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In this study, Carbon, Glass, and Aramid fiber reinforced composite and their hybridized forms were fabricated using five different stacking sequences of the fabrics. Using the Vacuum Assisted Resin Transfer Molding (VARTM) procedure, epoxy resin was injected into these fabrics and allowed to cure at room temperature. From these five stacking sequences, a standard specimen with four different orientations viz. 0/90°, 15/75°, 30/60°, 45/-45° orientations were obtained using the Abrasive Water Jet Machining(AWJM) Process. The influence of stacking order and fiber orientation on tensile and flexural properties of composite was investigated. From the result of tensile testing, the highest and lowest tensile strength values were observed for neat carbon fiber reinforced composite at 0/90° orientation and at 45/-45° orientation respectively. The highest flexural strength was achieved in a hybrid combination of two layers of carbon, glass and aramid fabric for 0/90° whereas the lowest flexural strength was found in glass reinforced composite for the 45/-45° orientation.

Purpose The fiber reinforced polymer composites are becoming more critical because of their exceptional mechanical properties and lightweight structures. Fused filament fabrication (FFF) is a three-dimensional (3D) printing technique that can manufacture composite structures. However, the effect of impact performance on the structural integrity of FFF made composites compared to the pre-preg composites is a primary concern for the practical usage of 3D printed parts. Therefore, this paper aims to investigate the effect of different processing parameters on the impact performance of 3D printed composites. Design/methodology/approach This paper investigates the impact of build orientation, fiber stacking sequence and fiber angle on the impact properties. Two build orientations, three fiber stacking sequences and two different fiber angles have been selected for this study. Charpy impact testing is carried out to investigate the impact energy absorption of the parts. Onyx as a matrix material and two different types of fibers, that is, fiberglass and high strength high temperature (HSHT) fiberglass as reinforcements, are used for the fabrication. Findings Results indicate that build orientation and fiber angle largely affect the impact performance of composite parts. The composite part built with XYZ orientation, 0º/90º fiber angle and B type fiber stacking sequence resulted into maximum impact energy. However, comparing both types of fiber reinforcement, HSHT fiberglass resulted in higher impact energy than regular fiberglass. Originality/value This study evaluates the damage modes during the impact testing of the 3D printed composite parts. The impact energy absorbed by the composite samples during the impact testing is measured to compare the effect of different processing conditions. The investigation of different types of fiberglass reinforced with Onyx material is very limited for the FFF-based process. The results also provide a database to select the different parameters to obtain the required impact properties.

Quantitative provenance analysis studies are instrumental in understanding the tectonic and climatic processes that shape the earth’s landscape. Although the most abundant mineral in the sedimentary system is quartz, almost all studies in provenance analysis investigate accessory minerals. Quartz crystals contain a vast number of point defects, intrinsic or due to impurities. For a signal to be an accurate indicator of provenance one needs to show that it is either dose independent or reaches a quantifiable steady state characteristic of the source rock. For signals used by trapped charge dating methods (optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) and electron spin resonance (ESR)), the latter option is the feasible one. By using quartz samples collected from the Chinese Loess Plateau (Luochuan loess-paleosol section), we show that the laboratory and natural dose response curves of E`1 and and peroxy electron spin resonance signals of quartz (as defined later) overlap and reach a steady state for doses over about 1000 Gy. For E’1 signals we attribute this steady state to reaching an equilibrium state between diamagnetic oxygen vacancies (the oxygen deficiency centre (ODC), Si=Si) and paramagnetic oxygen vacancies (E’1). For sedimentary quartz irradiated naturally or artificially in this dose range we show a strong linear relationship with zero intercept between E’1 and peroxy signals for samples worldwide, supporting the hypothesis that these defects are Frenkel pairs. Further, we show significant correlations between the optically stimulated (OSL) sensitivity and the above two mentioned ESR signals. The very strong correlations (Pearson`s r ˃0.9) between E’1, peroxy and OSL sensitivity remain valid after the samples have been heated for 15 min to 350 ˚C for E’1 to reach its maximum value, believed to be a result of the conversion of diamagnetic oxygen vacancies to E’1, clearly suggesting a relationship between OSL sensitivity and oxygen vacancies in general. Samples collected from different loess sites around the world can be distinguished based on both these OSL and ESR properties. An empirical increase in OSL sensitivity as well as oxygen related defect concentrations is observed in areas where the source material has components with older detrital zircon U-Pb ages, inferring a positive correlation between OSL sensitivity, as well as the signal intensity for E1` and peroxy defects and the age of the source rocks.

