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Under atmospheric pressure, the identifiable phases of ice crystals are hexagonal (stable) and cubic (metastable).This study aimed to test the hypothesis that water crystallizes into the cubic phase at the beginning and then changes to the hexagonal phase.Aqueous solutions of 40% (w/w) and 50% (w/w) glucose, and 40% (w/w) ammonium hydrogen sulfate, as well as emulsified water, were investigated.The cubic-to-hexagonal ice phase transition was detected in 40% (w/w) glucose solution within a 1 s integration interval, whereas the cubic ice formed in 50% (w/w) glucose solution did not transition to the hexagonal phase. The cubic phase was also confirmed in the 40% (w/w) ammonium hydrogen sulfate solution, but not in emulsified water.The cubic-to-hexagonal ice phase transition was detected in three aqueous solutions tested upon freezing. It was not possible to clearly capture the transition process in emulsified water under the study condition.

A gyrotron and a matching optics unit (MOU) for the multi-frequency electron cyclotron heating and current drive (ECH/CD) system in JT-60SA have been developed successfully. The gyrotron demonstrated stable operation at high powers of 1.5 MW for 5 s and 1.9 MW for 1 s at 110 GHz. To obtain high HE11 mode purity (>90%) at the outlet of the waveguide in the ECH/CD launcher, a MOU for operating at three frequencies of 82 GHz, 110 GHz, and 138 GHz that includes three pairs of water-cooled phase correcting mirrors has been developed, which allows the mirrors to be changed without opening the evacuated MOU. The mode purity at the inlet of a dummy load in the transmission line was evaluated at high-power and an HE11 mode purity of >90% was obtained at three frequencies.

For successful tokamak operation with adequate mode selection of the electron cyclotron wave, launching wave polarization should be accurately controlled. In this study, a new method is proposed to efficiently identify the response of polarizers using a geometric approach in the Stokes space, focusing on the fact that polarization can be represented as a vector in Stokes space and the response of a polarizer can be described as a rotation. The proposed methods are intended (i) to determine the response parameters of a polarizer or (ii) to determine the response parameters of two polarizers simultaneously. A simple measurement system was prepared to observe the polarizers’ output polarization in the 110/138 GHz transmission line. The determined response parameters of two polarizers can reproduce measured polarizations with sufficient accuracy above 99%. The direction of an output polarization circularity, the only feature of a polarization that could not be directly known from the prepared measurement, could also be determined with sufficient accuracy.

The optical components in the ITER Equatorial EC H&CD Launcher, i.e., the two mirrors including one steering mirror, are designed by considering the heat load on the mirrors, RF loss during the propagation from the Launcher inlet to outlet and the Electron Cyclotron Current Drive (ECCD) profile in the plasma. The allowable heat load on the steering mirror, which consists of stainless steel cooling pipe and CuCrZr body, is calculated for the optimization. The ECCD profile is also calculated. Both calculations are integrated into the launcher optimization program.

Accepted: 2014-06-29, 資料番号: SA1140130000

Although the involvement of cytomegalovirus (CMV) infections in the development of thrombotic microangiopathy (TMA) in HIV patients and transplant recipients has been reported, it is still controversial whether CMV itself can cause TMA. We report herein a rare case with rapid improvement of TMA by ganciclovir treatment in a patient who is neither HIV-positive nor a transplant recipient, suggesting a pathogenic role for CMV in TMA.

We have developed an energy-resolved X-ray imaging method using the counting-type pixel detector PILATUS-100K. X-ray intensities were recorded as a scan of threshold energies, and the X-ray energy was determined by an s-curve fitting analysis. As a capability study of ultra precise energy-resolved imaging, X-ray beam intensities at 15.75, 15.76, 15.77, 15.78, 15.79, and 15.80 keV were measured and their threshold scan distributions could be clearly separated from each other. Laue diffraction patterns of a silicon steel sample were recorded with white X-ray beams. A grain image of silicon steel was obtained with a sample position scan. The reflected X-ray energy was also measured at three sample positions to analyze the lattice constant of the sample crystal grain.

Two research projects are working toward petascale computation for earthquake engineering. The E-Simulator project aims to reproduce a world-class shake-table test, while the Integrated Earthquake Simulation (IES) project seamlessly simulates three key earthquake processes to provide vital information about potential earthquake hazards and disasters.

