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The association of microorganisms with livestock as endosymbionts, opportunists, and pathogens has been a matter of debate for a long time. Several livestock-associated bacterial and other microbial species have been identified and characterized through traditional culture-dependent genomic approaches. However, it is imperative to understand the comprehensive microbial network of domestic animals for their wellness, disease management, and disease transmission control. Since it is strenuous to provide a niche replica to any microorganisms while culturing them, thus a substantial number of microbial communities remain obscure. Metagenomics has laid out a powerful lens for gaining insight into the hidden microbial diversity by allowing the direct sequencing of the DNA isolated from any livestock sample like the gastrointestinal tract, udder, or genital system. Through metatranscriptomics and metabolomics, understanding gene expression profiles of the microorganisms and their molecular phenotype has become unchallenging. With large data sets emerging out of the genomic, metagenomic, and other meta-omics methods, several computational tools have also been developed for curation, assembly, gene prediction, and taxonomic profiling of the microorganisms. This review provides a detailed account of the beneficial and pathogenic organisms that dwell within or on farm animals. Besides, it highlights the role of meta-omics and computational tools in a comprehensive analysis of livestock-associated microorganisms.

Car accidents cause a large number of deaths and disabilities every day, a certain proportion of which result from untimely treatment and secondary accidents. To some extent, automatic car accident detection can shorten response time of rescue agencies and vehicles around accidents to improve rescue efficiency and traffic safety level. —Road Accidents, a very common reason of tragic deaths and many times the victim dies due to non-reporting of such accidents to the proper authority. Since the accident was not reported the lack of emergency medical care results in death. We live in an era of technology where we are moving towards making the city, A Smart City. A smart city with smart AI based traffic monitoring and reporting mechanism can help providing medical emergencies in real time and this would result in saving lots of life. Traditional Traffic systems are equipped with IP cameras and sensors, and are already installed in most part of the city to monitor and control traffic. These systems are able to generate traffic tickets automatically. In this paper we are proposing a more advanced traffic monitoring system which can identify and detect moving objects such are cars, bikes etc in live camera feeds and detect collision of these moving objects and immediately send emergency alerts to the nearby authority for them to take necessary actions.

India’s financial inclusion has significantly improved during the last several years. In recent years, there has been a rise in the number of Indians who have bank accounts, with this figure believed to be close to 80% at present. Fintech businesses in India are progressively becoming more noticeable as the Government of India (GoI) continues to strive for expanding financial services to the underbanked sector of the population. To reach the underbanked segments of the population and provide a stable operating environment for fintech businesses, India must seek to increase financial inclusion. In this study, regression and correlation were employed, together with secondary data gathered from the RBI, to analyze this influence. The aim was to determine the impact of fintech and digital financial services on financial inclusion in India. According to the results, fintech businesses have significantly aided financial inclusion in this nation, especially for the middle class. These findings will be helpful for policy-makers working hard to bring every individual in this country into an organized financial system.

OBJECTIVES To examine 12-month outcomes for in-office treatment of dynamic nasal valve collapse (NVC) with a bioabsorbable implant. STUDY DESIGN Prospective, multicenter, nonrandomized study. METHODS One hundred sixty-six patients with severe-to-extreme class of Nasal Obstruction Symptom Evaluation (NOSE) scores were enrolled at 16 U.S. clinics (November 2016-July 2017). Patients were treated with a bioabsorbable implant (Latera, Spirox Inc., Redwood City, CA) to support the lateral wall, with or without concurrent inferior turbinate reduction (ITR), in an office setting. NOSE scores and Visual Analog Scale (VAS) were measured at baseline and 1, 3, 6, and 12 months postoperatively. The Lateral Wall Insufficiency (LWI) score was determined by independent physicians observing the lateral wall motion video. RESULTS One hundred five patients were treated with implant alone, whereas 61 had implant + ITR. Thirty-one patients reported 41 adverse events, all of which resolved with no clinical sequelae. Patients showed significant reduction in NOSE scores throughout 12 months postoperatively (77.4 ± 13.4 baseline vs. 36.2 ± 22.7 at 1 month postoperatively, 33.0 ± 23.4 at 3 months, 32.1 ± 24.6 at 6 months, and 30.3 ± 24.3 at 12 months; P