Landscapes Live is a weekly online seminar series freely accessible to the international scientific community interested in various aspects of geomorphology. Established in summer 2020 during the early days of the COVID-19 pandemic, with the goal of better serving the needs of all interested scientists regardless of international mobility and promoting a transition to a greener future.Landscapes Live is proud to be affiliated with the Geomorphology (GM) division of EGU, as part of EGU’s pioneering CampFire concept to bring together the geoscience community between General Assemblies. Landscapes Live is led by a multinational team of researchers wherein members serve a maximum term of 3 years. The members of the Landscapes Live team reflect the geographical, topical and gender diversity of the Geomorphology division of EGU, which underpins our ethos of equitable science.Since its foundation, the Landscapes Live seminar has presented over 60 scientific talks free and open to everyone all around the world. Most of the talks are recorded and later uploaded onto our YouTube page which has received upwards of 15 thousand views from 30 different countries across Asia, the Middle East and North Africa, Europe, and North, Central, and South America. Landscapes Live is committed to the promotion of diversity and inclusion in the geosciences and has made it its mission to bring talks from a variety of speakers from different genders, career stages, and locations. Over the past year, Landscapes Live has expanded its virtual activity bringing a day of talks by and for researchers located in the south Pacific. The success of the Landscapes Live Pacific pilot has opened the door to more collaborations that will bridge physical geographical divides within scientific communities. This year, Landscapes Live will further endeavor to expand its activities to the Asia Pacific region. In this session, we will present data analytics from our previous talks as well as past and future extensions for the Landscapes Live seminar series. We are looking forward to hearing suggestions for how LL can best serve the geomorphology community and new ideas about how to move Landscapes Live forward from our fellow geoscience community members attending EGU both on-site and virtually.

Bastar district is a cultural heritage of Chhattisgarh and tribal dominated (66.3%) area. The population comprises of 42 tribes, the prominent tribes being Muria, Abhujmaria, Dandami, Gond, Maria, Dorla, Bhattra, Halba, Dhurwa, and Kawar. The economy of this region is primarily agriculture based, followed by forest-produces. Use of traditional tools like wooden mallet (khotla), indigenous plough and sickle are overwhelming while improved tools and equipment are negligible. Traditional equipment generates early fatigue, callus in hands, and drudgery for tribal women largely involved in farming. Anthropometric data of 100 tribal women between the age group of 18-45 years were measured. Statistically analysed data revealed that tribal women of Bastar had maximum stature of 1,870 mm and 1,400 mm as minimum with a mean of 1,523 mm. The standard deviation and CV were 80.6 mm and 5.29%, respectively. The maximum hand (right) pull strength for 5th and 95th percentile was 36.6 N and 117.6 N, respectively. Anthropometric data was utilized to improvise the design of khotla and indigenous plough. The maximum length of khotla handle was decided to be 2,105 mm, while that of minimum length was 1,620 mm. The total weight of khotla could be reduced by 23 per cent. Consequently, ΔHR reduced by 20-25 bpm from earlier value of 40 bpm. The weight of indigenous plough could also be reduced by 16% (3.8 kg) by shortening the length of the handle and the beam.