著者人数: 13名, 資料番号: SA1002759000

Laser fusion splicing has been realized for the simple splicing of optical fibers in a small board area, and for accommodating the increasing number of optical fibers that must be mounted on a board. For the splicing, zirconia ceramics are conventionally used to fabricate V-groove substrates because of their high machining performance. In this study, the existence of zirconium inclusions between the spliced optical fibers could be clarified with SPring-8 micro-computed tomography (SP-μCT) for the first time. The large inclusion size was found to increase the splicing loss. Moreover, the average splicing loss could be reduced from 0.18 dB to 0.15 dB by the adoption of a cleaning process to remove the zirconium inclusions that originate from the V-groove substrate used for the fiber.

E-ディフェンスを用いた実大橋梁の震動実験研究プロジェクトの概要を，現在までに実施された1970年代の曲げ破壊先行型およびせん断破壊先行型のRC橋脚，現在の基準で建設されたRC橋脚の震動実験を中心に紹介する。

We characterized the distribution of trap states in silicon-on-insulator (SOI) layers in epitaxial layer transfer (ELTRAN) wafers and in low-dose separation by implanted oxygen (SIMOX) wafers. We measured the front- and back-gate characteristics of MOSFETs with SOI layers of different thicknesses. We used the current-Terman method to estimate the trap states at the gate oxide (GOX)/SOI interface and at the SOI/buried oxide (BOX) interface separately. As a result, we concluded that the high-density trap states in the SOI layers in SIMOX wafers cause a gate-voltage shift, which is attributed to the charged trap states only in the inversion layer. We also found that the trap states are distributed within about 30 nm from the SOI/BOX interface in the SOI layer in SIMOX wafers, which indicates that the distribution of trap states originates from the oxygen implantation that is peculiar to the SIMOX process.

The effect of surfactants on an oxidation-hair-dye-formation reaction in a dye bath was studied in order to learn the mechanism of the effect of surfactants on the dyeability of hair by the oxidation dye. The dye-formation behaviours for the p-aminophenol and 5-amino-o-cresol system with the surfactants, of which the hydrophilic parts have different charges, were compared changing the concentration of surfactants. It was found that the same dyes are produced, regardless of the charge of surfactants added, and the rate of dye produced in the dyebath is increased in the presence of surfactants. The order of the production rate is, with an anionic surfactant > with non-ionic surfactant > with cationic surfactant > without surfactant. The relation between the dyeability of hair and the rate of dye produced in the dyebath in the presence of surfactants is not found. The major factor governing the dyeability of hair is different from the mechanism of the increased dye in the solution. It was also found that the dye-formation rate is increased by immersing hair into the reaction solution, and hair works as an accelerator for the dye-formation reaction.

In this work, we report the preparation, the characterization and interaction with cells of novel pH-sensitive non-phospholipid vesicle formulations, from a non-ionic surfactant mixed with cholesterol (CHOL) and his derivative cholesteryl hemisuccinate (CHEMS), as pH-sensitive molecule. This molecule, can destabilize the vesicle lipid bilayer when exposed to an acidic environment, with a subsequent release of vesicular content, enhancing the cytoplasmatic delivery of drugs to target cells. Vesicles were characterized by static and dynamic light scattering, in order to evaluate their dimensions, bilayer thickness and vesicle stability. Membrane permeability changes were determined by the release of entrapped hydroxypyrene-1,3,6-trisulfonic acid (HPTS). Also diphenylhesatriene (DPH) fluorescence anisotropy and zeta potential measurements were used to evidence the pH sensitivity. Furthermore vesicles were characterized by means of electronic microscopy after freeze-fracture. The interaction of non-lipid vesicles containing different fluorescent dyes with Raw 264.7, mouse monocite macrophage, were analyzed by flow cytometric analysis. The obtained results indicate that the pH-sensitive vesicular structures show good plasma stability and relevant pH-sensitivity. Moreover this formulation was able to interact with target membranes (i.e. plasma or endosomal membrane) and to release the encapsulated material into the cytoplasm.

