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2. Healthcare access and quality index based on mortality from causes amenable to personal health care in 195 countries and territories, 1990-2015: A novel analysis from the global burden of disease study 2015
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Barber R. M., A, Fullman N., A, Sorensen R. J. D., A, Bollyky T., F, McKee M., I, Nolte E., G, Abajobir A. A., J, Abate K. H., N, Abbafati C., O, Abbas K. M., P, Abd-Allah F., Q, Abdulle A. M., R, Abdurahman, A. A., A, Abera, S. F., A, Ah, A, B., A, Abreha, G. F., A, Adane, K., A, Adelekan, A. L., A, Ak, A, I. M. O., I, Afshin A., A, Agarwal, A., A, Ap, A, S. K., A, S., A, Agrawal, At, Ahmad, K, Ahmadi, Ahmed, K. Y., A, Ahmed M. B., M, Akinyemi, R. O., A, Az, A, T. F., B, Akseer, N., A, Bc, A, Z., B, Alam, K., B, Bf, D, Dq, A, N., B, S. S., B, Alemu, Z. A., A, Alene, K. A., B, Alexander L., A, Ali, R., B, S. D., B, Bo, B, Alizadeh-Navaei, Alkerwi, A., B, Alla, F., B, Allebeck, P., B, Allen C., A, Al-Raddadi, R., C, Alsharif, U., C, Altirkawi, K. A., C, Alvarez, M, E., C, Alvis-Guzman, N., C, Amare, A. T., C, Cj, G, Amini E., S, T, W, Ammar, W., C, Amo-Adjei, J., C, Cn, A, Y. A., C, Anderson B. O., E, Androudi, S., C, Ansari, H., C, Ansha, M. G., C, Antonio, C. A. T., C, Ärnlöv, J., B, Cv, A, A., C, Asayesh, Assadi, Astatkie, Atey, T. M., A, Atique, S., D, Atnafu, N. T., D, Dd, A, S. R., D, Avila-Burgos, L., D, Avokpaho, E. F. G. A., D, Dh, Ayala, Q, B. P., D, Dj, A, A., D, Ayele, N. N., D, Azzopardi, P., D, Dn, D, Ds, Ba, S, H. O., D, Bärnighausen, T., D, Dz, E, Bacha, U., E, Badawi, Ec, B, A., E, Barac, Barboza, M. A., E, Ek, B, S. L., E, Barrero, L. H., E, Basu, S., E, Baune, B. T., C, Gr, B, K., E, Bayou, Y. T., E, Bazargan-Hejazi, Et, B, N., E, Beghi, E., E, Béjot, Y., E, Bello, A. K., E, Bennett, D. A., B, Bensenor, I. M., E, Berhane, A., F, Bernabé, E., F, Bernal, O. A., F, Beyene, A. S., F, Ki, B, T. J., E, Fi, B, Z. A., B, Fj, B, S., F, Bikbov, B., F, Birlik, S. M., F, Birungi, C., E, Biryukov S., A, Bisanzio, D., B, Bizuayehu, H. M., F, Bose, D., F, Brainin, M., F, Brauer M., A, Fq, B, Fs, B, N. J. K., F, Brenner, H., F, Butt, Z. A., F, Cárdenas, R., F, Cahuana-Hurtado, Campos-Nonato, I. R., D, Dx, C, J., F, Carrero, J. J., B, Casey D., A, Caso, V., G, Castañeda-Orjuela, C. A., G, Gc, Castillo, R, J., G, Ge, C, F., G, Gg, C, P., G, Cercy K., A, Charlson F. J., A, J, G, Chen A. Z., A, Chew A., A, Chibalabala, M., G, Chibueze, C. E., G, Chisumpa, V. H., G, Gm, C, A. A., G, Chowdhury, R., G, Christensen, H., G, Christopher, D. J., G, Ciobanu, L. G., C, Cirillo, Coggeshall M. S., A, Cooper, L. T., G, Cortinovis, Crump, J. A., G, Dalal, K., G, Danawi, Dandona L., A, Gy, D, R., A, Dargan, P. I., G, Das, N, J., H, Hb, D, G., H, Davitoiu, D. V., H, Davletov, K., H, Hg, De, L, D., H, Del, G, L. C., E, Del, P, B., E, Dellavalle, R. P., H, Deribe, Hj, D, Bk, Des, J, D. C., H, Hl, D, S., H, Dharmaratne, S. D., H, Dicker D., A, Ding, E. L., D, Dokova, Dorsey, E. R., H, Doyle, K. E., H, Hr, D, M., H, Ehrenkranz R., A, Ellingsen, C. L., H, Elyazar, I., H, Enayati, A., H, Ermakov, S. P., H, Hy, E, B., H, Ia, E, A., T, Estep K., A, Fürst T., H, Ic, I, Faghmous I. D. A., I, Fanuel, F. B. B., C, If, F, E. J. A., C, Ig, F, T. A., I, Farinha, C. S. E. S., I, Ij, F, A., I, Farvid, M. S., D, Il, F, F., U, Feigin, V. L., I, Feigl, A. B., D, Fereshtehnejad, S. -M., B, Fernandes, J. G., I, J. C., I, Feyissa, T. R., I, Fischer, F., I, Fitzmaurice C., A, B, I, Fleming T. D., A, Foigt, N., I, Foreman K. J., A, Ib, F, M. H., I, Franklin, R. C., I, Frostad J., A, Ghiwot T. T., N, Gakidou E., A, Gambashidze, K., I, Gamkrelidze, Gao, W., I, Garcia-Basteiro, A. L., I, Iz, G, T., J, Gebremedhin A. T., N, Jb, G, M. W., A, Gebru, Jc, G, A. A., J, Geleijnse, J. M., F, Genova-Maleras, R., J, Jf, G, K. B., J, Giref, A. Z., E, Gishu, M. D., F, Jh, G, G., E, Godwin W. W., A, Gold A., A, Goldberg E. M., A, Gona, P. N., J, Goodridge, A., J, Gopalani, S. V., J, Goto, Graetz N., A, Greaves, Jm, G, M., A, P. I., J, Gugnani, H. C., J, Gupta, P. C., J, V., J, Habtewold, T. D., F, Jv, H, N., T, Haile, D., E, Hailu, A. D., E, Jx, H, G. B., A, Jc, H, Ka, H, R. R., K, Hambisa, M. T., F, Hamidi, S., K, Hammami, M., K, Hankey, G. J., K, Kf, K, Hao, Y., K, Harb, H. L., C, Hareri, H. A., E, Haro, J. M., M, Hassanvand M. S., W, Xc, H, Hay, R. J., F, Kk, H, S. I., A, Hendrie, D., K, Heredia-Pi, I. B., D, Hoek, H. W., J, Km, H, Horita, N., K, Hosgood, H. D., K, Htet, A. S., K, Ks, H, G., K, Huang, H., K, J. J., K, Huntley B. M., A, Huynh C., A, Iburg, K. M., K, Ileanu, B. V., K, Innos, K., K, Irenso, A. A., F, Kj, J, Jakovljevic, M. B., L, James, S. L., L, Javanbakht, M., L, Jayaraman, S. P., L, Jayatilleke, A. U., L, Lg, J, Lh, L, Nh, J, V., B, Lk, J, D., L, Johnson C., A, Johnson S. C., A, Jonas, J. B., L, Juel, K., L, Kabir, Z., L, Kalkonde, Y., L, Kamal, R., L, Kan, H., L, Karch, A., L, Lu, K, C. K., I, Lv, K, S. M., L, Kasaeian A., T, Y, X, Kassebaum N. J., A, Lx, K, Katikireddi, S. V., L, Kazanjan, Keiyoro, P. N., L, Ma, K, L., A, A. H., M, Me, K, A. P., J, Mf, K, A. A., I, Kereselidze, M., I, Kesavachandran, C. N., L, Khader, Y. S., M, Khalil I., A, Khan, A. R., I, E. A., M, G., M, Khang, Y. -H., M, Khoja, A. T. A., M, Khonelidze, I., I, Khubchandani, J., M, Kibret, G. D., A, Kim, D., M, Kim P., A, Y. J., M, Kimokoti, R. W., M, Kinfu, Y., M, Kissoon, N., F, Kivipelto, M., B, Kokubo, Kolk, A., M, Kolte, Kopec, J. A., F, Kosen, S., M, Koul, P. A., M, Koyanagi, Kravchenko, M., M, Krishnaswami, Krohn K. J., A, Kuate, D, B., M, Na, Kucuk, B, B., N, Kuipers, E. J., N, Kulkarni, V. S., N, Kumar, G. A., L, Kumsa, F. A., F, Kj, K, H. H., A, A. C. J., N, Lal, A., N, D. K., N, Lalloo R., K, Lallukka, T., N, Lan, Q., N, Langan S. M., I, Lansingh, V. C., N, Nn, L, H. J., A, Larsson, Laryea, D. O., C, Latif, A. A., N, Lawrynowicz, A. E. B., N, Leasher, J. L., N, Leigh, Leinsalu, Nt, L, C. T., A, Leung J., E, J, L, R., N, Levi, M., N, Liang, X., N, Lim S. S., A, Lind M., A, Linn, S., N, Lipshultz, S. E., N, Nz, L, P., A, Y., O, Lo, L. -T., O, Oc, L, G., O, Lopez, A. D., D, Lorch, S. A., O, Lotufo, P. A., E, Lozano, R., D, Lunevicius, R., O, Og, L, R. A., M, Macarayan, E. R. K., K, Mackay, M. T., O, Magdy Abd El, R, H., O, M., O, Mahdavi, Ol, M, Malekzadeh R., Z, Xe, M, D. C., O, Mantovani, L, Manyazewal, T., O, Mapoma, C. C., G, Marcenes, W., O, Marks, G. B., M, Ns, M, J., O, Os, M, M. B., O, Massano, Ou, M, M. R., N, Maulik, P. K., O, Mazidi, Mcalinden, C., O, Oy, M, J. J., L, C., A, P. A., O, Pa, M, A., P, Mehndiratta, M. M., P, Meier, T., P, Mekonnen, A. B., B, Bj, M, K. G., A, Memish, Z. A., P, Pf, M, M. M., F, Mengiste, D. T., A, Mengistie M. A., N, Menota, B. G., E, Mensah, G. A., P, Mereta S. T., N, Meretoja, Ph, M, T. J., N, Pi, M, H. B., A, Micha, R., P, Millear A., A, Mills, E. J., P, Minnig S., A, Mirarefin M., A, Pm, M, E. M., P, Po, M, C. N., C, K. A., P, Mohammed, Pq, M, S. K., H, Mokdad A. H., A, Mola, G. L. D., P, Molokhia, Monasta, L., P, Montico, M., P, Moradi-Lakeh M., A, Pt, M, P., P, Morawska, Pw, M, R., Q, Moses M., A, Mueller, U. O., Q, Murthy, Musa, K. I., Q, Nachega, J. B., Q, Qf, Q, Nagata, C., Q, Nagel, G., Q, Naghavi M., A, Naheed, Naldi, L., Q, Nangia, V., Q, Nascimento, B. R., Q, Qn, N, I., Q, Neupane, S. P., K, Newton, C. R., Q, Ng M., A, Ngalesoni, F. N., Q, Ngunjiri, J. W., Q, Nguyen G., A, Ningrum, D. N. A., D, Qs, N, Qt, R, Nomura, M., Q, Norheim, O. F., J, Norrving, Noubiap, J. J. N., J, Qw, O, C. M., Q, Ogbo, F. A., Q, Oh, I. -H., R, Okoro, A., R, Oladimeji, O., R, Rd, O, Olivares, P. R., R, Olsen H. E., A, Olusanya, B. O., R, J. O., R, Opio, J. N., R, Oren, E., R, Ortiz, Osborne, R. H., R, Osman, M., D, Rl, O, M. O., R, Rn, M, P. A., R, Pain A. W., A, Pakhale, S., R, Palomares, C, Rr, P, A., K, Papachristou, C., C, Parsaeian M., U, V, X, Patel, T., R, Patton, G. C., D, Paudel, D., R, Paul, V. K., A, Pearce N., I, Pereira, D. M., R, Perez-Padilla, R., R, Perez-Ruiz, F., R, Rx, P, N., P, K., R, Petzold, M., R, Sa, P, M. R., O, Sb, P, D. M., A, J. D., S, Pinho C., A, Polinder, Pond, C. D., S, Prakash, V., S, Purwar, M., S, Qorbani, Quistberg D. A., C, D, R, A., S, Rafay, Sj, R, Rahimi-Movaghar, V., A, Xf, R, Rahman, M. H. U., H, Rai, R. K., S, Ram, U., H, Rana, S. M., S, Z., A, P. V., S, Sn, R, P. C., A, S., I, Rego, M. A. S., O, Reitsma M., A, Remuzzi, G., F, So, S, Renzaho, A. M. N. N., Q, Resnikoff, S., S, Sr, R, Rezai, M. S., B, Ribeiro, A. L., Q, Roba, H. S., F, Rokni, M. B., A, Ronfani, Roshandel G., Z, St, X, Roth G. A., A, Rothenbacher, D., Q, Roy, N. K., S, Sv, S, P. S., S, Sw, S, B. B., S, Saeedi, M. Y., S, Safiri, Sagar, Sahraian, M. A., A, Xg, S, M. M., T, Salomon, J. A., D, Samy, A. M., T, Sanabria, J. R., T, Td, S, M. D., T, Sandar L., A, Santos, I. S., E, J. V., H, Santric, M, M. M., E, Ei, S, R., T, Sartorius, B., T, Ti, S, Savic, Sawhney, M., T, Saylan, M. I., T, Schöttker, Tl, S, A. E., T, Tn, S, D. C., B, Seedat, S., Q, Seid, A. M., F, Seifu, C. N., I, Sepanlou S. G., Z, Xe, S, Servan-Mori, E. E., D, Setegn, T., C, Shackelford K. A., A, Shaheen, Shahraz, S., T, Shaikh, M. A., T, Shakh-Nazarova, Shamsipour M., X, Xh, Shariful, I, S. M., B, Sharma, J., T, She, J., L, Sheikhbahaei S., T, Wz, S, Tu, S, Shigematsu, Tw, S, M. -J., T, Shiri, Shoman, H., T, Shrime, M. G., D, Sibamo, E. L. S., I, Sigfusdottir, I. D., U, Silva, D. A. S., U, Silveira, D. G. A., U, Sindi, Singh, J. A., U, O. P., U, P. K., U, V., U, Sinke, A. H., U, Sinshaw, A. E., U, Skirbekk, V., H, Kn, S, K., J, Smith A., A, Sobngwi, E., U, Uk, S, S., U, Soriano, J. B., U, Sousa, T. C. M., U, Sposato, L. A., U, Sreeramareddy, C. T., U, Stathopoulou, Steel, N., J, Ur, S, Stokes, M. A., Q, Stranges, S., B, Strong, M., U, Stroumpoulis, K., U, Uv, S, L., I, Sufiyan, M. B., U, Suliankatchi, R. A., U, Sun, J., P, Py, U, Sur P., A, Swaminathan, Sykes, B. L., V, Tabarés-Seisdedos, Tabb, K. M., V, Taffere, G. R., A, Talongwa, R. T., V, Tarajia, M., V, Tavakkoli, Taveira, N., V, Vg, T, T. K., A, Tehrani-Banihashemi, Tekelab, T., I, Vh, T, D. Y., A, Temam, S, Vi, T, A. S., V, Vk, V, Tesema, A. G., A, Thakur, J. S., V, Thomson, A. J., V, Tillmann, T., E, Tiruye, T. Y., A, Tobe-Gai, R., V, Tonelli, Topor-Madry, Vr, T, Troeger C., A, Truelsen, T., V, Tura, A. K., F, Jv, U, U. S., V, Ukwaja, K. N., V, Undurraga, E. A., V, Uneke, C. J., V, Uthman, O. A., V, Van, B, J. F. M., J, Van, D, Varughese, S., G, Vasankari, T., W, Venketasubramanian, N., W, Violante, F. S., W, Vladimirov, S. K., W, Vlassov, V. V., W, Vollset S. E., A, Ht, J, Vos T., A, Wagner J. A., A, Wakayo T., N, Waller, S. G., W, Walson J. L., E, Wg, W, H., A, Y. -P., W, Watkins D. A., E, Jz, W, E., B, Wi, W, Wk, W, R. G., D, Oh, W, C. -P., I, Werdecker, A., Q, Wesana, J., W, Wm, W, Wn, W, H. A., A, Gi, W, J. D., N, Nz, W, C. S., Q, Wo, W, Wolfe, C. D. A., F, Wp, W, Workicho A., N, Wq, W, S. B., I, Wubshet, M., W, Ws, X, D., W, Xu, G., W, Yadav, A. K., H, Yaghoubi, Yakob, Yan, L. L., W, Yano, Y., W, Yaseri, Xi, Y, H. H., D, Yip, P., X, Xk, Y, N., X, Yoon, S. -J., T, Younis, M. Z., X, Yu, C., X, Xo, Z, Z., X, El Sayed, Z, M., X, Zambrana-Torrelio, Xs, Z, T., X, Zenebe, Z. M., A, Zodpey, Zoeckler L., A, Zuhlke, L. J., X, Murray, C, Barber R. M. a, Fullman N. a, Sorensen R. J. D. a, Bollyky T. f, McKee M. i, Nolte E. g, Abajobir A. A. j, Abate K. H. n, Abbafati C. o, Abbas K. M. p, Abd-Allah F. q, Abdulle A. M. r, A. A. ac, S. F. ad, ah Abraham, B. ai, G. F. ad, K. af, A. L. aj, ak Adetifa, I. M. O. i al, Afshin A. a, A. ao, ap Agarwal, S. K. aq, S. ar, A. as, at, Ahmad Kiadaliri, A. au, A. ax, K. Y. ay, Ahmed M. B. m, R. O. ak, az Akinyemiju, T. F. ba, N. am, bc Al-Aly, Z. bd, K. be, bf dn, dq Alam, N. bg, S. S. bh, Z. A. ay, K. A. bi, Alexander L. a, R. bm, S. D. bn, bo bp, R. bq, A. bs, F. bt, P. bu, Allen C. a, R. cb, U. cd, K. A. ce, Alvarez Martin, E. cf, N. cg, A. T. ch, cj gr, Amini E. s, t wy, W. cl, J. cm, cn Amoako, Y. A. co, Anderson B. O. e, S. cq, H. cr, M. G. cs, C. A. T. ct, J. bv, cv Artaman, A. cw, H. cx, R. cy, A. cz, T. M. ag, S. da, N. T. dc, dd Atre, S. R. de, L. df, E. F. G. A. dg, dh, Ayala Quintanilla, B. P. di, dj Awasthi, A. dk, N. N. dl, P. dm, dn dr, ds, Ba Saleem, H. O. dt, T. du, dz ea, U. eb, A. an, ec Banerjee, A. ed, A. eg, M. A. ej, ek Barker-Collo, S. L. el, L. H. en, S. eo, B. T. ch, gr Baye, K. eq, Y. T. er, S. es, et Bedi, N. eu, E. ev, Y. ew, A. K. ex, D. A. bm, I. M. ez, A. fa, E. fd, O. A. fe, A. S. ff, ki Beyene, T. J. eq, fi Bhutta, Z. A. bc, fj Biadgilign, S. fk, B. fl, S. M. fm, C. ef, Biryukov S. a, D. bk, H. M. fn, D. fo, M. fp, Brauer M. a, fq Brazinova, A. fr, fs Breitborde, N. J. K. fu, H. fw, Z. A. fx, R. fy, I. R. df, dx Car, J. fz, J. J. bw, Casey D. a, V. ga, C. A. gb, gc, Castillo Rivas, J. gd, ge Catalá-López, F. gf, gg Cecilio, P. gh, Cercy K. a, Charlson F. J. a, j gi, Chen A. Z. a, Chew A. a, M. gj, C. E. gk, V. H. gl, gm Chitheer, A. A. gn, R. go, H. gp, D. J. gq, L. G. ci, M. gs, Coggeshall M. S. a, L. T. gt, M. fl, J. A. gu, K. gv, H. gw, Dandona L. a, gy Dandona, R. a gy, P. I. gz, Das Neves, J. ha, hb Davey, G. hd, D. V. he, K. hf, hg, De Leo, D. hh, Del Gobbo, L. C. eo, Del Pozo-Cruz, B. em, R. P. hi, K. ep, hj Deribew, A. al, bk, Des Jarlais, D. C. hk, hl Dey, S. hm, S. D. hn, Dicker D. a, E. L. dx, K. ho, E. R. hp, K. E. hq, hr Dubey, M. hs, Ehrenkranz R. a, C. L. hu, I. hv, A. hw, S. P. hx, hy Eshrati, B. hz, ia Esteghamati, A. t wz, Estep K. a, Fürst T. h, ic ie, Faghmous I. D. A. i, F. B. B. cz, if Faraon, E. J. A. cu, ig Farid, T. A. ih, C. S. E. S. ii, ij Faro, A. ik, M. S. dw, il Farzadfar, F. u xa, V. L. im, A. B. du, S. -M. bx, J. G. in, J. C. io, T. R. ip, F. iq, Fitzmaurice C. a, b ir, Fleming T. D. a, N. is, Foreman K. J. a, ib Forouzanfar, M. H. it, R. C. iu, Frostad J. a, Ghiwot T. T. n, Gakidou E. a, K. iv, A. iv, W. ix, A. L. iy, iz Gebre, T. ja, Gebremedhin A. T. n, jb Gebremichael, M. W. ag, A. A. ag, jc Gelaye, A. A. jd, J. M. fh, R. je, jf Gibney, K. B. jg, A. Z. eq, M. D. fg, jh Giussani, G. ev, Godwin W. W. a, Gold A. a, Goldberg E. M. a, P. N. ji, A. jj, S. V. jk, A. jl, Graetz N. a, F. ib, jm Griswold, M. a Guban, P. I. jn, H. C. jo, P. C. jp, R. jq, R. jr, T. js, V. jt, T. D. fb, jv Hafezi-Nejad, N. t xb, D. eq, A. D. ep, jx Hailu, G. B. ag, jc Hakuzimana, A. jz, ka Hamadeh, R. R. kb, M. T. ff, S. kc, M. kd, G. J. ke, kf kg, Y. kh, H. L. cl, H. A. eq, J. M. mw, Hassanvand M. S. w, xc Havmoeller, R. ca, R. J. fd, kk Hay, S. I. a bl, D. kl, I. B. df, H. W. ju, km Horino, M. ko, N. kp, H. D. kq, A. S. kr, ks Hu, G. kt, H. ku, J. J. kv, Huntley B. M. a, Huynh C. a, K. M. kw, B. V. kx, K. ky, A. A. fg, kj Jahanmehr, N. kz, M. B. lb, P. dv, S. L. lc, M. ld, S. P. le, A. U. lf, lg Jeemon, P. gx, lh li, nh Jha, V. bm, lk John, D. ll, Johnson C. a, Johnson S. C. a, J. B. lm, K. ln, Z. lo, Y. lp, R. lq, H. ls, A. lt, lu Karema, C. K. id, lv Karimi, S. M. lw, Kasaeian A. t, y xd, Kassebaum N. J. a, lx