Purpose Liquid crystal display (LCD)-based stereolithography (SLA) technique has been used in drug delivery and fabrication of microfluidic devices and piezoelectric materials. It is an additive manufacturing technique where an LCD source has been used as a mask to project the image onto the tank filled with photo curable resin. This resin, when interacted with light, becomes solid. However, critical information regarding the energy absorption during the compression analysis of different components three-dimensional (3D) printed by SLA process is still limited. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the effect of different process parameters on the compressive properties. Design/methodology/approach In the present study, the influence of layer thickness, infill density and build orientation on the compression properties is investigated. Four infill densities, that is, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80%; five-layer thicknesses, that is, 50 µm, 75 µm, 100 µm, 150 µm and 200 µm; and two different orientations, that is, YXZ and ZXY, have been selected for this study. Findings It is observed that the samples printed with acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) absorbed higher energy than the flexible polyurethane (FPU). Higher infill density and sample oriented on ZXY absorbed higher energy than sample printed on YXZ orientation, in both the ABS and FPU materials. Parts printed with 80% infill density and 200 µm layer thickness resulted into maximum energy for both the materials. Originality/value In this study, two different types of materials are used for the compression analysis using LCD-SLA-based 3D printer. Specific energy absorbed by the samples during compression testing is measured to compare the influence of parameters. The investigation of infill parameters particularly the infill density is very limited for the SLA-based 3D printing process. Also, the results of this study provide a database to select the print parameters to obtain the required properties. The results also compare the specific energy for hard and flexible material for the same combination of the process parameters.

The significance of producing Carbon nanomaterials (CNMs) reinforced polymer composites are increasing in manufacturing trades due to their exceptional performances. CNM modified composites are primarily employed in structural component needs due to expanded physicomechanical properties. This paper highlights a coherent approach of the VIšekriterijumsko KOmpromisno Rangiranje(VIKOR) and Teaching learning-based optimization algorithm (TLBO) to evaluatethe Milling efficiency. The machining was performed for the Milling process of0-D carbon nano onion (CNO) reinforced polymer (Epoxy) composite at four different levels of Box Behnken Design (BBD). The Milling performances such as Material Removal Rate (MRR) and Surface roughness (SR) were optimized to enhance product quality and productivity. The control of varying process constraints, viz. Weight % of CNO filler content(A), cutting speed (B), feed rate (C) and depth of cut (D), was used to optimize the machining response. The conflicting response is aggregated through the VIKOR method to develop the fitness function for an algorithm. The process constraints play a significant role in influencing the cost and productivity ofthe machined components. The objective function derived from VIKOR was supplied as input into the TLBO algorithm. The results demonstrated that the spindlespeed, feed rate, and weight % of CNO filler are the most contributing factors for machining indices. Also, the hybrid VIKOR-TLBO module shows a lower error percentage than the conventional VIKOR method. The microstructural investigation of the machined surface reveals the feasibility of the proposed hybrid module in a production environment.

The application of Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) is restricted due to limited information about the mechanical properties of printed parts. Therefore, it is required to determine the mechanical properties of the FDM properties to avail the full benefit of the FDM process. In the present study, Classic Laminate Theory (CLT) has been employed at the different configurations of layer thickness and raster width. The required elastic constant of material for CLT has been experimentally obtained through FDM printed Polylactic Acid (PLA) unidirectional specimens at 0°, 45° and 90° for different combinations of layer height and raster width. For these different combinations of layer height and raster width, constitutive models were developed to predict the tensile properties of the PLA parts. Tensile strength of the FDM printed bi-directional specimens has been experimentally obtained to validate the proposed CLT model results. The experimental tensile strength data is in good agreement with the data predicted by the proposed CLT model. Higher tensile strength and modulus were achieved with 0° raster angle compared to 90° raster angle. In the case of a bi-directional printed specimen, higher tensile strength was obtained with 45°/-45° raster angle followed by 30°/-60° and 0°/90° raster angle.

International Journal of Advanced Research (IJAR)

There is no current authoritative accounting of the number of clinical imaging physicists practicing in the United States. Information about the workforce is needed to inform future efforts to secure training pathways and opportunities. In this study, the AAPM Diagnostic Demand and Supply Projection Working Group collected lists of medical physicists from several state registration and licensure programs and the Conference of Radiation Control Program Directors (CRCPD) registry. By cross-referencing individuals among these lists, we were able to estimate the current imaging physics workforce in the United States by extrapolating based on population. The imaging physics workforce in the United States in 2019 consisted of approximately 1794 physicists supporting diagnostic X-ray (1073 board-certified) and 934 physicists supporting nuclear medicine (460 board-certified), with a number of individuals practicing in both subfields. There were an estimated 235 physicists supporting nuclear medicine exclusively (150 board-certified). The estimated total workforce, accounting for overlap, was 2029 medical physicists. These estimates are in approximate agreement with other published studies of segments of the workforce.