Objective The CyberKnife is a new frameless image-guided radiosurgical modality. The authors report on their experience using the CyberKnife in 25 patients with malignant gliomas. Methods Twenty-five patients with histologically proven malignant gliomas (18 glioblastoma: GB, 7 anaplastic astrocytoma: AA) were treated with the CyberKnife at Konan St. Hill Hospital between June 1998 and November 2002. CyberKnife therapy was performed on 44 lesions (31 GB lesions, 13 AA lesions) in the 25 patients. The median target volume was 19.1 mL (range: 0.3 - 90.2). The median prescribed dose was 20.3 Gy (range: 13.9 - 26.4). Patient-, tumor-, and treatment-related variables were analyzed by univariate analysis, and survival curves were generated by the Kaplan-Meier product limit. Results In the 18 GB patients, the median survival after diagnosis was 20.7 months (82.6 weeks) with a mean follow-up of 85.7 weeks. Of the 7 AA patients, 6 were alive at the time of analysis with follow-up periods ranging from 11.4 to 52.8 months. Patients younger than 70 years had a median survival after diagnosis of 37.1 months, compared to 12.4 months for older patients (p = 0.003). Similarly, patients with well-controlled lesions had a median survival after diagnosis of 39.8 months compared to 16.0 months for those with uncontrolled lesions (p = 0.031). Late delayed radiation necrosis was seen in 1 GB patient. No other patient suffered acute or delayed neurological morbidity after CyberKnife therapy. Conclusion This is the first report of CyberKnife stereotactic radiotherapy applied to the treatment of malignant gliomas. The frameless and painless CyberKnife stereotactic radiotherapy has the potential to be as useful for treatment of malignant glioma as other radiosurgical modalities.

The planned growth in the EC system on DIII–D over the next few years requires the installation of two depressed collector gyrotrons, a high voltage power supply, two low loss transmission lines, and the required support equipment. This new DIII–D EC equipment could be made identical to the ITER EC system requirements. By building the DIII–D hardware to the ITER specifications, it will allow ITER to gain beneficial prototyping experience on a working tokamak, prior to committing to building the hardware for delivery to ITER.

The advanced tokamak programme on DIII-D is to develop the scientific basis for steady state, high performance operation in future devices. We report on experiments attempting to demonstrate sustainment of 100% noninductive current for several seconds at high beta, using up to 2.5 MW of off-axis electron cyclotron current drive and up to 15 MW of neutral beam injection with q95 ≈ 5. A 100% noninductive condition was achieved with βT = 3.6%, βN = 3.5, H89 = 2.4 and improved current drive alignment. However, the duration of this phase was limited by the pressure profile evolution leading to magnetohydrodynamic instabilities after about 0.7 s. In a separate discharge, a nearly (~90%) noninductive, stationary condition was maintained for one current relaxation time (1.8 s) only limited by the duration of the hardware system. These experiments have achieved normalized fusion performance with bootstrap current fraction fBS ≈ 60%, consistent with requirements for the ITER Q = 5 steady-state scenarios. The modelling tools that were successfully employed to devise experiments in DIII-D are applied to ITER, indicating that full noninductive operation is plausible for an ITER steady-state scenario with Q ≈ 5.

In the DIII-D electron heating and current drive installation, up to six gyrotron microwave generators in the 1-MW class at pulse lengths up to 5 s have been operated simultaneously. The frequency for all the gyrotrons is 110 GHz, corresponding to the second harmonic of the electron gyrofrequency at 2 T. The peak generated power has been >4 MW with peak injected power slightly greater than 3 MW. The radio frequency (rf) generators are located remotely and are connected to the tokamak by up to 100 m of evacuated circular corrugated waveguide carrying the HE 1,1 mode with overall transmission efficiency, including coupling to the waveguide, of up to 75%. Ancillary equipment for polarization control, beam switching, power monitoring, control of launch direction, and system protection has been developed. The system has been used to support a wide variety of physics experiments, including control of magnetohydrodynamic modes, current density profile modifications, basic plasma heating and current drive, transport studies, and rf-assisted start-up. The gyrotron complex is being upgraded by the acquisition of additional tubes with 5- to 10-s pulse length capability.

Estimating evapotranspiration (ET) is of the highest importance for understanding and eventually intervening in the water cycle of natural systems. ET is one of the major factors influencing climate change at local, regional and global levels. In this study, a surface energy balance method, which combines meteorological observations with spectral data derived from remote sensing measurements, was used to estimate the ET. The Surface Energy Balance Algorithm for Land (SEBAL) has been applied to Landsat+ETM and NOAA‐AVHRR sensors for the estimation of ET in Mongolia, a large arid and semi‐arid region with homogeneous surface conditions, on 10 August 1999. Actual ET was computed during satellite overpass and integrated for 24‐h on pixel‐by‐pixel basis for daily ET distribution. As a result, a daily ET map over the arid and semi‐arid region of Mongolia was analysed some observation data, such as radiations and surface temperature, was compared with estimated data.

