigated MTX-induced increases of ALT, ALP and AST levels, downregulated mRNA expressions of matrix metalloproteinases (MMP-2 and MMP-9), MAPK14 and MAPK15, JNK, Akt2 and FOXO1 genes., Conclusion: According to the findings of this study, morin may be a potential way to shield the liver tissue from the oxidative damage and apoptosis., (© 2023. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature B.V.)

Widely used malathion (MLT) causes environmental pollution, leading to toxicity in many living things, including humans. Rutin (RUT) is a flavonoid with various biological properties. In the present study, the protective effects of rutin against liver and kidney toxicity caused by malathion were investigated. In the study, MLT (100 mg/kg) and RUT (50 or 100 mg/kg) were administered to rats alone or in combination for 28 days. Then, oxidative stress, inflammation, endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS), apoptosis, and autophagy markers in liver and kidney tissues were analyzed by biochemical and molecular methods. The results showed that MLT caused oxidative stress in both tissues, while RUT showed antioxidant properties and protected these tissues from oxidative damage. Moreover, MLT upregulated the expressions of ATF-6, PERK, IRE1, GRP78, and CHOP, leading to ERS. However, RUT alleviated ER stress and suppressed these markers. The study also found that MLT increased inflammatory, apoptotic, and autophagic markers. All these factors affected liver and kidney functions and caused an increase in plasma ALT, AST, urea, and creatinine levels. On the other hand, it has been observed that RUT may protect liver and kidney tissues from the destructive effect of MLT by showing anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic, and anti-autophagic properties. Thus, it was determined that ALT, AST, urea, and creatinine levels decreased after RUT treatment. As a result, it was observed that MLT had a toxic effect on the liver and kidney tissues of rats, and it was determined that this toxicity could be alleviated by RUT treatment., (© 2022 Wiley Periodicals LLC.)

Objectives: Sodium arsenite (SA) exposure is toxic to the body. Zingerone (ZNG) is a flavonoid with many biological properties found naturally in honey and plants. This study aimed to determine the effects of ZNG on SA-induced rat lung toxicity., Materials and Methods: Thirty-five male Sprague rats were divided into Control, SA, ZNG, SA+ZNG25, and SA+ZNG50 groups (n=7). SA 10 mg/kg and ZNG were administered at two doses (25 and 50 mg/kg) (orally, 14 days). Analysis of oxidative stress, inflammation damage, apoptosis damage, and autophagic damage markers in lung tissue were determined by biochemical and histological methods., Results: The administration of ZNG reduced oxidative stress by increasing SA-induced decreased antioxidant enzyme activities, increasing Nrf-2, HO-1, and NQO1, and decreasing MDA level. ZNG administration reduced inflammation marker levels. Anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 increased and apoptotic Bax and Caspase-3 decreased with ZNG. ZNG promoted the regression of autophagy by reducing Beclin-1, LC3A, and LC3B levels., Conclusion: Evaluating all data showed that SA caused toxic damage to lung tissue by increasing inflammation, apoptosis, autophagy, and oxidant levels, whereas ZNG had a protective effect by reducing this damage., Competing Interests: The authors have no conflicts of interest.

