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The striatum in the brain is involved in various behavioral functions, including reward, and disease processes, such as opioid use disorder (OUD). Further understanding of the role of striatal subregions in reward behaviors and their potential associations with OUD requires molecular identification of specific striatal cell types in human brain. The human striatum contains subregions based on different anatomical, functional, and physiological properties, with the dorsal striatum further divided into caudate and putamen. Both caudate and putamen are associated with alterations in reward processing, formation of habits, and development of negative affect states in OUD. Using single nuclei RNA- sequencing of human postmortem caudate and putamen, we identified canonical neuronal cell types in striatum (e.g.,dopamine receptor 1 or 2 expressing neurons, D1 or D2) and less abundant subpopulations, including D1/D2 hybrid neurons and multiple classes of interneurons. By comparing unaffected subjects to subjects with OUD, we found neuronal-specific differences in pathways related to neurodegeneration, interferon response, and DNA damage. DNA damage markers were also elevated in striatal neurons of rhesus macaques following chronic opioid administration. We identified sex-dependent differences in the expression of stress-induced transcripts (e.g., FKBP5) among astrocytes and oligodendrocytes from female subjects with OUD. Thus, we describe striatal cell types and leverage these data to gain insights into molecular alterations in human striatum associated with opioid addiction.

Democratic cooperation is a particularly complex type of arrangement that requires attendant institutions to ensure that the problems inherent in collective action do not subvert the public good. It is perhaps due to this complexity that historians, political scientists, and others generally associate the birth of democracy with the emergence of so-called states and center it geographically in the “West,” where it then diffused to the rest of the world. We argue that the archaeological record of the American Southeast provides a case to examine the emergence of democratic institutions and to highlight the distinctive ways in which such long-lived institutions were—and continue to be—expressed by Native Americans. Our research at the Cold Springs site in northern Georgia, USA, provides important insight into the earliest documented council houses in the American Southeast. We present new radiocarbon dating of these structures along with dates for the associated early platform mounds that place their use as early as cal AD 500. This new dating makes the institution of the Muskogean council, whose active participants have always included both men and women, at least 1,500 years old, and therefore one of the most enduring and inclusive democratic institutions in world history.

We review some of the most significant research trends as well as emerging issues in the archaeology of the American Southwest and Northwest Mexico. Among the many topics being studied that we could discuss, we have chosen to focus on engaged archaeology, “big data”, the research potential of museum collections, agriculture, social organization, regional connectivity, and culture history.

Beginning 4,000 or more years ago in the U.S. Southwest and Mexican Northwest, the most varied and sustained interactions between regional inhabitants and the plants of their environments took place within the context of agricultural economies. Even though a recurrent paradigm portrays the Southwest/Northwest as harsh and agriculturally marginal, the region is rich in the archaeological legacy of Indigenous cultivators who produced harvests over three and a half millennia. In recent decades, a finer focus on analytical details, as well as broader comparative approaches to the archaeological record of plants, has expanded the roster of regional crops and culturally enhanced resources, illuminated the nature and scope of culturally modified environments, and explored the roles of plants in a range of economic and social transactions.

This chapter reviews the evidence for Mesoamerican presence or influence in the U.S. Southwest. Objects, symbols, and practices of apparent Mesoamerican origin, especially in the Hohokam region, include copper bells, macaws, shell trumpets, and other similar objects. The explanations that archaeologists have proposed for such presence come down to agricultural displacement, trade, and coercive domination. The review shows that Mesoamerican connections are of several different kinds, suggesting that there may be several different explanations. One explanation that is strongly indicated is the acquisition by local leaders of distant objects and symbols of supernatural power in order certify their ritual competence.

High-quality drinking water from treatment works is degraded during transport to customer taps through the Drinking Water Distribution System (DWDS). Interactions occurring at the pipe wall-water interface are central to this degradation and are often dominated by complex microbial biofilms that are not well understood. This study uses novel application of confocal microscopy techniques to quantify the composition of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) and cells of DWDS biofilms together with concurrent evaluation of the bacterial community. An internationally unique, full-scale, experimental DWDS facility was used to investigate the impact of three different hydraulic patterns upon biofilms and subsequently assess their response to increases in shear stress, linking biofilms to water quality impacts such as discolouration. Greater flow variation during growth was associated with increased cell quantity but was inversely related to EPS-to-cell volume ratios and bacterial diversity. Discolouration was caused and EPS was mobilised during flushing of all conditions. Ultimately, biofilms developed under low-varied flow conditions had lowest amounts of biomass, the greatest EPS volumes per cell and the lowest discolouration response. This research shows that the interactions between hydraulics and biofilm physical and community structures are complex but critical to managing biofilms within ageing DWDS infrastructure to limit water quality degradation and protect public health.