Electron cyclotron heating (ECH)-assisted startup experiments have been performed in JT-60U. The breakdown loop voltage was successfully reduced from 25 to 4 V (=0.26 V m−1) by 200 kW ECH. This is lower than the 0.3 V m−1, which corresponds to the maximum electric field in ITER. Parameter scans of ECH power, prefill pressure, resonance position and polarization were carried out. The sensitivity of the breakdown to polarization and resonance position was observed. A prefilling gas pressure scan showed that the initial breakdown density increases with prefill pressure when it is is lower than 8 × 10−5 Torr. Higher harmonic ECH was also attempted. The second harmonic ECH-assisted startup was possible with higher ECH power injection. However, the third harmonic ECH-assisted startup was not successful.

This study demonstrates the clinical usefulness of image-guided fractionated stereotactic radiosurgery with the CyberKnife system. Twenty-one patients with pituitary adenomas received image-guided stereotactic radiosurgery with the CyberKnife, and were followed up for more than 18 months. The patients consisted of 14 with non-functioning adenomas, 3 with prolactinomas, 2 with acromegaly, and 2 with ACTH-producing tumors. In 20 cases, fractionated radiosurgery was performed. The change in the tumor volume, visual acuity, hormonal function, and complications by this therapy were analyzed in each case. The volume of the tumors ranged from 0.2 cm (3) to 34.9 cm (3) (mean +/- SD: 11.3 +/- 9.2 cm (3)). The mean volumes of the non-functioning and functioning adenomas were 13.3 cm (3) and 7.5 cm (3), respectively. The marginal irradiation dose ranged from 6.4 Gy to 27.7 Gy (mean: non-functioning adenomas 12.6 Gy, functioning adenomas 17.5 Gy), as a dose of a single fraction. The follow-up periods ranged from 18 months to 59 months (mean +/- SD: 35.3 +/- 10.7 months). The tumor control rate was 95.2 %. In 1 case, visual acuity worsened due to cystic enlargement of the tumor. Hormonal function improved in all of the 7 functioning adenomas. The hormone level normalized in 1 prolactinoma, and decreased to less than normal in 1 ACTH-producing adenoma. In 2 cases, hypopituitarism occurred after the therapy. Image-guided stereotactic radiosurgery with the CyberKnife is effective and safe against relatively large pituitary adenomas. Careful long-term follow-up of the patients is necessary because of delayed cystic enlargement of the tumor in rare cases.

The operational experience of present day high power EC systems is nominally only for a few seconds. This is a long way away from the thousands of seconds required for ITER. It would be beneficial to the ITER program that EC system components be tested to full parameters prior to committing to producing the full set of components. The planned growth in the EC system on DIII-D over the next few years provides the opportunity to assemble a test stand for ITER EC components. By building the DIII-D hardware to the ITER specifications it will allow ITER to gain beneficial prototyping experience on a working tokamak, prior to committing to building the hardware for delivery to ITER.

Simultaneous dyeing and enzyme processing of wool fabrics in a non-ionic surfactant reverse micellar system has been investigated using Polyoxyethylene Sorbitan Trioleate (Tween-85) as a surfactant. Solubilization of enzymes in the Tween-85 reverse micellar system was evaluated by small angle X-ray scattering method. Small angle X-ray scattering analyses showed that the Tween-85 reverse micellar system had an ability to incorporate enzymes and dyes in the interior of reverse micelles without changing their structure. The acid dye and the reactive dye solubilized in the Tween-85 reverse micellar system were effectively adsorbed on wool fabrics. Activities of enzymes in the same system were different depending on the used enzyme and took negative effects from dyes in the system.

Objective The CyberKnife is newly developed equipment for radiosurgery and fractionated radiosurgery. The authors report on their experience using the CyberKnife in 38 patients with vestibular schwannoma who were treated between 1998 to 2002. Methods During this period, 38 patients with vestibular schwannoma were treated using CyberKnife fractionated radiosurgery. Before undergoing fractionated radiosurgery, 14 patients had Gardner Robertson classes I or II hearing (the serviceable hearing group), and 24 patients had classes III to V hearing (the non-serviceable hearing group). The treatment volumes of these two groups were 0.5 to 24.0 cm (3) (mean 4.7 cm (3)), and 0.5 to 41.6 cm (3) (mean 8.2 cm (3)). Target irradiation was administered in 1 - 3 fractions (mean 2.5 fractions). The total marginal radiation doses were 15.0 to 20.5 Gy (mean 17.0 Gy), and 11.9 to 20.1 Gy (mean 16.9 Gy), respectively. Results After a mean follow-up period of 31.9 months (range 12 to 59 months, median 27 months), 94 % of the tumors were controlled. Only one patient in the group with non-serviceable hearing underwent additional surgical resection for a presumed increase in tumor size. The hearing preservation rate was 93 %. Facial weakness did not develop in any of the patients in the serviceable hearing group. New trigeminal symptoms did not develop in any patients in either group. Conclusion Although a longer and more extensive follow-up is needed, CyberKnife fractionated radiosurgery is considered to be safe and effective, even in patients with large tumors.