Objectives: In the present study, it was evaluated whether morin has a protective effect on testicular toxicity caused by ifosfamide (IFOS), which is used in the treatment of various malignancies., Materials and Methods: For this purpose, 100 or 200 mg/kg morin was given to Sprague Dawley rats for 2 days, and a single dose (500 mg/kg) IFOS was administered on the 2nd day. At the 24th hr of IFOS administration, animals were decapitated and testicular tissues were taken and the status of oxidative stress, inflammation, endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS), autophagy, and apoptosis markers were analyzed by biochemical, molecular, and histopathological methods., Results: According to the data obtained, it was determined that IFOS caused oxidative stress in testicular tissues. It was observed that inflammation, ERS, autophagy, apoptosis, and oxidative DNA damage occurred with oxidative stress. Morin treatment suppressed oxidative stress. Morin showed anti-inflammatory effects by reducing TNF-α and IL-1β protein levels. It also increased the mRNA transcript levels of the ERS marker ATF-6, PERK, IRE1, GRP-78, and CHOP genes, and the apoptosis marker genes Bax, Casp-3, and apaf-1. It up-regulated the anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2 gene and the cell survival signal AKT-2 gene. Morin caused a decrease in beclin-1 protein levels and showed an anti-autophagic effect. In addition, morin attenuated oxidative DNA damage and decreased 8-OHdG immune-positive cell numbers., Conclusion: As a result, it was observed that IFOS caused cellular damage by activating various signaling pathways in testicular tissue, while morin exhibited protective properties against this damage., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

Background: Diclofenac (DF) is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) generally prescribed for the treatment of pain. In spite of the widespread use of DF, hepatotoxicity has been reported after its administration. The current study discloses new evidence as regards of the curative effects of chrysin (CHR) on DF-induced hepatotoxicity by regulating oxidative stress, apoptosis, autophagy, and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress., Methods: The animals were separated into five different groups. Group-I was in control. Group-II received CHR-only (50 mg/kg bw, p.o.) on all 5 days. Group-III received DF-only (50 mg/kg bw, i.p.) on 4th and 5th day. Group-IV received DF (50 mg/kg bw) + CHR (25 mg/kg, bw) and group-V received DF (50 mg/kg, bw) + CHR (50 mg/kg, bw) for 5 days., Results: DF injection was associated with increased MDA while reduced GSH level, activities of superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, and catalase and mRNA levels of HO-1 and Nrf2 in the liver. DF injection caused apoptosis and autophagy in the liver by up-regulating caspase-3, Bax, LC3A, and LC3B levels and down-regulating Bcl-2. DF also caused ER stress by increasing mRNA transcript levels of ATF-6, IRE1, PERK, and GRP78. Additionally, it was observed that DF administration up-regulated MMP2 and MMP9. However, treatment with CHR at a dose of 25 and 50 mg/kg considerably ameliorated oxidative stress, apoptosis, autophagy, and ER stress in liver tissue., Conclusion: Overall, the data of this study indicate that liver damage associated with DF toxicity could be ameliorated by CHR administration., (© 2022. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature B.V.)

In this, it was aimed to determine the possible beneficial effects of evodiamine on hepatotoxicity induced by experimental cisplatin administration in rats. For this purpose, experimental animals were divided into four groups (n=6). Groups were designed as control, evodiamine (EVO), cisplatin (CIS), and evodiamine+cisplatin (EVO+CIS) groups. All experimental processes were applied according to rules of ethical. Rats were sacrificed by high-dose anesthesia. Considering the biochemical results of this study, it can be said that lipid peroxidation level increased and antioxidant enzyme activities decreased in the CIS group comparing to control and only EVO groups. But in the EVO+CIS group, antioxidant activities increased and lipid peroxidation decreased. Moreover, immunohistochemically caspase 8 and TNF-α expressions were severe in the CIS group, whereas, in the EVO+CIS group, these expressions attenuated. According to all our findings, it can be expressed that evodiamine has beneficial effects against hepatotoxicity induced by experimental cisplatin administration., (© 2022. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.)

