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A field experiment was conducted to assess the effect of drip fertigation and foliar nutrition of liquid multi nutrient on growth, yield and quality parameters of hybrid cotton. Liquid fertilizer was formulated using micronutrient (Zn, Fe, Mn, B, Mo, Cu), Mg and S to meet the nutrient requirement of hybrid cotton. Field experiment was laid out in Randomized Block Design with three replications and seven treatments. Drip fertigation was applied with 100% recommended dose of fertilizer (RDF) through water soluble fertilizer and Liquid Multinutrient (LMN). Treatment that received 100% RDF + LMN fertigation and foliar nutrition of LMN recorded the highest growth parameters (plant height, Leaf Area Index and dry matter production), yield parameters like number of sympodial branches/plant, number of bolls/plant, boll weight, seed cotton yield and quality parameters like staple length and ginning out turn per cent and in addition to that foliar nutrition of LMN containing Mg alleviated the Mg deficiency to the tune of 52% which in turn increases the above parameters. Fertigation and foliar nutrition of LMN enhanced the nutrient uptake of hybrid cotton that would economize the cost of fertilizer input.

n-CdZnS thin films have been prepared by our in-house designed and developed chemical bath deposition (CBD) instrument using 2-mercaptoethanol as capping agent. The structural properties were investigated through X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis which results the obtained CdZnS thin films are of hexagonal phase. The surface morphology and surface texture of the fabricated CdZnS thin films were characterized by scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy. Room temperature photoluminescence (PL) spectra recorded the optical properties of CdZnS deposited on p-Silicon substrates, which showed obvious blue shift relative to the CdZnS bulk materials. Electrical properties of the grown p-Si/n-CdZnS hetero-junctions were characterized by current-voltage (I-V) measurements.

A simple microwave assisted method was employed to synthesiseZnO, SnO2 and Zn2SnO4 nanoparticles (NPs). XRD studies revealed the crystalline formation of ZnO with wurtzite, SnO2 with ruti...

In the present work, a new supramolecular synthon material of bis(2-amino-6-methyl pyridinium barbiturate) tetrahydrate (2A6MBA) has been grown as a single crystal by slow evaporation solution growth method at ambient temperature. The structure of the grown crystal was resolved by single crystal X-ray diffraction (SXRD). It was revealed that the grown 2A6MBA crystal crystallizes in a triclinic crystal system with the centrosymmetric space group P 1 ¯ . The crystallanity of the synthesized 2A6MBA crystal was confirmed through powder X-ray diffraction studies (PXRD). 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra of the crystal confirmed the various hydrogen exposes of the 2A6MBA structure and the series of functional groups were illustrated through Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectral analysis. Ultraviolet-visible (UV–vis) spectrometer exposed that the synthesized grown 2A6MBA crystal has a lower cut-off wavelength and a wide transmission window, which makes it suitable for optoelectronic applications. The photoluminescence (PL) spectrum illustrated the emission of light at 378 nm with an excitation wavelength of 349 nm. In thermo-gravimetric differential scanning calorimetric (TG-DSC) analysis, thermal stability, melting point, and weight loss of the grown 2A6MBA crystal were examined. The Vicker's microhardness test perceived the hardness related parameters of the grown 2A6MBA crystal to analyze its suitability for post growth device fabrications. The growth feature of 2A6MBA crystal was revealed through chemical etching analysis. Second harmonic generation (SHG) studies explore the nonlinear optical property of the grown 2A6MBA crystal.

The influence of polyether compound on the preparation of composite polymer electrolyte (CPE) membrane based on poly(vinylidene difluoride) (PVdF) matrix via spinning cum immersion precipitation technique is investigated with different weight ratios of polyethylene glycol (PEG-6000). The addition of polyether compound into the composite polymer matrix is found to improve the physico-chemical properties such as porosity, electrolyte absorption, and ionic conductivity of the resultant membranes. The maximum ionic conductivity of the fabricated PVdF(80%)/PEG(10%)/BaTiO3(5%) based LiFePO4|B2-CPE|Li system is determined to be 9.4 mS cm−1 at room temperature that is favorable for exhibiting good electrochemical performances. The Li+ transference number is computed to be 0.23 for B2 composite polymer electrolyte based symmetric cell. At 0.2C rate, the LiFePO4|B2-CPE|Li cell showed a good discharge capacity of 144.3 mAh g−1 and improved the capacity retention up to 98.4% after 50 cycles. The findings suggest that the porous composite PVdF electrolyte is a promising candidate for lithium-ion batteries.