Kastor, A. hs, S. V. ly, P. N. lz, ma Kemmer, L. a Kemp, A. H. mc, me Kengne, A. P. jz, mf Kerbo, A. A. if, M. iv, C. N. lq, Y. S. mg, Khalil I. a, A. R. ih, E. A. mh, G. mi, Y. -H. mj, A. T. A. ml, I. iv, J. mm, G. D. ay, D. mn, Kim P. a, Y. J. mo, R. W. mp, Y. mq, N. fq, M. by, Y. mr, A. ms, D. mt, J. A. fq, S. mu, P. A. mv, A. mw, M. mx, S. my, Krohn K. J. a, Kuate Defo, B. mz, na, Kucuk Bicer, B. nb, E. J. nd, V. S. ne, G. A. lj, F. A. fg, kj Kutz, M. a Kyu, H. H. a Lager, A. C. J. nf, A. ng, D. K. ni, Lalloo R. k, T. nj, Q. nl, Langan S. M. i, V. C. nm, nn Larson, H. J. a h, A. no, D. O. cp, A. A. np, A. E. B. nq, J. L. nr, J. bf, M. ky, nt Leshargie, C. T. ay, Leung J. e, j Leung, R. nu, M. nv, X. nw, Lim S. S. a, Lind M. a, S. nx, S. E. ny, nz Liu, P. a Liu, Y. oa, L. -T. ob, oc Logroscino, G. od, A. D. do, S. A. oe, P. A. ez, R. df, R. of, og Lyons, R. A. mb, E. R. K. kv, M. T. oh, Magdy Abd El Razek, H. oi, M. oj, M. ok, ol Majeed, A. ib, Malekzadeh R. z, xe Malta, D. C. on, Mantovani LG, T. op, C. C. gl, W. oq, G. B. md, ns Marquez, N. a Martinez-Raga, J. or, os Marzan, M. B. ot, J. hc, ou Mathur, M. R. ni, P. K. ov, M. ow, McAlinden, C. ox, oy McGrath, J. J. l McNellan, C. a Meaney, P. A. oz, pa Mehari, A. pb, M. M. pc, T. pd, A. B. bf, bj Meles, K. G. ad, Z. A. pe, pf Mengesha, M. M. ff, D. T. ae, Mengistie M. A. n, B. G. eq, G. A. pg, Mereta S. T. n, A. dp, ph Meretoja, T. J. nk, pi Mezgebe, H. B. ag, R. pj, Millear A. a, E. J. pl, Minnig S. a, Mirarefin M. a, pm Mirrakhimov, E. M. pn, po Mock, C. N. c Mohammad, K. A. pp, S. ea, pq Mohanty, S. K. hs, Mokdad A. H. a, G. L. D. pr, M. fd, L. ps, M. ps, Moradi-Lakeh M. a, pt Moraga, P. pz, L. pv, pw Mori, R. qa, Moses M. a, U. O. qc, S. fq, K. I. qd, J. B. qe, qf qg, C. qh, G. qj, Naghavi M. a, A. bh, L. qk, V. ql, B. R. qm, qn Negoi, I. qo, S. P. ks, C. R. qp, Ng M. a, F. N. qq, J. W. qr, Nguyen G. a, D. N. A. db, qs Nolte, S. cc, qt rj, M. qv, O. F. jx, B. av, J. J. N. jz, qw Obermeyer, C. M. qx, F. A. qy, I. -H. ra, A. rb, O. rc, rd Olagunju, A. T. ci, P. R. re, Olsen H. E. a, B. O. rf, J. O. rf, J. N. rg, E. rh, A. ri, R. H. rk, M. dy, rl Owolabi, M. O. rm, rn Mahesh, P. A. ro, Pain A. W. a, S. rp, Palomares Castillo, E. rq, rr Pana, A. kx, C. cd, Parsaeian M. u, v xa, T. rs, G. C. dn, D. rt, V. K. aq, Pearce N. i, D. M. ru, R. rv, F. rw, rx Perico, N. Pesudovs, K. ry, M. rz, sa Phillips, M. R. oa, sb Pigott, D. M. a Pillay, J. D. sc, Pinho C. a, S. nc, C. D. sd, V. se, M. sf, M. sg, Quistberg D. A. c, d Radfar, A. sh, A. si, sj Rahimi, K. bm, V. aa, xf Rahman, M. sk, M. H. U. hs, R. K. sl, U. hs, S. M. si, sj Rankin, Z. a Rao, P. V. sm, sn Rao, P. C. a Rawaf, S. ib, M. A. S. om, Reitsma M. a, G. fl, so sp, A. M. N. N. qz, S. sq, sr Rezaei, S. aw, M. S. br, A. L. qm, H. S. ff, M. B. ac, Roshandel G. z, st xe, Roth G. A. a, D. qi, N. K. su, sv Sachdev, P. S. ss, sw Sackey, B. B. sx, M. Y. sy, S. sz, R. aq, M. A. ab, xg Saleh, M. M. ta, J. A. du, A. M. tb, J. R. tc, td Sanchez-Niño, M. D. te, Sandar L. a, I. S. ey, J. V. hc, Santric Milicevic, M. M. eh, ei Sarmiento-Suarez, R. tf, B. tg, ti Satpathy, M. aq, M. hu, M. tj, M. I. tk, B. fv, tl Schutte, A. E. tm, tn Schwebel, D. C. bb, S. qf, A. M. ff, C. N. if, Sepanlou S. G. z, xe Serdar, B. to, E. E. df, T. ck, Shackelford K. A. a, A. tp, S. tq, M. A. tr, Shamsipour M. x, xh, Shariful Islam, S. M. bh, J. ts, R. tt, J. lr, Sheikhbahaei S. t, wz Shen, J. ft, tu Shi, P. pk, M. tv, tw Shin, M. -J. tx, R. nj, H. tz, M. G. dy, E. L. S. if, I. D. ua, D. A. S. ub, D. G. A. uc, S. ca, J. A. ud, O. P. ue, P. K. uf, V. ug, A. H. uh, A. E. ui, V. hu, kn Sliwa, K. jy, Smith A. a, E. uj, uk Soneji, S. ul, J. B. um, T. C. M. un, L. A. uo, C. T. up, V. uq, N. jm, ur Steiner, C. a Steinke, S. us, M. A. qu, S. bs, M. ut, K. uu, uv Sturua, L. iv, M. B. uw, R. A. ux, J. px, py uy, Sur P. a, S. uz, B. L. va, R. gf, K. M. vb, G. R. ad, R. T. vc, M. vd, M. ve, N. vf, vg Teeple, S. a Tegegne, T. K. ay, A. pu, T. ip, vh Tekle, D. Y. ag, Temam Shifa, G. eq, vi Terkawi, A. S. vj, vk vl, A. G. ag, J. S. vm, A. J. vn, T. ee, T. Y. ay, R. vo, M. vp, R. vq, vr Tortajada, M. vs, Troeger C. a, T. vt, A. K. fg, jv Uchendu, U. S. vu, K. N. vv, E. A. vw, C. J. vx, O. A. vy, Van Boven, J. F. M. jv, Van Dingenen, R. vz, S. gq, T. wa, N. wb, F. S. wc, S. K. wd, V. V. we, Vollset S. E. a, ht jw, Vos T. a, Wagner J. A. a, Wakayo T. n, S. G. wf, Walson J. L. e, wg Wang, H. a Wang, Y. -P. wh, Watkins D. A. e, jz Weiderpass, E. bz, wi wj, wk Weintraub, R. G. dn, oh Wen, C. -P. iw, A. qb, J. wl, wm Westerman, R. qc, wn Whiteford, H. A. a j, gi Wilkinson, J. D. ny, nz Wiysonge, C. S. qf, wo Woldeyes, C. D. A. fc, wp Won, S. mk, Workicho A. n, wq Workie, S. B. if, M. wr, ws Xavier, D. wt, G. wu, A. K. hs, M. wv, B. th, L. L. ww, Y. wx, M. la, xi Yimam, H. H. dc, P. xj, xk Yonemoto, N. xl, S. -J. ty, M. Z. xm, C. xn, xo Zaidi, Z. xp, El Sayed Zaki, M. xq, C. xr, xs Zapata, T. xt, Z. M. ag, Zoeckler L. a, L. J. xu, Murray C. J. L., Barber R. M., A, Fullman N., A, Sorensen R. J. D., A, Bollyky T., F, McKee M., I, Nolte E., G, Abajobir A. A., J, Abate K. H., N, Abbafati C., O, Abbas K. M., P, Abd-Allah F., Q, Abdulle A. M., R, Abdurahman, A. A., A, Abera, S. F., A, Ah, A, B., A, Abreha, G. F., A, Adane, K., A, Adelekan, A. L., A, Ak, A, I. M. O., I, Afshin A., A, Agarwal, A., A, Ap, A, S. K., A, S., A, Agrawal, At, Ahmad, K, Ahmadi, Ahmed, K. Y., A, Ahmed M. B., M, Akinyemi, R. O., A, Az, A, T. F., B, Akseer, N., A, Bc, A, Z., B, Alam, K., B, Bf, D, Dq, A, N., B, S. S., B, Alemu, Z. A., A, Alene, K. A., B, Alexander L., A, Ali, R., B, S. D., B, Bo, B, Alizadeh-Navaei, Alkerwi, A., B, Alla, F., B, Allebeck, P., B, Allen C., A, Al-Raddadi, R., C, Alsharif, U., C, Altirkawi, K. A., C, Alvarez, M, E., C, Alvis-Guzman, N., C, Amare, A. T., C, Cj, G, Amini E., S, T, W, Ammar, W., C, Amo-Adjei, J., C, Cn, A, Y. A., C, Anderson B. 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A., F, Cárdenas, R., F, Cahuana-Hurtado, Campos-Nonato, I. R., D, Dx, C, J., F, Carrero, J. J., B, Casey D., A, Caso, V., G, Castañeda-Orjuela, C. A., G, Gc, Castillo, R, J., G, Ge, C, F., G, Gg, C, P., G, Cercy K., A, Charlson F. J., A, J, G, Chen A. Z., A, Chew A., A, Chibalabala, M., G, Chibueze, C. E., G, Chisumpa, V. H., G, Gm, C, A. A., G, Chowdhury, R., G, Christensen, H., G, Christopher, D. J., G, Ciobanu, L. G., C, Cirillo, Coggeshall M. S., A, Cooper, L. T., G, Cortinovis, Crump, J. A., G, Dalal, K., G, Danawi, Dandona L., A, Gy, D, R., A, Dargan, P. I., G, Das, N, J., H, Hb, D, G., H, Davitoiu, D. V., H, Davletov, K., H, Hg, De, L, D., H, Del, G, L. C., E, Del, P, B., E, Dellavalle, R. P., H, Deribe, Hj, D, Bk, Des, J, D. C., H, Hl, D, S., H, Dharmaratne, S. D., H, Dicker D., A, Ding, E. L., D, Dokova, Dorsey, E. R., H, Doyle, K. E., H, Hr, D, M., H, Ehrenkranz R., A, Ellingsen, C. L., H, Elyazar, I., H, Enayati, A., H, Ermakov, S. 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P., J, Mf, K, A. A., I, Kereselidze, M., I, Kesavachandran, C. N., L, Khader, Y. S., M, Khalil I., A, Khan, A. R., I, E. A., M, G., M, Khang, Y. -H., M, Khoja, A. T. A., M, Khonelidze, I., I, Khubchandani, J., M, Kibret, G. D., A, Kim, D., M, Kim P., A, Y. J., M, Kimokoti, R. W., M, Kinfu, Y., M, Kissoon, N., F, Kivipelto, M., B, Kokubo, Kolk, A., M, Kolte, Kopec, J. A., F, Kosen, S., M, Koul, P. A., M, Koyanagi, Kravchenko, M., M, Krishnaswami, Krohn K. J., A, Kuate, D, B., M, Na, Kucuk, B, B., N, Kuipers, E. J., N, Kulkarni, V. S., N, Kumar, G. A., L, Kumsa, F. A., F, Kj, K, H. H., A, A. C. J., N, Lal, A., N, D. K., N, Lalloo R., K, Lallukka, T., N, Lan, Q., N, Langan S. M., I, Lansingh, V. C., N, Nn, L, H. J., A, Larsson, Laryea, D. O., C, Latif, A. A., N, Lawrynowicz, A. E. B., N, Leasher, J. L., N, Leigh, Leinsalu, Nt, L, C. T., A, Leung J., E, J, L, R., N, Levi, M., N, Liang, X., N, Lim S. S., A, Lind M., A, Linn, S., N, Lipshultz, S. 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- Abstract
Background National levels of personal health-care access and quality can be approximated by measuring mortality rates from causes that should not be fatal in the presence of effective medical care (ie, amenable mortality). Previous analyses of mortality amenable to health care only focused on high-income countries and faced several methodological challenges. In the present analysis, we use the highly standardised cause of death and risk factor estimates generated through the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) to improve and expand the quantification of personal health-care access and quality for 195 countries and territories from 1990 to 2015. Methods We mapped the most widely used list of causes amenable to personal health care developed by Nolte and McKee to 32 GBD causes. We accounted for variations in cause of death certification and misclassifications through the extensive data standardisation processes and redistribution algorithms developed for GBD. To isolate the effects of personal health-care access and quality, we risk-standardised cause-specific mortality rates for each geography-year by removing the joint effects of local environmental and behavioural risks, and adding back the global levels of risk exposure as estimated for GBD 2015. We employed principal component analysis to create a single, interpretable summary measure-the Healthcare Quality and Access (HAQ) Index-on a scale of 0 to 100. The HAQ Index showed strong convergence validity as compared with other health-system indicators, including health expenditure per capita (r=0·88), an index of 11 universal health coverage interventions (r=0·83), and human resources for health per 1000 (r=0·77). We used free disposal hull analysis with bootstrapping to produce a frontier based on the relationship between the HAQ Index and the Socio-demographic Index (SDI), a measure of overall development consisting of income per capita, average years of education, and total fertilit
- Published
- 2017
3. Healthcare access and quality index based on mortality from causes amenable to personal health care in 195 countries and territories, 1990-2015: A novel analysis from the global burden of disease study 2015
- Author
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Barber, R, Fullman, N, Sorensen, R, Bollyky, T, Mckee, M, Nolte, E, Abajobir, A, Abate, K, Abbafati, C, Abbas, K, Abd-Allah, F, Abdulle, A, Abdurahman, A. A., A, Abera, S. F., A, Ah, A, B., A, Abreha, G. F., A, Adane, K., A, Adelekan, A. L., A, Ak, A, I. M. O. i., A, Afshin, A, Agarwal, A., A, Ap, A, S. K., A, S., A, Agrawal, At, Ahmad, K, Ahmadi, Ahmed, K. Y., A, Ahmed, M, Akinyemi, R. O., A, Az, A, T. F., B, Akseer, N., A, Bc, A, Z., B, Alam, K., B, Bf, D, Dq, A, N., B, S. S., B, Alemu, Z. A., A, Alene, K. A., B, Alexander, L, Ali, R., B, S. D., B, Bo, B, Alizadeh-Navaei, Alkerwi, A., B, Alla, F., B, Allebeck, P., B, Allen, C, Al-Raddadi, R., C, Alsharif, U., C, Altirkawi, K. A., C, Alvarez, M, E., C, Alvis-Guzman, N., C, Amare, A. T., C, Cj, G, Amini, E, T, W, Ammar, W., C, Amo-Adjei, J., C, Cn, A, Y. A., C, Anderson, B, Androudi, S., C, Ansari, H., C, Ansha, M. G., C, Antonio, C. A. T., C, Ärnlöv, J., B, Cv, A, A., C, Asayesh, Assadi, Astatkie, Atey, T. M., A, Atique, S., D, Atnafu, N. T., D, Dd, A, S. R., D, Avila-Burgos, L., D, Avokpaho, E. F. G. A., D, Dh, Ayala, Q, B. P., D, Dj, A, A., D, Ayele, N. N., D, Azzopardi, P., D, Dn, D, Ds, Ba, S, H. O., D, Bärnighausen, T., D, Dz, E, Bacha, U., E, Badawi, Ec, B, A., E, Barac, Barboza, M. A., E, Ek, B, S. L., E, Barrero, L. H., E, Basu, S., E, Baune, B. T., C, Gr, B, K., E, Bayou, Y. T., E, Bazargan-Hejazi, Et, B, N., E, Beghi, E., E, Béjot, Y., E, Bello, A. K., E, Bennett, D. A., B, Bensenor, I. M., E, Berhane, A., F, Bernabé, E., F, Bernal, O. A., F, Beyene, A. S., F, Ki, B, T. J., E, Fi, B, Z. A., B, Fj, B, S., F, Bikbov, B., F, Birlik, S. M., F, Birungi, C., E, Biryukov, S, Bisanzio, D., B, Bizuayehu, H. M., F, Bose, D., F, Brainin, M., F, Brauer, M, Fq, B, Fs, B, N. J. K., F, Brenner, H., F, Butt, Z. A., F, Cárdenas, R., F, Cahuana-Hurtado, Campos-Nonato, I. R., D, Dx, C, J., F, Carrero, J. J., B, Casey, D, Caso, V., G, Castañeda-Orjuela, C. A., G, Gc, Castillo, R, J., G, Ge, C, F., G, Gg, C, P., G, Cercy, K, Charlson, F, J, G, Chen, A, Chew, A, Chibalabala, M., G, Chibueze, C. E., G, Chisumpa, V. H., G, Gm, C, A. A., G, Chowdhury, R., G, Christensen, H., G, Christopher, D. J., G, Ciobanu, L. G., C, Cirillo, Coggeshall, M, Cooper, L. T., G, Cortinovis, Crump, J. A., G, Dalal, K., G, Danawi, Dandona, L, Gy, D, R. a., G, Dargan, P. I., G, Das, N, J., H, Hb, D, G., H, Davitoiu, D. V., H, Davletov, K., H, Hg, De, L, D., H, Del, G, L. C., E, Del, P, B., E, Dellavalle, R. P., H, Deribe, Hj, D, Bk, Des, J, D. C., H, Hl, D, S., H, Dharmaratne, S. D., H, Dicker, D, Ding, E. L., D, Dokova, Dorsey, E. R., H, Doyle, K. E., H, Hr, D, M., H, Ehrenkranz, R, Ellingsen, C. L., H, Elyazar, I., H, Enayati, A., H, Ermakov, S. P., H, Hy, E, B., H, Ia, E, A. t., W, Estep, K, Fürst, T, Ic, I, Faghmous, I, Fanuel, F. B. B., C, If, F, E. J. A., C, Ig, F, T. A., I, Farinha, C. S. E. S., I, Ij, F, A., I, Farvid, M. S., D, Il, F, F. u., X, Feigin, V. L., I, Feigl, A. B., D, Fereshtehnejad, S. -M., B, Fernandes, J. G., I, J. C., I, Feyissa, T. R., I, Fischer, F., I, Fitzmaurice, C, B, I, Fleming, T, Foigt, N., I, Foreman, K, Ib, F, M. H., I, Franklin, R. C., I, Frostad, J, Ghiwot, T, Gakidou, E, Gambashidze, K., I, Gamkrelidze, Gao, W., I, Garcia-Basteiro, A. L., I, Iz, G, T., J, Gebremedhin, A, Jb, G, M. W., A, Gebru, Jc, G, A. A., J, Geleijnse, J. M., F, Genova-Maleras, R., J, Jf, G, K. B., J, Giref, A. Z., E, Gishu, M. D., F, Jh, G, G., E, Godwin, W, Gold, A, Goldberg, E, Gona, P. N., J, Goodridge, A., J, Gopalani, S. V., J, Goto, Graetz, N, Greaves, Jm, G, Guban, M, P. I., J, Gugnani, H. C., J, Gupta, P. C., J, V., J, Habtewold, T. D., F, Jv, H, N. t., X, Haile, D., E, Hailu, A. D., E, Jx, H, G. B., A, Jc, H, Ka, H, R. R., K, Hambisa, M. T., F, Hamidi, S., K, Hammami, M., K, Hankey, G. J., K, Kf, K, Hao, Y., K, Harb, H. L., C, Hareri, H. A., E, Haro, J. M., M, Hassanvand, M, Xc, H, Hay, R. J., F, Kk, H, S. I. a., B, Hendrie, D., K, Heredia-Pi, I. B., D, Hoek, H. W., J, Km, H, Horita, N., K, Hosgood, H. D., K, Htet, A. S., K, Ks, H, G., K, Huang, H., K, J. J., K, Huntley, B, Huynh, C, Iburg, K. M., K, Ileanu, B. V., K, Innos, K., K, Irenso, A. A., F, Kj, J, Jakovljevic, M. B., L, James, S. L., L, Javanbakht, M., L, Jayaraman, S. P., L, Jayatilleke, A. U., L, Lg, J, Lh, L, Nh, J, V., B, Lk, J, D., L, Johnson, C, Johnson, S, Jonas, J. B., L, Juel, K., L, Kabir, Z., L, Kalkonde, Y., L, Kamal, R., L, Kan, H., L, Karch, A., L, Lu, K, C. K., I, Lv, K, S. M., L, Kasaeian, A, Y, X, Kassebaum, N, Lx, K, Katikireddi, S. V., L, Kazanjan, Keiyoro, P. N., L, Ma, K, Kemp, L, A. H., M, Me, K, A. P., J, Mf, K, A. A., I, Kereselidze, M., I, Kesavachandran, C. N., L, Khader, Y. S., M, Khalil, I, Khan, A. R., I, E. A., M, G., M, Khang, Y. -H., M, Khoja, A. T. A., M, Khonelidze, I., I, Khubchandani, J., M, Kibret, G. D., A, Kim, D., M, Kim, P, Y. J., M, Kimokoti, R. W., M, Kinfu, Y., M, Kissoon, N., F, Kivipelto, M., B, Kokubo, Kolk, A., M, Kolte, Kopec, J. A., F, Kosen, S., M, Koul, P. A., M, Koyanagi, Kravchenko, M., M, Krishnaswami, Krohn, K, Kuate, D, B., M, Na, Kucuk, B, B., N, Kuipers, E. J., N, Kulkarni, V. S., N, Kumar, G. A., L, Kumsa, F. A., F, Kj, K, Kyu, M, Lager, H, A. C. J., N, Lal, A., N, D. K., N, Lalloo, R, Lallukka, T., N, Lan, Q., N, Langan, S, Lansingh, V. C., N, Nn, L, H, H, Larsson, Laryea, D. O., C, Latif, A. A., N, Lawrynowicz, A. E. B., N, Leasher, J. L., N, Leigh, Leinsalu, Nt, L, C. T., A, Leung, J, J, L, R., N, Levi, M., N, Liang, X., N, Lim, S, Lind, M, Linn, S., N, Lipshultz, S. E., N, Nz, L, Liu, P, Y., O, Lo, L. -T., O, Oc, L, G., O, Lopez, A. D., D, Lorch, S. A., O, Lotufo, P. A., E, Lozano, R., D, Lunevicius, R., O, Og, L, R. A., M, Macarayan, E. R. K., K, Mackay, M. T., O, Magdy