The early stage of the crystallization process of a Zr52.5Cu17.9Ni14.6Al10Ti5 metallic glass has been investigated by three-dimensional atom probe (3DAP), high-resolution electron microscopy (HREM) and small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) technique. HREM observation of the alloys annealed near Tg always showed the dispersion of nanocrystalline fcc big cube phase dispersed in the amorphous matrix whenever concentration fluctuations were detected by SAXS and 3DAP. The distribution of impurity oxygen was uniform in the amorphous state, while it was rejected from the big cube phase to the remaining amorphous phase after the primary crystallization. The time evolutions of primary crystals followed t0.5, indicating the grain growth was controlled by the volume diffusion of solute atoms.

The results of studies on heating and current drive by the electron cyclotron (EC) waves in JT-60U are presented. An electron temperature of up to 26 keV, as measured by ECE diagnostics, was achieved by injecting EC waves into the centre of a reversed shear plasma produced by the lower hybrid (LH) waves. The electron temperature Te exceeds 24 keV in the region ρ < 0.3, where ρ is the normalized minor radius. The EC driven current profile was measured at high Te up to 21 keV without using LH waves, and was found to be spatially localized. The ECCD (current drive) efficiency ηCD increased with Te and reached 0.42 × 1019 A W−1 m−2 at Te = 21 keV. The dependence of normalized CD efficiency on deposition location was also studied to optimize the CD efficiency, since the trapped particle effect, which depends strongly on deposition location, is expected to reduce ζ. The effect was detected from a significant decrease in ζ in the lower magnetic field deposition, which is consistent with a linearized Fokker–Planck calculation. The measured CD efficiency ζ increased with electron density ne for the same Te, which showed a stronger dependence on ne compared with the linear calculation. Further off-axis ECCD profile at about half of the minor radius was measured, showing fairly good agreement with linear calculation.

Large tetragonal hen egg-white (HEW) lysozyme crystals have been grown by a salt concentration-gradient method. The grown crystals, of thicknesses greater than 1.5 mm, were observed by means of X-ray topography using white-beam synchrotron radiation. Line contrasts clearly appeared on the Laue topographs. Extinction of the line images was observed in specific reflections. These results mean that the observed lines correspond to dislocation images. From the extinction criterion it is shown that the predominant dislocations are of screw character with110Burgers vectors. In addition, dislocation loops with [001] Burgers vectors have been found in a tetragonal HEW lysozyme crystal including some cracks. These results are discussed in the light of dislocation elastic energy and slip systems in the crystals.

A high power operation of 1.2 MW for 4 s was obtained by a 110 GHz gyrotron with depressed collector on the JT-60 ECRF system, where the cathode voltage is −58 kV without voltage regulation and the acceleration voltage is +85 kV with regulation. The gyrotron is featured by a diamond output window and a RF absorber in its beam tunnel. The RF absorber suppresses the parasitic oscillation, which limited the performance of the gyrotron without the RF absorber less than 1 MW×2 s. The operation was done with the JT-60 tokamak plasma as a dummy load, where the EC wave was transmitted through a diamond antenna window on the corrugated waveguide. The edge temperature of the antenna window without cooling was in proportion to the pulse duration. The maximum efficiency of the gyrotron was about 42% in the depressed collector operation on the JT-60 ECRF system.

Using off-axis electron cyclotron current drive (ECCD), self-consistent integrated advanced tokamak operation has been demonstrated on DIII-D [Plasma Physics and Controlled Nuclear Fusion Research, 1986 (International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, 1987), Vol. I, p. 159], combining high β (>3%) at high q (qmin>2.0) with good energy confinement (H89∼2.5) and high noninductive current fraction (fBS∼55%,fNI∼90%). Modification of the current profile by ECCD led to internal transport barrier formation even in the presence of type I edge localized modes. Improvements were observed in all transport channels, and increased peaking of profiles led to higher bootstrap current in the core. Separate experiments have shown the ability to maintain a nearly steady-state current profile for up to 1 s with qmin>1.5. Modeling indicates that this favorable current profile can be maintained indefinitely at a higher βN using tools available to the near-term DIII-D program. Modeling and simulation have become essential tools fo...