Impaired hand function has a negative impact on occupational performance and activities of daily living among people with diabetes. Inadequate literature focused on hand function of patients with diabetes in Indian population limits early identification and prevention of hand dysfunction. Therefore, the purpose of our study was to report hand function among people with type 1 and type 2 diabetes. Hand function of 211 people with diabetes (111 males and 100 females) was evaluated on the dominant side using standardized clinical tests—Minnesota Manual Dexterity Test (MMDT), nine hole peg test, pinch and grip strength using pinch meter, and Jamar hand-held dynamometer. Hand function scores were compared between males and females using unpaired t test. The mean score of MMDT and nine hole pegboard test was 401.9 and 35.3 s respectively. The mean hand grip strength was 16.70 kg and key pinch strength was 3.7 kg; center pinch was 2.8 kg and palmar pinch was 2.5 kg in patients with diabetes. All test scores of hand function were lower compared to normative values reported in literature recorded with the same standard measurements. Hand function test scores did not vary between males and females (p > 0.05). Low hand function score of patients with diabetes warrants an urgent need for implementing an exercise program to improve hand function among people with diabetes. Additionally, reported scores of hand grip strength, pinch strength, and hand dexterity will guide hand therapy for people with diabetes following injury.

Globally, there is a growing demand for biocatalysts because of the associated efficacy and efficiency. The applications of enzymes in food, paper, pulp, textile, and chemical industries have prompted enzyme exploration. Microbes, being the natural reservoirs of enzymes, have gained researchers’ attention, and the quest for microbial enzymes has increased in past years. This review provides insights about metagenomics techniques and their applicability in obtaining microbial-origin enzymes from diverse environmental samples besides highlighting their importance. The metagenomic approach has emerged as a promising way towards replacing conventional microbial techniques with culture-independent methods involving direct isolation of DNA environmental samples. There are two primary methodologies, i.e., functional-based and sequence-based, to identify and characterize industrially valuable biocatalysts from the environmental microcosms. Many of the obtained enzymes are successfully used in diverse food, cosmetics, and pharmaceutical industries. However, there are some complications associated with it that can be minimized only by further investigations. The paper focuses on the advancement of metagenomics for bioprospecting to stress on its significance in microbial characterization and exploration. This will also ensure the in-depth analysis of several unexplored and unknown microbial communities and/or members from complex niches.

3D printing is a well-known method to produce a 3D object and widely used in many types of industries including, mechanical, civil, medical, etc. The technology has been applied in industry for more than 20 years ago, but it is strictly limited to the slow production of small plastic objects, and some special fabric only. As its advancements, the technology of 3D printing becomes broad interest recently. In present industrial, 3D printers are able to produce high precision, quality products of different sizes fast at comparatively low cost. The aim of this paper is to highlight the importance of 3D printing in meeting low and medium production volumes besides having a review on metal 3D printing techniques available. The issue and challenges in producing metal 3D printing also will be discussed extensively in this paper. Suggestions on the subtractive method to complete the 3D printing process according to research interest also explained in this paper.