Abd El, R, H., O, M., O, Mahdavi, Ol, M, Malekzadeh, R, Xe, M, D. C., O, Mantovani, L, Manyazewal, T., O, Mapoma, C. C., G, Marcenes, W., O, Marks, G. B., M, Ns, M, Martinez-Raga, N, J., O, Os, M, M. B., O, Massano, Ou, M, M. R., N, Maulik, P. K., O, Mazidi, Mcalinden, C., O, Oy, M, Mcnellan, J, Meaney, C, P. A., O, Pa, M, A., P, Mehndiratta, M. M., P, Meier, T., P, Mekonnen, A. B., B, Bj, M, K. G., A, Memish, Z. A., P, Pf, M, M. M., F, Mengiste, D. T., A, Mengistie, M, Menota, B. G., E, Mensah, G. A., P, Mereta, S, Meretoja, Ph, M, T. J., N, Pi, M, H. B., A, Micha, R., P, Millear, A, Mills, E. J., P, Minnig, S, Mirarefin, M, Pm, M, E. M., P, Po, M, Mohammad, C, K. A., P, Mohammed, Pq, M, S. K., H, Mokdad, A, Mola, G. L. D., P, Molokhia, Monasta, L., P, Montico, M., P, Moradi-Lakeh, M, Pt, M, P., P, Morawska, Pw, M, R., Q, Moses, M, Mueller, U. O., Q, Murthy, Musa, K. I., Q, Nachega, J. B., Q, Qf, Q, Nagata, C., Q, Nagel, G., Q, Naghavi, M, Naheed, Naldi, L., Q, Nangia, V., Q, Nascimento, B. R., Q, Qn, N, I., Q, Neupane, S. P., K, Newton, C. R., Q, Ng, M, Ngalesoni, F. N., Q, Ngunjiri, J. W., Q, Nguyen, G, Ningrum, D. N. A., D, Qs, N, Qt, R, Nomura, M., Q, Norheim, O. F., J, Norrving, Noubiap, J. J. N., J, Qw, O, C. M., Q, Ogbo, F. A., Q, Oh, I. -H., R, Okoro, A., R, Oladimeji, O., R, Rd, O, Olivares, P. R., R, Olsen, H, Olusanya, B. O., R, J. O., R, Opio, J. N., R, Oren, E., R, Ortiz, Osborne, R. H., R, Osman, M., D, Rl, O, M. O., R, Rn, M, P. A., R, Pain, A, Pakhale, S., R, Palomares, C, Rr, P, A., K, Papachristou, C., C, Parsaeian, M, V, X, Patel, T., R, Patton, G. C., D, Paudel, D., R, Paul, V. K., A, Pearce, N, Pereira, D. M., R, Perez-Padilla, R., R, Perez-Ruiz, F., R, Rx, P, N., P, K., R, Petzold, M., R, Sa, P, M. R., O, Sb, P, Pillay, D, J. D., S, Pinho, C, Polinder, Pond, C. D., S, Prakash, V., S, Purwar, M., S, Qorbani, Quistberg, D, D, R, A., S, Rafay, Sj, R, Rahimi-Movaghar, V., A, Xf, R, Rahman, M. H. U., H, Rai, R. K., S, Ram, U., H, Rana, S. M., S, Rao, Z, P. V., S, Sn, R, Rawaf, P, S., I, Rego, M. A. S., O, Reitsma, M, Remuzzi, G., F, So, S, Renzaho, A. M. N. N., Q, Resnikoff, S., S, Sr, R, Rezai, M. S., B, Ribeiro, A. L., Q, Roba, H. S., F, Rokni, M. B., A, Ronfani, Roshandel, G, St, X, Roth, G, Rothenbacher, D., Q, Roy, N. K., S, Sv, S, P. S., S, Sw, S, B. B., S, Saeedi, M. Y., S, Safiri, Sagar, R., A, Sahraian, M. A., A, Xg, S, M. M., T, Salomon, J. A., D, Samy, A. M., T, Sanabria, J. R., T, Td, S, M. D., T, Sandar, L, Santos, I. S., E, J. V., H, Santric, M, M. M., E, Ei, S, R., T, Sartorius, B., T, Ti, S, M., A, Savic, Sawhney, M., T, Saylan, M. I., T, Schöttker, Tl, S, A. E., T, Tn, S, D. C., B, Seedat, S., Q, Seid, A. M., F, Seifu, C. N., I, Sepanlou, S, Xe, S, Servan-Mori, E. E., D, Setegn, T., C, Shackelford, K, Shaheen, A., T, Shahraz, S., T, Shaikh, M. A., T, Shakh-Nazarova, Shamsipour, M, Xh, Shariful, I, S. M., B, Sharma, J., T, She, J., L, Sheikhbahaei, S, Wz, S, Tu, S, Shigematsu, Tw, S, M. -J., T, Shiri, Shoman, H., T, Shrime, M. G., D, Sibamo, E. L. S., I, Sigfusdottir, I. D., U, Silva, D. A. S., U, Silveira, D. G. A., U, Sindi, Singh, J. A., U, O. P., U, P. K., U, V., U, Sinke, A. H., U, Sinshaw, A. E., U, Skirbekk, V., H, Kn, S, K., J, Smith, A, Sobngwi, E., U, Uk, S, S., U, Soriano, J. B., U, Sousa, T. C. M., U, Sposato, L. A., U, Sreeramareddy, C. T., U, Stathopoulou, Steel, N., J, Ur, S, Steinke, C, Stokes, M. A., Q, Stranges, S., B, Strong, M., U, Stroumpoulis, K., U, Uv, S, L., I, Sufiyan, M. B., U, Suliankatchi, R. A., U, Sun, J., P, Py, U, Sur, P, Swaminathan, Sykes, B. L., V, Tabarés-Seisdedos, Tabb, K. M., V, Taffere, G. R., A, Talongwa, R. T., V, Tarajia, M., V, Tavakkoli, Taveira, N., V, Vg, T, Tegegne, S, T. K., A, Tehrani-Banihashemi, Tekelab, T., I, Vh, T, D. Y., A, Temam, S, Vi, T, A. S., V, Vk, V, Tesema, A. G., A, Thakur, J. S., V, Thomson, A. J., V, Tillmann, T., E, Tiruye, T. Y., A, Tobe-Gai, R., V, Tonelli, Topor-Madry, Vr, T, Troeger, C, Truelsen, T., V, Tura, A. K., F, Jv, U, U. S., V, Ukwaja, K. N., V, Undurraga, E. A., V, Uneke, C. J., V, Uthman, O. A., V, Van, B, J. F. M., J, Van, D, Varughese, S., G, Vasankari, T., W, Venketasubramanian, N., W, Violante, F. S., W, Vladimirov, S. K., W, Vlassov, V. V., W, Vollset, S, Ht, J, Vos, T, Wagner, J, Wakayo, T, Waller, S. G., W, Walson, J, Wg, W, Wang, H, Y. -P., W, Watkins, D, Jz, W, E., B, Wi, W, Wk, W, R. G., D, Oh, W, C. -P., I, Werdecker, A., Q, Wesana, J., W, Wm, W, Wn, W, H. A. a., J, Gi, W, J. D., N, Nz, W, C. S., Q, Wo, W, Wolfe, C. D. A., F, Wp, W, Workicho, A, Wq, W, S. B., I, Wubshet, M., W, Ws, X, D., W, Xu, G., W, Yadav, A. K., H, Yaghoubi, Yakob, Yan, L. L., W, Yano, Y., W, Yaseri, Xi, Y, H. H., D, Yip, P., X, Xk, Y, N., X, Yoon, S. -J., T, Younis, M. Z., X, Yu, C., X, Xo, Z, Z., X, El Sayed, Z, M., X, Zambrana-Torrelio, Xs, Z, T., X, Zenebe, Z. M., A, Zodpey, Zoeckler, L, Zuhlke, L. J., X, Murray, C, Barber R. M. a, Fullman N. a, Sorensen R. J. D. a, Bollyky T. f, McKee M. i, Nolte E. g, Abajobir A. A. j, Abate K. H. n, Abbafati C. o, Abbas K. M. p, Abd-Allah F. q, Abdulle A. M. r, A. A. ac, S. F. ad, ah Abraham, B. ai, G. F. ad, K. af, A. L. aj, ak Adetifa, I. M. O. i al, Afshin A. a, A. ao, ap Agarwal, S. K. aq, S. ar, A. as, at, Ahmad Kiadaliri, A. au, A. ax, K. Y. ay, Ahmed M. B. m, R. O. ak, az Akinyemiju, T. F. ba, N. am, bc Al-Aly, Z. bd, K. be, bf dn, dq Alam, N. bg, S. S. bh, Z. A. ay, K. A. bi, Alexander L. a, R. bm, S. D. bn, bo bp, R. bq, A. bs, F. bt, P. bu, Allen C. a, R. cb, U. cd, K. A. ce, Alvarez Martin, E. cf, N. cg, A. T. ch, cj gr, Amini E. s, t wy, W. cl, J. cm, cn Amoako, Y. A. co, Anderson B. O. e, S. cq, H. cr, M. G. cs, C. A. T. ct, J. bv, cv Artaman, A. cw, H. cx, R. cy, A. cz, T. M. ag, S. da, N. T. dc, dd Atre, S. R. de, L. df, E. F. G. A. dg, dh, Ayala Quintanilla, B. P. di, dj Awasthi, A. dk, N. N. dl, P. dm, dn dr, ds, Ba Saleem, H. O. dt, T. du, dz ea, U. eb, A. an, ec Banerjee, A. ed, A. eg, M. A. ej, ek Barker-Collo, S. L. el, L. H. en, S. eo, B. T. ch, gr Baye, K. eq, Y. T. er, S. es, et Bedi, N. eu, E. ev, Y. ew, A. K. ex, D. A. bm, I. M. ez, A. fa, E. fd, O. A. fe, A. S. ff, ki Beyene, T. J. eq, fi Bhutta, Z. A. bc, fj Biadgilign, S. fk, B. fl, S. M. fm, C. ef, Biryukov S. a, D. bk, H. M. fn, D. fo, M. fp, Brauer M. a, fq Brazinova, A. fr, fs Breitborde, N. J. K. fu, H. fw, Z. A. fx, R. fy, I. R. df, dx Car, J. fz, J. J. bw, Casey D. a, V. ga, C. A. gb, gc, Castillo Rivas, J. gd, ge Catalá-López, F. gf, gg Cecilio, P. gh, Cercy K. a, Charlson F. J. a, j gi, Chen A. Z. a, Chew A. a, M. gj, C. E. gk, V. H. gl, gm Chitheer, A. A. gn, R. go, H. gp, D. J. gq, L. G. ci, M. gs, Coggeshall M. S. a, L. T. gt, M. fl, J. A. gu, K. gv, H. gw, Dandona L. a, gy Dandona, R. a gy, P. I. gz, Das Neves, J. ha, hb Davey, G. hd, D. V. he, K. hf, hg, De Leo, D. hh, Del Gobbo, L. C. eo, Del Pozo-Cruz, B. em, R. P. hi, K. ep, hj Deribew, A. al, bk, Des Jarlais, D. C. hk, hl Dey, S. hm, S. D. hn, Dicker D. a, E. L. dx, K. ho, E. R. hp, K. E. hq, hr Dubey, M. hs, Ehrenkranz R. a, C. L. hu, I. hv, A. hw, S. P. hx, hy Eshrati, B. hz, ia Esteghamati, A. t wz, Estep K. a, Fürst T. h, ic ie, Faghmous I. D. A. i, F. B. B. cz, if Faraon, E. J. A. cu, ig Farid, T. A. ih, C. S. E. S. ii, ij Faro, A. ik, M. S. dw, il Farzadfar, F. u xa, V. L. im, A. B. du, S. -M. bx, J. G. in, J. C. io, T. R. ip, F. iq, Fitzmaurice C. a, b ir, Fleming T. D. a, N. is, Foreman K. J. a, ib Forouzanfar, M. H. it, R. C. iu, Frostad J. a, Ghiwot T. T. n, Gakidou E. a, K. iv, A. iv, W. ix, A. L. iy, iz Gebre, T. ja, Gebremedhin A. T. n, jb Gebremichael, M. W. ag, A. A. ag, jc Gelaye, A. A. jd, J. M. fh, R. je, jf Gibney, K. B. jg, A. Z. eq, M. D. fg, jh Giussani, G. ev, Godwin W. W. a, Gold A. a, Goldberg E. M. a, P. N. ji, A. jj, S. V. jk, A. jl, Graetz N. a, F. ib, jm Griswold, M. a Guban, P. I. jn, H. C. jo, P. C. jp, R. jq, R. jr, T. js, V. jt, T. D. fb, jv Hafezi-Nejad, N. t xb, D. eq, A. D. ep, jx Hailu, G. B. ag, jc Hakuzimana, A. jz, ka Hamadeh, R. R. kb, M. T. ff, S. kc, M. kd, G. J. ke, kf kg, Y. kh, H. L. cl, H. A. eq, J. M. mw, Hassanvand M. S. w, xc Havmoeller, R. ca, R. J. fd, kk Hay, S. I. a bl, D. kl, I. B. df, H. W. ju, km Horino, M. ko, N. kp, H. D. kq, A. S. kr, ks Hu, G. kt, H. ku, J. J. kv, Huntley B. M. a, Huynh C. a, K. M. kw, B. V. kx, K. ky, A. A. fg, kj Jahanmehr, N. kz, M. B. lb, P. dv, S. L. lc, M. ld, S. P. le, A. U. lf, lg Jeemon, P. gx, lh li, nh Jha, V. bm, lk John, D. ll, Johnson C. a, Johnson S. C. a, J. B. lm, K. ln, Z. lo, Y. lp, R. lq, H. ls, A. lt, lu Karema, C. K. id, lv Karimi, S. M. lw, Kasaeian A. t, y xd, Kassebaum N. J. a, lx Kastor, A. hs, S. V. ly, P. N. lz, ma Kemmer, L. a Kemp, A. H. mc, me Kengne, A. P. jz, mf Kerbo, A. A. if, M. iv, C. N. lq, Y. S. mg, Khalil I. a, A. R. ih, E. A. mh, G. mi, Y. -H. mj, A. T. A. ml, I. iv, J. mm, G. D. ay, D. mn, Kim P. a, Y. J. mo, R. W. mp, Y. mq, N. fq, M. by, Y. mr, A. ms, D. mt, J. A. fq, S. mu, P. A. mv, A. mw, M. mx, S. my, Krohn K. J. a, Kuate Defo, B. mz, na, Kucuk Bicer, B. nb, E. J. nd, V. S. ne, G. A. lj, F. A. fg, kj Kutz, M. a Kyu, H. H. a Lager, A. C. J. nf, A. ng, D. K. ni, Lalloo R. k, T. nj, Q. nl, Langan S. M. i, V. C. nm, nn Larson, H. J. a h, A. no, D. O. cp, A. A. np, A. E. B. nq, J. L. nr, J. bf, M. ky, nt Leshargie, C. T. ay, Leung J. e, j Leung, R. nu, M. nv, X. nw, Lim S. S. a, Lind M. a, S. nx, S. E. ny, nz Liu, P. a Liu, Y. oa, L. -T. ob, oc Logroscino, G. od, A. D. do, S. A. oe, P. A. ez, R. df, R. of, og Lyons, R. A. mb, E. R. K. kv, M. T. oh, Magdy Abd El Razek, H. oi, M. oj, M. ok, ol Majeed, A. ib, Malekzadeh R. z, xe Malta, D. C. on, Mantovani LG, T. op, C. C. gl, W. oq, G. B. md, ns Marquez, N. a Martinez-Raga, J. or, os Marzan, M. B. ot, J. hc, ou Mathur, M. R. ni, P. K. ov, M. ow, McAlinden, C. ox, oy McGrath, J. J. l McNellan, C. a Meaney, P. A. oz, pa Mehari, A. pb, M. M. pc, T. pd, A. B. bf, bj Meles, K. G. ad, Z. A. pe, pf Mengesha, M. M. ff, D. T. ae, Mengistie M. A. n, B. G. eq, G. A. pg, Mereta S. T. n, A. dp, ph Meretoja, T. J. nk, pi Mezgebe, H. 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M. bh, J. ts, R. tt, J. lr, Sheikhbahaei S. t, wz Shen, J. ft, tu Shi, P. pk, M. tv, tw Shin, M. -J. tx, R. nj, H. tz, M. G. dy, E. L. S. if, I. D. ua, D. A. S. ub, D. G. A. uc, S. ca, J. A. ud, O. P. ue, P. K. uf, V. ug, A. H. uh, A. E. ui, V. hu, kn Sliwa, K. jy, Smith A. a, E. uj, uk Soneji, S. ul, J. B. um, T. C. M. un, L. A. uo, C. T. up, V. uq, N. jm, ur Steiner, C. a Steinke, S. us, M. A. qu, S. bs, M. ut, K. uu, uv Sturua, L. iv, M. B. uw, R. A. ux, J. px, py uy, Sur P. a, S. uz, B. L. va, R. gf, K. M. vb, G. R. ad, R. T. vc, M. vd, M. ve, N. vf, vg Teeple, S. a Tegegne, T. K. ay, A. pu, T. ip, vh Tekle, D. Y. ag, Temam Shifa, G. eq, vi Terkawi, A. S. vj, vk vl, A. G. ag, J. S. vm, A. J. vn, T. ee, T. Y. ay, R. vo, M. vp, R. vq, vr Tortajada, M. vs, Troeger C. a, T. vt, A. K. fg, jv Uchendu, U. S. vu, K. N. vv, E. A. vw, C. J. vx, O. A. vy, Van Boven, J. F. M. jv, Van Dingenen, R. vz, S. gq, T. wa, N. wb, F. S. wc, S. K. wd, V. V. we, Vollset S. E. a, ht jw, Vos T. a, Wagner J. A. a, Wakayo T. n, S. G. wf, Walson J. L. e, wg Wang, H. a Wang, Y. -P. wh, Watkins D. A. e, jz Weiderpass, E. bz, wi wj, wk Weintraub, R. G. dn, oh Wen, C. -P. iw, A. qb, J. wl, wm Westerman, R. qc, wn Whiteford, H. A. a j, gi Wilkinson, J. D. ny, nz Wiysonge, C. S. qf, wo Woldeyes, C. D. A. fc, wp Won, S. mk, Workicho A. n, wq Workie, S. B. if, M. wr, ws Xavier, D. wt, G. wu, A. K. hs, M. wv, B. th, L. L. ww, Y. wx, M. la, xi Yimam, H. H. dc, P. xj, xk Yonemoto, N. xl, S. -J. ty, M. Z. xm, C. xn, xo Zaidi, Z. xp, El Sayed Zaki, M. xq, C. xr, xs Zapata, T. xt, Z. M. ag, Zoeckler L. a, L. J. xu, Murray C. J. L., Barber, R, Fullman, N, Sorensen, R, Bollyky, T, Mckee, M, Nolte, E, Abajobir, A, Abate, K, Abbafati, C, Abbas, K, Abd-Allah, F, Abdulle, A, Abdurahman, A. A., A, Abera, S. F., A, Ah, A, B., A, Abreha, G. F., A, Adane, K., A, Adelekan, A. L., A, Ak, A, I. M. O. i., A, Afshin, A, Agarwal, A., A, Ap, A, S. K., A, S., A, Agrawal, At, Ahmad, K, Ahmadi, Ahmed, K. Y., A, Ahmed, M, Akinyemi, R. O., A, Az, A, T. F., B, Akseer, N., A, Bc, A, Z., B, Alam, K., B, Bf, D, Dq, A, N., B, S. S., B, Alemu, Z. A., A, Alene, K. A., B, Alexander, L, Ali, R., B, S. D., B, Bo, B, Alizadeh-Navaei, Alkerwi, A., B, Alla, F., B, Allebeck, P., B, Allen, C, Al-Raddadi, R., C, Alsharif, U., C, Altirkawi, K. A., C, Alvarez, M, E., C, Alvis-Guzman, N., C, Amare, A. T., C, Cj, G, Amini, E, T, W, Ammar, W., C, Amo-Adjei, J., C, Cn, A, Y. A., C, Anderson, B, Androudi, S., C, Ansari, H., C, Ansha, M. G., C, Antonio, C. A. T., C, Ärnlöv, J., B, Cv, A, A., C, Asayesh, Assadi, Astatkie, Atey, T. M., A, Atique, S., D, Atnafu, N. T., D, Dd, A, S. R., D, Avila-Burgos, L., D, Avokpaho, E. F. G. A., D, Dh, Ayala, Q, B. P., D, Dj, A, A., D, Ayele, N. N., D, Azzopardi, P., D, Dn, D, Ds, Ba, S, H. O., D, Bärnighausen, T., D, Dz, E, Bacha, U., E, Badawi, Ec, B, A., E, Barac, Barboza, M. A., E, Ek, B, S. L., E, Barrero, L. H., E, Basu, S., E, Baune, B. T., C, Gr, B, K., E, Bayou, Y. T., E, Bazargan-Hejazi, Et, B, N., E, Beghi, E., E, Béjot, Y., E, Bello, A. K., E, Bennett, D. A., B, Bensenor, I. M., E, Berhane, A., F, Bernabé, E., F, Bernal, O. A., F, Beyene, A. S., F, Ki, B, T. J., E, Fi, B, Z. A., B, Fj, B, S., F, Bikbov, B., F, Birlik, S. M., F, Birungi, C., E, Biryukov, S, Bisanzio, D., B, Bizuayehu, H. M., F, Bose, D., F, Brainin, M., F, Brauer, M, Fq, B, Fs, B, N. J. K., F, Brenner, H., F, Butt, Z. A., F, Cárdenas, R., F, Cahuana-Hurtado, Campos-Nonato, I. R., D, Dx, C, J., F, Carrero, J. J., B, Casey, D, Caso, V., G, Castañeda-Orjuela, C. A., G, Gc, Castillo, R, J., G, Ge, C, F., G, Gg, C, P., G, Cercy, K, Charlson, F, J, G, Chen, A, Chew, A, Chibalabala, M., G, Chibueze, C. E., G, Chisumpa, V. H., G, Gm, C, A. A., G, Chowdhury, R., G, Christensen, H., G, Christopher, D. J., G, Ciobanu, L. G., C, Cirillo, Coggeshall, M, Cooper, L. T., G, Cortinovis, Crump, J. 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A. a j, gi Wilkinson, J. D. ny, nz Wiysonge, C. S. qf, wo Woldeyes, C. D. A. fc, wp Won, S. mk, Workicho A. n, wq Workie, S. B. if, M. wr, ws Xavier, D. wt, G. wu, A. K. hs, M. wv, B. th, L. L. ww, Y. wx, M. la, xi Yimam, H. H. dc, P. xj, xk Yonemoto, N. xl, S. -J. ty, M. Z. xm, C. xn, xo Zaidi, Z. xp, El Sayed Zaki, M. xq, C. xr, xs Zapata, T. xt, Z. M. ag, Zoeckler L. a, L. J. xu, and Murray C. J. L.
