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Background: The study is aimed at highlighting the pattern of congenital defect in a tertiary care hospital. Congenital anomalies are recognized as a growing cause of neonatal morbidity and mortality in developing countries and a major cause of distress to parents.Methods: This was a prospective descriptive study conducted between September 2019 and August 2020 with the objective to determine the types of congenital anomalies among live born neonates at Manipal Teaching Hospital (MTH), Pokhara and to determine their immediate outcome. Neonatal and maternal characteristics were noted.Results: Twenty four out of 2515 live births had congenital anomalies during the study period, giving an incidence rate of 9.42 congenital anomalies per 1000 live birth per year. Single system involvement was seen in 79.2 % cases, remaining 5 (20.8%) neonates had involvement of more than one system; 54.2% of these newborns were discharged, 33.3% expired, 8.3% left against medical advice and 4.2% were referred out.Conclusions: This study highlights the importance of clinical examination of neonates to detect anomalies in our setting. Keywords: Congenital anomalies; incidence; newborn

Background Central sensitization is thought to be an important contributing factor in many chronic pain disorders. The Central Sensitization Inventory (CSI) is a patient-reported measure frequently used to assess symptoms related to central sensitization. The aims of the study were to translate and cross-culturally adapt the CSI into Nepali (CSI-NP) and assess its measurement properties. Methods The CSI was translated into Nepali using recommended guidelines. The CSI-NP was then administered on 100 Nepalese adults with sub-acute and chronic musculoskeletal pain with additional demographic and pain-related questions. The CSI-Nepali was administered again about 2 weeks later. Four measurement properties of the CSI-NP were evaluated: (1) internal consistency using Cronbach’s alpha, (2) test-retest reliability using intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC2,1), (3) measurement errors, and (4) construct validity testing five a priori hypotheses. Confirmation of construct validity was determined if a minimum of 75% of the hypotheses were met. Results The CSI was successfully translated into Nepali. Internal consistency and test-retest reliability were both excellent (Cronbach’s alpha = 0.91, and ICC = 0.98). The standard error of measurement was 0.31 and the smallest detectable change was 0.86. Four out of five (80%) a priori hypotheses were met, confirming the construct validity: the CSI-NP correlated strongly with the Pain Catastrophizing Scale total scores (r = 0.50); moderately with the total number of pain descriptors (r = 0.35); weakly with the Numerical Rating Scale (r = 0.25); and women had significantly higher CSI scores than men. However, the CSI scores did not correlate significantly with the total duration of pain, as hypothesized (r = 0.10). Conclusions The Nepali translation of the CSI demonstrated excellent reliability and construct validity in adults with musculoskeletal pain. It is now available to Nepali health care providers to help assess central sensitization-related signs and symptoms in individuals with musculoskeletal pain in research or clinical practice to advance the understanding of central sensitization in Nepalese samples.

Objectives: This present study was to evaluate the incidence and abnormalities in lipid profile in patients with hypothyroidism. Methods: A detail history, clinical examinations and relevant investigations were performed to all subjects. Serum free T3 (fT3) and T4 (fT4) were measured by competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method. Serum TSH was measured by sand-witch ELISA method. Serum cholesterol was measured by cholesterol oxidase-peroxidase (CHODPAP) method. Serum triglyceride was measured by glycerol-3-phosphate oxidase (GPO) method. Serum VLDL (in mg/dl) was calculated by dividing the value of TG by 5. Serum LDL value was calculated by Fried-Wald equation. And serum HDL level was calculated by precipitation method. Results: Data was analysed by using software SPSS 15.0. Independent t-test was applied. Mean and standard deviations were observed. P-value was taken equal to or less than 0.05 for significant differences (p≤0.05). Conclusions: Hypothyroidism was commonly seen in elderly age group subjects. Females were more preponderance than males. Hypercholesterolemia, hyper triglyceridemia and increased LDL-cholestrol & VLDL-Cholestrol were extremely significant associated with hypothyroidism. Hence, hypothyroidism has an importantly associated with abnormal lipid profile. Therefore, biochemical screening for thyroid dysfunction should be perform in all dyslipidemic patients. Early diagnosis should be made for proper treatment of dyslipidemia in hypothyroidism patients. Keywords: hypothyroidism, dyslipidemia, age, sex.

Saurab Sharma,1,2 Anupa Pathak,1,3 Jyoti Jha,1,4 Mark P Jensen5 1Department of Physiotherapy, Kathmandu University School of Medical Sciences, Dhulikhel, Nepal; 2Center for Musculoskeletal Outcomes Research, Department of Surgical Sciences, Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand; 3School of Physiotherapy, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand; 4Department of Physiotherapy, Grande International Hospital, Kathmandu, Nepal; 5Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA Background: Both socioeconomic and psychological factors have been shown to predict patient function in samples of individuals with chronic pain in Western countries. However, little is known about their role as predictors of function in individuals with chronic pain from developing countries. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine the associations between measures of socioeconomic factors (income, education) and psychological factors (catastrophizing and resilience) and measures of function in a sample of individuals with chronic pain from rural Nepal. In addition, we sought to evaluate the moderating effects of socioeconomic factors on the associations between the psychological variables and function. Methods: We interviewed 143 adults with chronic musculoskeletal pain from rural areas of Nepal to assess income, education level, pain intensity, catastrophizing, resilience, physical function, and depression. We performed two regression analyses to evaluate the direct and unique effects of the socioeconomic and psychological variables and pain intensity as predictors of patient function, as well as the moderating influence of income, education level, and pain intensity on the associations between the psychological variables and function. Results: Education and income both predicted physical function, but only income predicted depression. In addition, pain catastrophizing, but not resilience, evidenced a direct and significant independent association with depression. Neither catastrophizing nor resilience made independent and significant direct contributions to the prediction of physical function. The association between resilience and physical function was moderated by pain intensity and income, and income (but not education or pain intensity) moderated the associations between both 1) resilience and depression and 2) catastrophizing and depression. Conclusion: The results suggest the possibility that cultural differences may influence the role that psychosocial factors play in chronic pain adjustment. These findings have important implications regarding how psychosocial pain interventions should be adapted by individuals in developing countries. Keywords: chronic pain, musculoskeletal pain, culture, depression, resilience, pain catastrophizing