Detection of pulmonary nodules on chest x-rays is an important task for radiologists. Previous studies have shown improved detection rates using gray-scale inversion. The purpose of our study was to compare the efficacy of gray-scale inversion in improving the detection of pulmonary nodules on chest x-rays for radiologists and machine learning models (ML). We created a mixed dataset consisting of 60, 2-view (posteroanterior view - PA and lateral view) chest x-rays with computed tomography confirmed nodule(s) and 62 normal chest x-rays. Twenty percent of the cases were separated for a testing dataset (24 total images). Data augmentation through mirroring and transfer learning was used for the remaining cases (784 total images) for supervised training of 4 ML models (grayscale PA, grayscale lateral, gray-scale inversion PA, and gray-scale inversion lateral) on Google's cloud-based AutoML platform. Three cardiothoracic radiologists analyzed the complete 2-view dataset (n=120) and, for comparison to the ML, the single-view testing subsets (12 images each). Gray-scale inversion (area under the curve (AUC) 0.80, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.75-0.85) did not improve diagnostic performance for radiologists compared to grayscale (AUC 0.84, 95% CI 0.79-0.88). Gray-scale inversion also did not improve diagnostic performance for the ML. The ML did demonstrate higher sensitivity and negative predictive value for grayscale PA (72.7% and 75.0%), grayscale lateral (63.6% and 66.6%), and gray-scale inversion lateral views (72.7% and 76.9%), comparing favorably to the radiologists (63.9% and 72.3%, 27.8% and 58.3%, 19.5% and 50.5% respectively). In the limited testing dataset, the ML did demonstrate higher sensitivity and negative predictive value for grayscale PA (72.7% and 75.0%), grayscale lateral (63.6% and 66.6%), and gray-scale inversion lateral views (72.7% and 76.9%), comparing favorably to the radiologists (63.9% and 72.3%, 27.8% and 58.3%, 19.5% and 50.5%, respectively). Further investigation of other post-processing algorithms to improve diagnostic performance of ML is warranted.

Usage of 3D printing is escalating in many industries due to its ability to manufacture complex geometries. Fused deposition modeling (FDM) is one of the most common 3D printing processes, and currently, several modifications have been applied to the FDM process where it can manufacture fiber-reinforced polymer composites (FRPC). FRPC made by FDM has attracted particular attention due to its improved properties by introducing fiber reinforcements into the polymer matrix. However, the detailed study of different thermal and mechanical properties of this 3D-printed FRPC is still limited. The present investigation aims to analyze the mechanical, thermal and flame-retardant properties of FRPC manufactured by the FDM process. Polymer composite filament (a mixture of nylon polymer and short carbon fibers) is used as a matrix, while fiberglass and high strength high temperature fiberglass are used as a fiber reinforcement. MarkTwo® 3D-printer from Markforged has been used to 3D print the FRPC parts. The change in different mechanical properties, viz. tensile and impact of polymer composite matrix by adding different fibers, is studied. In addition to that, thermogravimetric analysis, x-ray diffraction and flammability test are also carried out to analyze the thermal properties of composites.

To evaluate the productivity difference between teaching and non-teaching workflow models in an abdominal imaging division in an academic radiology department. RVU data were compiled for six faculty members from the abdominal imaging division over a six-month period. Modalities included ultrasound and CT of the abdomen and pelvis. The relative RVU productivity for faculty members by workflow was compared individually and the composite data for the workflow models were compared. The relative RVU productivity for each faculty member was compared individually and in aggregate to study the effect of the workflow models on RVUs using factorial ANOVA. Turnaround times (TAT) were compared for each attending under both models. TAT data were analyzed using paired t-tests with Bonferroni corrections for multiple comparisons. Daily RVU data from 387 instances were analyzed. Daily RVUs for faculty members ranged from 23.5 ± 2.3 (mean ± standard error) to 46.2 ± 2.4 with non-teaching and from 29.8 ± 2.2 to 54.4 ± 2.7 with teaching workflow, respectively. There was a significant main effect of the workflow model on RVU productivity (p