Objective: To report a case of successful treatment of complete retrograde ejaculation by superovulation and intrauterine insemination (IUI), by collecting spermatozoa from post-ejaculatory urine.Design: Case report.Setting: Private infertility clinic (Harkaar Superspeciality Centre).Patient(s): A couple with primary infertility for 7 years due to male's complete retrograde ejaculation due to the congenital hypoplastic prostate gland. The woman was having subserosal fibroid but otherwise normal menstrual cycles. Intervention(s): Super-ovulation and Intrauterine insemination IUI was done after alkalinizing urine and preparing IUI sample by processing post-ejaculatory urine. IUI was done twice after HCG administration.Result(s): This protocol was used successfully to achieve pregnancy in this couple. Conclusion(s): To our knowledge, this is the first reported case of successful management of infertility through this protocol in Kashmir, J & K, India. This method obviates the need for more invasive sperm retrieval techniques. JMS 2016; 19(2):85-87.

Through this Project our expectation is that the car should start when authorized persons send predefined message on the External SIM. Otherwise the car is locked. Smart vehicle sends current locations on the different predefined mobile numbers. In this situation owner calls on External SIM for the first time, then the car should stop & when the user calls second time, then the vehicle will start automatically. Also, When the car is in motion and suddenly Obstacle occurring in front of the vehicle, then the sensor should detect barrier, (may be small or big) car should break automatic. And try to search alternate path in case of an accident. For immediate help and send that message to an owner and care center. In that Short Message Service it is should send current place latitude and longitude, Time, Speed in knots, Date, obtained from Global Positioning, Therefore, using that latitude and longitude, we find location on earth and we may provide fast help in an emergency. The Car should also break if the car is on wrong driving track and automatically re-track car. The Micro Controller PIC18F26K22 interfaces with Infrared sensors and Ultrasonic sensor that continuously detect, track, and the vehicle is in motion. If an Infrared sensor output detects off road path, then Micro controller immediately slows down the vehicle speed and try to move the vehicle back on path depending on track sensor output. In this project Micro controller is programmed using embedded C language and built using MPLAP.

The main purpose of this paper is to present common mistakes in running Plan-Do-Check-Act (PDCA) project by using case study. New practitioners with petite knowledge are having a high tendency to perform simple mistakes in conducting PDCA project. The study focused on the projects conducted by Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM) manufacturing students as approaches. The mistakes are collected during the project presentation and finalized by the Lean Six Sigma (LLS) experts. A questionnaire survey was sent to LSS experts to rate the high impact mistakes according to their experiences and knowledge. In total, there are 12 mistakes listed coverall to all PDCA phases. Five mistakes are highlighted as high impact mistakes according to 80-20 rules of Pareto. The findings emphasize some ideas that might help new practitioner to avoid such mistakes. However, the case study presented only focus on the mistakes in project conducted by university students not a practitioner in industries.

Background: Intact sensory-motor system provides kinesthesia for maintaining joint stability. Joint proprioception or joint kinesthetic sensation is often used alternately to describe a deep sensation of joint motion and joint position sense. Mechanoreceptors located in superficial layer of joint capsule, muscle spindle, golgi tendon organ complex and ligaments around joint provides joint kinesthetic sensation. Frozen shoulder or adhesive capsulitis is one of the common musculoskeletal disorders encountered in Indian population with a prevalence of almost 50% older patients with diabetes and 2-10% in non-diabetic patients. This study assessed joint kinesthetic sensation during shoulder movements in people with frozen shoulder and healthy controls which may be affected due to presence of disease process or pain. Authors hypothesized that pain and alterations in non-contractile tissues (mainly capsule) around shoulder joint due to frozen shoulder may interfere with the joint kinesthetic sensation.Methods: Case group consisted of 41 participants with frozen shoulder and 41 healthy participants without shoulder pathology. Joint kinesthesia was assessed in frozen shoulders and dominant shoulders using angle reproduction test by actively reproducing the target angle placed passively by the therapist during flexion, abduction, medial and lateral rotation movements. The angle reproduced was measured using universal goniometer by the same therapist and 3 readings were recorded.Results: Results indicate significant differences between the mean difference of angle reproduction test during shoulder movements in cases of frozen shoulder and healthy group (p value