Unwanted X-mode behavior in the fundamental harmonic electron cyclotron (EC) wave launching from the low field side with an oblique toroidal injection angle is experimentally studied on JT-60U by changing the poloidal injection angle. It is found that there is a critical region in the poloidal injection angle to cause the rise in vacuum pressure at the NBI port adjacent to the ECRF antenna port. The typical EC beam power is about 1 MW and the pulse length is 3 s in this experiment. The ray-trace calculation indicates that the X-mode launched from the low field side is guided into the NBI port after reflection at the cut-off layer for the critical poloidal injection angle. The results suggest that the O-mode injection with quite high mode purity, that is, with a very low fraction of X-mode is required for the avoidance of the overheat of the in-vessel components due to the reflected X-mode in the case of the EC beam launching from the low field side, especially for long pulse operation.

The crystallization process of Pd 74 Si 18 Au 8 amorphous alloy has been investigated by transmission electron microscopy, small angle X-ray scattering and three-dimensional atom probe techniques. Although literature suggests that the alloy decomposes into two glassy phases prior to the crystallization, we found that the crystallization occurs directly from a single amorphous phase by the primary crystallization of fcc Pd–Au solid solution, followed by the polymorphous crystallization of the remaining amorphous phase to a Pd 3 Si phase.

An electron cyclotron range of frequency (ECRF) program has been initiated to study the local heating and current drive in JT-60U. A frequency of 110 GHz was adopted to couple the fundamental O-mode from the low-field side with an oblique toroidal injection angle for the current drive. Experiments were performed at an injection power of ~1.5 MW by using three gyrotrons, each of which has generated the output power up to ~0.8 MW for 3 seconds. A strongly peakedTeprofile was observed and the central electron temperature increased up to ~15 keV when the O-mode was absorbed on the axis. The local electron heating clarified the significant difference in the heat pulse propagation between in the plasmas with internal transport barrier (ITB) and without. The driven current estimated by the Motional Stark Effect (MSE) diagnostic showed that the electron cyclotron (EC) waves drove the plasma current up to ~0.2 MA for an injected power of ~1.3 MW at the local electron temperature and density ofTe~6 keV,ne~0.7×1019 m-3. The measured driven current near the axis was consistent with the theoretical prediction using a Fokker-Planck code. In the case of co-electron cyclotron current drive (ECCD), the sawtooth activity in neutral beam (NB) heated plasma was completely suppressed for 1.5 s with the deposition at the inversion radius, while the sawtooth was enhanced for counter-ECCD at the same deposition condition.

Introdução: Este trabalho é um estudo morfológico do desenvolvimento da cartilagem quadrangular humana ao longo da vida. Para tal retiramos cartilagens quadrangulares em bloco com as demais cartilagens do nariz, utilizando a técnica de rinoplastia aberta, em cadáveres autopsiados no Serviço de Patologia do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto - USP e no serviço de verificação de óbitos do interior, em Ribeirão Preto. Forma de estudo: Experimental. Métodos: As peças anatômicas foram cortadas em dois pontos dividindo-as em três partes, com relação ao eixo caudo-cefálico correspondendo à borda livre da cartilagem, terço caudal (posição 1), médio (posição 2) e cefálico (posição 3). Tem relação com a placa perpendicular do etmóide e volmer. As amostras foram fixadas em formol a 10% e incluídas em parafina. Foram examinados cortes histológicos de 7 µm de espessura e corados por hematoxilina e eosina (HE) e Alcian Blue. Em cada posição, três diferentes locais, em relação ao eixo ântero-posterior do nariz: Terço superior (local 1), terço médio (local 2) e terço inferior (local 3) foram estudados sobre Microscopia Óptica, com métodos fotométricos, histológicos e morfométricos. Resultado: Mostra que o tecido cartilaginoso apresenta maior velocidade de crescimento até cinco anos de idade. A menor velocidade de crescimento ocorre a partir dos oito anos de idade. Não ocorreu diferença de atividade metabólica entre as diversas regiões estudadas. Conclusões: As intervenções cirúrgicas no septo cartilaginoso podem ser realizadas após os cinco anos de idade. A idade inicial mais adequada para as cirurgias do septo nasal ocorreria aos oito anos.Introduction: The present paper is a morphological study of human quadrilateral cartilage including 0 to 66 years old subjects. The quadrilateral cartilage was removed in block with the others nasal cartilages. The open rhinoplasty was the approach used to remove the cartilage from deceased patients autopsied at Serviço de Patologia do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto - USP São Paulo and Serviço de Verificação de óbitos do Interior, at Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo. Study design: Experimental. Methods: The anatomical parts were cut into three peaces, each corresponding to the: caudal position (position 1), mid (position 2) and cefalic (position 3) thirds. After fixing and embedding the samples were cut in 7 µm slice, staining them by Hematoxylin & Eosin or Alcian Blue. Each position was divided in three locals: supeior anterior), (local 1), mid (local 2) and Inferior (posterior), (local 3) thirds and studied in optical microscopy by photometric, histological and morphometric methods. Results: The main results were that quadrilateral cartilagenous tissue have the highest growth speed until the age 5 years. After age of 8 years, there is a decrease in this speed. Conclusion: Nasoseptal surgeries can be done after age of 5 years and the most adequate age to do these surgeries is 8 years old. There was no diference among diferents parts of the septal cartilage studied.

