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The article discusses the urgent need to address air pollution in South Asia as a growing public health emergency. South Asia is home to a quarter of the world's population and is experiencing severe environmental degradation due to rapid urbanization and industrialization. Air pollution in the region is devastating, with 29 out of the 30 most polluted cities located in Bangladesh, India, and Pakistan. The negative effects of air pollution disproportionately affect vulnerable groups such as women, children, and the elderly. The article emphasizes the need for regional cooperation, tailored policies, and financial assistance to mitigate this public health emergency. [Extracted from the article]

Cyclotomic polynomials are an interesting topic and play an important role for other topics in Number Theory. For special values of n, computing a cyclotomic polynomial is not difficult; this can be done by using properties of the polynomial. For a prime value of n, the polynomial can be written quickly. However, for values which are multiples of odd prime numbers, say 85 = 17 ¢ 5, the task can be quite difficult if it must be done manually. The polynomial has 41 terms and the degree of 64. Software for cyclotomic polynomials is available; Maple for example, can solve the problem of cyclotomic polynomials very easily. However, understanding of how to compute polynomials is very important for a student in applying various properties of the cyclotomic polynomial. Here, we will use Maple to help students understand cyclotomic polynomials from the basic. Answer is not obtained directly but step-by-step using properties of the polynomial. So, Maple is used to simulate the process of obtaining the polynomial. Once the students grasp the skill, they will be able to use the software for advanced applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research work is developed with interest on the performance of Turkish sustainable development amidst high inflow of foreign direct investment (FDI) and excessive usage of fossil fuels (crude oil and gas). Turkey has been identified as among the countries yet to ratify their agreements with both Kyoto and Paris agreements in fight to reduce the global warming. It is essential to investigate to know if Turkey is promoting climate change as could be among the reason why it fails to work in line the agreement to reduce the global warming. The authors adopted quantile regression (QR) to study the linear relationship that exist among the selected variables in order to have a valid conclusion on the stand of the Turkey towards the control of global warming. Our findings are: A negatively significant relationship between the carbon emission and the agriculture in the all the quantiles except the 90% quantile which shows a positive relationship. Also, the ordinary least square (OLS) estimate which acts as a robust check to the quantile findings confirms a negative relationship between the carbon emission and agriculture. A positively significant relationship is established between energy use and carbon emission in all the quantiles. EU (energy use) is statistically significant for the 30, 40, 50, 70, 80 and 90% quantiles. EU is more statistically significant for the 90% quantile than lower quantiles. Again, a mixed (both positive and negative) relationship is established between foreign direct investment and carbon emission in all the quantiles which shows that FDI is impacting the Turkish environment a mixed manner. It shows that the foreign investors still engage in both clean and dirty production in Turkey. This finding gives support to both pollution halo/haven hypothesis (PHH) in Turkey. However, a 1% point increase in GDP per capita increases the carbon emission both in the 10% quantiles and OLS by 2.82 and 2.797% respectively. This shows a positive relationship that exist between GDP per capita and the carbon emission. GDP is statistically significant for all quantiles, and show that there is a strong relationship between CO2 and GDP. Turkish sustainable policies should focus on promotion of clean FDI and agricultural practice with economic growth anchored on renewable energy sources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cubic equations have many applications in engineering, three of them are discussed in this paper. There are many equations of states for real gases but the cubic equations are the simplest ones and are sufficiently accurate for a limited range of temperatures and pressures. Degree of dissociation of chemical equilibrium for carbon dioxide and water can be written as cubic equations. Slope of a simply supported beam loaded by a continuous load is also represented as a cubic equation. Cubic equations can be solved exactly using Cardano's formula. They can also solve numerically; Newton-Raphson method is a popular choice. Although a cubic equation has three roots, only real roots are valid in real applications discussed in this paper. Even there may be only one root that can be used; two other roots will be discarded. There are many ways a cubic equation solved but the simplest one is to solve it manually using a scientific calculator. Software and programming languages are better if there are many equations to be solved repeatedly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The complex coincidence of several immunopathological, socio-cultural, and health infrastructure factors may affect the COVID-19 related mortality among different populations. The impact of the age on disease progression has been confirmed in several studies. Recently limited ecological and clinical studies have sparked controversy among researchers about the protective impact of the non-specific effect of routinely used Bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG), Hepatitis A virus (HAV), and influenza (Flu) vaccines or their natural infections against COVID-19. In the present study, variables, including BCG vaccination coverage, HAV prevalence, and population age distributions, from 59 countries were analyzed to examine their potential association with COVID-19 infection and related mortality rate. Concerning COVID-19 cases/million population (1MP) and mortality, there are significant differences between countries with and without BCG vaccination programs (p-value <0.001). A significant negative correlation between both BCG coverage and HAV prevalence with COVID-19 related mortality was also found (r (59)=-0.4, p-value <0.05), (r (59) =-0.3, p-value <0.01). Based on the results of the present study, previous ecological analyses and available epidemiological evidence, along with knowledge of the immune response to BCG, HAV and influenza vaccination, as well as COVID-19 infection progression, the current study suggest a hypothesis that IFN-γ induced immune response which could be triggered by BCG, HAV, and flu vaccination or natural infections may have a protective effect against COVID-19 related mortality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study was designed to display the integrated model of nitrogen discharge process (i.e. nitrites and nitrates; ammonia; chlorophyll and dissolved nitrogen, dissolved oxygen) which is part of the complete model of shrimp aquaculture of an Integrated Shrimp Aquaculture Park (i-Sharp) ecosystem in System Dynamic Model Aquaculture-System Policy (SD-AQEP). This study offers a comprehensive elaboration concerning the long-term process of nitrogen accumulation, as well as its effects on shrimp activities. Furthermore, the analysis of the model and the simulation results also show the conditions of nitrogen with several strategies for control and manipulation. For example, in situations where mixing of stock density is high and providing feed into ponds supplies is excessive, the nitrogen dynamic rapidly hits alarming levels. Aforementioned, the typical strategy in this setting such as stocking density and the best time to harvest could be established. Additionally, the model structure represents the discharge derived from the nitrogen process on varied settings of variables in aquaculture development. In conclusion, this model provides an experimental simulation platform that can be implemented by policy makers on long-term strategic management for developing or maintaining large-scale aquaculture development projects in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Little reliable information on novel coronavirus (COVID-19) outbreak is available from war-torn countries, including Afghanistan. The current study estimates the pandemic features based on currently available data to forecasting future challenges of preventive strategies and emergency response using mathematical modeling. The infection fatality and recovery rates were estimated by 1.8% and 20.8%, respectively. The average growth rates of infection, death, and recovery among the Afghanistan population were estimated as 0.2, 0.2, and 0.5, respectively. Also, it was estimated that approximately 6 million people infected in the urban area, which may lead to approximately 11 thousand deaths. However, the features of the pandemic, marks that Afghanistan needs more time to pass the pandemic. Along with this, inadequate community engagement and low abiding to health advice, including social distancing, lack of personnel and testing capacities in the provinces, shortage of laboratory testing supplies, insufficient infection prevention, and control measures in health facilities in some of the provinces, limited access to and response capacities are the main challenges to fight against COVID-19. Therefore, the majority of infected cases and deaths may not be reported, and preventive strategies effectively in Afghanistan could severely be disrupted by several socio-cultural, financial, political, and administrative obstacles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]