To evaluate adults with history of Osgood Schlatter disease (OSD) for imaging features of lateral patellofemoral maltracking. In a span of four years, 10,181 unique non-contrast knee MRIs were performed on patients aged 20–50. Patients with acute trauma, prior surgery, and synovial pathologies were excluded. 171 exams had imaging findings of OSD, and an age-matched control group of 342 patients without OSD was randomly selected. Two radiologists retrospectively reviewed MRIs for features of lateral patellofemoral maltracking. Maltracking was defined as edema in superolateral Hoffa’s fat or a tibial tuberosity-trochlear groove (TT-TG) distance ≥20 mm with either patellar tilt/translation. Binomial logistic regression identified predictors of maltracking in OSD. Optimal TT-TG distance to indicate maltracking was determined by receiver operating characteristic curve. 59% (101/171) of the knees with OSD showed findings of maltracking, with patella alta, trochlear dysplasia, and quadriceps tendinosis as significant predictors of maltracking (p

In the current study, bi-directional Carbon Fiber Fabric has been used to fabricate the polymeric composite. The polymer composites were manufactured using the Vacuum Assisted Resin Transfer Molding (VARTM) process. The mechanical properties of fiber reinforced composite parts are highly influenced by fiber orientation. The aim of this paper is to study the effect of fiber orientation on tensile strength. The mode of failure were observed of the tested samples. Effect of fiber orientation can be seen on mode of failure of the laminates.

Background: Hemodialysis (HD) is associated with organic difficulties and also causes changes in psychological status of patients. Depression is the most common and probably the most important psychopathological complication in in hemodialysis patients. Hopelessness was reported as the aggravating factor of depression. Suicide is established as prevalent mental health problems in patients undergoing hemodialysis.Aim: To assess depression, hopelessness and risk of suicide in patients undergoing hemodialysis.Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out among 50 hemodialysis patients at tertiary care hospital in India. Scales like Patients health questionnaire-9(PHQ-9), Beck’s hopelessness scale (BHS) and Columbia-suicide severity rating scale(C-SSRS) were used to assess depression, hopelessness and risk of suicide.Result: Out of 50 patients, 38(76%) showed depression, 40(80%) showed hopelessness and 4(8%) showed risk of suicide. There is a significant correlation between sessions of hemodialysis with depression (p value=

Fiber reinforced polymer composites (FRPC) made by 3D printing have attracted particular attention due to its ability to improve final components' properties by introducing fiber reinforcements. Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) is one of the 3D printing processes by which fiber composite can be made. In the FDM process, molten thermoplastic deposited through a heated extrusion head with a small orifice in particular lay down pattern to create the 3D component. In the present study, the effect of fiber volume fraction on impact strength is investigated. MarkTwo FDM machine from MarkForged® is used to manufacture the composite specimens. Onyx is used as a polymer matrix material, while High Strength High Temperature (HSHT) fiberglass is used as a fiber reinforcement. It is observed that as the number of fiber layers increases, impact strength also increases. However, after a specific limit of adding the fiber layers, the increment rate in impact strength is limited.

Initially, Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) based 3D printed parts are only used as prototyping rather than the functional components. However, due to new advancements in the FDM process and its ability to add continuous fibers into the polymer parts, FDM made part can now be used as functional parts. Composites fabricated from the FDM process can be used in aerospace and automotive applications. Still, the applications of FDM made parts are limited due to the lack of critical information about the reliability and mechanical properties of the components. Therefore, in the present investigation, the effect of fiber reinforcement on the open hole tensile strength of the FDM printed part is investigated. Onyx as a polymer matrix material and HSHT (High Strength High Temperature) fiberglass as a continuous fiber reinforcement are used for the study. It is observed that the fiber reinforcement into the polymer matrix significantly increases the open hole tensile strength, but it also increases the specimen weight and printing time.