Cerros de trincheras in northern Sonora and southern Arizona have traditionally been interpreted as short-term, defensive refuges. This paper reviews recent evidence concerning the functions of such sites by focusing on survey, mapping, and excavation results gained over the past 12 years at several Tucson Basin cerros de trincheras. This evidence suggests that the Tucson Basin sites, and probably other cerros de trincheras as well, were not used as emergency defensive retreats. They instead were used for a variety of activities during the Hohokam early Classic period. The largest and most complex sites apparently were habitation villages, supporting hillside and hill summit pit houses and masonry rooms, large and small stone terraces, and massive, walled compounds. Artifacts and other evidence indicate that some of the terraces apparently were used for cultivation, and that the compounds may have accommodated ceremonies. Symbolic aspects of cerros de trincheras, particularly the highly visible te...

Native American responses to Spanish colonialism are explored through an analysis of multiple lines of evidence concerning subsistence practices, diet, and health in the Salinas Pueblo area of central New Mexico. Zooarchaeological and paleoethnobotanical data from three Pueblo villages that experienced different degrees of Spanish missionization are the focus of this study. In addition, human osteological data from one village provide important information on activity patterns and health. These data are used to document the kinds of changes that occurred in Pueblo labor patterns, food consumption, and health from the pre-colonial to colonial periods. Synthetic analyses document the development of some degree of inter-village specialization in large game hunting, hide processing, and corn farming, presumably in response to Spanish tribute levies in corn and antelope hides, and demands on Pueblo labor in other arenas. There also appears to be a degree of divergence in women’s and men’s lives in the colonial period. These southwestern data are then compared with similar information from the southeastern US to identify patterns of similarity and difference in Native American experiences of and strategies for dealing with Spanish colonization.

Background: Copy number variation on chromosome 15q11.2 (BP1-BP2) causes a deletion of CYFIP1, NIPA1, NIPA2 and TUBGCP5. Furthermore, it also affects brain structure and elevates the risk for several neurodevelopmental disorders that are associated with dendritic spine abnormalities. In rodents, altered cyfip1 expression changes dendritic spine morphology, motivating analyses of human neuronal cells derived from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs; iPSC-neurons). Methods: iPSCs were generated from a mother and her offspring, both carrying the 15q11.2 (BP1-BP2) deletion, and a non-deletion control. Gene expression in the deletion region was estimated using quantitative real-time PCR assays. Neural progenitor cells (NPCs) and iPSC-neurons were characterized using immunocytochemistry. Results:CYFIP1, NIPA1, NIPA2 and TUBGCP5 gene expression was lower in iPSCs, NPCs and iPSC-neurons from the mother and her offspring in relation to control cells. CYFIP1 and PSD-95 protein levels were lower in iPSC-neurons derived from the copy number variant-bearing individuals using Western blot analysis. Ten weeks after differentiation, iPSC-neurons appeared to show dendritic spines, and qualitative analysis suggested that dendritic morphology was altered in 15q11.2-deletion subjects compared with control cells. Conclusions: The 15q11.2 (BP1-BP2) deletion is associated with a reduced expression of four genes in iPSC-derived neuronal cells; it may also be associated with altered iPSC-neuron dendritic morphology.

This paper presents the results of a juxtaposition of archaeological findings on Hohokam irrigation and ethnographic research on the social organization of irrigation. There are no ethnographic or historic records pertaining to the Hohokam, so the comparative ethnographic approach is perhaps more productive than in other situations. Several forms of canal irrigation organization are considered, including politically centralized, acephalous, private, and several forms of communal. We find that politically centralized, acephalous, and private forms are implausible in the Hohokam context. Several of the communal forms are plausible. We find no ethnographic basis for positing a valley-wide management system.

Coeval shell and charcoal from Santa Catarina State, Brazil, differ systematically in 14C content, indicating a reservoir effect in marine samples. For modern samples (AD 1939–2000) and archeological samples (2500–1595 BP), the mean 14C age difference between marine and atmospheric carbon is 220 ± 20 years, the marine carbon being older. For three samples dated AD 1939–1944, a distinct reservoir correction of 510 ± 10 years is also observed. The ages of archeological shell samples from Jabuticabeira may be corrected by subtracting 220 years from the apparent 14C ages.