We have been developing CdTe pixel detectors combined with a Schottky diode sensor and photon-counting ASICs. The hybrid pixel detector was designed with a pixel size of 200 μ m by 200 μm and an area of 19 mm by 20 mm or 38.2 mm by 40.2 mm. The photon-counting ASIC, SP8-04F10K, has a preamplifier, a shaper, 3-level window-type discriminators and a 24-bits counter in each pixel. The single-chip detector with 100 by 95 pixels successfully operated with a photon-counting mode selecting X-ray energy with the window comparator and stable operation was realized at 20 degrees C. We have performed a feasibility study for a white X-ray microbeam experiment. Laue diffraction patterns were measured during the scan of the irradiated position in a silicon steel sample. The grain boundaries were identified by using the differentials between adjacent images at each position.

A nondestructive integrated CT-XRD method has been developed and used to study hydrated cement system. In this research, a beam line (BL) at the third-generation synchrotron radiation facility, SPring-8, in Japan, was used. First, X-ray computed tomography (CT) was employed to obtain three-dimensional (3D) images and select a region of interest (ROI) in a given plane section of the hardened cement paste. Then, X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD) was conducted on the specified region. These operations were implemented in situ without the removal of specimen from the stage inside the BL. The hardened cement paste was precracked and then leached by continuous water flow through the specimen, and the integrated CT-XRD method was conducted before and after the leaching test. In this way, the change in the hydrated cement system was characterized over time using the same specimen. CT observation provides the location of cracks and air voids as well as high and low density substances present in the hydrated cement system. ROI is arbitrarily determined at a set of coordinates at which one likes to evaluate the change in the cement system using XRD. This newly developed technique enables the evaluation of the presence of calcium hydroxide (portlandite) over time and space.

The work on optimization of the ECH&CD system in ITER is presented with focus on its functional capabilities. Since the conceptual design of the system it has evolved both in goals and functionalities, by considering an expanded range of H&CD applications. A large effort has been devoted to a better integration of the two types of launcher, the equatorial and the upper, both from the point of view of the performance and the impact on the engineering constraints of the design. © 2014 American Institute of Physics

The full-scale mock-up of the equatorial launcher was fabricated in basis of the baseline design to investigate the mm-wave propagation properties of the launcher, the manufacturability, the cooling line management, how to assemble the components and so on. The mock-up consists of one of three mm-wave transmission sets and one of eight waveguide lines can deliver the mm-wave power. The mock-up was connected to the ITER compatible transmission line and the 170GHz gyrotron and the high power experiment was carried out. The measured radiation pattern of the beam at the location of 2.5m away from the EL mock-up shows the successful steering capability of 20°∼40°. It was also revealed that the radiated profile at both steering and fixed focusing mirror agreed with the calculation. The result also suggests that some unwanted modes are included in the radiated beam. Transmission of 0.5MW-0.4sec and of 0.12MW-50sec were also demonstrated.

Localized driven current profile by electron cyclotron (EC) waves is measured on the JT-60U tokamak, considering transient inductive current. The inductive current is derived from temporal evolution of internal magnetic field, which is evaluated by reconstructions of MHD equilibria with a spline function of total current and with motional Stark effect polarimetry. The analysis clearly shows that the EC-driven current is in a thin layer of about 10% of the minor radius of the plasma. The determined EC-driven current agrees with the one calculated by ray tracing and Fokker-Planck codes. The analysis shows the change in driven current profile when the deposition location of EC waves is changed. The current drive efficiency is about 5×1018 A W-1 m-2 at an electron temperature of 7 keV.