Electric Discharge Machining (EDM) is thermal energy based advanced machining process used to machine any electrically conductive material irrespective of its physical properties like strength and hardness. Material removal generally occurs due to continuous recurring of the electrons from the cathode to anode. Dielectric fluid is an unavoidable component in the EDM process where it has a significant effect on machining characteristics like Material Removal Rate (MRR), Tool Wear Rate (TWR), and End Wear Ratio (EWR). Bio-oil/biodiesel based dielectric fluids are suitable substituents for conventional hydrocarbon dielectric fluids, which are carcinogenic. In this present work, Jatropha bio-oil and biodiesel are employed to check their performance to machine Ti-6Al-4V with the EDM process. Taguchi experimental design is applied to find out the combination of optimum process parameters that results to get maximum MRR and EWR and minimum TWR. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) is carried out to know the significance level of each process parameter upon response characteristic. Based on ANOVA, irrespective of dielectric fluid used for machining, it is found that current is the only significant parameter for MRR, TWR, and EWR.

Titanium grade 5 supper alloy is widely used in the aerospace, automobile, and medical industries due to its properties like high specific strength, high hot hardness, biodegradability, excellent wear, and corrosion resistance. Owing to higher hardness, it is very difficult to machine by traditional machining processes like turning and milling. Electric discharge machining (EDM) is an advanced, non-contact, and thermal energy based machining process where material removal takes place due to the melting and vaporization of workpiece material. Dielectric fluid is an inevitable component in the EDM process. Generally, hydrocarbon based dielectric fluids are used in the EDM process where the emissions generated are carcinogenic. To avoid these hazardous emissions and to make the EDM process more sustainable, in this work, an attempt is made to investigate Jatropha Curcas based bio-oil and biodiesel as a dielectric medium. Taguchi L16 experimental plan is used to investigate the effect of process parameters on surface roughness and overcut. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) is carried out on the experimental data to find the significance level and the degree of the contribution of each process parameter.

Background: Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is a technique used to treat mental illnesses by applying electric current through the brain to induce convulsions. Stigmatized views regarding ECT also present among health care professionals which influences their decision in patient's future treatment.Aim: to assess knowledge and attitude of medical students regarding ECT.Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out among 180 medical students. Non-psychiatric clinician's knowledge about and attitudes towards ECT was used to assess the association among various factors.Results: Negative attitudes like ECT causes pain to the patients (n=116), is cruel (n=40), used for punishment of violent patients(n=45) and misused by psychiatrists (n=47) were more prevalent and also significantly co-related with Unwillingness to receive ECT if indicated.Conclusion: Results of the study suggests that Most of the knowledge was obtained from mass media and rather than demonstration of ECT, hence negative attitudes were more prevalent.

Scrub typhus is also known as tsutsugamushi disease or bush typhus. It is a mite-borne acute febrile illness caused by Gram-negative intracellular organism called Orientia tsutsugamushi, which belongs to the family of Rickettsiaceae. The aims and objectives are to study the epidemiological patterns, different clinical manifestations and complications associated with scrub typhus.This was a prospective study which was carried out over a period of 12 months from January 2019 to December 2019 in patients of scrub typhus admitted in various medical wards of MB Govt. Hospital and RNT Medical College, Udaipur, Rajasthan.All the patients admitted with history of acute febrile illness suspected to be scrub typhus were assessed in the study. All these patients were evaluated by the set protocol in the form of detailed history, physical examination and relevant systemic examination. A total of 3,814 suspected patients of scrub typhus were tested in our microbiology laboratory and 1,340 patients were reported positive. Out of these, only 480 patients who were admitted in our medical wards were enrolled in our study and evaluated.We conclude that in rural Rajasthan, any patient who presents with fever, myalgia, hepatosplenomegaly and multiorgan dysfunction syndrome, a diagnosis of scrub typhus should be suspected.

Rehabilitation of a severely resorbed mandibular posterior ridge with implants poses a challenge to the clinician. Several techniques to address this challenge have been described in the literature. This case report describes the successful vertical and horizontal bone augmentation of a site of a previous implant failure with severe vertical and horizontal ridge deficiencies using tenting screws, cortico-cancellous particulate bone allograft, and a resorbable collagen membrane. A bone core was obtained at the time of implant placement, 8 months postoperatively, and histological findings showed the highest concentration of lamellar bone at the apical third; a 50-50% graft and lamellar bone proportion in the middle third; and a higher concentration of bone allograft at the coronal third of the bone core. Successful implant placement was achieved at the site. This case report demonstrates the effective use of tenting screws for vertical and horizontal bone augmentation and consequent implant placement in a severely resorbed ridge in the posterior mandible.