This work focussed the electrochemical growth, structural, compositional and optical properties of Cuprous Selenide thin films. An electrochemical route has been used to prepare Cuprous Selenide thin films on different non transparent and transparent conducting substrates. Cyclic voltammetry has been carried out to find out the range of potential of the deposited films. X-ray diffraction shown that the deposited films possess polycrystalline nature. Structural parameters such as crystallite size, strain, dislocation density and stacking fault probability has been determined by the method of Williamson Hall plot analysis. Scanning electron microscopy with Energy dispersive X-ray analysis shown that the deposited films exhibited smooth surface with well defined stoichiometry. Ultraviolet Visible spectroscopic measurements showed that the band gap value around 2.84 eV for the deposited films.

In recent times, there has been considerable research and constant development on second-order nonlinear optical (NLO) materials owing to their potential applications in optical information processing, THz imaging and spectroscopy, telecommunication and optical data storage. A novel organic material 8-hydroxyquinoline 5-chloro-2-hydroxybenzoic acid (8HQ5C) was synthesized, and the single crystals were grown by solution technique. The crystal structure (8HQ5C) was confirmed by single-crystal (SCXRD) X-ray diffraction, and it crystallized in orthorhombic structure with non-centrosymmetric P212121 space group. The different functional groups were identified from Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. The proton NMR spectral study was helpful to understand the various protons of 8HQ5C structure in its chemical environment. The % of transmittance and absorbance of light by the title crystal was estimated by UV–visible spectral study, and the cutoff wavelength was observed at 460 nm. The thermal nature of the 8HQ5C crystal has been identified by TG-DSC analysis. The mechanical strength of the grown crystal was analyzed through microhardness. Second harmonic generation (SHG) was confirmed through the Kurtz–Perry method, and the efficiency was compared with the value of the prominent KDP crystal. The theoretical computation was made with density functional theory (DFT) B3LYP method 6–311 + + G (d,p) as a basis set. The charge property of the title crystal was described by frontier molecular orbital (FMO) test. The first hyperpolarizability of 8HQ5C was analyzed, and the hydrogen bond of a given molecule was determined through natural bond analysis (NBO).

La and Zr intercalated SnS2 nanostructures have been synthesised using facile sol–gel mediated microwave method. Photocatalytic activity of methylene blue dye was investigated using the synthesized nanosturctures and superior photocatalytic activity was witnessed for the La and Zr intercalated SnS2 than the pure SnS2 nanoflower. It is attributed to the enhanced surface charge carriers and fast electron transport inside the lattice of SnS2. Enlargement on surface active sites in turn increases surface absorption effect due to La and Zr which acts as tentacles to control the recombination process and promotes the higher photoredox reaction. The synthesized nanomaterials were characterized using PXRD, Raman, PL, UV–Vis spectroscopy, FE-SEM and XPS. It is noted from the structural analysis that the decrease in cell volume with increase of doping concentration contributes to Moss-Burstein effect. The increment of band gap and quenching in the photoluminescence effect supported the absorptivity of photoenergies which served as photosensitizer.

1,3,5-triphenylbenzene (TPB) crystal cylinders of 23 × 13 mm were successfully achieved out of an optimized unidirectional temperature gradient method. The Powder X-ray diffraction confirms that the grown crystal belongs to orthorhombic crystal system with non-centrosymmetric space group (Pna21). The crystalline structural perfection of the grown crystal was examined by high resolution X-ray diffraction analysis. FTIR and Raman studies aid to identify the expected molecular structure and the basic functional group of vibrational modes. The UV–Visible spectral analysis was carried out and the cut-off wavelength was observed at 228 nm. The Photoluminescence and The X-ray induced luminescence spectra were recorded and found the emission around 355 nm. The structural defects were analyzed through chemical etching micrographs. Pulse height spectra and the Scintillation decay time measurement also carried out under γ-rays from 137Cs source. The thermal diffusivity, conductivity and effusivity data from photoacoustic spectroscopy supports the application of this material for scintillation.