Binary fission has been well studied in rod-shaped bacteria, but the mechanisms underlying cell division in spherical bacteria are poorly understood. Rod-shaped bacteria harbor regulatory proteins that place and remodel the division machinery during cytokinesis. In the spherical human pathogen

Allogeneic stem cell transplantation is currently the only curative therapy for primary myelofibrosis (MF), while the JAK2 inhibitor, ruxolitinib. Has been approved only for palliation. Other therapies are desperately needed to reverse life‐threatening MF. However, the cell(s) and cytokine(s) that promote MF remain unclear. Several reports have demonstrated that captopril, an inhibitor of angiotensin‐converting enzyme that blocks the production of angiotensin II (Ang II), mitigates fibrosis in heart, lung, skin and kidney. Here, we show that captopril can mitigate the development of MF in the Gata1 low mouse model of primary MF. Gata1 low mice were treated with 79 mg/kg/d captopril in the drinking water from 10 to 12 months of age. At 13 months of age, bone marrows were examined for fibrosis, megakaryocytosis and collagen expression; spleens were examined for megakaryocytosis, splenomegaly and collagen expression. Treatment of Gata1 low mice with captopril in the drinking water was associated with normalization of the bone marrow cellularity; reduced reticulin fibres, splenomegaly and megakaryocytosis; and decreased collagen expression. Our findings suggest that treating with the ACE inhibitors captopril has a significant benefit in overcoming pathological changes associated with MF.

A method of preparing microcapsules using two-fluid glass nozzle was studied for microencapsulation of food ingredients. In this method, a solution of sodium alginate and starch was sprayed using a two-fluid glass nozzle into a reaction vessel containing calcium chloride gelling bath. The aim of this work was to study the effect of some process variables on particle size of microcapsules. Response Surface Methodology by applying Box-Behnken design was used to optimize four independent variables viz., sodium alginate concentration (% w/v), starch concentration (% w/v), pressure (bar), and flow rate (ml/min) for obtaining target particle size. The ANOVA of the regression model demonstrated that the model was highly significant and adequate (p = 0.0054, R 2 = 0.8837). The microcapsules produced have average particle size ranging from 104.56 to 734.69 μm. The results revealed that concentration of sodium alginate solution and air pressure used for atomization had significant effect on particle size of microcapsules (p

This paper presents the results of FEM simulation of induction coil employed for Cold Crucible Induction Melter which is being developed for future vitrification plants for management of high‐level wastes. The results include the effect of melt resistivity and melt radius on total power output when the high‐frequency power source couples with the melt.

Introduction: Cervical carcinoma is an important women’s health problem throughout the world.There are very few published data on this disease in Nepal. We wanted to study the pattern ofcervical carcinoma based on hospital data.Methods: A 10 years retrospective study of scenario of cervical carcinoma was conducted. The datahave been analyzed according to age, occurrence of other cancers, histological type, religion, riskfactors and district wise.Results: The number of cervical carcinoma showed a rising pattern over the 10 year period. Themedian age of the patients was 45 years and maximum frequency (33%) of cases were found in theage group 40 to 49 years. Squamous cell carcinoma comprised 40% of cases, Adenocarcinoma 4% and1.1% cases were of mixed variety. 92% of cases were Hindu by religion. 43% of patients were smokerin our study, 5% had positive family history. Chitwan with 7.35% had the maximum number of casesfollowed by Rupandehi with 6.40% and Nawalparasi with 5.41%.Conclusions: The cancer pattern revealed by the present study provides valuable leads to cervicalcancer epidemiology in Nepal. Routine cytological screening of the population for cervical cancer ishighly necessary for its early detection and treatment.Key Words: Cervical carcinoma, hospital based study, Nepal, pattern

INTRODUCTION: Breast Cancer is the second commonest cause of cancer death in women. Almost all women survive breast cancer if it is detected before it starts to spread. The aim of the study is to analyze the demographical profile, stage of presentation, histological type, and treatment modalities of breast cancer in a tertiary care setting. METHODS: Total 1141 cases of breast cancer had been followed retrospectively from 1999 to 2006 A.D. in a tertiary care center and their patterns were analyzed. RESULTS: The mean age of presentation of breast cancer was 47.30 +/- 11.57 years in female and 59.03 +/- 14.63 in male, 31 (2.1%) cases of breast cancer were male. There were 123 (10.78%) stage I, 281 (24.62%) stage II, 466 (40.84%) stage III, and 271 (23.75%) stage IV patients. Infiltrating ductal carcinoma was the commonest variety 610 (53.5%). Chemotherapy was the mainstay for treatment of breast cancer 341 (29.9%) followed by surgery 287 (25.2%). CONCLUSIONS: Breast cancer trend is rising with more in late and advanced stages, mostly due to lack of awareness. Infiltrating ductal carcinoma is the commonest variety. Chemotherapy is the most commonly used modality of treatment. Male breast cancer present late and is not so uncommon. Keywords: breast cancer; chemotherapy; infiltrating ductal carcinoma; staging.