Fused deposition modelling (FDM) is the extensively used additive manufacturing technology because of its ability to make specimens having a complicated geometrical shape in a decent amount of time...

Fused filament fabrication (FFF) has been used to manufacturing customizable products, which offers tremendous advantages due to its ability to create end-use products having any complex geometry in shorter lead-time. However, the application of the FFF process in functional parts is restricted due to the poor mechanical performance because of the nature of the process to form the object in a layer-by-layer manner. The mechanical properties of the FFF-printed object are largely influenced by the selection of the build parameters. Hence, in this study, the impact strength of the FFF fabricated PLA has been evaluated as a function of three build variables viz. raster angle, layer height, and raster width. The impact test specimen was fabricated at varying build conditions and tested as per the ASTM D256 standard. Results showed that the raster angle was found to be the most significant build parameter that affects the impact strength of a printed specimen. The higher impact strength was achieved at 0° raster angle with 300 µm layer height and 700 µm raster width. However, the results obtained may be effective only within the limit of parameters and ranges tested in this work. Furthermore, SEM analysis of fracture surface reveals that failure mode is influenced mainly by the raster angle. Apart from that, voids have also been displayed on the fractured surface that may act as stress concentration and reduce the strength.

To assess the effect of gadobenate dimeglumine on magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP) and determine an appropriate time frame for performing MRCP sequences. 2D MRCP sequences obtained after intravenous administration of gadobenate dimeglumine or gadobutrol over 14 months were reviewed retrospectively in randomized order by five abdominal radiologists, using a 3-point scale to rate biliary and pancreatic duct clarity (1 = no-, 2 = limited-, 3 = good visualization). Intraclass correlation coefficients were computed and mean scores were compared for both agents. For gadobenate dimeglumine exams, time delays between arterial phase and MRCP acquisition times were analyzed concerning duct clarity. For gadobutrol, only exams with delays ≥ 15 min were included. 134 exams (107 gadobenate dimeglumine, 27 gadobutrol) were included. Moderate reliability for pancreatic duct visualization and excellent reliability for visualization of intrahepatic bile ducts and upper and lower extrahepatic bile ducts were noted. No difference in mean scores was noted for pancreatic duct visualization (p = 0.66). Bile duct segment scores were lower with gadobenate dimeglumine (mean: 2.1–2.6) compared with gadobutrol (mean: 2.8–2.9) (p ≤ 0.006). For gadobenate dimeglumine, visualization scores varied depending on the delay between the arterial phase and MRCP acquisition (p ≤ 0.047). Good visualization for all bile duct segments was noted with delays of 7.2–9.4 min (95% confidence interval; mean 8.3 min). Bile duct clarity degraded on MRCP images with an increasing delay following gadobenate dimeglumine injection. 2D MRCP, thus, should be performed within 7.2 min after obtaining the arterial phase sequence to ensure good visualization of the entire biliary system.

Introduction: Long chain triglyceride/Medium chain triglyceride (LCT/MCT) Propofol 1% suspension is a new formulation having 10% fat emulsion consisting of long chain triglycerides (LCT) and medium-chain triglycerides (MCT). The pharmacokinetics and efficacy are similar to the standard Propofol LCT. Objective: To compare incidence, intensity of pain on injection and hemodynamic stability with both 1% Propofol -LCT and 1% Propofol-LCT/MCT in patients undergoing surgery with general anaesthesia. Materials and Methods: This was a comparative study conducted in Shri M.P. Shah Medical College and Guru Gobind Hospital, Jamnagar. After due ethical clearances, 60 patients were divided into L group and L/M group by using random number table after taking written informed consent. The L-Group received 1% propofol-LCT while the L/M group received 1% propofol-LCT/MCT. After induction, pain was assessed using Verbal Rating Score for incidence and intensity of pain. Results: In L-group, 29 (96.67%) patients complained of pain, while in L/M-group 24 (80%) patients perceived pain. Ten (33.3%) patients in L group and 18 (60%) in L/M group had none to mild pain, but moderate to severe pain was perceived by 20 (66.67%) patients in L group compare d to 12(40%) in L/M group. The incidence of pain and intensity of pain on injection was greater in group L (p=0.04 and 0.03 respectively). Conclusions: Propofol-LCT/MCT may be considered in place of propofol-LCT as an anaesthetic agent since it reduces pain of injection. Keywords: Propofol LCT/MCT, General anaesthesia, Verbal Rating Score, Pain intensity.