The current drive capability of negative ion based neutral beam injection (N-NBI) in JT-60U has been extended to the reactor relevant regime. The driven current profile and current drive efficiency have been evaluated in a high electron temperature regime Te(0) ≈ 10 keV, and reasonable agreement with the theoretical prediction has been confirmed in this regime. The N-NB driven current reached 1 MA with an injection power of 3.75 MW at a beam energy of 360 keV. A current drive efficiency of 1.55 × 1019A m-2 W-1, approaching the ITER requirement, was achieved in the high βp H mode plasma with Te(0) ≈ 13 keV. This current drive performance permitted sustainment of a high beta (βN = 2.5) and high confinement (HHy2 = 1.4) plasma in the full current driven condition at a plasma current of 1.5 MA. The influence of instabilities on the N-NBI current drive was studied. When a burst-like instability driven by N-NBI occurred in the central region, reductions in loop voltage near the magnetic axis and in the neutron production rate due to loss of beam ions were observed although the lost driven current was at most ~7% of the total driven current. When a neoclassical tearing instability appeared in high beta plasmas, the loss of beam ions was enhanced with increasing instability activity.

The dead surface layer of blue-emitting ZnS:Ag,Al phosphor with Al metallized thin film in high-voltage field emission displays (FEDs) has been investigated by means of cross-sectional transmission electron microscopy. From these observations, it was found that electron irradiation at 6 keV excitation causes the decomposition of ZnS and the subsequent evolution of sulfur in the topmost surface layer ∼30 nm, and also causes the formation of lattice defects within the electron penetration depth of ∼300 nm in a life-end stage. When this evidence was taken into account, it was estimated that the decomposition rate of ZnS and the formation rate of lattice defects depend mainly on the degree of crystallinity and the atomic-scale surface roughness of ZnS phosphor particles. Necessary characteristics of ZnS:Ag,Al phosphors for longer luminescence lifetime in FEDs were suggested in this work.

Quasi-steady-state high βp H mode discharges performed by suppressing neoclassical tearing modes (NTMs) are described. Two operational scenarios have been developed for long sustainment of the high βp H mode discharge: NTM suppression by profile optimization, and NTM stabilization by local electron cyclotron current drive (ECCD)/electron cyclotron heating (ECH) at the magnetic island. Through optimization of pressure and safety factor profiles, a high βp H mode plasma with H89PL = 2.8, HHy,2 = 1.4, βp ≈ 2.0 and βN ≈ 2.5 has been sustained for 1.3 s at small values of collisionality νe* and ion Larmor radius ρi* without destabilizing the NTMs. Characteristics of the NTMs destabilized in the region with central safety factor above unity are investigated. The relation between the beta value at the mode onset βNon and that at the mode disappearance βNoff can be described as βNoff/βNon = 0.05-0.4, which shows the existence of hysteresis. The value of βN/ρi* at the onset of an m/n = 3/2 NTM has a collisionality dependence, which is empirically given by βN/ρi* ∝ νe*0.36. However, the profile effects such as the relative shapes of pressure and safety factor profiles are equally important. The onset condition seems to be affected by the strength of the pressure gradient at the mode rational surface. Stabilization of the NTM by local ECCD/ECH at the magnetic island has been attempted. A 3/2 NTM has been completely stabilized by EC wave injection of 1.6 MW.

This paper presents a picture of current flow relevant to the plug/barrier cell and an end plate installed on the end wall of the GAMMA 10 tandem mirror. Detailed analyses show that, during electron cyclotron resonance heating for plug potential formation, a net electron current flows through the end plate. In the plug/barrier cell, on the other hand, ion currents are detected during ECRH on ring electrodes newly installed near the side wall of the vacuum vessel. A part of the radial ion currents is connected to the axial net electron current flowing through the end plate. This indicates that a residual non-ambipolar diffusion still remains. The radial ion current in the plug/barrier cell includes another component that originates form the axial ion flux emanating from the central region. This suggests radial diffusion of ions during potential plugging.

Efficient transmission and polarization in 110 GHz transmission line for JT-60U was studied. A 40-m run transmission test line (inner diameter of 31.75 mm) with eight miter bends, which included a pair of polarizers was designed and constructed. The transmission at 1 MW was performed and the transmission efficiency of 89% (without mirror optical unit (MOU)) was obtained. In basis of the good result, a 1 MW, 110 GHz electron cyclotron range of frequency (ECRF) system was constructed in JT-60U. Transmissions of 1 MW-2.0 s and 0.32 MW-5.0 s were performed in JT-60U ECRF system. The polarization of the transmitted wave in the transmission line was measured and the dependence of plasma electron heating on polarization was investigated. The optimum elliptical polarization of the incidence wave for the ECRF experiments in JT-60U was calculated using the cold dispersion relation with the measured polarization. The optimum polarization was applied to the electron heating experiment of JT-60U.