COVID-19 Disease and Interferon-γ: Has it a Protective Impact on Mortality?

The complex coincidence of several immunopathological, socio-cultural, and health infrastructure factors may affect the COVID-19 related mortality among different populations The impact of the age on disease progression has been confirmed in several studies Recently limited ecological and clinical studies have sparked controversy among researchers about the protective impact of the non-specific effect of routinely used Bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG), Hepatitis A virus (HAV), and influenza (Flu) vaccines or their natural infections against COVID-19 In the present study, variables, including BCG vaccination coverage, HAV prevalence, and population age distributions, from 59 countries were analyzed to examine their potential association with COVID-19 infection and related mortality rate Concerning COVID-19 cases/million population (1MP) and mortality, there are significant differences between countries with and without BCG vaccination programs (p-value