Upregulation of store-operated Ca2+ influx via ORAI1, an integral component of the CRAC channel, is responsible for abnormal cytokine release in active rheumatoid arthritis, and therefore ORAI1 has been proposed as an attractive molecular target. In this study, we attempted to predict the mechanical insights of ORAI1 inhibitors through pharmacophore modelling, 3D-QSAR, molecular docking and free energy analysis. Various hypotheses of pharmacophores were generated and from that, a pharmacophore hypothesis with two hydrogen bond acceptors, one hydrogen bond donor and two aromatic rings (AADRR) resulted in a statistically significant 3D-QSAR model (r2 = 0.84 and q2 = 0.74). We believe that the obtained statistical model is a reliable QSAR model for the diverse dataset of inhibitors against the IL-2 production assay. The visualization of contours in active and inactive compounds generated from the 3D-QSAR models and molecular docking studies revealed major interaction with GLN108, HIS113 and ASP114, and interestingly, these residues are located near the Ca2+ selectivity filter region. Free energy binding analysis revealed that Coulomb energy, van der Waals energy and non-polar solvation terms are more favourable for ligand binding. Thus, the present study provides the physical and chemical requirements for the development of novel ORAI1 inhibitors with improved biological activity.

II-VI semiconductors are being attracted due to excellent optical and electronic behaviors when they utilize for device fabrication. Among II-VI semiconductors, Zinc oxide finds cutting-edge results for various applications with a lack of toxicity. Sn

Background Climate change affects cotton production systems in multiple ways, and the impacts are expected to influence the national economy of India. The weather conditions prevailing during squaring, flowering and boll development stages determine the seed cotton yield. The needs for adaptation connected to optimizing the timing of critical growth stages to minimize stresses and enhance resource utilization. The adjusting of sowing times proved to be an important management technique for improving seed cotton yield. Results The combined results for 3 years revealed that seed cotton yield was not influenced significantly by genotypes and interaction effect. However, the effect of date of sowing was significant. The best date of sowing was on 28 July which recorded the highest significant mean seed cotton yield (24.8 q/ha) compared with other sowing dates. Conclusions Three years results of experiments show that the best date for sowing is 28 July which is optimum to realize higher productivity and profitability. Sowing window of cotton was re-standardized as from 21 July to 18 August. The existing recommendation of sowing window is 1 August to 31 August.

Temperature gradient based unidirectional solution growth set-up was specially designed to felicitate the growth of unidirectional crystals of t-stilbene with cylindrical dimension of 6 cm × 2 cm without the need of post growth machining process for scintillator application. A growth rate of 1 mm/day was achieved along direction. The PXRD establishes the phase purity of the grown material. FT-IR and Micro-Raman spectrometers were utilized to justify the presence of the functional groups of the t-stilbene and anisole (solvent). The recorded narrow aromatic vibrations in FT-IR and Raman ascertain the undetectable limit of solvent inclusion in the grown crystal. Absence of new vibrations other than the expected supports the chemical purity of the crystal. The transparency in visible range establishes the suitability of the material for scintillator application where its characteristic emission wavelength under high energy radiation lies. The thermal stability up to 120 °C without any structural/phase change was evident from TG/DTA. The radioluminescence spectra were carried out under β and γ and found the grown crystal exhibits emissions at 384 and 405 nm which is very similar to the studied photoluminescence characteristics. The scintillation characteristics of the t-stilbene investigated using γ –rays from various radioactive sources such as 137Cs, 133Ba and, 109Cd. The scintillation decay time of the grown crystal also studied using the same 133Cs source and fitted with single exponential component of 12 ns.

II-VI semiconductors are being attracted due to excellent optical and electronic behaviors when they utilize for device fabrication. Among II-VI semiconductors, Zinc oxide finds cutting-edge results for various applications with a lack of toxicity. Sn4+ ion incorporated ZnO nanoparticles have been synthesized using a soft chemical route and characterized for the investigation of properties like structural, morphological, elemental, optical and dielectric responses. The prepared ZnO had a hexagonal structure and the particles size reduces by the influence of Sn4+ ion: this reduction rate increases for the increase of doping ratio. The average particles size was estimated within 24-34 nm. TEM, HRTEM and SEM results corroborate the structural aspects noticed using XRPD study. UV-vis study results showed that a blue shift on the optical band gap was received for high doping concentration (10 at.%) of Sn4+. PL peaks were observed in the UV region for 0 at.% and 2 at.% Sn4+ doped ZnO nanoparticles, and the peak position was shifted from UV to violet and blue region for 10 at.% Sn4+ doped ZnO nanoparticles. The dielectric permittivity was reduced due to the addition of Sn4+ ions. The AC conductivity was increased for higher doping concentrations. The Sn4+ ion incorporated ZnO nanoparticles shall be useful for various applications including LED fabrication for blue emission and also it is suitable to act as a buffer material in solar panel.