- Abstract
Background National levels of personal health-care access and quality can be approximated by measuring mortality rates from causes that should not be fatal in the presence of effective medical care (ie, amenable mortality). Previous analyses of mortality amenable to health care only focused on high-income countries and faced several methodological challenges. In the present analysis, we use the highly standardised cause of death and risk factor estimates generated through the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) to improve and expand the quantification of personal health-care access and quality for 195 countries and territories from 1990 to 2015. Methods We mapped the most widely used list of causes amenable to personal health care developed by Nolte and McKee to 32 GBD causes. We accounted for variations in cause of death certification and misclassifications through the extensive data standardisation processes and redistribution algorithms developed for GBD. To isolate the effects of personal health-care access and quality, we risk-standardised cause-specific mortality rates for each geography-year by removing the joint effects of local environmental and behavioural risks, and adding back the global levels of risk exposure as estimated for GBD 2015. We employed principal component analysis to create a single, interpretable summary measure-the Healthcare Quality and Access (HAQ) Index-on a scale of 0 to 100. The HAQ Index showed strong convergence validity as compared with other health-system indicators, including health expenditure per capita (r=0·88), an index of 11 universal health coverage interventions (r=0·83), and human resources for health per 1000 (r=0·77). We used free disposal hull analysis with bootstrapping to produce a frontier based on the relationship between the HAQ Index and the Socio-demographic Index (SDI), a measure of overall development consisting of income per capita, average years of education, and total fertilit
- Published
- 2017
4. Healthcare Access and Quality Index based on mortality from causes amenable to personal health care in 195 countries and territories, 1990–2015: a novel analysis from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015
- Author
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Barber R. M. a, Fullman N. a, Sorensen R. J. D. a, Bollyky T. f, McKee M. i, Nolte E. g, Abajobir A. A. j, Abate K. H. n, Abbafati C. o, Abbas K. M. p, Abd-Allah F. q, Abdulle A. M. r, Abdurahman, A. A. ac, Abera, S. F. ad, ah Abraham, B. ai, Abreha, G. F. ad, Adane, K. af, Adelekan, A. L. aj, ak Adetifa, I. M. O. i al, Afshin A. a, Agarwal, A. ao, ap Agarwal, S. K. aq, S. ar, Agrawal, A. as, Ahmad Kiadaliri, A. au, Ahmadi, A. ax, Ahmed, K. Y. ay, Ahmed M. B. m, Akinyemi, R. O. ak, az Akinyemiju, T. F. ba, Akseer, N. am, bc Al-Aly, Z. bd, Alam, K. be, bf dn, dq Alam, N. bg, S. S. bh, Alemu, Z. A. ay, Alene, K. A. bi, Alexander L. a, Ali, R. bm, S. D. bn, bo bp, Alizadeh-Navaei, R. bq, Alkerwi, A. bs, Alla, F. bt, Allebeck, P. bu, Allen C. a, Al-Raddadi, R. cb, Alsharif, U. cd, Altirkawi, K. A. ce, Alvarez Martin, E. cf, Alvis-Guzman, N. cg, Amare, A. T. ch, cj gr, Amini E. s, t wy, Ammar, W. cl, Amo-Adjei, J. cm, cn Amoako, Y. A. co, Anderson B. O. e, Androudi, S. cq, Ansari, H. cr, Ansha, M. G. cs, Antonio, C. A. T. ct, Ärnlöv, J. bv, cv Artaman, A. cw, Asayesh, H. cx, Assadi, R. cy, Astatkie, A. cz, Atey, T. M. ag, Atique, S. da, Atnafu, N. T. dc, dd Atre, S. R. de, Avila-Burgos, L. df, Avokpaho, E. F. G. A. dg, Ayala Quintanilla, B. P. di, dj Awasthi, A. dk, Ayele, N. N. dl, Azzopardi, P. dm, dn dr, Ba Saleem, H. O. dt, Bärnighausen, T. du, dz ea, Bacha, U. eb, Badawi, A. an, ec Banerjee, A. ed, Barac, A. eg, Barboza, M. A. ej, ek Barker-Collo, S. L. el, Barrero, L. H. en, Basu, S. eo, Baune, B. T. ch, gr Baye, K. eq, Bayou, Y. T. er, Bazargan-Hejazi, S. es, et Bedi, N. eu, Beghi, E. ev, Béjot, Y. ew, Bello, A. K. ex, Bennett, D. A. bm, Bensenor, I. M. ez, Berhane, A. fa, Bernabé, E. fd, Bernal, O. A. fe, Beyene, A. S. ff, ki Beyene, T. J. eq, fi Bhutta, Z. A. bc, fj Biadgilign, S. fk, Bikbov, B. fl, Birlik, S. M. fm, Birungi, C. ef, Biryukov S. a, Bisanzio, D. bk, Bizuayehu, H. M. fn, Bose, D. fo, Brainin, M. fp, Brauer M. a, fq Brazinova, A. fr, fs Breitborde, N. J. K. fu, Brenner, H. fw, Butt, Z. A. fx, Cárdenas, R. fy, Cahuana-Hurtado, Campos-Nonato, I. R. df, dx Car, J. fz, Carrero, J. J. bw, Casey D. a, Caso, V. ga, Castañeda-Orjuela, C. A. gb, Castillo Rivas, J. gd, ge Catalá-López, F. gf, gg Cecilio, P. gh, Cercy K. a, Charlson F. J. a, j gi, Chen A. Z. a, Chew A. a, Chibalabala, M. gj, Chibueze, C. E. gk, Chisumpa, V. H. gl, gm Chitheer, A. A. gn, Chowdhury, R. go, Christensen, H. gp, Christopher, D. J. gq, Ciobanu, L. G. ci, Cirillo, M. gs, Coggeshall M. S. a, Cooper, L. T. gt, Cortinovis, M. fl, Crump, J. A. gu, Dalal, K. gv, Danawi, H. gw, Dandona L. a, gy Dandona, R. a gy, Dargan, P. I. gz, Das Neves, J. ha, hb Davey, G. hd, Davitoiu, D. V. he, Davletov, K. hf, De Leo, D. hh, Del Gobbo, L. C. eo, Del Pozo-Cruz, B. em, Dellavalle, R. P. hi, Deribe, K. ep, hj Deribew, A. al, Des Jarlais, D. C. hk, hl Dey, S. hm, Dharmaratne, S. D. hn, Dicker D. a, Ding, E. L. dx, Dokova, K. ho, Dorsey, E. R. hp, Doyle, K. E. hq, hr Dubey, M. hs, Ehrenkranz R. a, Ellingsen, C. L. hu, Elyazar, I. hv, Enayati, A. hw, Ermakov, S. P. hx, hy Eshrati, B. hz, ia Esteghamati, A. t wz, Estep K. a, Fürst T. h, ic ie, Faghmous I. D. A. i, Fanuel, F. B. B. cz, if Faraon, E. J. A. cu, ig Farid, T. A. ih, Farinha, C. S. E. S. ii, ij Faro, A. ik, Farvid, M. S. dw, il Farzadfar, F. u xa, Feigin, V. L. im, Feigl, A. B. du, Fereshtehnejad, S. -M. bx, Fernandes, J. G. in, J. C. io, Feyissa, T. R. ip, Fischer, F. iq, Fitzmaurice C. a, b ir, Fleming T. D. a, Foigt, N. is, Foreman K. J. a, ib Forouzanfar, M. H. it, Franklin, R. C. iu, Frostad J. a, Ghiwot T. T. n, Gakidou E. a, Gambashidze, K. iv, Gamkrelidze, A. iv, Gao, W. ix, Garcia-Basteiro, A. L. iy, iz Gebre, T. ja, Gebremedhin A. T. n, jb Gebremichael, M. W. ag, Gebru, A. A. ag, jc Gelaye, A. A. jd, Geleijnse, J. M. fh, Genova-Maleras, R. je, jf Gibney, K. B. jg, Giref, A. Z. eq, Gishu, M. D. fg, jh Giussani, G. ev, Godwin W. W. a, Gold A. a, Goldberg E. M. a, Gona, P. N. ji, Goodridge, A. jj, Gopalani, S. V. jk, Goto, A. jl, Graetz N. a, Greaves, F. ib, jm Griswold, M. a Guban, P. I. jn, Gugnani, H. C. jo, Gupta, P. C. jp, R. jq, R. jr, T. js, V. jt, Habtewold, T. D. fb, jv Hafezi-Nejad, N. t xb, Haile, D. eq, Hailu, A. D. ep, jx Hailu, G. B. ag, jc Hakuzimana, A. jz, ka Hamadeh, R. R. kb, Hambisa, M. T. ff, Hamidi, S. kc, Hammami, M. kd, Hankey, G. J. ke, kf kg, Hao, Y. kh, Harb, H. L. cl, Hareri, H. A. eq, Haro, J. M. mw, Hassanvand M. S. w, xc Havmoeller, R. ca, Hay, R. J. fd, kk Hay, S. I. a bl, Hendrie, D. kl, Heredia-Pi, I. B. df, Hoek, H. W. ju, km Horino, M. ko, Horita, N. kp, Hosgood, H. D. kq, Htet, A. S. kr, ks Hu, G. kt, Huang, H. ku, J. J. kv, Huntley B. M. a, Huynh C. a, Iburg, K. M. kw, Ileanu, B. V. kx, Innos, K. ky, Irenso, A. A. fg, kj Jahanmehr, N. kz, Jakovljevic, M. B. lb, James, P. dv, S. L. lc, Javanbakht, M. ld, Jayaraman, S. P. le, Jayatilleke, A. U. lf, lg Jeemon, P. gx, lh li, nh Jha, V. bm, lk John, D. ll, Johnson C. a, Johnson S. C. a, Jonas, J. B. lm, Juel, K. ln, Kabir, Z. lo, Kalkonde, Y. lp, Kamal, R. lq, Kan, H. ls, Karch, A. lt, lu Karema, C. K. id, lv Karimi, S. M. lw, Kasaeian A. t, y xd, Kassebaum N. J. a, lx Kastor, A. hs, Katikireddi, S. V. ly, Kazanjan, Keiyoro, P. N. lz, ma Kemmer, L. a Kemp, A. H. mc, me Kengne, A. P. jz, mf Kerbo, A. A. if, Kereselidze, M. iv, Kesavachandran, C. N. lq, Khader, Y. S. mg, Khalil I. a, Khan, A. R. ih, E. A. mh, G. mi, Khang, Y. -H. mj, Khoja, A. T. A. ml, Khonelidze, I. iv, Khubchandani, J. mm, Kibret, G. D. ay, Kim, D. mn, Kim P. a, Y. J. mo, Kimokoti, R. W. mp, Kinfu, Y. mq, Kissoon, N. fq, Kivipelto, M. by, Kokubo, Y. mr, Kolk, A. ms, Kolte, D. mt, Kopec, J. A. fq, Kosen, S. mu, Koul, P. A. mv, Koyanagi, A. mw, Kravchenko, M. mx, Krishnaswami, S. my, Krohn K. J. a, Kuate Defo, B. mz, Kucuk Bicer, B. nb, Kuipers, E. J. nd, Kulkarni, V. S. ne, Kumar, G. A. lj, Kumsa, F. A. fg, kj Kutz, M. a Kyu, H. H. a Lager, A. C. J. nf, Lal, A. ng, D. K. ni, Lalloo R. k, Lallukka, T. nj, Lan, Q. nl, Langan S. M. i, Lansingh, V. C. nm, nn Larson, H. J. a h, Larsson, A. no, Laryea, D. O. cp, Latif, A. A. np, Lawrynowicz, A. E. B. nq, Leasher, J. L. nr, Leigh, J. bf, Leinsalu, M. ky, nt Leshargie, C. T. ay, Leung J. e, j Leung, R. nu, Levi, M. nv, Liang, X. nw, Lim S. S. a, Lind M. a, Linn, S. nx, Lipshultz, S. E. ny, nz Liu, P. a Liu, Y. oa, L. -T. ob, oc Logroscino, G. od, Lopez, A. D. do, Lorch, S. A. oe, Lotufo, P. A. ez, Lozano, R. df, Lunevicius, R. of, og Lyons, R. A. mb, Macarayan, E. R. K. kv, Mackay, M. T. oh, Magdy Abd El Razek, H. oi, M. oj, Mahdavi, M. ok, ol Majeed, A. ib, Malekzadeh R. z, xe Malta, D. C. on, Mantovani LG, Manyazewal, T. op, Mapoma, C. C. gl, Marcenes, W. oq, Marks, G. B. md, ns Marquez, N. a Martinez-Raga, J. or, os Marzan, M. B. ot, Massano, J. hc, ou Mathur, M. R. ni, Maulik, P. K. ov, Mazidi, M. ow, McAlinden, C. ox, oy McGrath, J. J. l McNellan, C. a Meaney, P. A. oz, pa Mehari, A. pb, Mehndiratta, M. M. pc, Meier, T. pd, Mekonnen, A. B. bf, bj Meles, K. G. ad, Memish, Z. A. pe, pf Mengesha, M. M. ff, Mengiste, D. T. ae, Mengistie M. A. n, Menota, B. G. eq, Mensah, G. A. pg, Mereta S. T. n, Meretoja, A. dp, ph Meretoja, T. J. nk, pi Mezgebe, H. B. ag, Micha, R. pj, Millear A. a, Mills, E. J. pl, Minnig S. a, Mirarefin M. a, pm Mirrakhimov, E. M. pn, po Mock, C. N. c Mohammad, K. A. pp, Mohammed, S. ea, pq Mohanty, S. K. hs, Mokdad A. H. a, Mola, G. L. D. pr, Molokhia, M. fd, Monasta, L. ps, Montico, M. ps, Moradi-Lakeh M. a, pt Moraga, P. pz, Morawska, L. pv, pw Mori, R. qa, Moses M. a, Mueller, U. O. qc, Murthy, S. fq, Musa, K. I. qd, Nachega, J. B. qe, qf qg, Nagata, C. qh, Nagel, G. qj, Naghavi M. a, Naheed, A. bh, Naldi, L. qk, Nangia, V. ql, Nascimento, B. R. qm, qn Negoi, I. qo, Neupane, S. P. ks, Newton, C. R. qp, Ng M. a, Ngalesoni, F. N. qq, Ngunjiri, J. W. qr, Nguyen G. a, Ningrum, D. N. A. db, qs Nolte, S. cc, qt rj, Nomura, M. qv, Norheim, O. F. jx, Norrving, B. av, Noubiap, J. J. N. jz, qw Obermeyer, C. M. qx, Ogbo, F. A. qy, I. -H. ra, Okoro, A. rb, Oladimeji, O. rc, rd Olagunju, A. T. ci, Olivares, P. R. re, Olsen H. E. a, Olusanya, B. O. rf, J. O. rf, Opio, J. N. rg, Oren, E. rh, Ortiz, A. ri, Osborne, R. H. rk, Osman, M. dy, rl Owolabi, M. O. rm, rn Mahesh, P. A. ro, Pain A. W. a, Pakhale, S. rp, Palomares Castillo, E. rq, rr Pana, A. kx, Papachristou, C. cd, Parsaeian M. u, v xa, Patel, T. rs, Patton, G. C. dn, Paudel, D. rt, Paul, V. K. aq, Pearce N. i, Pereira, D. M. ru, Perez-Padilla, R. rv, Perez-Ruiz, F. rw, rx Perico, N. Pesudovs, K. ry, Petzold, M. rz, sa Phillips, M. R. oa, sb Pigott, D. M. a Pillay, J. D. sc, Pinho C. a, Polinder, S. nc, Pond, C. D. sd, Prakash, V. se, Purwar, M. sf, Qorbani, M. sg, Quistberg D. A. c, d Radfar, A. sh, Rafay, A. si, sj Rahimi, K. bm, Rahimi-Movaghar, V. aa, xf Rahman, M. sk, Rahman, M. H. U. hs, Rai, R. K. sl, Ram, U. hs, Rana, S. M. si, sj Rankin, Z. a Rao, P. V. sm, sn Rao, P. C. a Rawaf, S. ib, Rego, M. A. S. om, Reitsma M. a, Remuzzi, G. fl, so sp, Renzaho, A. M. N. N. qz, Resnikoff, S. sq, sr Rezaei, S. aw, Rezai, M. S. br, Ribeiro, A. L. qm, Roba, H. S. ff, Rokni, M. B. ac, Ronfani, Roshandel G. z, st xe, Roth G. A. a, Rothenbacher, D. qi, Roy, N. K. su, sv Sachdev, P. S. ss, sw Sackey, B. B. sx, Saeedi, M. Y. sy, Safiri, S. sz, Sagar, R. aq, Sahraian, M. A. ab, xg Saleh, M. M. ta, Salomon, J. A. du, Samy, A. M. tb, Sanabria, J. R. tc, td Sanchez-Niño, M. D. te, Sandar L. a, Santos, I. S. ey, J. V. hc, Santric Milicevic, M. M. eh, ei Sarmiento-Suarez, R. tf, Sartorius, B. tg, ti Satpathy, M. aq, Savic, M. hu, Sawhney, M. tj, Saylan, M. I. tk, Schöttker, B. fv, tl Schutte, A. E. tm, tn Schwebel, D. C. bb, Seedat, S. qf, Seid, A. M. ff, Seifu, C. N. if, Sepanlou S. G. z, xe Serdar, B. to, Servan-Mori, E. E. df, Setegn, T. ck, Shackelford K. A. a, Shaheen, A. tp, Shahraz, S. tq, Shaikh, M. A. tr, Shakh-Nazarova, Shamsipour M. x, Shariful Islam, S. M. bh, Sharma, J. ts, R. tt, She, J. lr, Sheikhbahaei S. t, wz Shen, J. ft, tu Shi, P. pk, Shigematsu, M. tv, tw Shin, M. -J. tx, Shiri, R. nj, Shoman, H. tz, Shrime, M. G. dy, Sibamo, E. L. S. if, Sigfusdottir, I. D. ua, Silva, D. A. S. ub, Silveira, D. G. A. uc, Sindi, S. ca, Singh, J. A. ud, O. P. ue, P. K. uf, V. ug, Sinke, A. H. uh, Sinshaw, A. E. ui, Skirbekk, V. hu, kn Sliwa, K. jy, Smith A. a, Sobngwi, E. uj, uk Soneji, S. ul, Soriano, J. B. um, Sousa, T. C. M. un, Sposato, L. A. uo, Sreeramareddy, C. T. up, Stathopoulou, V. uq, Steel, N. jm, ur Steiner, C. a Steinke, S. us, Stokes, M. A. qu, Stranges, S. bs, Strong, M. ut, Stroumpoulis, K. uu, uv Sturua, L. iv, Sufiyan, M. B. uw, Suliankatchi, R. A. ux, Sun, J. px, py uy, Sur P. a, Swaminathan, S. uz, Sykes, B. L. va, Tabarés-Seisdedos, R. gf, Tabb, K. M. vb, Taffere, G. R. ad, Talongwa, R. T. vc, Tarajia, M. vd, Tavakkoli, M. ve, Taveira, N. vf, vg Teeple, S. a Tegegne, T. K. ay, Tehrani-Banihashemi, A. pu, Tekelab, T. ip, vh Tekle, D. Y. ag, Temam Shifa, G. eq, vi Terkawi, A. S. vj, vk vl, Tesema, A. G. ag, Thakur, J. S. vm, Thomson, A. J. vn, Tillmann, T. ee, Tiruye, T. Y. ay, Tobe-Gai, R. vo, Tonelli, M. vp, Topor-Madry, R. vq, vr Tortajada, M. vs, Troeger C. a, Truelsen, T. vt, Tura, A. K. fg, jv Uchendu, U. S. vu, Ukwaja, K. N. vv, Undurraga, E. A. vw, Uneke, C. J. vx, Uthman, O. A. vy, Van Boven, J. F. M. jv, Van Dingenen, R. vz, Varughese, S. gq, Vasankari, T. wa, Venketasubramanian, N. wb, Violante, F. S. wc, Vladimirov, S. K. wd, Vlassov, V. V. we, Vollset S. E. a, ht jw, Vos T. a, Wagner J. A. a, Wakayo T. n, Waller, S. G. wf, Walson J. L. e, wg Wang, H. a Wang, Y. -P. wh, Watkins D. A. e, jz Weiderpass, E. bz, wi wj, wk Weintraub, R. G. dn, oh Wen, C. -P. iw, Werdecker, A. qb, Wesana, J. wl, wm Westerman, R. qc, wn Whiteford, H. A. a j, gi Wilkinson, J. D. ny, nz Wiysonge, C. S. qf, wo Woldeyes, Wolfe, C. D. A. fc, wp Won, S. mk, Workicho A. n, wq Workie, S. B. if, Wubshet, M. wr, ws Xavier, D. wt, G. wu, Yadav, A. K. hs, Yaghoubi, M. wv, Yakob, B. th, Yan, L. L. ww, Yano, Y. wx, Yaseri, M. la, xi Yimam, H. H. dc, Yip, P. xj, xk Yonemoto, N. xl, Yoon, S. -J. ty, Younis, M. Z. xm, C. xn, xo Zaidi, Z. xp, El Sayed