Cypermethrin (CYP), a type II synthetic pyrethroid, is the most widely used insecticide worldwide. Inhalation of it may cause side effects. This study is aimed to examine potential protection of quercetin (QUE) which is a well-known antioxidant in CYP-induced lung toxicity. Accordingly, 35 Spraque Dawley male rats were divided into five equal groups as follows: I-Control group, II-QUE group (50 mg/kg/b.w. QUE), III-CYP group (25 mg/kg/b.w. CYP), IV-CYP + QUE 25 (25 mg/kg/b.w. CYP + 25 mg/kg/b.w. QUE), V-CYP + QUE (25 mg/kg/b.w. CYP + 50 mg/kg/b.w. QUE) were treated with oral gavage throughout 28 days. CYP intoxication was associated with increased malondialdehyde level while glutathione concentration, activities of glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, and catalase reduced. CYP adminisitration caused of apoptosis in the lung by up-regulating caspase-3 and Bax levels and down-regulating Bcl-2. CYP also caused of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress by increasing mRNA transcript levels of PERK, IRE1, ATF6, and GRP78. Additionally, it was observed that CYP administration activated IL-6/JAK2/STAT3/MAPK14 signaling pathway and levels of IL-1β, NF-κB, TNF-α, and iNOS in the lung tissue. Therefore, it was determined that CYP administration triggered autophagy by upregulating LC3A and LC3B mRNA transcript levels. Moreover, the protein levels of NF-κB, caspase-3, Bax, Bcl-2, and cytochorme-c were examined by Western blot analysis. However, co-treatment with QUE at a dose of 25 and 50 mg/kg considerably protective oxidative stress, inflammation, apoptosis, ER stress, autophagy, and IL-6/JAK2/STAT3/MAPK14 signaling pathway in lung tissue. Overall, the findings of this study suggest that lung damage associated with CYP toxicity could be protected by QUE administration., (© 2022 Wiley Periodicals LLC.)

We investigated the potential gastroprotective effects of chrysin on indomethacin induced gastric ulcers in rats. We used six groups of animals: control; indomethacin (Indo); reference (Ulcuran®); indomethacin + 25 mg/kg chrysin (Indo + CHR25); indomethacin + 50 mg/kg chrysin (Indo + CHR50); indomethacin + 100 mg/kg chrysin (Indo + CHR100). All doses of chrysin were given orally to rats before indomethacin. Gastric lesions were examined macroscopically and microscopically. The effects of treatment with chrysin were assessed versus a single dose of 30 mg/kg Ulcuran® (generic ranitidine) as reference standard. We also investigated gastric mucosal superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione (GSH), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), catalase (CAT), malonaldehyde (MDA) and arginase activities, and COX-2, PGE 2 , iNOS, TNF-α, IL-1β, NFκB, MPO, Bax, caspase-3 and 8-OHdG levels. We assessed caspase-3 and Bax levels using immunohistochemistry. Compared to the control and reference groups, SOD, CAT, GPx and arginase activities and GSH levels decreased, and MDA levels increased in the indomethacin induced gastric ulcer group. iNOS, TNF-α, IL-1β, NFκB, MAPK-14, MPO, Bax and 8-OHdG levels were increased in the indomethacin treated gastric group, while COX-2 activity and PGE 2 levels were decreased. The three doses of chrysin co-administered with indomethacin increased COX-2 activity and PGE 2 levels in rats with ulcers. Chrysin exhibited gastroprotective effects on indomethacin induced gastric ulcer due to its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic activities.

Background: Methotrexate (MT) is a broadly used chemotherapeutic drug however its clinical use is confronted with several forms of toxicities containing testicular damage. The current study assessed the ameliorative effects of morin on MT-induced testicular damage with the investigation of its mechanism and the potential involvement of oxidative stress, inflammation, apoptosis and endoplasmic reticulum stress in such protection., Methods: The animals were divided into 5 distinct groups (7 rats in each group). Group 1 was control group, group 2 received MT-only (20 mg/kg bw), group 3 received orally morin-only (100 mg/kg bw), group 4 received MT (20 mg/kg bw) + morin (50 mg/kg bw) and group 5 received MT (20 mg/kg bw) + morin (100 mg/kg). In this study, morin was administered orally for 10 days, while MT was administered intraperitoneally on the 5th day., Results: MT intoxication was linked with augmented MDA while decreased GSH levels, the enzyme activities of glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, and catalase and mRNA levels of HO-1 and Nrf2 in the testis tissues. MT injection caused inflammation in the testicular tissue via up-regulation of MAPK14, NFκB, TNF-α and IL-1β. MT application also caused apoptosis and endoplasmic reticulum stress in the testis tissue via increasing mRNA transcript levels of Bax, caspase-3, PERK, IRE1, ATF-6, GRP78 and down-regulation of Bcl-2., Conclusion: Treatment with morin at a dose of 50 and 100 mg/kg considerably mitigated oxidative stress, inflammation, apoptosis and endoplasmic reticulum stress in the testicular tissue indicating that testicular damage related to MT toxicity could be modulated by morin administration., (© 2022. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature B.V.)