Aim: To compare the effectiveness of cervical retraction exercises (McKenzie) with or without using pressure biofeedback in reducing pain and disability among patients with cervical spondylosis. Methods: Thirty participants of both genders and aged between 30 and 70 years who were medically diagnosed with cervical spondylosis were included and allocated by randomised sampling into two study groups. Group A were given cervical retraction exercises and Group B were given cervical retraction exercises and instructed to use a pressure biofeedback unit during these exercises. All of the participants in Group A and B were also given moist packs. The outcome measures used both pre- and post-intervention were: the Numerical Pain Rating Scale (NPRS), which was used to assess for pain, and the Northwick Park Pain Questionnaire (NPQ), which was used to assess for disability. The demographic data collected in the study were the age and symptom duration. Results: The t tests of the post-interventional NPRS scores (P=0.0001*; t=4.5683), and post-intervention NPQ scores (P=0.0001*; t=4.945) showed a statistically significant difference between Group A and Group B. Conclusion: The findings of the study indicates that there was a significant reduction in neck pain and disability in both the groups. However, cervical retraction exercises using pressure biofeedback proved to be better than cervical retraction exercises alone.

Objective: To investigate the effectiveness of methyl salicylate iontophoresis in reducing pain and disability in patients with knee osteoarthritis (OA). Materials and methods: A total of 40 patients with knee OA patients who were admitted at the outpatient physiotherapy clinic participated in this study. The patients were randomly assigned into two groups. Group A received methyl salicylate iontophoresis while group B received moist packs daily for a period of two weeks. Patients were evaluated for pain and functional capacity using numerical pain rating scale (NPRS), walking speed test (WST), modified get up and go test (MGUGT), total single limb standing test (TSLST) and Western Ontario McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC) before therapy and after 2 weeks of intervention. Results: The mean age and duration of symptoms were 56.45±6.30, and 2.27±1.05 years respectively for individuals treated with methyl salicylate iontophoresis and 56.8±5.47, 2.12±0.86 years for individuals treated with moist pack. After 2 weeks of intervention, significant differences were observed in all outcome parameters for both groups when compared to baseline values (P Conclusion: Methyl salicylate iontophoresis can be included in the treatment of knee osteoarthritis to enhance pain relief and functional activity.

In view of the globalisation of the markets and the increased international use of information via the internet it would be worthwhile to take a closer look at the strategy for creating a globally recognised process for assessing passive vehicle safety (World NCAP). JNCAP developed an overall evaluation process by reviewing methods and procedures from other NCAP's and injury research, which included the German QUPASI Method, to improve JNCAP while incorporating the benefits of international harmonisation. Australian NCAP use the Euro NCAP protocol since 1999. These are first steps on the way of harmonisation. The first part of this paper will describe current assessment procedures in North America, Europe, Australia and Japan and, based on this, try to outline requirements of a World NCAP. The second part of the paper will present the technical details such as selection of the test conditions, assessment criteria and evaluation functions. This paper intends to initiate a scientific discussion aimed at formulating a World NCAP.

A dynamic simulation method which has been developed for a low-pressure mercury rare-gas positive column is applied to an analysis of an AC operation of fluorescent lamps. Calculations are carried out for fluorescent lamps with inner diameters of 15.5 mm, 18 mm and 24 mm driven by an AC power source through a single choke at the frequencies of 60 Hz and 50 kHz. Calculated waveforms of lamp voltage and current agree well with experimental ones for both operating frequencies. This technique gives us dynamic characteristics of plasma parameters, and opens a way to computer aided design of the fluorescent lamps.

A full-color 40-in. dc plasma display has been developed based on the pulse memory drive system. Newly developed resistor-in-cell structure and phosphor screen on the side wall of the cell provide long-life and high luminance.