A single crystal (30 mm × 13 mm × 8 mm) of organic molecular compound, viz. tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBP-A), was successfully crystallized by slow solvent evaporation technique. The raw material was synthesized from electrochemical process. The single-crystal diffraction study infers that it belongs to the monoclinic crystal system with the space group of C2/c. Structural perfection was elucidated from high-resolution X-ray diffraction analysis. The characteristic functional groups were identified by FT-IR and micro-Raman spectral studies. UV–Visible spectral analysis establishes its optical transparency in the entire visible region and absorption characteristics at 230 nm. The double refraction nature of the crystal was documented by the direct visualization method. Room-temperature PL analysis with the excitation wavelength of 275 nm has resulted in five emission peaks at 353, 376, 410, 418 and 488 nm. TG/DTA evidences the thermal stability of TBBP-A up to the melting point (160 °C) without any structural/phase change. Vickers micro-hardness test and its measured mechanical parameters have suggested that the titled material belongs to soft material category. From the dielectric measurement, the grown crystal exhibits high dielectric constant at low frequencies due to the contribution of ionic, electronic, space charge and orientational polarizations.

Flower like cerium (Ce) doped SnS2 nanoparticle was synthesized with the effect of microwave irradiation. Physical nature of the nanoparticle was characterized using X-ray diffraction, photoluminescence, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The results reveal that the effective doping of Ce into SnS2 chalcogenide lattice by substitutional doping and flower like morphology with large pores helps to obtain a high surface area. Effect of doping concentration of Ce on SnS2 crystal reveals that the optimal activity was observed only for 5% doping for both degradation of organic pollutant and electrochemical non-enzymatic sensing of vitamin B with high selectivity and sensitivity with linear sensing range of 0.5 µM–1 mM. The fabricated sensor showed high sensitivity, stability and reproducibility.

In this work, we have focused the effect of substrate on electrochemically grown copper oxide and copper sulfide thin films. The prepared films have been subjected to X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, Energy dispersive X-ray analysis, UV–Visible spectroscopic techniques for the determination crystalline nature, morphology, composition and optical properties. X-ray diffraction results indicated the deposited films exhibited cubic structure with most reflection along (110), (220) planes for copper oxide and copper sulfide. Scanning electron microscopy along with energy dispersive analysis by X-rays showed that films with uniform morphology and nearly stoichiometry have been obtained for film obtained on SnO2 substrate. Optical absorption and transmittance measurements showed that the deposited films exhibited band gap value of 2.28 and 2.45 eV for copper oxide and copper sulfide.

Herein, a microporous poly(vinylidene fluoride co-hexafluoropropylene)/cellulose/ BaTiO3 membrane with a sponge-like architecture has been prepared by spinning cum immersion precipitation route followed by hydrolysis with lithium hydroxide for the deacetylation of cellulose acetate. The fabricated composite membrane-based LiFePO4|Li cell achieves a high ionic conductivity of 1.36 mS cm−1 at 30 °C. Additionally, the electrochemical system exhibits a good discharge capacity of 150.1 mAh g−1 and excellent cycling stability with a capacity retention of 95% after 200 cycles at a 0.1C rate. The transference number of the system is computed to be 0.51. According to these findings, the proposed gel polymer electrolytes have a great potential for use in lithium-ion batteries.

In this present study, the effect of Senna auriculata flower extract on physical and biological features of ZnO NPs prepared using microwave irradiation method is reported. Crystalline size and morphology were analyzed using x-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscope. The addition of Senna auriculata flower extract reduces the particle size more. Furrier transform infra-red technique was used to confirm the bonding between metal (Zn) and oxygen (O). Such green synthesized antibacterial agents locally destroy bacteria (Escherichia coli), without being toxic to the surrounding.

A new organic single crystal viz, piperazinium bis(5-chlorosalicylate) (P5C) was grown by low temperature solution growth method and its physico-chemical properties were established. The unit cell parameters (a = 11.9306 A, b = 8.7592 A, c = 9.3103 A, α = 90°, β= 100.95°, γ = 90°) were determined by single crystal X-ray diffraction data. The presence of various functional groups in the structure was elucidated by FTIR, Raman and proton NMR spectral studies. The P5C crystal exhibits the good optical tansmittance in the region of 400 to 1200 nm. From photoluminescence studies, the violet emission spectrum was observed under the excitation wavelength of 380 nm. The thermal behaviour of the P5C crystal was analyzed by TG-DSC analysis. The mechanical strength of the grown material classifies it as soft material. The results from Z-scan technique validate the NLO properties. Theoretical calculations like optimized geometry, HOMO-LUMO, mulliken population analysis, natural bond analysis were determined using Gaussian 09W with B3LYP method.