Paclitaxel (PTX) is a widely used chemotherapeutic drug particularly effective against lung, breast, and ovarian cancer, though its usefulness is limited due to its multi-organ toxicity. The mechanisms underlying PTX toxicity are currently not yet known and there are no approved treatments for its control or prevention. This study aimed to investigate whether hesperidin (HSP) had a protective effect on paclitaxel-induced hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity from biochemical, and molecular perspectives. The rats were administered PTX 2 mg/kg, b.w. intraperitoneally for the first 5 consecutive days, then 100 or 200 mg/kg b.w. HSP orally for 10 consecutive days. Our results demonstrated that HSP decreased the PTX induced lipid peroxidation, improved the serum hepatic and renal functions (by decreasing the levels of AST, ALT, ALP, urea, and creatinine), and restored the liver and kidney antioxidant armory (SOD, CAT, GPx, and GSH). HSP also significantly reduced mRNA expression levels of NF-κB, TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, MAPK 14, Caspase-3, Bax, LC3A, LC3B, MMP2, and MMP9 whereas caused an increase in levels of Nrf2, HO-1, and Bcl-2 in the kidney and liver of PTX-induced rats. In addition, caspase-3, Bax, and Bcl-2 protein levels were examined by Western blot analysis, and it was determined that HSP decreased caspase-3 and Bax protein levels, but increased Bcl-2 protein levels. The findings of the study suggest that HSP has chemopreventive potential against PTX-induced hepatorenal toxicity plausibly through the attenuation of oxidative stress, inflammation, apoptosis, and autophagy., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2022 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Oxaliplatin (OXL) is a chemotherapeutic drug used for metastatic and other types of cancer, but it causes peripheral neuropathy as a dose-limiting side effect. Herein, we used the rat model of OXL-induced peripheral neuropathy to demonstrate the protective effects of naringin (NRG) in this neuropathy. In this study, rats were injected with OXL (4 mg/kg, body weight, i.p.) in 5% glucose solution 30 min after oral administration of NRG (50 and 100 mg/kg, body weight) on the 1st, 2nd, 5th, and 6th days. OXL caused sensory and motor neuropathy (as revealed by the hot plate, tail flick, rota-rod, and cold hyperalgesia tests) in the sciatic nerve of rats. Coadministration of oral NRG alleviated OXL-induced sensory and motor neuropathy. Levels of superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2, Heme oxygenase-1, nuclear factor-κ B, tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-1β, Bax, Bcl-2, caspase-3, paraoxonase, mitogen-activated protein kinase 14, neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS), acetylcholinesterase, and arginase 2 in the sciatic nerve tissues were assessed by real-time polymerase chain reaction. Moreover, the protein levels of caspase-3, Bax, Bcl-2, intercellular adhesion molecules-1, glial fibrillary acidic protein, and nNOS were examined by Western blot analysis. NRG treatment significantly improved all the above-mentioned parameters and reduced OXL-induced oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis in the sciatic nerve tissue. In conclusion, this study demonstrated that NRG significantly attenuated OXL-induced peripheral neuropathy and might be considered as a new protective agent to prevent the OXL-induced peripheral neuropathy., (© 2022 Wiley Periodicals LLC.)