Objectives Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is able to demonstrate a wide range of abnormalities in the paranasal sinuses, which are often reported as incidental findings on scans performed for indications other than the evaluation of paranasal sinus pathology. However, the clinical significance of these findings remains undefined. We present a prospective study that determines the prevalence of abnormalities in the paranasal sinuses in a population undergoing MRI scans for suspected intracranial disease. These findings are correlated with clinical data pertaining to nasal and sinus symptoms. Study design Prospective, cross-sectional study. Methods Patients undergoing MRI scans for suspected intracranial pathology were asked to complete a questionnaire pertaining to symptoms of nasal/sinus pathology. The T2-weighted scans of 86 patients (mean age = 51 years) were then reviewed for evidence of paranasal sinus pathology using a standardized method for evaluation and reporting of results. These results were then correlated with those obtained from the patient questionnaire. Results Radiologic abnormalities were found in the paranasal sinuses of 33 (38%) patients. Abnormalities were most commonly seen in the ethmoid sinuses (44.8%) followed by the maxillary (38%), sphenoid (14%), and frontal (3%) sinuses. Analysis of the clinical data revealed no significant relationship between the presence of clinical symptoms of nasal and sinus pathology and abnormalities on MRI scan. Conclusion The assessment of inflammatory sinus pathology remains controversial. Based on the results of this study, incidental abnormalities of the paranasal sinuses detected on MRI scan do not appear to be related to clinical symptoms.

Radiation-induced alterations in the levels of p53 and lactate dehydrogenase activities were studied in fibrosarcoma, following exposure to different doses of gamma-irradiation (2-10 Gy). The levels of p53 were elevated in the cytoplasm, while the lactate dehydrogenase activity in tumor tissue was considerably decreased.

Objective: To evaluate a modified method of carcinogenesis induction using the 9,10-dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene (DMBA) sustained-release suture technique followed by arecaidine promotion in the hamster cheek pouch model. Study Design: Prospective, controlled animal study. Methods: Number 3-0 cotton sutures were impregnated with DMBA and coated with silicone elastomer. These sutures were placed in the cheek pouch of Syrian hamsters in the submucosal space to a length of approximately 1.5 cm. The suture placement was confirmed every 2 weeks and replaced if lost. After 12 weeks, the DMBA-coated sutures were removed. The cheek pouches were everted and painted with a solution of arecaidine three times weekly for up to an additional 4 weeks or until the tumor reached a size of 100 mm 2 . Results: We placed sutures in 165 Syrian hamster cheek pouches. Of these, 133 hamsters (80.6%) produced squamous cell carcinomas that reached a size of 100 mm 2 and then were randomly selected for treatment in a new drug trial. Twenty-six hamsters (15.8%) were found dead and 6 (3.6%) were killed because of severe inflammation. Conclusions: The DMBA hamster cheek pouch model is a reliable and efficient animal model for inducing squamous cell carcinoma and can be used to study upper aerodigestive tract tumors.

Objectives/Hypothesis With some advanced squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs) of the head and neck, chemoradiation therapy may obviate the need for surgical intervention. However, both modalities are known to produce organ to-icities, and tumor insensitivity remains problematic. Thus there is a clear need for the development of new treatment strategies. Accordingly, preclinical studies to evaluate the use of valrubicin, a contact-safe, mechanistically novel antitumor agent, combined with low-dose radiation for the therapy of SCC have been conducted. Methods The comparative in vitro antitumor activities of valrubicin with or without irradiation versus cisplatin were evaluated using human-derived sensitive and cisplatin-resistant SCC cell lines. A hamster cheek pouch model of SCC was used to assess the efficacy of weekly intratumoral valrubicin injections with and without concurrent low-dose irradiation. Results Valrubicin cytoto-icity was found to be comparable in both sensitive and platinum-resistant cell lines and superior to cisplatin. The addition of minimally cytoto-ic cell irradiation (300–450 cGy) resulted in prolonged G2/M cell cycle arrest and a supra-additive increase in apoptotic cell death. In hamsters, once a week × 3 intratumoral drug injections (3, 6, or 9 mg) were growth inhibitory; however, when valrubicin (6 mg) was combined with minimally cytotoxic irradiation (150, 250, or 350 cGy) significant tumor shrinkage was observed. Conclusions Valrubicin produces supra-additive effects against SCC when combined with low-dose irradiation. This effect appears to correlate with the ability of valrubicin, a cytoplasmic-localizing drug, to inhibit protein kinase C. Therapeutic use of valrubicin against SCC could provide for reduced radiation doses with consequent improved efficacy and reduction in host to-icity.