Zaki, M. xq, Zambrana-Torrelio, C. xr, xs Zapata, T. xt, Zenebe, Z. M. ag, Zodpey, Zoeckler L. a, Zuhlke, L. J. xu, Murray C. J. L., Barber, Ryan, Fullman, Nancy, Sorensen, Reed, Thomas, Bollyky, Martin, Mckee, Ellen, Nolte, Amanuel, Alemu, Abajobir, Kalkidan, Hassen, Abate, Cristiana, Abbafati, Kaja, Abba, Foad, Abd Allah, Abdishakur, Abdulle, Ahmed, Abdulahi, Abdurahman, Semaw, Ferede, Abera, Biju, Abraham, Girmatsion, Fisseha, Abreha, Kelemework, Adane, Ademola, Lukman, Adelekan, Ifedayo, Morayo, Adetifa, Ashkan, Afshin, Arnav, Agarwal, Sanjay, Kumar, Agarwal, Sunilkumar, Agarwal, Anurag, Agrawal, Aliasghar, Ahmad, Kiadaliri, Alireza, Ahmadi, Kedir, Yimam, Ahmed, Muktar, Beshir, Ahmed, Rufus, Olusola, Akinyemi, Tomi, F, Akinyemiju, Nadia, Akseer, Ziyad, Al Aly, Khurshid, Alam, Noore, Alam, Sayed, Saidul, Alam, Zewdie, Aderaw, Alemu, Kefyalew, Addi, Alene, Lily, Alexander, Raghib, Ali, Syed, Danish, Ali, Reza, Alizadeh Navaei, Ala’A, Alkerwi, François, Alla, Peter, Allebeck, Christine, Allen, Rajaa, Al Raddadi, Ubai, Alsharif, Khalid, Altirkawi, Elena, Alvarez, Martin, Nelson, Alvis Guzman, Azmeraw, Amare, Erfan, Amini, Walid, Ammar, Joshu, Amo Adjei, Yaw, Ampem, Amoako, Benjamin, Anderson, Sofia, Androudi, Hossein, Ansari, Mustafa, Geleto, Ansha, Carl, Abelardo, Antonio, Johan, Ärnlöv, Al, Artaman, Hamid, Asayesh, Reza, Assadi, Ayalew, Astatkie, Tesfay, Mehari, Atey, Suleman, Atique, Niguse, Tadele, Atnafu, Sachin, Atre, Leticia, Avila Burgo, Euripide, Frinel, Arthur, Avokpaho, Beatriz, Paulina, Ayala, Quintanilla, Ashish, Awasthi, Nebiyu, Negussu, Ayele, Peter, Azzopardi, Huda, Omer, Ba, Saleem, Till, Bärnighausen, Umar, Bacha, Alaa, Badawi, Amitava, Banerjee, Aleksandra, Barac, Miguel, Barboza, Suzanne, Barker Collo, Lope, Barrero, Sanjay, Basu, Bernhard, Baune, Kaleab, Baye, Yibeltal, Tebekaw, Bayou, Shahrzad, Bazargan Hejazi, Neeraj, Bedi, Ettore, Beghi, Yannick, Béjot, Aminu, Bello, Derrick, Bennett, Isabela, Bensenor, Adugnaw, Berhane, Eduardo, Bernabé, Oscar, Alberto, Bernal, Addisu, Shunu, Beyene, Tariku, Jibat, Beyene, Zulfiqar, Bhutta, Sibhatu, Biadgilign, Boris, Bikbov, Sait, Mente, Birlik, Charles, Birungi, Stan, Biryukov, Donal, Bisanzio, Habtamu, Mellie, Bizuayehu, Dipan, Bose, Michael, Brainin, Michael, Brauer, Alexandra, Brazinova, Nicholas, Breitborde, Hermann, Brenner, Zahid, Butt, Rosario, Cárdena, Lucero, Cahuana Hurtado, Ismael, Ricardo, Campos, Nonato, Josip, Car, Juan, Jesu, Carrero, Daniel, Casey, Valeria, Caso, Carlos, Castañeda Orjuela, Jacqueline, Castillo, Rivas, Ferrán, Catalá López, Pedro, Cecilio, Kelly, Cercy, Fiona, Charlson, Alan, Chen, Adrienne, Chew, Mirriam, Chibalabala, Chioma, Ezinne, Chibueze, Vesper, Hichilombwe, Chisumpa, Abdulaal, Chitheer, Rajiv, Chowdhury, Hanne, Christensen, Devasahayam, Jesuda, Christopher, Liliana, Ciobanu, Cirillo, Massimo, Megan, Coggeshall, Leslie, Trumbull, Cooper, Monica, Cortinovi, John, Crump, Koustuv, Dalal, Hadi, Danawi, Lalit, Dandona, Rakhi, Dandona, Paul, Dargan, Jose, Da, Neves, Gail, Davey, Dragos, V, Davitoiu, Kairat, Davletov, Diego, De, Leo, Liana, Del, Gobbo, Borja, Del, Pozo, Cruz, Robert, Dellavalle, Kebede, Deribe, Amare, Deribew, Don, De, Jarlais, Subhojit, Dey, Samath, Dharmaratne, Daniel, Dicker, Eric, Ding, Klara, Dokova, Ray, Dorsey, Kerrie, Doyle, Manisha, Dubey, Rebecca, Ehrenkranz, Christian, Lycke, Ellingsen, Iqbal, Elyazar, Ahmadali, Enayati, Sergey, Petrovich, Ermakov, Babak, Eshrati, Alireza, Esteghamati, Kara, Estep, Thomas, Fürst, Imad, Faghmou, Fanuel, Belayneh, Bekele, Fanuel, Emerito, Jose, Aquino, Faraon, Talha, Farid, Carla, Sofia, Sa, Farinha, Andre, Faro, Maryam, Farvid, Farshad, Farzadfar, Valery, Feigin, Andrea, Feigl, Seyed Mohammad, Fereshtehnejad, Jefferson, Fernande, João, Fernande, Tesfaye, Regassa, Feyissa, Florian, Fischer, Christina, Fitzmaurice, Thomas, Fleming, Nataliya, Foigt, Kyle, Foreman, Mohammad, Forouzanfar, Richard, Franklin, Joseph, Frostad, Tsegaye, Tewelde, G/hiwot, Emmanuela, Gakidou, Ketevan, Gambashidze, Amiran, Gamkrelidze, Wayne, Gao, Alberto, Garcia Basteiro, Teshome, Gebre, Amanuel, Tesfay, Gebremedhin, 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Albertina Santiago, Reitsma, Marissa, Remuzzi, Giuseppe, Renzaho, Andre M N N, Resnikoff, Serge, Rezaei, Satar, Rezai, Mohammad Sadegh, Ribeiro, Antonio L, Roba, Hirbo Shore, Rokni, Mohammad Bagher, Ronfani, Luca, Roshandel, Gholamreza, Roth, Gregory A, Rothenbacher, Dietrich, Roy, Nawal K, Sachdev, Perminder S, Sackey, Ben Benasco, Saeedi, Mohammad Yahya, Safiri, Saeid, Sagar, Rajesh, Sahraian, Mohammad Ali, Saleh, Muhammad Muhammad, Salomon, Joshua A, Samy, Abdallah M, Sanabria, Juan Ramon, Sanchez-Niño, Maria Dolore, Sandar, Logan, Santos, Itamar S, Santos, João Vasco, Milicevic, Milena M Santric, Sarmiento-Suarez, Rodrigo, Sartorius, Benn, Satpathy, Maheswar, Savic, Miloje, Sawhney, Monika, Saylan, Mete I, Schöttker, Ben, Schutte, Aletta E, Schwebel, David C, Seedat, Soraya, Seid, Abdulbasit Musa, Seifu, Canaan Negash, Sepanlou, Sadaf G, Serdar, Berrin, Servan-Mori, Edson E, Setegn, Tesfaye, Shackelford, Katya Anne, Shaheen, Amira, Shahraz, Saeid, Shaikh, Masood Ali, Shakh-Nazarova, Marina, Shamsipour, Mansour, Islam, Sheikh Mohammed Shariful, Sharma, Jayendra, Sharma, Rajesh, She, Jun, Sheikhbahaei, Sara, Shen, Jiabin, Shi, Peilin, Shigematsu, Mika, Shin, Min-Jeong, Shiri, Rahman, Shoman, Haitham, Shrime, Mark G, Sibamo, Ephrem Lejore Sibamo, Sigfusdottir, Inga Dora, Silva, Diego Augusto Santo, Silveira, Dayane Gabriele Alve, Sindi, Shireen, Singh, Abhishek, Singh, Jasvinder A, Singh, Om Prakash, Singh, Prashant Kumar, Singh, Virendra, Sinke, Abiy Hiruye, Sinshaw, Aklilu Endalamaw, Skirbekk, Vegard, Sliwa, Karen, Smith, Alison, Sobngwi, Eugene, Soneji, Samir, Soriano, Joan B, Sousa, Tatiane Cristina Morae, Sposato, Luciano A, Sreeramareddy, Chandrashekhar T, Stathopoulou, Vasiliki, Steel, Nichola, Steiner, Caitlyn, Steinke, Sabine, Stokes, Mark Andrew, Stranges, Saverio, Strong, Mark, Stroumpoulis, Konstantino, Sturua, Lela, Sufiyan, Muawiyyah Babale, Suliankatchi, Rizwan Abdulkader, Sun, Jiandong, Sur, Patrick, Swaminathan, Soumya, Sykes, Bryan L, Tabarés-Seisdedos, Rafael, Tabb, Karen M, Taffere, Getachew Redae, Talongwa, Roberto Tchio, Tarajia, Musharaf, Tavakkoli, Mohammad, Taveira, Nuno, Teeple, Stephanie, Tegegne, Teketo Kassaw, Tehrani-Banihashemi, Arash, Tekelab, Tesfalidet, Tekle, Dejen Yemane, Shifa, Girma Temam, Terkawi, Abdullah Sulieman, Tesema, Azeb Gebresilassie, Thakur, J.S., Thomson, Alan J, Tillmann, Taavi, Tiruye, Tenaw Yimer, Tobe-Gai, Ruoyan, Tonelli, Marcello, Topor-Madry, Roman, Tortajada, Miguel, Troeger, Christopher, Truelsen, Thoma, Tura, Abera Kenay, Uchendu, Uche S, Ukwaja, Kingsley N, Undurraga, Eduardo A, Uneke, Chigozie Jesse, Uthman, Olalekan A, van Boven, Job F M, Van Dingenen, Rita, Varughese, Santosh, Vasankari, Tommi, Venketasubramanian, Narayanaswamy, Violante, Francesco S, Vladimirov, Sergey K, Vlassov, Vasiliy Victorovich, Vollset, Stein Emil, Vos, Theo, Wagner, Joseph A, Wakayo, Tolassa, Waller, Stephen G, Walson, Judd L, Wang, Haidong, Wang, Yuan-Pang, Watkins, David A, Weiderpass, Elisabete, Weintraub, Robert G, Wen, Chi-Pang, Werdecker, Andrea, Wesana, Joshua, Westerman, Ronny, Whiteford, Harvey A, Wilkinson, James D, Wiysonge, Charles Shey, Woldeyes, Belete Getahun, Wolfe, Charles D A, Won, Sungho, Workicho, Abdulhalik, Workie, Shimelash Bitew, Wubshet, Mamo, Xavier, Deni, Xu, Gelin, Yadav, Ajit Kumar, Yaghoubi, Mohsen, Yakob, Bereket, Yan, Lijing L, Yano, Yuichiro, Yaseri, Mehdi, Yimam, Hassen Hamid, Yip, Paul, Yonemoto, Naohiro, Yoon, Seok-Jun, Younis, Mustafa Z, Yu, Chuanhua, Zaidi, Zoubida, El Sayed Zaki, Maysaa, Zambrana-Torrelio, Carlo, Zapata, Toma, Zenebe, Zerihun Menlkalew, Zodpey, Sanjay, Zoeckler, Leo, Zuhlke, Liesl Joanna, and Murray, Christopher J L
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Dánartíðni ,Lífslíkur ,Life expectancy ,Diseases ,Health insurance ,Globan Burden of Disease, Healthcare Access ,DEVELOPMENT GOALS ,Methods ,Psychology ,LIFE EXPECTANCY ,Risk assessment ,Public health ,Globan Burden of Disease ,Injuries ,Tölfræði ,Sjúkdómar ,Statistics ,DEATH ,Þjóðir ,Staðtölur ,11 Medical And Health Sciences ,Healthcare access ,Health status indicators ,Health policy ,Global burden of disease ,Gæðastjórnun ,Sálfræði ,COMPARATIVE RISK-ASSESSMENT ,Lýðheilsa ,Life Sciences & Biomedicine ,Standards ,UNITED-STATES ,Sjúkratryggingar ,Medicine, General & Internal ,General & Internal Medicine ,Heilbrigðisstefna ,SYSTEMATIC ANALYSIS ,Mortality ,Public health systems ,medicine (all) ,Áhættugreining ,Science & Technology ,Health services accessibility ,Staðlar ,TRENDS ,Heilbrigðisþjónusta ,MEDICAL-CARE ,AVOIDABLE MORTALITY ,Áverkar ,Aðferðafræði ,Quality of health care ,EUROPEAN COUNTRIES ,Heilbrigðiskerfi - Abstract
Background National levels of personal health-care access and quality can be approximated by measuring mortality rates from causes that should not be fatal in the presence of effective medical care (ie, amenable mortality). Previous analyses of mortality amenable to health care only focused on high-income countries and faced several methodological challenges. In the present analysis, we use the highly standardised cause of death and risk factor estimates generated through the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) to improve and expand the quantification of personal health-care access and quality for 195 countries and territories from 1990 to 2015. Methods We mapped the most widely used list of causes amenable to personal health care developed by Nolte and McKee to 32 GBD causes. We accounted for variations in cause of death certification and misclassifications through the extensive data standardisation processes and redistribution algorithms developed for GBD. To isolate the effects of personal health-care access and quality, we risk-standardised cause-specific mortality rates for each geography-year by removing the joint effects of local environmental and behavioural risks, and adding back the global levels of risk exposure as estimated for GBD 2015. We employed principal component analysis to create a single, interpretable summary measure-the Healthcare Quality and Access (HAQ) Index-on a scale of 0 to 100. The HAQ Index showed strong convergence validity as compared with other health-system indicators, including health expenditure per capita (r= 0.88), an index of 11 universal health coverage interventions (r= 0.83), and human resources for health per 1000 (r= 0.77). We used free disposal hull analysis with bootstrapping to produce a frontier based on the relationship between the HAQ Index and the Socio-demographic Index (SDI), a measure of overall development consisting of income per capita, average years of education, and total fertility rates. This frontier allowed us to better quantify the maximum levels of personal health-care access and quality achieved across the development spectrum, and pinpoint geographies where gaps between observed and potential levels have narrowed or widened over time. Findings Between 1990 and 2015, nearly all countries and territories saw their HAQ Index values improve; nonetheless, the difference between the highest and lowest observed HAQ Index was larger in 2015 than in 1990, ranging from 28.6 to 94.6. Of 195 geographies, 167 had statistically significant increases in HAQ Index levels since 1990, with South Korea, Turkey, Peru, China, and the Maldives recording among the largest gains by 2015. Performance on the HAQ Index and individual causes showed distinct patterns by region and level of development, yet substantial heterogeneities emerged for several causes, including cancers in highest-SDI countries; chronic kidney disease, diabetes, diarrhoeal diseases, and lower respiratory infections among middle-SDI countries; and measles and tetanus among lowest-SDI countries. While the global HAQ Index average rose from 40.7 (95% uncertainty interval, 39.0-42.8) in 1990 to 53.7 (52.2-55.4) in 2015, far less progress occurred in narrowing the gap between observed HAQ Index values and maximum levels achieved; at the global level, the difference between the observed and frontier HAQ Index only decreased from 21.2 in 1990 to 20.1 in 2015. If every country and territory had achieved the highest observed HAQ Index by their corresponding level of SDI, the global average would have been 73.8 in 2015. Several countries, particularly in eastern and western sub-Saharan Africa, reached HAQ Index values similar to or beyond their development levels, whereas others, namely in southern sub-Saharan Africa, the Middle East, and south Asia, lagged behind what geographies of similar development attained between 1990 and 2015. Interpretation This novel extension of the GBD Study shows the untapped potential for personal health-care access and quality improvement across the development spectrum. Amid substantive advances in personal health care at the national level, heterogeneous patterns for individual causes in given countries or territories suggest that few places have consistently achieved optimal health-care access and quality across health-system functions and therapeutic areas. This is especially evident in middle-SDI countries, many of which have recently undergone or are currently experiencing epidemiological transitions. The HAQ Index, if paired with other measures of health-systemcharacteristics such as intervention coverage, could provide a robust avenue for tracking progress on universal health coverage and identifying local priorities for strengthening personal health-care quality and access throughout the world., Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
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- 2017
5. Tempol augments angiotensin II-induced AT2 receptor-mediated relaxation in diabetic rat thoracic aorta
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Arun, K HS, primary, Kaul, Chamanlal L, additional, and Poduri, Ramarao, additional
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- 2004
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6. Lipids of fish parasites and their hosts: fatty acid fingerprints of four species of acanthocephalans and of their hosts' intestinal tissues
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Taraschewski, H., primary, Aitzetm�ller, K., additional, Werner, Gisela, additional, and K�hs, Katharina, additional
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- 1995
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7. Tempol augments angiotensin II-induced AT2receptor-mediated relaxation in diabetic rat thoracic aorta
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Arun, K HS, Kaul, Chamanlal L, and Poduri, Ramarao
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To assess angiotensin II type 2 receptor-mediated responses in thoracic aorta of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats.