The acquisition of electroencephalograms (EEG) during functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) experiments raises important practical issues of patient safety. The presence of electrical wires connected to the patient in rapidly changing magnetic fields results in currents flowing through the patient due to induced electromotive forces (EMF), by three possible mechanisms: fixed loop in rapidly changing gradient fields; fixed loop in a RF electromagnetic field; moving loop in the static magnetic field. RF-induced EMFs were identified as the most important potential hazard. We calculated the minimum value of current-limiting resistance to be fitted in each EEG electrode lead for a representative worst case loop, and measured RF magnetic field intensity and heating in a specific type of current-limiting resistors. The results show that electrode resistance should beor = 13 k(omega) for our setup. The methodology presented is general and can be useful for other centers.

Increasing social complexity among the prehistoric Hohokam of southern Arizona after A.D. 1150 was associated with an increase in women's workloads; greater variablity in domestic architecture, creating differential access to community activity; the presence of dual prestige hierarchies for males and females; and greater status differentiation among adult females. The products of women's labor served as a foundation for emerging differentiation in wealth and prestige during the Classic period, with women potentially wielding considerable influence because of men's dependence on them for productive activities.

The fact and intensity of their commitment to agriculture is a foremost charac­ teristic that distinguished the prehistoric farmers of the Greater Southwest (82) from their contemporaries to the east, north, and west. As the ultimate mem­ bers of a continuum of agricultural peoples stretching north from Meso­ america, pottery-making c ultivators in the southwestern United States and adjacent northwestern Mexico (see Figure 1) formed an agricultural peninsula with constantly shifting boundaries among North American groups who were predominantly hunters and gatherers. To understand the environmental context and social role of agriculture, then, is to understand the most essential factors that differentiated the Southwest as a culture area and distinctively shaped the lifeways of its inhabitants. This review explores recent advances in the effort to understand the relationship between society and agriculture in southwestern archaeology . To those whose perceptions are conditioned by temperate climates and technology of the industrial era, the original occupants of arid southwestern basins, plateaus, and mountains faced daunting challenges to an agricultural lifestyle. Concepts concerning agricultural marginality have played a central role in the study of societal forms and dynamics, as can be seen in current analytical approaches and interpretive frameworks favored by southwestern archaeologists. As Kohler observes (85), "the effectiveness of various ecologi

Research within the last 3 to 5 years is summarized for the southern part of the southwestern United States and adjacent northwest Mexico. In an effort to identify important new sources of information, the literature of contract archaeology is cited, along with more widely available journal and book publications. Topics considered include Late Archaic farmers, early ceramic villages, subsistence and agricultural technology, settlement stability and residential mobility, community organization, and developments of the late prehistoric period sociopolitical complexity.

The Hohokam of southern Arizona are noted for greater duration of settlement than other major agricultural traditions in the archaeological record of the southwestern United States, including the Anasazi and Mogollon. The 40,000 square mile area inhabited by the Hohokam is marked by low elevation desert basins, but encompasses a range of topographic and climatic variability that shaped opportunities for prehistoric farming technologies. Irrigation from rivers was frequently associated with the longterm persistence of individual sites, while floodwater farming along ephemeral drainages was more often correlated with continuous occupation of hydrologically favored zones. Renewal of fields by waterborne nutrients and efficient practices in the use of natural resources countered the limited mobility options afforded by the Hohokam environment.

Rock mass classification systems that comprise both rock material properties and large-scaldiscontinuities are essential in surface mining operations, tunneling and rock foundation engineering. As reported in this paper, point load strength measurements made on limestone, sandstone, granite, basalt and syenite rock samples indicate anisotropy ratios (axial to diametral) ranging approximately from 2.0 to 9.5. In general, direct proportionality exists between measured strength values in the two orthogonal directions. Furthermore, axial and diametral strength values are respectively, directly proportional to the dynamic elastic modulus of the samples. Values for the latter were obtained indirectly through density and sonic wave transit time measurements. Although it is known to be significant in rock excavation processes, rock quality designation (RQD) exhibits no discernible relationship with elastic modulus or point load strength of each of the rock samples tested. Along with the results of previo...

Analysis of botanical materials from archaeological sites provides basic data in the form of quantified resource tabulations. Although biases are acknowledged in the formation of this record, it is usually assumed that sufficiently large samples provide insight into representative resources for a provenience. It is a further inferential leap to equate recovered resources with either production or consumption, or with local or extra-local acquisition. We must attempt to distinquish evidence of production from consumption in the archaeological record if we are to effectively investigate problems such as resource specialization, trade, and redistribution. These distinctions can be approached through direct evidence of production and consumption activities and through circumstantial and comparative argument. Illustrations are drawn from early Classic period Hohokam contexts in the Tucson Basin.