Objective: To report outcomes of treatment for laryngeal contact granuloma. Study Design: Prospective treatment of 21 patients with laryngeal contact granulomas using proton-pump inhibitor (PPI) medication. Methods: Patients were diagnosed and followed by office endoscopy and patient interview. Results: Three patients did not tolerate PPI medication and were managed by treatment with type 2 histamine (H 2 ) blockers. The lesion completely resolved in 14 of the 18 patients maintained on PPI medication, and significantly regressed in the other 4. Residual granulomas were surgically excised in one patient. Lesions resolved in two patients following injection of botulinum toxin into one thyroarytenoid muscle. One patient had a residual lesion, but symptoms were controlled by medication, and he declined treatment with botulinum toxin. Of the three patients treated with H 2 -blocker medication, the lesion resolved in only one. Conclusion: PPI medication is effective in the treatment of laryngeal contact granuloma, even in the absence of identifiable symptoms of gastroesophageal reflux.

Objective: Describe a clinical syndrome of laryngeal hypersensitivity following laryngeal nerve injury. Study Design: Retrospective review of six patients with laryngeal paralysis sustained during neck surgery who presented with paroxysms of coughing and stridor, progressing to brief episodes of complete airway occlusion. Methods: Chart review. Results: Superior laryngeal nerve blockade temporarily improved symptoms in four of five patients. Botulinum toxin relieved spasm in two of three patients and reduced symptoms in the third. Symptoms gradually diminished or resolved in four patients from 1 to 2.5 years later. One patient underwent arytenoidectomy and one patient has a tracheostomy. Conclusions: Patients with laryngeal injury may present with stridor and acute airway obstruction secondary to paroxysmal laryngospasm. The authors have found that superior laryngeal nerve blockade or botulinum toxin may be effective in temporary relief of symptoms.

Aim: To measure the body fat percentage in post-menopausal women. Objective: To investigate the prevalence of obesity in post-menopausal women based on BMI and body fat percentage. Method: In the present observational study a total of 113 post-menopausal females in the Physiotherapy OPD were to be assessed by measuring body fat percentage using skin-fold caliper and BMI. The total body fat percentage was calculated by measuring skin fold thickness at different sites of body using Durnin and Womersley formula. Result: The body fat percentage of post-menopausal women recruited in study was ranged from 23.7% to 38.5% with mean body fat percentage was 33.95 ± 3.25% and was found to be increased when compared to age related normal range. The BMI of post-menopausal women recruited in this study was ranged from 22.6 kg/m2 - 36.94 kg/m2 with mean BMI was 30.02 ± 4.28 kg/m2. Conclusion: The average body fat percentage in post-menopausal women was found to be 33.95 % using Accu-measure Skin-fold caliper which is on higher side.

Bilateral laryngeal paralysis can result in severe airway compromise. A widely accepted treatment is endoscopic laser total arytenoidectomy (TA); however, vocal results are usually poor. An alternative approach, resection of only the medial portion of the arytenoid (medial arytenoidectomy [MA]), has the potential for less vocal impairment, but may not provide a sufficient airway. Laryngeal resistance (LR) was measured in vivo and ex vivo in 12 adult mongrel dogs with bilateral laryngeal paralysis after TA, MA, or no surgery (controls). The LR was significantly lower than in controls in both TA and MA, but there was no significant difference between TA and MA. Glottic area was also significantly higher in both MA and TA compared to controls, but again, there was no significant difference between TA and MA. Phonation could be elicited in all controls and 2 of 4 dogs with MA, but no dogs with TA. Our results show that MA offers airway improvement similar to that with TA and also has the potential for better vocal function.