- Published
- 2004
8. Buchbesprechungen
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K. Hs�, H. Autrum, L. Hottinger, P. Fabian, H. Moesta, A. Sch�z, L. Jaenicke, K. Sch�gerl, and M. Runge
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General Medicine ,Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics - Published
- 1983
9. ChemInform Abstract: ANTITUMORWIRKSTOFFE 1. MITT. ANGUSTIBALIN, EIN NEUES CYTOTOXISCHES SESQUITERPENLACTON AUS BALDUINA ANGUSTIFOLIA (PURSH.) ROBINS
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K.-Hs. Lee, E.-Sh. Huang, Cl. Piantadosi, and D. Ch. Amuforo
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Chemistry ,Botany ,General Medicine - Published
- 1972
10. ChemInform Abstract: ANTITUMORWIRKSTOFFE 2. MITT. EUPATOLID, EIN NEUES CYTOTOXISCHES PRINZIP AUS EUPATORIUM FORMOSANUM HAY
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K.-Hs. Lee, Hiroshi Furukawa, H.-Ch. Huang, and E.-Sh. Huang
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Traditional medicine ,Chemistry ,General Medicine - Published
- 1972
11. ChemInform Abstract: ANTITUMORWIRKSTOFFE 1. MITT. ANGUSTIBALIN, EIN NEUES CYTOTOXISCHES SESQUITERPENLACTON AUS BALDUINA ANGUSTIFOLIA (PURSH.) ROBINS
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LEE, K.‐HS., primary, AMUFORO, D. CH., additional, HUANG, E.‐SH., additional, and PIANTADOSI, CL., additional
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- 1972
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12. ChemInform Abstract: ANTITUMORWIRKSTOFFE 2. MITT. EUPATOLID, EIN NEUES CYTOTOXISCHES PRINZIP AUS EUPATORIUM FORMOSANUM HAY
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LEE, K.-HS., primary, HUANG, H.-CH., additional, HUANG, E.-SH., additional, and FURUKAWA, H., additional
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- 1972
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13. Netrin 1 as a biomarker in cancer: scoping diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic perspectives with a focus on oral squamous cell carcinoma.
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K HS, R G, Veeraraghavan VP, and Ramani P
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- Humans, Prognosis, Netrin-1 metabolism, Biomarkers, Tumor genetics, Biomarkers, Tumor metabolism, Biomarkers, Tumor analysis, Carcinoma, Squamous Cell diagnosis, Carcinoma, Squamous Cell therapy, Carcinoma, Squamous Cell pathology, Carcinoma, Squamous Cell metabolism, Mouth Neoplasms diagnosis, Mouth Neoplasms therapy, Mouth Neoplasms pathology, Mouth Neoplasms metabolism
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Goal of the review: The utilization of biomarkers to predict cancer risk, prognosis, and treatment outcomes is paramount. Netrin-1 (NTN1), known for its role in commissural axon guidance during embryonic development, has emerged as a versatile molecule with significant implications in cancer and neurobiology. Structurally resembling laminin, Netrin-1 regulates neuronal connectivity and plasticity in adulthood, influencing axonal and dendritic growth, neurotransmission, and cell migration. In addition to its neurological functions, Netrin-1 is increasingly recognized for its involvement in maintaining epithelial tissue and its regulatory roles in fundamental cellular processes, including adhesion, proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, and angiogenesis. In cancer biology, Netrin-1's interactions with its receptors, such as DCC [Deleted in Colorectal Cancer] and UNC5 (a homolog of DCC), have been implicated in tumor progression across various physiological systems. Elevated levels of Netrin-1 in colorectal cancer and head and neck squamous cell carcinoma are correlated with increased tumorigenic potential, mediated through pathways involving NFκB activation and anti-apoptotic mechanisms. Mechanically induced hypermethylation and downstream signaling cascades that inhibit apoptosis and promote cell survival are observed upon Netrin-1 binding to DCC. Furthermore, Netrin-1 shows promise as a biomarker for detecting inflammatory activity in diseases such as multiple sclerosis and as a potential diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic indicator in oral squamous cell carcinoma. Elevated levels of Netrin-1 in bodily fluids, alongside immunohistochemical evidence, support its potential as a valuable clinical marker in cancer management. This abstract emphasizes Netrin-1's diverse biological roles, underscoring its potential as a diagnostic tool and therapeutic target in cancer research. The need for further exploration of Netrin-1's molecular interactions and clinical applications is urgent and crucial to advance personalized medicine approaches and enhance patient outcomes in oncology and neurology., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest There is no conflict of interest among authors., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.)
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- 2024
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14. Longitudinal study on salivary IL-6 trajectories in postoperative OSCC patients after chemotherapy and radiotherapy.
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K HS, R G, Ramani P, and Veeraraghavan VP
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- Humans, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Female, Middle Aged, Aged, Adult, Biomarkers, Tumor metabolism, Biomarkers, Tumor analysis, Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay, Interleukin-6 analysis, Interleukin-6 metabolism, Saliva chemistry, Saliva metabolism, Carcinoma, Squamous Cell therapy, Carcinoma, Squamous Cell metabolism, Carcinoma, Squamous Cell diagnosis, Mouth Neoplasms therapy, Mouth Neoplasms metabolism, Mouth Neoplasms diagnosis
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Background: Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) poses a significant healthcare challenge globally, necessitating precise biomarkers for effective management. Interleukin-6 (IL-6) in saliva has emerged as a potential biomarker, yet its dynamics post-chemotherapy and radiotherapy remain underexplored., Aim: The aim of our study is to investigate the longitudinal dynamics of salivary interleukin-6 (IL-6) expression in postoperative OSCC patients over a one-year follow-up period after chemotherapy and radiotherapy., Methods: This longitudinal study enrolled 60 participants, including postoperative OSCC patients and controls, collecting saliva samples over one year. RT-PCR and ELISA techniques measured IL-6 expression. Statistical analyses, including repeated measures ANOVA and univariate tests, evaluated IL-6 dynamics., Results: Pre-treatment, OSCC patients exhibited elevated IL-6 levels compared to controls. Post-therapy, IL-6 levels decreased significantly with p < .0001, indicating treatment response and further result to baseline normalizing at 6-month follow-up. Significant differences were observed across treatment stages, supporting IL-6 as a diagnostic and prognostic marker for OSCC. RT-PCR and ELISA results showed the statistical significance of IL-6's role as a predictive marker., Conclusion: Salivary IL-6 emerges as a promising biomarker in OSCC management, necessitating further research to harness its diagnostic and therapeutic potential. By understanding IL-6 dynamics, personalized treatment approaches can be developed to improve patient outcomes. Longitudinal studies with larger cohorts and multi-omics approaches are warranted to validate findings and identify novel therapeutic targets., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest There is no conflict of interest among authors., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.)
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- 2024
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15. Understanding the spatial and topographic characteristics of enamel white spot lesions for targeted remineralization.
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Chhabria DR, Ramadoss R, K HS, Sundar S, Selvam SP, and Ramani P
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Introduction: White spot lesions are opaque, chalky white or yellowish discolorations on the surface of teeth that result from the demineralization of the tooth structure. Many methods, including SEM, XRD, and FTIR spectroscopy, are crucial for identifying and evaluating enamel white spot lesions. It is imperative to have a thorough grasp of the morphology, crystallographic structure, mineral composition, and chemical changes associated with enamel white spot lesions., Method: In vitro lesions were meticulously obtained by immersing extracted teeth in hydrochloric acid for a week and drying them using artificial caries. Characterization investigations were conducted with utmost precision and thoroughness using FTIR, XRD, and SEM, ensuring the reliability and validity of the results., Results: FTIR analysis revealed the existence of calcium oxide and hydroxyapatite, and SEM examination assisted in identifying differences in surface shape. The enamel's crystalline nature was revealed via XRD investigation., Conclusion: White spot lesions are associated with the development of deep caries. Advanced imaging strategies are needed for additional validation., Competing Interests: There is no conflict of interest among the authors., (© 2024 Published by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of Craniofacial Research Foundation.)
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- 2024
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16. Hoffmann's syndrome in subclinical hypothyroidism.
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Hs K, Cheemalapati S, and Cr V
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- Female, Humans, Young Adult, Lactation, Muscle, Skeletal, Pain, Congenital Hypothyroidism complications, Congenital Hypothyroidism diagnosis, Muscular Diseases etiology
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Hypothyroidism is an endocrine disorder which occurs due to a deficiency of thyroid hormones. Hoffmann's syndrome is a rare complication of hypothyroidism - presenting as hypothyroid myopathy. We describe the case of a 20-year-old lactating female, known to have hypothyroidism (diagnosed during her pregnancy and having discontinued treatment following delivery), presenting with complaints of pain, swelling of bilateral calf muscles with cramps in bilateral lower limbs. Symptoms of muscle pseudohypertrophy with muscle stiffness are relatively rare in subclinical hypothyroidism and it is important to identify and diagnose this rare condition, and initiate appropriate treatment., Competing Interests: Declaration of conflicting interestsThe author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.
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- 2024
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17. Electronic Gadget Screen-time, Perceived Sleep Quality & Quantity and Academic Performance in Medical Students.
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Yeluri K, Hs K, H BG, and Bj SC
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- Cross-Sectional Studies, Electronics, Humans, Screen Time, Sleep, Surveys and Questionnaires, Academic Performance, Students, Medical
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Background: Exposure to blue light has been found to affect sleep. Reduced sleep has been found to affect academic performance. However, electronic gadget screen time, sleep quality and quantity and academic performance in undergraduate medical students has not been explored so far. The primary objective of this study was to explore Electronic Gadget Screen time, sleep quality, and sleep quantity and academic performance in Medical students., Methods: The study was done in JSS Medical College, Mysuru. 400 students fromunder graduate course were selected through clustered random sampling. Data of electronic gadget usage was collected using a pre-tested proforma. Data of sleep quality, quantity was collected using Pittsburg Sleep Quality Index. Data of academic performance was collected from the marks sheet provided by the college authorities., Results: Average screen time overall was 5.13 hours per day. On the whole, total Screen time does not have a direct relationship with sleep quantity or quality or academic performance. Rather than the total screen time, bed time gadget use seems to have a more significant relationship with academic performance. A non-significant relationship has been identified between screen time and quality of sleep with a p value= 0.2. Higher academic performance correlated with better sleep quality and better global PSQI scores., Conclusion: Bed time screen exposure plays a significant role in determining sleep quality, quantity and in turn academic performance., (© Journal of the Association of Physicians of India 2011.)
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- 2021
18. Effect of positive end-expiratory pressure during anaesthesia induction on non-hypoxic apnoea time in infants: A randomised controlled trial.
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Kim EH, Lee JH, Jang YE, Ji SH, Cho SA, Kim JT, and Kim HS
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- Anesthesia, General adverse effects, Humans, Infant, Positive-Pressure Respiration, Ultrasonography, Apnea diagnosis, Apnea epidemiology, Apnea etiology, Pulmonary Atelectasis
- Abstract
Background: Hypoxaemia occurs frequently in infants during anaesthetic induction., Objective: We evaluated the effect of positive end-expiratory pressure during anaesthesia induction on nonhypoxic apnoea time in infants., Design: Randomised controlled trial., Setting: Tertiary care children's hospital, single centre, from November 2018 to October 2019., Patients: We included patients under 1 year of age receiving general anaesthesia., Intervention: We assigned infants to a 7 cmH2O or 0 cmH2O positive end-expiratory pressure group. Anaesthesia was induced with 0.02 mg kg-1 atropine, 5 mg kg-1 thiopental sodium and 3 to 5% sevoflurane, and neuromuscular blockade with 0.6 mg kg-1 rocuronium. Thereafter, 100% oxygen was provided via face mask with volume-controlled ventilation of 6 ml kg-1 tidal volume, and either 7 cmH2O or no positive end-expiratory pressure. After 3 min of ventilation, the infants' trachea was intubated but disconnected from the breathing circuit, and ventilation resumed when pulse oximetry reached 95%., Main Outcome Measure: The primary outcome was nonhypoxic apnoea time defined as the time from cessation of ventilation to a pulse oximeter reading of 95%, whereas the secondary outcome was the incidence of significant atelectasis (consolidation score ≥2) assessed by lung ultrasound., Results: Sixty patients were included in the final analysis. Apnoea time in the 7 cmH2O positive end-expiratory pressure group (105.2 s) increased compared with that in the control group (92.1 s) (P = 0.011, mean difference 13.0 s, 95% CI, 3.1 to 22.9 s). Significant atelectasis was observed in all patients without positive end-expiratory pressure and 66.7% of those with 7 cmH2O positive end-expiratory pressure (P = 0.019, 95% CI, 1.7 to 563.1, odds ratio 31.2)., Conclusion: Positive end-expiratory pressure during anaesthesia induction with face mask ventilation increased nonhypoxic apnoea time in infants., Clinical Trial Registration: www.clinicaltrials.gov, NCT03540940., (Copyright © 2020 European Society of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care. Unauthorized reproduction of this article is prohibited.)
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- 2021
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19. Prevalence and Effect of Obesity on Mobility According to Different Criteria in Polio Survivors.
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Seo KH, Lee JH, Lee SY, Lee JY, and Lim JY
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- Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Body Mass Index, Cross-Sectional Studies, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Muscle Strength physiology, Prevalence, Republic of Korea epidemiology, Surveys and Questionnaires, Mobility Limitation, Obesity epidemiology, Obesity physiopathology, Poliomyelitis physiopathology, Postpoliomyelitis Syndrome physiopathology, Survivors
- Abstract
Objective: Obesity is a major and functionally important problem in polio survivors. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of obesity using body mass index and percentage body fat in polio survivors and to analyze the relationship between obesity and mobility., Design: Eighty-four polio survivors were included. Anthropometric parameters, knee extensor strength, and the Short Physical Performance Battery were evaluated. A questionnaire was used to explore the late effects of poliomyelitis. Obesity was determined using both body mass index and percentage body fat., Results: The prevalence of obesity in polio survivors was 39.3% and 81.5% using the body mass index and percentage body fat criteria, respectively. The Short Physical Performance Battery scores were significantly different between the obese and nonobese groups as determined by percentage body fat (P < 0.05). Only percentage body fat was significantly associated with mobility after controlling for the confounding variables in obese polio survivors (P < 0.05)., Conclusions: Obesity in polio survivors was underestimated when the body mass index criteria were used. Percentage body fat was a significantly associated factor for mobility in obese polio survivors. Obesity determined by percentage body fat criteria is useful to address obesity-related problems in polio survivors., Competing Interests: Financial disclosure statements have been obtained, and no conflicts of interest have been reported by the authors or by any individuals in control of the content of this article., (Copyright © 2020 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2021
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20. Electronic gadget Screen-time, Sleep Quality & Quantity and Academic performance in Medical Students.
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Koushik Y and Hs K
- Subjects
- Cross-Sectional Studies, Electronics, Humans, Screen Time, Sleep, Surveys and Questionnaires, Academic Performance, Students, Medical
- Published
- 2020
21. Effects of depth of neuromuscular block on postoperative pain during laparoscopic gastrectomy: A randomised controlled trial.
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Choi BM, Ki SH, Lee YH, Gong CS, Kim HS, Lee IS, Kim BS, Kim BS, and Noh GJ
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- Analgesics, Opioid administration & dosage, Double-Blind Method, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Oxycodone administration & dosage, Pain Measurement, Pneumoperitoneum, Artificial methods, Shoulder Pain epidemiology, Time Factors, Treatment Outcome, Gastrectomy methods, Laparoscopy methods, Neuromuscular Blockade methods, Pain, Postoperative prevention & control
- Abstract
Background: Evidence on whether the use of deep neuromuscular block (NMB) influences postoperative pain after laparoscopic surgery is limited, and existing studies have shown conflicting results. We studied the effect of the depth of NMB during laparoscopic gastrectomy on postoperative pain., Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of depth of NMB during laparoscopic gastrectomy on postoperative pain by allocating patients randomly to either deep or moderate NMB with a standard-pressure pneumoperitoneum., Design: A randomised, controlled, double-blind study., Setting: A university-affiliated hospital., Participants: One hundred patients., Interventions: Patients were allocated randomly to receive either deep (posttetanic count 1 to 2) or moderate (train-of-four count 1 to 2) levels of NMB. Following surgery, the patients were asked to rate their pain every 10 min using a visual analogue scale (VAS) (0 = no pain, 10 = most severe pain) in the postanaesthesia care unit (PACU). Patients received intravenous oxycodone, 2 mg every 10 min, until the pain intensity (VAS) had decreased to less than 3 at rest and less than 5 on wound compression, at which point the minimum effective analgesia dose (MEAD) of oxycodone was determined., Main Outcome Measures: The primary endpoint was the MEAD of oxycodone. Secondary endpoints included area under the curve of VAS for wound pain, VAS scores for wound and shoulder pain at 6 and 24 h after the end of surgery, rescue analgesics, a five-point surgical rating scale, Rhodes index of nausea vomiting retching at 6 and 24 h after the end of surgery and duration of pneumoperitoneum., Results: The median value for the MEAD of oxycodone was 8 mg in both groups. Area under the curves of VAS over time were similar in both groups. Variables associated with postoperative pain including mean VAS at PACU and frequency of rescue analgesics in the ward did not differ significantly between the two groups. The duration of pneumoperitoneum was a significant variable in determining the MEAD of oxycodone (linear regression, R = 0.07, P = 0.008). The number of patients who reached the acceptable surgical score was not significantly different between the two groups. However, the moderate NMB group did have a significantly higher proportion of cases that required additional muscle relaxants (P < 0.001)., Conclusion: Deep, compared with moderate, NMB did not significantly reduce the MEAD of oxycodone administered in the PACU. The duration of pneumoperitoneum was positively correlated with the MEAD., Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT03266419.