Sambaquis (the Brazilian term for shell mounds, derived from the Tupi language) are widely distributed along the shoreline of Brazil and were noted in European accounts as early as the sixteenth century. They typically occur in highly productive bay and lagoon ecotones where the mingling of salt and fresh waters supports mangrove vegetation and abundant shellfish, fish, and aquatic birds. More than one thousand sambaqui locations are recorded in Brazil’s national register of archaeological sites [Note 1], but represent a fraction of the original number because colonial through modern settlements coincide with these favorable environments. Although sambaquis are of variable scale overall, massive shell mounds are characteristic of Brazil’s southern coast (Figure 18.1). The term “sambaqui” is applied to cultural deposits of varying size and stratigraphy in which shell is a major constituent, undoubtedly encompassing accumulations with a range of functions and origins. Proportions of soil, sand, shell [Note 2], and the kinds of cultural inclusions and features in sambaquis also are variable. Small sambaquis often consist of shell layers over sandy substrates or sequences of shell and sand layers, with or without signs of burning or significant numbers of artifacts. Larger shell mounds typically have horizontally and vertically complex stratigraphy, including alternating sequences of shell deposits, narrower and darker layers of charcoal and burned bone that mark occupation surfaces, and clusters of burials, hearths, and postholes descending from these surfaces. Food refuse is present in sambaquis, along with a set of several feature types that are commonplace in residential occupations. Recognizable dwellings have not been encountered, however, nor do arrangements of features and distributions of artifacts indicate sustained domestic activity, with very few exceptions (e.g., around lakes in the state of Rio de Janeiro: Barbosa et al. 1994; L. Kneip 1992). In some cases, small sambaquis with

A collapsed rockshelter site, WHS 784 X (Yutil al-Hasa), in the Wadi Hasa drainage in west-central Jordan was tested in 1984. Technological and typological analyses of the stone artifact assemblages suggest that it pertains to the latest phases of the Levantine Upper Paleolithic ‘Ahmarian Tradition’. Excellent faunal preservation allowed the identification of several ungulate species, as well as other taxa. These data and the topographic setting of the site indicated that WHS 784 X was probably a hunting camp used in part to monitor the (seasonal?) movements of herds of equids and gazelles. Dating at 19,000 uncal BP, the occupations fall at the Upper Paleolithic/Epipaleolithic transition as conventionally defined, and represent one of the first well-documented occurrences of an Ahmarian limited activity site. Work at WHS 784 X contributes to the rapidly improving state of Levantine Upper Paleolithic systematics and provides a fuller understanding of life at the end of the Upper Paleolithic in the southern Levant.

The purpose of this study was to provide follow-up data regarding the incidence of local breast cancer recurrence in patients undergoing skin-sparing mastectomy versus conventional non-skin-sparing mastectomy methods.A retrospective follow-up study and analysis were performed of patients who underwent mastectomies for invasive breast cancer at The New York Presbyterian Hospital, Cornell University Medical College and Strang-Cornell Breast Center between 1990 and 1998.A total of 198 patients were identified in this study, and the mean follow-up was 49 months. This group included 71 patients who underwent skin-sparing mastectomy and 127 who underwent non-skin-sparing mastectomy procedures. No statistical differences in local recurrence rates were demonstrated between patients treated with skin-sparing mastectomy and those who underwent non-skin-sparing mastectomy. Local recurrence was present in four of 71 (5.6%) patients undergoing skin-sparing mastectomy and in five of 127 (3.9%) of those undergoing non-skin-sparing mastectomy.The use of skin-sparing mastectomy does not lead to an increase in local recurrence rates when compared with conventional non-sparing mastectomies and provides for improved aesthetic results after immediate reconstruction.

A particularly important step during industrial machining operations is the detection and classification of tool wear. Past research in this area has demonstrated the effectiveness of various feature sets and binary classifiers. The goal of the research discussed here is to develop a classifier which makes use of the dynamic characteristics of tool wear in a metal milling application and replaces the standard binary classification with a gradient measure that is the posterior probability (or confidence) that the tool is worn given the observed feature sequence. This classifier tracks the dynamics of sensor data within a single cutting pass as well as the evolution of wear from sharp to dull. We discuss topology design and training model parameters in an application with sparsely-labeled training data. We were able to achieve better than 90% accuracy across changing cutting conditions even with a limited feature set drawn from a single sensor.