In this study, efforts were made to tailor an analogous bone material with enhanced anticancer activity against osteosarcoma cells MG-63, which is the most common malignant tumor in bone. In the current investigation, Hydroxyapatite (HA) Nanorods with different amount of Selenite substitution were synthesized via a straightforward wet chemical process. From X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, it is revealed that the incorporation of selenite ion in HA has altered the lattice parameters and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) reveals the nano rod morphology of the synthesized HA. X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) techniques revealed the successful substitutions of phosphate groups by selenite oxyanion. Anticancer activity against Osteosarcoma cells (MG-63) was demonstrated with Selenite substituted HA samples, and they showed increased activity with the increase in SeO32− content. Curcumin sorbed HA samples were also prepared to investigate the role of curcumin in the enhancement of anticancer activity. The sample HA-Se-5 (300 μg/mL) with highest Se ratio (Se/(Se + P)% = 5%) showed 63% of inhibition of MG-63 cells. Interestingly, enhancement inactivity was evidenced when treated with Curcumin sorbed HA-Se-5 (CHA-Se-5, 300 μg/mL), and it exhibited the maximum inhibition of 71%. This synergic effect of curcumin and selenite can be harnessed in bone cancer treatment.

An organic single crystal of piperazinium p-hydroxybenzoate monohydrate (PPH) was grown by solution growth technique. It belongs to monoclinic system with space group P21/c. Density functional theory (DFT) computations were used by B3LYP/6–311++G (d,P) basis set to optimize molecular geometry and HOMO-LUMO energies. The infrared spectrum confirms the functional groups present in the grown crystal. The UV–Visible, PL and Thermal studies were also analyzed. Hardness property was measured by Vicker's microhardness tester. The chemical etching studies confirms that PPH crystal possesses a layer growth pattern. Second harmonic generation efficiency of PPH crystal has 1.5 times larger than KDP crystal.

X-ray single-crystal study on the slow evaporation technique grown 2-amino-6-methylpyridinium succinate (2A6MS) exposes its crystal system which belongs to triclinic with centrosymmetric space group P 1 ¯ . A crystal having a dimension of 20 × 8 × 4 mm3 was achieved. 1H NMR spectrum was recorded to investigate the chemical surroundings of various hydrogens in the grown 2A6MS complex and to compliment the X-ray single crystal analysis. FTIR and Raman spectral analyses supported the presence of identified functional groups in the chemical structure. The optical studies by UV–Vis and PL have shown the cut-off wavelength at 348 nm and an occurrence of a high optical emission band at 380 nm under an excitation with 342 nm. The thermal/chemical stability up to 104.3 °C and the absence of phase transformation were confirmed by the TG-DSC study. Vicker’s micro hardness test at room temperature and Chemical etching perceived the mechanical property and the grown-in features of the 2A6MS crystal. SHG study confirmed that the grown 2A6MS crystal has SHG which is very well compared with the standard KDP crystal. Density functional theory (DFT) computation was used on B3LYP/6–311++G (d, P) basis set to optimize molecular geometry, HOMO-LUMO energies, Mulliken population analyses, molecular electrostatic potential, NBO, and first order hyperpolarizability.

The virgin and equal weight percent composed (bibenzyl & diphenylacetylene) of t-stilbene single crystals were successfully grown by the solvent evaporation adopted Sankaranarayan-Ramasamy method. The structural parameters were exemplified by the powder X-ray diffractometer, all the crystal samples have to be crystallized on monoclinic crystal system. The characteristic functional groups were illustrated through micro-Raman spectral measurements. The photo emissive properties of the pure and composite crystals have been analyzed through photoluminescence and X-ray excited studies with the excitation of 275 nm. The scintillation characterizations were evolved by X-ray luminescence and scintillation decay time, pulse shape discrimination studies using 137Cs and 252Cf as a radiation sources. The t-stilbene:Bibenzyl composite crystals has the better FOM value than diphenylacetylene composed t-stilbene single crystal.