- Published
- 2019
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22. Association between dietary intake and 'school-valued' outcomes: a scoping review.
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Chan HS, Knight C, and Nicholson M
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- Academic Success, Australia, Beverages, Child, Fruit, Humans, Mental Health, Vegetables, Diet, Healthy, Obesity prevention & control, Schools
- Abstract
Approximately one in four Australian children aged 5-17 years are overweight or obese. Most of the health effects of overweight and obesity in childhood do not eventuate until into adulthood; therefore, motivation for children to have a healthy diet may be low. This scoping review examined the literature for associations between diet quality in 5-18 year olds and 'school-valued' outcomes including student attendance, academic performance, behaviour at school and mental health. A literature search for studies that assessed dietary intake and at least one 'school-valued' outcome in schoolchildren, in highly developed countries was conducted. After applying selection criteria, 35 studies were included examining academic performance (46%), behaviour (11%), mental health (31%) and 11% examining two of these outcomes each. No relevant studies addressed attendance. In general, dietary factors including consumption of fruit and vegetables, discretionary foods and/or beverages, or overall diet quality, were suggested to be correlates of the 'school-valued' outcomes. However, the evidence is not comprehensive. This review elucidates the extent and nature of available literature, and provides a basis for future research where the potential benefits of diet on 'school-valued' outcomes can be thoroughly explored., (© The Author 2017. Published by Oxford University Press. All rights reserved. For permissions, please email: journals.permissions@oup.com.)
- Published
- 2017
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23. Estimated Risk of Radiation Induced Contra Lateral Breast Cancer Following Chest Wall Irradiation by Conformal Wedge Field and Forward Intensity Modulated Radiotherapy Technique for Post-Mastectomy Breast Cancer Patients
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Athiyaman H, m A, Chougule A, and Hs K
- Abstract
Background: Epidemiological studies have indicated an increasing incidence of radiation induced secondary cancer (SC) in breast cancer patients after radiotherapy (RT), most commonly in the contra-lateral breast (CLB). The present study was conducted to estimate the SC risk in the CLB following 3D conformal radiotherapy techniques (3DCRT) including wedge field and forward intensity modulated radiotherapy (fIMRT) based on the organ equivalent dose (OED). Material and Methods: RT plans treating the chest wall with conformal wedge field and fIMRT plans were created for 30 breast cancer patients. The risks of radiation induced cancer were estimated for the CLB using dose-response models: a linear model, a linear-plateau model and a bell-shaped model with full dose response accounting for fractionated RT on the basis of OED. Results: The plans were found to be ranked quite differently according to the choice of model; calculations based on a linear dose response model fIMRT predict statistically significant lower risk compared to the enhanced dynamic wedge (EDW) technique (p-0.0089) and a non-significant difference between fIMRT and physical wedge (PW) techniques (p-0.054). The widely used plateau dose response model based estimation showed significantly lower SC risk associated with fIMRT technique compared to both wedge field techniques (fIMRT vs EDW p-0.013, fIMRT vs PW p-0.04). The full dose response model showed a non-significant difference between all three techniques in the view of second CLB cancer. Finally the bell shaped model predicted interestingly that PW is associated with significantly higher risk compared to both fIMRT and EDW techniques (fIMRT vs PW p-0.0003, EDW vs PW p-0.0032). Conclusion: In conclusion, the SC risk estimations of the CLB revealed that there is a clear relation between risk associated with wedge field and fIMRT technique depending on the choice of model selected for risk comparison., (Creative Commons Attribution License)
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- 2016
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24. Cardiovascular Autonomic Dysfunction Predicts Diabetic Foot Ulcers in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Without Diabetic Polyneuropathy.
- Author
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Yun JS, Cha SA, Lim TS, Lee EY, Song KH, Ahn YB, Yoo KD, Kim JS, Park YM, and Ko SH
- Subjects
- Adult, Aged, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Prognosis, Prospective Studies, Republic of Korea, Autonomic Nervous System Diseases diagnosis, Autonomic Nervous System Diseases physiopathology, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 physiopathology, Diabetic Foot diagnosis, Diabetic Foot physiopathology, Diabetic Neuropathies diagnosis, Diabetic Neuropathies physiopathology, Heart innervation, Heart Rate physiology
- Abstract
We investigated the factors that might influence the development of diabetic foot ulcers (DFUs) in type 2 diabetes patients without diabetic polyneuropathy (DPN).From January 2000 to December 2005, a total of 595 patients who had type 2 diabetes without DPN between the ages of 25 and 75 years, and had no prior history of DFUs were consecutively enrolled in the study. A cardiovascular autonomic function test was performed to diagnose cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy (CAN) using heart rate variability parameters.The median follow-up time was 13.3 years. Among the 449 (75.4%) patients who completed the follow-up evaluation, 22 (4.9%) patients developed new ulcers, and 6 (1.3%) patients underwent the procedure for lower extremity amputations. The patients in the DFUs group had a longer duration of diabetes, higher baseline HbA1c levels, higher rates of nephropathy, and CAN. A Cox hazard regression analysis results revealed that the development of DFUs was significantly associated with the presence of CAN (normal vs definite CAN; HR, 4.45; 95% confidence interval, 1.29-15.33) after adjusting for possible confounding factors.The development of DFUs was independently associated with CAN in patients with type 2 diabetes without DPN. We suggested the importance of CAN as a predictor of DFUs even in the patients without DPN, and the need to pay attention to patients with definite CAN and type 2 diabetes., Competing Interests: The authors have no funding and conflicts of interest to disclose.
- Published
- 2016
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25. Current Safety of Renal Allograft Biopsy With Indication in Adult Recipients: An Observational Study.
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Tsai SF, Chen CH, Shu KH, Cheng CH, Yu TM, Chuang YW, Huang ST, Tsai JL, and Wu MJ
- Subjects
- Biopsy adverse effects, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Retrospective Studies, Transplantation, Homologous, Kidney pathology, Kidney Transplantation
- Abstract
Renal biopsy remains the golden standard diagnosis of renal function deterioration. The safety in native kidney biopsy is well defined. However, it is a different story in allograft kidney biopsy. We conduct this retrospective study to clarify the safety of allograft kidney biopsy with indication.All variables were grouped by the year of biopsy and they were compared by Mann-Whitney U test (for continuous variables) or Chi-square test (for categorical variables). We collected possible factors associated with complications, including age, gender, body weight, renal function, cause of uremia, status of coagulation, hepatitis, size of needle, and immunosuppressants.We recruited all renal transplant recipients undergoing allograft biopsy between January of 2009 and December of 2014. This is the largest database for allograft kidney biopsy with indication. Of all the 269 biopsies, there was no difference in occurrence among the total 14 complications (5.2%) over these 6 years. There were only 3 cases of hematomas (1.11%), 6 gross hematuria (2.23%), 1 hydronephrosis (0.37%), and 2 hemoglobin decline (0.74%). The outcome of this cohort is the best compared to all other studies, and it is even better than the allograft protocol kidney biopsy. Among all possible factors, patients with pathological report containing "medullary tissue only" were susceptible to complications (P < 0.001, 1.8 of relative risk).In modern era, this study demonstrates the safety of allograft kidney biopsy with indication. Identifying the renal capsule before biopsy to avoid puncture into medulla is the most important element to prevent complications.
- Published
- 2016
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26. New-onset atrial fibrillation following coronary bypass surgery predicts long-term mortality: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
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Phan K, Ha HS, Phan S, Medi C, Thomas SP, and Yan TD
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- Atrial Fibrillation etiology, Coronary Artery Bypass adverse effects, Humans, Kaplan-Meier Estimate, Survival Analysis, Atrial Fibrillation mortality, Coronary Artery Bypass mortality
- Abstract
Atrial fibrillation (AF) is one of the most common postoperative complications following cardiac surgery. Recent evidence suggests that postoperative atrial fibrillation (POAF) may be more 'malignant' than previously thought, associated with follow-up mortality and morbidity. To evaluate the long-term survival of POAF versus No-POAF cohorts following coronary bypass surgery, the current meta-analysis with reconstructed individual patient data was performed. Electronic searches were performed using six databases from their inception to August 2014. Relevant studies with long-term survival data presented for POAF versus No-POAF were identified. Data were extracted by two independent reviewers and analysed according to predefined clinical endpoints. The pooled hazard ratio (HR) significantly favoured higher survival in No-POAF over POAF (HR 1.28; 95% CI, 1.19-1.37; I(2) = 96%; P < 0.00001). Individual patient data of 69 518 patients were available for inverted Kaplan-Meier survival curve analysis. Analysis of aggregate data using Kaplan-Meier curve methods for POAF versus No-POAF groups determined survival rates at the 1-year (95.7 vs 98%), 2-year (92.3 vs 95.4%), 3-year (88.7 vs 93.9%), 5-year (82.6 vs 89.4%) and 10-year (65.5 vs 75.3%) follow-up. Other complications including 30-day mortality, strokes, respiratory failure, pneumonia and hospitalization were significantly higher in the POAF group. New-onset AF following coronary bypass surgery is associated with significantly higher risk of mortality in short- and long-term follow-up. Current evidence suggests the need for stricter surveillance and monitoring of POAF following coronary bypass surgery., (© The Author 2015. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2015
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27. Catheter ablation for atrial fibrillation in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy patients: a systematic review.
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Ha HS, Wang N, Wong S, Phan S, Liao J, Kumar N, Qian P, Yan TD, and Phan K
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- Atrial Fibrillation diagnosis, Cardiomyopathy, Hypertrophic diagnosis, Comorbidity, Evidence-Based Medicine, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Postoperative Complications diagnosis, Prevalence, Risk Factors, Survival Rate, Treatment Outcome, Atrial Fibrillation mortality, Atrial Fibrillation surgery, Cardiomyopathy, Hypertrophic mortality, Cardiomyopathy, Hypertrophic surgery, Catheter Ablation mortality, Postoperative Complications mortality
- Abstract
Purpose: The primary aim of this systematic review was to assess the efficacy of catheter ablation of atrial fibrillation (AF) in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM). Differentiation based off catheter ablation modalities was not considered due to the limited scope of the current field. Studies that employed alcohol septal ablation for the treatment of AF in HCM patients were excluded as were abstracts, case reports, conference presentations, editorials, reviews, and expert opinions, Methods: Electronic searches were performed in six databases from their inception until January 2014. Relevant studies regarding catheter ablation for AF in HCM populations were identified. Data was extracted and analyzed according to pre-defined clinical endpoints, Results: A review was undertaken of eight studies in which 241 HCM patients underwent catheter ablation for AF. Overall AF-free survival at last follow-up ranged from 47 to 77% (64-67%). Sinus rhythm was maintained at last follow-up in 47-82% (median 64-67%). AF recurrence ranged from 0 to 66% (median 35-40%)., Conclusion: A review of the current evidence suggests that catheter ablation of AF in HCM patients is effective with suitable efficacy and is justified in select patients. Future adequately powered randomized studies should be undertaken aimed at addressing long-term efficacy and complications associated with procedural outcomes.
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- 2015
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28. Risk of Peripheral Arterial Occlusive Disease in Patients With Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: A Nationwide Population-Based Cohort Study.
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Chuang YW, Yu MC, Lin CL, Yu TM, Shu KH, and Kao CH
- Subjects
- Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Cardiovascular Diseases etiology, Case-Control Studies, Databases, Factual, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Humans, Incidence, Kaplan-Meier Estimate, Male, Middle Aged, Peripheral Arterial Disease epidemiology, Proportional Hazards Models, Risk Factors, Taiwan, Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic complications, Peripheral Arterial Disease etiology
- Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is associated with atherosclerosis, but the relationship between SLE and peripheral arterial occlusive disease (PAOD) remains unclear. We sought to investigate this relationship by comparing cardiovascular complications in patients with and without SLE.Data on patients from 2000 to 2011 were collected from the National Health Insurance Research Database of Taiwan. The SLE cohort was frequency-matched according to age, sex, and history of diabetes mellitus (DM) with patients without SLE (control cohort). We evaluated the risk of cardiovascular complications, including hypertension, DM, stroke, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, heart failure, coronary artery disease, and hyperlipidemia.The study included 10,144 patients with SLE and 10,144 control patients. The incidence of PAOD was 9.39-fold higher (95% confidence interval [CI] = 7.70-11.15) in the SLE cohort than in the non-SLE cohort. Moreover, SLE was an independent risk factor for PAOD. The adjusted risk of PAOD was highest in patients with SLE who were aged ≤34 years (hazard ratio = 47.6, 95% CI = 26.8-84.4). The risk of PAOD was highest during the first year of follow-up and decreased over time.Patients with SLE exhibit a higher incidence and an independently higher risk of PAOD compared with the general population. The PAOD risk is markedly elevated in patients with SLE who are young and in whom the disease is at an early stage.
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- 2015
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29. Natural variation in cross-talk between glucosinolates and onset of flowering in Arabidopsis.
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Jensen LM, Jepsen HS, Halkier BA, Kliebenstein DJ, and Burow M
- Abstract
Naturally variable regulatory networks control different biological processes including reproduction and defense. This variation within regulatory networks enables plants to optimize defense and reproduction in different environments. In this study we investigate the ability of two enzyme-encoding genes in the glucosinolate pathway, AOP2 and AOP3, to affect glucosinolate accumulation and flowering time. We have introduced the two highly similar enzymes into two different AOP (null) accessions, Col-0 and Cph-0, and found that the genes differ in their ability to affect glucosinolate levels and flowering time across the accessions. This indicated that the different glucosinolates produced by AOP2 and AOP3 serve specific regulatory roles in controlling these phenotypes. While the changes in glucosinolate levels were similar in both accessions, the effect on flowering time was dependent on the genetic background pointing to natural variation in cross-talk between defense chemistry and onset of flowering. This variation likely reflects an adaptation to survival in different environments.
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- 2015
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30. Frailty in advanced heart failure: a systematic review.
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Jha SR, Ha HS, Hickman LD, Hannu M, Davidson PM, Macdonald PS, and Newton PJ
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- Aged, Comorbidity, Disease Progression, Geriatric Assessment methods, Hospitalization statistics & numerical data, Humans, Prevalence, Risk Factors, Frail Elderly statistics & numerical data, Heart Failure diagnosis, Heart Failure epidemiology, Heart Failure physiopathology, Heart Failure therapy
- Abstract
Frailty is a common geriatric syndrome of increased vulnerability to adverse events. The prevalence of frailty among chronic heart failure (CHF) is high and confers a greater risk of adverse events including falls, hospitalisation and mortality. There have been few studies assessing frailty in CHF. A review of the key databases was conducted from 2004 to 2014 including the key search terms 'frail elderly' and 'heart failure'. The following electronic databases were searched: Medline, Cumulative Index for Nursing and Allied Health and Academic Search Complete, with reference lists being manually searched. Articles were included if frailty was assessed using a valid measuring tool in a population with a confirmed diagnosis of CHF. The search yielded a total of 393 articles with 8 articles being selected for review. The prevalence of frailty among those with CHF was high, ranging from 18 to 54 %. The frailty phenotype and geriatric assessments tools were the most common frailty measures utilised; high rates of co-morbidity, hospitalisation and mortality were identified. Frailty is common in CHF and is associated with adverse outcomes.
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- 2015
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31. Serum Bone Morphogenic Protein-4 Contributes to Discriminating Coronary Artery Disease Severity.
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Park CS, Hong OK, Kim MK, Chung WB, Choi YS, Baek KH, Song KH, Lee MY, and Kwon HS
- Subjects
- Aged, Biomarkers blood, Coronary Angiography, Coronary Artery Disease diagnostic imaging, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Severity of Illness Index, Bone Morphogenetic Protein 4 blood, Coronary Artery Disease blood
- Abstract
Bone morphogenic protein 4 (BMP-4) is a known pro-inflammatory and pro-atherogenic cytokine. Here, we investigated whether the serum BMP-4 level predicts coronary artery disease (CAD) severity in humans. We measured serum BMP-4 concentrations in 1044 consecutive patients who underwent elective coronary angiography and percutaneous coronary intervention. CAD severity was estimated by the number of diseased vessels showing ≥ 50% diameter stenosis. Among males, the serum BMP-4 level was significantly lower in patients with multivessel disease (MVD) compared with those with single-vessel disease (SVD) (16.3 ± 22.6 vs. 22.0 ± 28.4 pg/mL, P < 0.01). After adjustment for other cardiovascular risk factors, a high serum BMP-4 level was an independent predictor for a decreased risk of MVD (odds ratio, 0.992; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.985-0.998; P = .01) and patients in the lower tertile were 1.55-fold more likely to have MVD compared with upper tertile patients. Receiver-operating characteristic curve analysis demonstrated that the serum BMP-4 level had a 54% sensitivity and 54% specificity for predicting MVD (area under the curve [AUC], 56.5%; 95% CI, 51.9-61.0%; P < 0.01). Serum BMP-4 improved the predictive capability of risk factors for MVD (AUC with and without BMP-4: 64.9 and 63.6%, respectively). Considering the likelihood ratio and number of parameters, adding the serum BMP-4 level provided a better-fit model for predicting MVD compared with the model consisting of conventional risk factors (likelihood ratio χ2 = 6.20, P = .01). However, an association between serum BMP-4 and CAD was not observed in females.Serum BMP-4 levels are independently associated with CAD severity and contribute to discriminating CAD severity in males.
- Published
- 2015
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32. Increased risk of post-transplant malignancy and mortality in transplant tourists: a nationwide population-based cohort study in Taiwan.
- Author
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Chung MC, Wu MJ, Chang CH, Muo CH, Yu TM, Ho HC, Shu KH, and Chung CJ
- Subjects
- Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Cohort Studies, Databases, Factual, Female, Humans, Kaplan-Meier Estimate, Male, Middle Aged, Proportional Hazards Models, Registries, Retrospective Studies, Taiwan epidemiology, Young Adult, Kidney Transplantation adverse effects, Kidney Transplantation mortality, Medical Tourism statistics & numerical data, Neoplasms epidemiology
- Abstract
Information on post-transplant malignancy and mortality risk in kidney transplant tourists remains controversial and is an important concern. The present study aimed to evaluate the incidence of post-transplant malignancy and mortality risk between tourists and domestic transplant recipients using the claims data from Taiwan's universal health insurance. A retrospective study was performed on 2394 tourists and 1956 domestic recipients. Post-transplant malignancy and mortality were defined from the catastrophic illness patient registry by using the International Classification of Diseases, 9th Revision. Cox proportional hazard regression and Kaplan-Meier curves were used for the analyses. The incidence for post-transplant de novo malignancy in the tourist group was 1.8-fold higher than that of the domestic group (21.8 vs 12.1 per 1000 person-years). The overall cancer recurrence rate was approximately 11%. The top 3 post-transplant malignancies, in decreasing order, were urinary tract, kidney, and liver cancers, regardless of the recipient type. Compared with domestic recipients, there was significant higher mortality risk in transplant tourists (adjusted hazard ratio = 1.2, 95% confidence interval: 1.0-1.5). In addition, those with either pre-transplant or post-transplant malignancies were associated with increased mortality risk. We suggest that a sufficient waiting period for patients with pre-transplant malignancies should be better emphasized to eliminate recurrence, and transplant tourists should be discouraged because of the possibility of higher post-transplant de novo malignancy occurrence and mortality.
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- 2014
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33. Minimising methodological biases to improve the accuracy of partitioning soil respiration using natural abundance 13C.