For the first time to our knowledge, polymer-based microstructured fibers with complex cross-sections are directly produced via melt extrusion. Two principal types of fibers were fabricated: a microstructured fiber of a single polymer with a hexagonal array of air holes and a bicomponent fiber consisting of approximately 60 coaxial rings. From the latter, strong visible iridescence was observed and is shown to exhibit a mechanochromic response. This approach, the mainstay of the textile trade for decades, offers a means of continuous high-volume low-cost manufacturing of polymer (and conceivably soft-glass) fibers. For example, in the present effort, 128 coaxially microstructured fibers were fabricated simultaneously at rates exceeding 1200 m/min from industrially mainstream polymers. This approach offers an important step forward towards commoditizing microstructured fibers and open new doors for optical engineering in fashion, marking/identification, and numerous military applications.

Mucoepidermoid carcinoma is a common type of salivary gland malignancy with metastasis to the cervical lymph nodes occurring in up to 29% of patients.1 We describe three patients presenting with isolated mucoepidermoid carcinoma in a cervical lymph node without an obvious primary site of origin.

The sampling theory of Fisher's logarithmic distribution, discussed in Wani (1978), is extended to the class of power-series distributions. On geneeralise a la classe des distributions en series de puissance la theorie de l'echantillonnage presentee par Wani (1978) dans le cas particulier de la distribution logarithmique de Fisher.

The binomial, Poisson, logarithmic, negative binomial, and extended negative binomial distributions are characterized in the class of power-series distributions (1) through a differential equation based on the ratio of two successive derivatives of the series function, (2) through the ratio of two probabilities associated with two successive values in the range of the random variable, and (3) through the ratio of two consecutive factorial moments. The ratios referred to in (2) and (3) above can be utilized to discriminate between the five power-series distributions mentioned at the beginning. Les lois de probabilite de Poisson, de Pascal, de Pascal generalisee, binomiale et logarithmique sont caracterisees parmi celles pouvant s'exprimer sous la forme ďune serie de puissances. Ces caracterisations sont obtenues a partir, soit (1) ďune equation differentielle faisant intervenir le quotient de deux derivees successives de la serie; soit (2) du quotient des probabilites de deux valeurs successives appartenant au support de la variable aleatoire; soit encore (3) par le biais du quotient de deux moments factoriels consecutifs. Les approches (2) et (3) permettent de distinguer les cinq lois signalees ci-haut.

Consider a population the individuals in which can be classified into groups. Let y, the number of individuals in a group, be distributed according to a probability function f(y;oo) where the functional form f is known. The random variable y cannot be observed directly, and hence a random sample of groups cannot be obtained. Consider a random sample of N individuals from the population. Suppose the N individuals are distributed into S groups with x1, x2, …, xS representatives respectively. The random variable x, the number of individuals in a group in the sample, will be a fraction of its population counterpart y, and the distributions of x and y need not have the same functional form. If the two random variables x and y have the same functional form for their distributions, then the particular common distribution is called an invariant abundance distribution. The paper provides a characterization of invariant abundance distributions in the class of power-series distributions. Considerons une population dans laquelle les individus peuvent ětre classes par groupes. Posons y, le nombre d'individus dans chaque groupe, distribue selon une fonction de distribution f(y;oO), ou la forme de la fonction f est connue. On ne peut observer directement la variable aleatoire y, par consequent on ne peut obtenir un echantillon aleatoire de groupes. Considerons donc un echantillon aleatoire forme de N individus provenant de la population etudiee. Supposons que les N individus soient assignes a S groupes comptant respectivement x1x2, …, xS membres. La variable aleatoire x (le nombre d'individus dans un groupe donne de l'echantillon) representera une certaine fraction de la variable y, sa contrepartie au niveau de la population; de plus, les fonctions de distribution de x et y n'auront pas necessairement la měme forme. Cependant, dans le cas ou les fonctions de distribution des variables aleatoires x et y ont la měme forme, leur distribution commune sera appelee une distribution invariante d'abondance. Cet article decrit les distributions in-variantes d'abondance appartenant a la classe des distributions de series de puissance.