Breast implant anaplastic large cell lymphoma is an entity recently recognized by the World Health Organization. The tumor arises around textured-surface breast implants and is usually confined to the surrounding fibrous capsule. Currently, there are no recommendations for handling and sampling of capsules from patients with suspected breast implant anaplastic large cell lymphoma without a grossly identifiable tumor. We analyzed complete capsulectomies without distinct gross lesions from patients with breast implant anaplastic large cell lymphoma. The gross appearance of the capsules as well as the presence, extent and depth of tumor cells on the luminal side and number of sections involved by lymphoma were determined by review of routine stains and CD30 immunohistochemistry. We then used a mathematical model that included the extent of tumor cells and number of positive sections to calculate the minimum number of sections required to identify 95% of randomly distributed lesions. We identified 50 patients with breast implant anaplastic large cell lymphoma who had complete capsulectomies. The implants were textured in all 32 (100%) cases with available information. Anaplastic large cell lymphoma was found in 44/50 (88%) capsules; no tumor was found in six (12%) patients who had lymphoma cells only in the effusion. The median number of sections reviewed was 20 (range, 2–240), the median percentage of sections involved by tumor was 6% (range, 0–90%), and the median percentage of sections involved by lymphoma was 10% (range, 0–90%). Invasion deep into or through the capsule was identified in 18/50 (36%) patients. In patients with breast implant anaplastic large cell lymphoma without a grossly identifiable tumor we identified a spectrum of involvement and we propose a protocol for handling, sampling and reporting these cases. The number of sections to exclude the presence of lymphoma with more than 95% certainty was supported by a mathematic rationale.

Purpose Fused deposition modeling (FDM) is being increasingly used in automotive and aerospace industries because of its ability to produce specimens having difficult geometrical shape. However, owing to lack of critical information regarding the reliability and mechanical properties of FDM-printed parts at various designs, the use of 3D printed parts in these industries is limited. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to investigate the impact of process parameters of FDM on the tensile strength of open-hole specimen printed using in-house-fabricated polylactic acid (PLA). Design/methodology/approach In the present study, three process parameters, namely, raster angle, layer thickness and raster width, are selected for investigation of tensile strength. To produce the tensile specimens in the FDM machine, the PLA filament is used which is fabricated from PLA granules using a single-screw extruder. Further, the experimental values are measured and critically analysed. Failure modes under tests are studied using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Findings Results indicate that the raster angle has a significant effect on the tensile strength of open-hole tensile specimen. Specimens built with 0° raster angle, 200-µm layer thickness and 500-µm raster width obtained maximum tensile strength. Originality/value In this work, a new concept of testing a plate that has a rectangular shape and a circular hole at the centre is tested. Open-hole tensile test standard ASTM D5766 has been implemented for the first time for the FDM process.

Ultrafiltration of spent sulphite liquor, generated from a laboratory sulphite pulping using chopped stems of Prosopis juliflora, was carried out to recover sodium lignosulfonate (SLS). A commercial hydrophilised polyethersulfone flat-sheet membrane with a molecular weight cut-off of 5 kD was used for the experiments. Effects of the feed dilution factor on the permeate flux were observed, and actual solute rejection coefficients were investigated due to the formation of the concentration polarised layer on the membrane surface. In addition, flux decline and the fouling index of the membrane were determined under the present experimental conditions. SLS obtained in the reject stream was characterised following UV–VIS and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The spectroscopic analysis confirmed the reduction of the lignin and hemicelluloses component of wood sample effectively into SLS during sulphite pulping with a considerable degree of similarity with the control sample. The results could be useful as guidelines for the scale-up of SLS production and simultaneous treatment of sulphite liquor from the paper and pulp industry.