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Snell HS, Robinson D, and Midwood AJ
- Subjects
- Carbon Dioxide analysis, Mass Spectrometry methods, Scotland, Carbon Dioxide metabolism, Carbon Isotopes analysis, Ecosystem, Soil chemistry
- Abstract
Rationale: Microbial degradation of soil organic matter (heterotrophic respiration) is a key determinant of net ecosystem exchange of carbon, but it is difficult to measure because the CO2 efflux from the soil surface is derived not only from heterotrophic respiration, but also from plant root and rhizosphere respiration (autotrophic). Partitioning total CO2 efflux can be achieved using the different natural abundance stable isotope ratios (δ(13)C) of root and soil CO2. Successful partitioning requires very accurate measurements of total soil efflux δ(13)CO2 and the δ(13)CO2 of the autotrophic and heterotrophic sources, which typically differ by just 2-8‰., Methods: In Scottish moorland and grass mesocosm studies we systematically tested some of the most commonly used techniques in order to identify and minimise methodological errors. Typical partitioning methods are to sample the total soil-surface CO2 efflux using a chamber, then to sample CO2 from incubated soil-free roots and root-free soil. We investigated the effect of collar depth on chamber measurements of surface efflux δ(13)CO2 and the effect of incubation time on estimates of end-member δ(13)CO2., Results: (1) a 5 cm increase in collar depth affects the measurement of surface efflux δ(13)CO2 by -1.5‰ and there are fundamental inconsistencies between modelled and measured biases; (2) the heterotrophic δ(13)CO2 changes by up to -4‰ within minutes of sampling; we recommend using regression to estimate the in situ δ(13)CO2 values; (3) autotrophic δ(13)CO2 measurements are reliable if root CO2 is sampled within an hour of excavation; (4) correction factors should be used to account for instrument drift of up to 3‰ and concentration-dependent non-linearity of CRDS (cavity ringdown spectroscopy) analysis., Conclusions: Methodological biases can lead to large inaccuracies in partitioning estimates. The utility of stable isotope partitioning of soil CO2 efflux will be enhanced by consensus on the optimum measurement protocols and by minimising disturbance, particularly during chamber measurements., (Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.)
- Published
- 2014
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34. Staurosporine-induced collapse of cochlear hair bundles.
- Author
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Goodyear RJ, Ratnayaka HS, Warchol ME, and Richardson GP
- Subjects
- Animals, Animals, Newborn, Annexin A5 metabolism, Caspase 3, Cell Death drug effects, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Ferritins metabolism, Hair Cells, Auditory ultrastructure, In Situ Nick-End Labeling, Mice, Microscopy, Confocal, Microscopy, Electron, Scanning, Organ Culture Techniques, Phalloidine metabolism, Time Factors, Cochlea cytology, Enzyme Inhibitors pharmacology, Hair Cells, Auditory drug effects, Staurosporine pharmacology
- Abstract
Early postnatal mouse cochlear cultures were treated with a small panel of kinase inhibitors to elucidate the mechanisms underlying the maintenance of hair-bundle structure in the developing inner ear. At low concentrations (1-10 nM), staurosporine causes the collapse and loss of hair bundles without provoking hair-cell death, as judged by lack of terminal transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) labeling or reactivity to anti-activated caspase-3. Staurosporine exposure results in the fusion of the hair bundle's stereocilia, a resorption of the parallel actin bundles of the stereocilia into the cytoplasm of the hair cell, a detachment of the apical, non-stereociliary membrane of the hair cell from the underlying cuticular plate, and a severing of the hair-bundle's rootlets from the actin cores of the stereocilia. It does not block membrane retrieval at the apical pole of the hair cells, nor does it elicit the externalization of phosphatidylserine. Staurosporine treatment causes a reduction in levels of the phosphorylated forms of ezrin, radixin, and moesin in cochlear cultures during the period of hair-bundle loss, indicating the integrity of the hair bundle may be actively maintained by the phosphorylation status of these proteins., (© 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.)
- Published
- 2014
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35. Primary cavernous haemangioma of the thyroid - a case report.
- Author
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Dasgupta A, Teerthanath S, Jayakumar M, Hs K, and Raju M
- Abstract
Primary thyroid haemangioma is extremely rare, with only countable cases having been previously reported. We are reporting a case of 38-year-old male with history of diffuse thyroid swelling in front of the neck, which was firm to hard in consistency. Ultrasonography (USG) displayed an enlarged left thyroid with anechoic / isoechoic nodule and foci of coarse calcification. Preoperative clinical diagnosis of solitary thyroid nodule was made. Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology (FNAC) was inconclusive, due to bloody aspirate. Left hemi-thyroidectomy was performed. Haemangioma was diagnosed, based on histopathological examination findings. Surgical excision would be the treatment of choice, which provides a good prognosis.
- Published
- 2014
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36. Visual-spatial cognition in women with polycystic ovarian syndrome: the role of androgens.
- Author
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Barry JA, Parekh HS, and Hardiman PJ
- Subjects
- Adolescent, Adult, Cross-Sectional Studies, Estrogens blood, Female, Humans, Testosterone blood, Women psychology, Androgens physiology, Cognition, Polycystic Ovary Syndrome psychology, Visual Perception
- Abstract
Study Question: Are women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) better at three-dimensional mental rotation than other women?, Summary Answer: Women with PCOS scored significantly higher on a mental rotation task than a female control group., What Is Known Already: PCOS is a condition characterized by elevated testosterone levels. Some researches have found that three-dimensional mental rotation task performance is positively correlated with testosterone levels., Study Design, Size, Duration: This cross-sectional study was conducted between June 2006 and January 2009. The participants were 69 women with PCOS and 41 controls recruited from five gynaecology clinics in London. The control group consisted of non-PCOS women of comparable subfertility to PCOS group. These groups sizes gave roughly 80% power to detect moderate effect sizes for the main statistical test., Participants/materials, Setting, Methods: Participants were recruited at London gynaecology clinics. The women were aged between 18 and 43. PCOS was diagnosed based on the Rotterdam criteria. Controls were women who experienced some degree of subfertility. Blood samples from participants were frozen for up to 4 months until being assayed by direct electrochemiluminescence. The mental rotation task was undertaken electronically. Some questionnaires and other tasks were completed as control measures., Main Results and the Role of Chance: Women with PCOS scored significantly higher than controls: median (range) 3.00 (0-9) and 2.00 (0-8), respectively (U = 1147.500, N1 = 69, N2 = 41, P < 0.047). Within the PCOS group, circulating levels of testosterone were significantly positively correlated with three-dimensional scoring (rs = 0.376, n = 56, P < 0.002), whereas estradiol was significantly negatively correlated with three-dimensional scoring (rs = -0.473, n = 29, P < 0.010). In the control group, the relationship between sex hormones and mental rotation was non-significant. Other factors, including general intelligence and social class, did not account for these findings. A subgroup analysis comparing hyperandrogenic PCOS cases, non-hyperandrogenic PCOS cases and controls, in which age and body mass index were controlled for using ANCOVA, found a non-significant difference in three-dimensional scoring between the three groups (F = 1.062, d.f. = 1, 73, P < 0.351)., Limitations, Reasons for Caution: The small number of women in the control group meant that correlations were underpowered in this group., Wider Implications of the Findings: This study is the first to find a benefit of PCOS in visuospatial cognition, and the first to find a link between visuospatial cognition and sex hormones in PCOS. The fact that the correlations went in the opposite direction in the PCOS group compared with the controls might suggest the influence of increased prenatal exposure to androgen in PCOS., Study Funding/competing Interest(s): The assays for this study were funded by the Department of Psychology, City University London. All authors report no conflicts of interest.
- Published
- 2013
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37. A patient with polycythaemia vera associated with membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis.
- Author
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Fernando BK, Ruwanpathirana HS, and Veerasuthen T
- Subjects
- Adult, Female, Humans, Polycythemia Vera diagnosis, Glomerulonephritis, Membranoproliferative complications, Polycythemia Vera complications
- Published
- 2011
- Full Text
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38. Occupational rehabilitation in Singapore and Malaysia.
- Author
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Chan KF, Tan CW, Yeo DS, Tan HS, Tan FL, Tan EW, Szeto GP, and Cheng AS
- Subjects
- Humans, Malaysia, Singapore, Social Change, Workers' Compensation trends, Occupational Health Services organization & administration, Public Policy, Rehabilitation, Vocational trends, Workers' Compensation organization & administration
- Abstract
Introduction: Asia is the new and favored magnet of economic attention and foreign investments after it made an almost uneventful rebound from the depths of financial crisis of 2008/2009. Not many Western observers fully understand the diversity that is Asia other than perhaps its 2 growing economic giants of China and India. Indeed many smaller countries like Singapore and Malaysia in South East Asia along with Australia and Hong Kong (a Special Administrative Region within China) look to symbiotic relationships with these two economic giants. The purpose of this discussion paper is to examine the current issues related to the development and provision of occupational rehabilitation services in Singapore and Malaysia with a forward-looking view of how Asia's different developing societies could potentially benefit from better alignment of occupational rehabilitation practices and sharing of expertise through international collaboration and dialogue platforms., Methods: Seven therapists and one physician who are frequently involved in occupational rehabilitation services in their home countries critically reviewed the current issues in Singapore and Malaysia which included analysis of the prevalence and cost of occupational injury; overview of workers' compensation system; current practices, obstacles, and challenges in providing occupational rehabilitation and return to work practices. They also offered opinions about how to improve the occupational rehabilitation programs of their two home countries., Conclusion: Even though Malaysia and Singapore are two different countries, in many ways their current provision of occupational rehabilitation services and the problems they face with are very similar. There is a lot of room for systemic improvements that require government support and action. Most prominently, the training of more healthcare professionals in the assessment and rehabilitation of the injured worker should be encouraged. There could be better liaison between the many stakeholders and more funding made available to develop resources and to jump start strategic programs. As these two countries are witnessing rapid economic growth, more resources should be allocated to establish holistic care of the injured workers emphasizing early interventions and prevention of chronic disabilities.
- Published
- 2011
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39. Src-dependent STAT-3-mediated expression of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 is required for 15(S)-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid-induced vascular smooth muscle cell migration.
- Author
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Potula HS, Wang D, Quyen DV, Singh NK, Kundumani-Sridharan V, Karpurapu M, Park EA, Glasgow WC, and Rao GN
- Subjects
- Animals, Arachidonate 15-Lipoxygenase genetics, Arachidonate 15-Lipoxygenase metabolism, Cell Line, Cells, Cultured, Chemokine CCL2 metabolism, Humans, In Vitro Techniques, Myocytes, Smooth Muscle metabolism, Proto-Oncogene Proteins pp60(c-src) genetics, Rats, STAT3 Transcription Factor genetics, Signal Transduction, Cell Movement, Chemokine CCL2 genetics, Gene Expression Regulation, Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic Acids metabolism, Myocytes, Smooth Muscle cytology, Proto-Oncogene Proteins pp60(c-src) metabolism, STAT3 Transcription Factor metabolism
- Abstract
To understand the role of human 15-lipoxygenase 1 (15-LOX1) in vascular wall remodeling, we have studied the effect of the major 15-LOX1 metabolite of arachidonic acid, 15(S)-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (15(S)-HETE), on vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) migration both in vitro and in vivo. Among 5(S)-HETE, 12(S)-HETE, and 15(S)-HETE, 15(S)-HETE potentially stimulated more vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) migration. In addition, 15(S)-HETE-induced VSMC migration was dependent on Src-mediated activation of signal transducer and activator of transcription-3 (STAT-3). 15(S)-HETE also induced monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) expression via Src-STAT-3 signaling, and neutralizing anti-MCP-1 antibodies completely negated 15(S)-HETE-induced VSMC migration. Cloning and characterization of a 2.6-kb MCP-1 promoter revealed the presence of four putative STAT-binding sites, and the site that is proximal to the transcription start site was found to be essential for 15(S)-HETE-induced Src-STAT-3-mediated MCP-1 expression. Rat carotid arteries that were subjected to balloon injury and transduced with Ad-15-LOX1 upon exposure to [(3)H]arachidonic acid ex vivo produced 15-HETE as a major eicosanoid and enhanced balloon injury-induced expression of MCP-1 in smooth muscle cells in Src and STAT-3-dependent manner in vivo. Adenovirus-mediated delivery of 15-LOX1 into rat carotid artery also led to recruitment and homing of macrophages to medial region in response to injury. In addition, transduction of Ad-15-LOX1 into arteries enhanced balloon injury-induced smooth muscle cell migration from media to intima and neointima formation. These results show for the first time that 15-LOX1-15(S)-HETE axis plays a major role in vascular wall remodeling after balloon angioplasty.
- Published
- 2009
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40. Can the concept of Health Promoting Schools help to improve students' health knowledge and practices to combat the challenge of communicable diseases: Case study in Hong Kong?
- Author
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Lee A, Wong MC, Keung VM, Yuen HS, Cheng F, and Mok JS
- Subjects
- Adolescent, Awards and Prizes, Cross-Sectional Studies, Educational Status, Female, Hong Kong epidemiology, Humans, Hygiene, Male, Organizational Case Studies, Program Evaluation, Students statistics & numerical data, Surveys and Questionnaires, Communicable Disease Control methods, Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice, Health Promotion methods, School Health Services organization & administration, Students psychology
- Abstract
Background: The growing epidemics of emerging infectious diseases has raised the importance of a setting approach and include the Health Promoting School (HPS) framework to promote better health and hygiene. Built on the concept of 'the' HPS framework, the Hong Kong Healthy Schools Award scheme includes "Personal Health Skills" as one of its key aspects to improve student hygiene knowledge and practices. This study examines the differences in student perceptions, knowledge and health behaviours between those schools that have adopted the HPS framework and those that have not adopted., Methods: A cross-sectional study using multi-stage random sampling was conducted among schools with awards (HSA) and those schools not involved in the award scheme nor adopting the concept of HPS (non-HPS). For HSA group, 5 primary schools and 7 secondary schools entered the study with 510 students and 789 students sampled respectively. For the 'Non-HPS' group, 8 primary schools and 7 secondary schools entered the study with 676 students and 725 students sampled respectively. A self-administered questionnaire was used as the measuring instrument., Results: Students in the HSA category were found to be better with statistical significance in personal hygiene practice, knowledge on health and hygiene, as well as access to health information. HSA schools were reported to have better school health policy, higher degrees of community participation, and better hygienic environment., Conclusion: Students in schools that had adopted the HPS framework had a more positive health behaviour profile than those in non-HPS schools. Although a causal relationship is yet to be established, the HPS appears to be a viable approach for addressing communicable diseases.
- Published
- 2008
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
41. Development of the hair bundle and mechanotransduction.
- Author
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Nayak GD, Ratnayaka HS, Goodyear RJ, and Richardson GP
- Subjects
- Animals, Cilia metabolism, Cilia ultrastructure, Ear, Inner growth & development, Hair Cells, Auditory ultrastructure, Mechanotransduction, Cellular genetics, Models, Biological, Hair Cells, Auditory metabolism, Mechanotransduction, Cellular physiology
- Abstract
This review focuses on the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying the development of the sensory hair bundle, an apical specialisation of the hair cell that is essential for mechanotransduction. The structure, function and development of the hair bundle is described, with an emphasis on the properties and possible roles played by the different link types that interconnect the individual elements of the hair bundle - the multiple stereocilia and the single kinocilium. Studies of mouse and zebrafish mutants have revealed that several classes of molecule are required for the genesis and maintenance of hair-bundle structure. These include cell surface molecules that are associated with the different hair-bundle links, along with myosin motors, scaffolding proteins and an actin cross-linker. Finally we consider how differences in the form and shape of hair bundles within and between different sensory organs are generated.
- Published
- 2007
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
42. Differential staining combined with TUNEL labelling to detect apoptosis in preimplantation bovine embryos.
- Author
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Fouladi-Nashta AA, Alberio R, Kafi M, Nicholas B, Campbell KH, and Webb R
- Subjects
- Animals, Blastocyst drug effects, Blastocyst ultrastructure, Cattle embryology, Cell Count, Cell Nucleus ultrastructure, Embryo Culture Techniques, Female, Fetal Blood, Serum Albumin, Bovine pharmacology, Apoptosis, Blastocyst cytology, Blastocyst physiology, In Situ Nick-End Labeling, Staining and Labeling
- Abstract
Development of accurate laboratory methods to assess embryo quality will improve the efficiency of embryo production from in-vitro culture systems. Currently, the techniques of TdT (terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase)-mediated dUDP nick-end (TUNEL) labelling for the detection of apoptosis, and differential staining for determining the ratio of inner cell mass (ICM) to trophectoderm (TE) cells, are used separately to assess embryo quality in a range of different species. This paper reports a unique, simple and fast method for the assessment of embryo quality using differential staining of TE and ICM, but combined with TUNEL labelling (DST staining). This technique was used to investigate the effect of serum supplementation on total cell number, ICM:TE ratio and apoptosis index after in-vitro production of bovine embryos. Serum supplementation increased total cell number (P < 0.01), but reduced the ratio of ICM:TE cells. No differences were observed in the number of apoptotic nuclei between treatments, or in the localization of the apoptotic nuclei. However, more apoptotic nuclei were observed in ICM than TE cells in both culture groups. In conclusion, using DST, it has been possible to carry out both a qualitative and quantitative analysis of embryos produced using the two different methods. DST provides a means of assessing the effect of culture conditions on cell number of both embryo compartments (ICM and TE), as well as providing information on the localization of apoptotic nuclei within the blastocyst.
- Published
- 2005
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
43. Significance of the Hygiene Charter towards different sectors in Hong Kong.
- Author
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Lee A, Cheng FF, Yuen HS, Ho M, Ngan WP, Suen YP, Au SM, Li SN, Tso CY, Ng PP, Wong YP, Keung MW, Lo AS, Wong WS, Siu DC, Yuen WK, Mok KK, Fung WY, and Wong KK
- Subjects
- Adult, Female, Hong Kong, Humans, Male, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome prevention & control, Environmental Health, Health Promotion methods, Hygiene, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome transmission
- Abstract
The occurrence of SARS in March 2003 has resulted in an increased interest, worldwide in emerging infectious diseases. The SARS experience provided us a lesson on the importance of promoting hygienic practices among individuals and different working sectors. In Hong Kong, a voluntary organization called the UNITE proposed a Hygiene Charter which aimed at taking hygiene to new levels. This action has been supported by individuals and different sectors including the Personal and Family, Management, Buildings, Catering, Education, Finance and Commercial, Industrial, Medical and Health, Public Transportation, Social Welfare, Sports and Culture and Tourism. As promotion and maintenance of environmental health requires input from different sectors, the signing of the Hygiene Charter provides an opportunity for individuals and the public to show their pledge and commitment to good hygiene practices. As a result, with environment improvement and good infectious disease control measures, prevention of epidemics of infectious diseases is deemed to be possible.
- Published
- 2004
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
44. Nonlinear methods for biopattern analysis: role and challenges.
- Author
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Ifeachor EC, Outram NJ, Henderson GT, Wimalaratna HS, Hudson N, Sneyd R, Dong C, and Bigan C
- Abstract
An important trend in medical technology is towards support for personalised healthcare, fuelled by developments in genomic-based medicine. New computational intelligent techniques for biodata analysis will be needed to fully exploit the vast amounts of data that are being generated. Non-linear signal processing methods will form an important part of such computational intelligent techniques. This paper introduces some non-linear methods which are likely to play a role in the emerging area of biopattern and bioprofile analysis that will underpin personalized healthcare. We highlight their application to clinical problems involving EEG and fetal ECG and heart rate analysis, and issues that arise when they are applied to real world problems. The clinical problems include dementia assessment, drug administration and fetal monitoring. The potential role and challenges in the application of non-linear signal analysis of biopattern and bioprofile are highlighted within the context of a major EU project, BIOPATTERN.
- Published
- 2004
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
45. Quantitative surface EMG in the diagnosis of neuromuscular disorders.
- Author
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Wimalaratna HS, Tooley MA, Churchill E, Preece AW, and Morgan HM
- Subjects
- Differential Threshold physiology, Humans, Multivariate Analysis, Muscle Contraction physiology, Needles, Reaction Time, Reproducibility of Results, Electrodes, Electromyography, Muscular Diseases diagnosis, Muscular Diseases physiopathology, Peripheral Nervous System Diseases diagnosis, Peripheral Nervous System Diseases physiopathology
- Abstract
This paper describes a non-invasive quantitative method for the diagnosis of neuromuscular disorders using surface EMG (sEMG). We found sEMG to be a reliable method that can be used to differentiate neuropathic and myopathic patients from the normal subjects. The multivariate discriminant analysis of sEMG data assisted in separating myopathic from neuropathic disorders. Nevertheless sEMG is not robust enough to replace needle EMG as a stand-alone diagnostic tool. However quantitative sEMG that is described in this paper could be adopted as a simple, rapid and non-invasive technique to be used in the out patients clinic by EMG-naive clinicians as a screening method for neuromuscular disorders, before referring the patients for detailed clinical neurophysiological examinations.
- Published
- 2002
46. Congenital funnel chest.
- Author
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SAINSBURY HS
- Subjects
- Humans, Funnel Chest congenital
- Published
- 1947
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
47. Mesenteric adenitis in association with ascariasis.
- Author
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SINGHA HS
- Subjects
- Ascariasis complications, Disease, Lymphadenitis, Mesenteric Lymphadenitis, Mesentery
- Published
- 1959
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
48. Intussusception in a case of penetrating abdominal injury.
- Author
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SINGHA HS
- Subjects
- Humans, Abdomen, Abdominal Injuries, Intussusception, Medical Records
- Published
- 1958
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
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