It is assumed that a small random sample of fixed size n is drawn from a logarithmic series distribution with parameter θ and that it is desired to estimate θ by means of a two-sided confidence interval. In this note Crow's system of confidence intervals is compared, in shortness of intervals, with Clopper and Pearson's, and the corresponding randomized counterparts.

Fisher's logarithmic distribution for species abundance is derived under a suitable set of conditions. The derivation explains the explicit meaning of the two parameters of the distribution.

It is assumed that a large random sample of fixed size n is drawn from a logarithmic series distribution with parameter $tH and that it is desired to estimate e by means of two-sided confidence interval. Using asymptotic results, charts of confidence intervals are prepared for n = 50, 100, 200, 500 and 1,000, and confidence coefficients 0.90 and 0.95. Nous supposons qu'un grand echantillon aleatoire de taille fixe n est Selectionne d'une distribution de serie logarithmique ayant 0 comme param$eGtreNous desirons estimer 0 a l'aide d'un intervale de confiance a deux cotes. En utilisant des resultats asymptotiques, des tables d'intervalles de confiance sont preparees pour m=50, 100, 200, 500 et 1000, et avec niveaux de confiance 0.90 et 0.95.

Summary Recursion relations for moments not involving differentiation with respect to the parameter of the distribution are given for the Poisson distribution in Philipson (1963) and those for the logarithmic series distribution in Patil, Kamat and Wani (1964) and Patil and Wani (1965). Similar results are obtained here for the negative binomial distribution. The relations referred to above are obtained as corollaries.

Unbiased minimum variance estimates of reliability are obtained for series, parallel, and standby redundant systems when the components are from a single Gamma distribution with known shape parameter and unknown scale parameter. The results obtained here generalize some of the results of Rutemiller [9] for the exponential model.

Let a real-valued random variable X have the distribution function (df) F(x; 0) where 0 is a scalar or a vector parameter. The situations where one wants to estimate g(O)=F(a; O) with " a " known on the basis of a random sample of size n, arise in fields of application and have attracted the attention of the statisticians from time to time. Using the theory of transforms, Kolmogorov [2] has investigated some problems of this nature for the normal distribution. Laurent [3] has treated the problem for the two-parameter exponential distribution by using conditional distributions. Patil [4] has provided the results for the generalized power series distribution using power series expansions whereas Tate [6] has solved the problem in generality for distributions with scale and location parameters, where he writes the unbiased estimates as unknown functions in integral equations of the convolution type and recovers them by integral transform methods and further applies the results obtained to a few specific distributions. In this paper, we solve the problem of estimating g(O)=F(a; 0) for several of the important df's F(x; O) which admit sufficient statistics by using a uniform technique made available by the existence of the sufficient statistics. We have in particular the following

In this paper we discuss the structure of the moments of the bivariate logarithmic series distribution (BLSD) and then point out the similarity between the structure of the moments of the BLSD and that of the cumulants of the bivariate negative binomial distribution (BNBD). Similar results for the univariate logarithmic series distribution are given by Wani (1967) and Patil & Wani (1965).

Roy and Wasan [5], Shuster [6], and Gupta and Wasan [3] have studied certain sampling distributions associated with the inverse Gaussian distribution. However, the manipulations, required for the derivation of these distributions have been given by them by ad hoc methods. Indeed, several of these manipulations can be handled by certain set widely known methods. We present such methods here.