Medical diagnosis is an important but complicated task that should be performed with great accuracy and efficiency. In dermatology there are a lot of diseases which shows similar pattern in appearance and symptoms. So diagnosis of a single patient can differ significantly if he is examined by different physicians. So we need a standard format for predicting such a disease. Today, automated medical analysis help doctors to diagnose and predict diseases, at a very fast pace. This study goes through different dermatological diseases with similar symptoms which may even prove fatal if left unattended at exact time. Medical dataset used for this work contain 230 instances with 22 attributes. In this paper we have experimented on data gathered from the southern part of Kerala, India. For better prediction calculation of accuracy of mining algorithm is important. Two data mining classification algorithm Naive Bayes’(NB) and J48 was used for data analysis. Weka Open Source Software, a build in software tool for data mining was used. The GUI, developed in Java, reveals the chances of different dermatological disease and also finds out the probabilities of occurrence of each disease.

This article describes the load frequency control of a multi-area system. Each control area contains both a hydro and thermal power plant to form a multi-source multi-area hydro thermal system. The secondary proportional-integral controller has been tuned using Ziegler–Nichols, genetic algorithm, and fuzzy gain scheduling methods. On comparing the controller performance based on various performance indices, it is found that a fuzzy gain scheduling tuned proportional-integral controller is suitable for a multi-source multi-area hydro thermal system. Further improvement on the load frequency dynamics has been achieved by connecting superconducting magnetic energy storage unit in each control area and a static synchronous series compensator unit on a tie-line.

Fabrication of nanocomposite polymer-blend electrolytes comprising polyethylene oxide, polyvinyl chloride, lithium perchlorate and titanium dioxide (TiO2) (27.03 nm) has been demonstrated using the famous solvent casting technique. AC impedance measurements were carried out in the frequency range of 1 Hz–10 MHz. The effect of filler on the ionic conductivity is explained on the basis of distribution of TiO2, Lewis acid–base interaction, polymer segment-ion coupling and aggloramation of TiO2. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy spectra showed the occurrence of complexation and interaction among the components. The crystalline and amorphous phases of the complex were identified through X-ray diffraction. Atomic force microscope pictures of the samples confirmed the plasticizing action of nano TiO2.

In this paper, variable structure fuzzy gain scheduling is proposed for solving the load frequency control problem of multi source multi area hydro thermal power system. The two control areas are connected via tie line. Each area comprises of both hydro and thermal power plant. The area frequency and tie line power oscillates during load variations are controlled by primary governor controller and secondary Proportional Integral (PI) controller. The PI controller gains are tuned using Ziegler Nichols’ (ZN) method and Genetic Algorithm (GA). ZN method is for conventional bench marking and GA is based on search in the space. In both the methods, the gain values of PI controllers are fixed for any system changes and it is not acceptable. This problem is overcome by scheduling the gain based on system changes using Fuzzy Logic. Finally, Variable Structure System of switching P to PI controller during transient to steady state is integrated with fuzzy gain scheduling. On evaluating all the controller performance based on performance indices, variable structure fuzzy gain scheduling provides better response for multi source multi area hydro thermal power system.

This present work reports an ecofriendly approach for the synthesis of spherical gold nanoparticles (Au NPs) using aqueous leaf extract of Terminalia arjuna . T. arjuna contains arjunetin, leucoanthocyanidins and hydrolyzable tannins, which are found to be responsible for the bio-reduction of Au NPs. The formed Au NPs were characterized by UV–vis, FTIR, XRD, AFM and TEM analysis. UV–visible spectra of the aqueous medium containing gold nanoparticles showed a surface plasmon resonance peak at 530 nm. FT-IR analysis was performed to analyze the biomolecules responsible for the reduction of Au NPs. XRD results confirmed the presence of gold nanoparticles with face centered cubic structure. The calculated crystallite sizes are in the range of 20 to 50 nm and the spherical nature of the Au NPs was ascertained by transmission electron microscopy. The efficacy of the synthesized Au NPs was tested for the mitotic cell division and pollen germination. It is suggested that Au NPs induces the mitotic cell division and pollen germination. There was no cytotoxic effect of Allium cepa root tip cells and Gloriosa superba pollen grains.

In the zwitterionic title compound, C9H15NO4, the piperidinium N atom is protonated and the OH group of one of the carboxylate groups is deprotonated. The piperidinium ring adopts a chair conformation. In the crystal, N—H...O and O—H...O hydrogen bonds generate anR33(15) ring motif and link the molecules into infinite chains propagating along [010]. The structure is further consolidated by weak C—H...O interactions to form a three-dimensional network.