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Purpose: To assess whether optical coherence tomography (OCT) measurements and peripapillary microvascular parameters measured via optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) were similar between the dominant and non-dominant eyes of normal subjects.Methods: We retrospectively analyzed spectral domain OCT and OCTA data on healthy Koreans. The “hole-in-the-card” technique was used to determine ocular dominance. The perfusion density (PD) and flux index (FI) of the peripapillary 4.5 × 4.5-mm area were measured via OCTA. Central macular, peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer, and macular ganglion cell-inner plexiform layer thicknesses were measured with the aid of spectral-domain OCT. The OCT and OCTA data of dominant and non-dominant eyes were compared.Results: A total of 84 eyes of 42 healthy subjects were analyzed. The average age was 27.3 ± 5.63 years. Twenty-eight subjects (66.7%) were right eye-dominant and 14 (33.3%) left eye-dominant. None of the central macular (260.00 ± 14.16 μm, 258.71 ± 15.18 μm, p = 0.183), macular ganglion cell-inner plexiform layer (82.02 ± 5.07 μm, 82.43 ± 5.60 μm, p = 0.460), or peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer thickness (99.36 ± 9.27 μm, 97.90 ± 9.46 μm, p = 0.091) differed between the eyes; neither did any OCTA-assessed microvascular parameter.Conclusions: No OCT or OCTA parameter differed between dominant and non-dominant eyes. No parameter identified ocular dominance.

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and hypertension (HTN) are both relatively common systemic diseases and cause damage to the retina, such as inner retina reduction and microvascular impairment. The purpose of this study was to identify peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (pRNFL) damage by diabetic neurodegeneration and the effects of HTN on the pRNFL thickness in patients with T2DM without clinical diabetic retinopathy. Subjects were divided into three groups: healthy control subjects (group 1), patients with T2DM (group 2), and patients with both diabetes and HTN (group 3). The pRNFL thickness was measured using optical coherence tomography and compared among each group. Linear regression analyses were performed to identify factors associated with pRNFL thickness. A total of 325 eyes were included: 143 eyes in the group 1, 126 eyes in group 2, and 56 eyes in group 3. The mean pRNFL thicknesses of each group were 96.1 ± 7.7, 94.4 ± 8.6, and 91.6 ± 9.6 μm, respectively (P = 0.003). In multivariate linear analyses, diabetes duration (β = −0.236; P = 0.018) and HTN (β = −3.766; P = 0.008) were significant factors affecting the pRNFL thickness in groups 2 and 3. Additionally, the HTN duration was significantly correlated with pRNFL thickness in group 3 (R2 = 0.121; P = 0.008). In conclusion, patients with T2DM with HTN showed thinner pRNFL thickness than those with T2DM only. Additionally, the duration of HTN was significantly correlated with pRNFL thickness in patients with both diabetes and HTN.

To investigate the surgical outcomes of vitrectomy for macular hole-induced retinal detachment(MHRD), with respect to the surgical adjunctive method used.We performed retrospective multicenter study of patients who underwent vitrectomy for MHRD. The visual/anatomical outcomes after vitrectomy were analyzed. We also analyzed these outcomes according to surgical method and the presence of persistent macular hole after the vitrectomy.Thirty-four patients (34 eyes) from 6 hospitals were included in this study. The mean age of the patients was 64.56 ± 12.23 years; 31 patients (91.2%) were female. The mean LogMAR best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) significantly improved 6 months after vitrectomy (The surgeries to treat MHRD differed in terms of the procedure depending on the surgeons, but the visual outcomes did not differ depending on the surgical adjunctive method employed. There were no differences in the visual prognoses, regardless of whether there was a persistent macular hole; however, recurrence was significantly higher in eyes with persistent macular holes. Therefore, further surgical treatment might be considered for eyes with persistent macular holes after MHRD surgery.

Purpose To compare visual improvements between initial intravitreal t-PA with gas injection before anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and anti-VEGF injection monotherapy for submacular haemorrhage (SMH) associated with age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Methods We retrospectively reviewed medical records of naive patients treated with intravitreal t-PA with gas injection before anti-VEGF (Group 1) or only with intravitreal anti-VEGF injection (Group 2) for SMH [disc area (DA) ≥ 2] associated with AMD from two institutions. Both groups received 3 monthly loads of anti-VEGF injections followed by injections as needed for AMD treatment. Changes in best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA, logMAR) between the initial visit and after 6 months of treatment were compared between two groups. Results A total of 82 patients were enroled. Of these, 32 patients and 50 patients were grouped in Groups 1 and 2, respectively. The mean change in BCVA over 6 months for Group 1 was -0.52 ± 0.88, which was significantly larger (p = 0.044) than the mean change for Group 2 (-0.15 ± 0.58). We compared visual improvements between the two groups based on the following SMH size categories: ≤5, >5, and ≤15, and >15 DA. When the SMH size was ≤5, or >5 and ≤15 DA, the mean change in BCVA was larger for Group 1 than for Group 2, but this difference was not significant. When SMH size was >15 DA, Group 1 patients exhibited a mean visual improvement of -0.79 ± 0.80, which was significantly greater (p = 0.029) than that of Group 2 (-0.06 ± 0.67). Conclusions Patients that were primarily treated for SMH associated with AMD using t-PA and gas injection (followed by anti-VEGF injection) exhibited better visual improvement than those treated with anti-VEGF monotherapy, especially in patients exhibiting larger SMH sizes (>15 DA) at the initial visit.

To determine longitudinal changes in the ganglion cell-inner plexiform layer (GC-IPL) thickness of the fellow eyes of patients with neovascular age-related macular degeneration (AMD).Prospective cohort study.Patients with unilateral neovascular AMD, unilateral polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy (PCV), and control subjects were included. After the initial visit, GC-IPL thickness was measured twice more with at least a 1-year interval between examinations using spectral domain optical coherence tomography.Twenty-seven fellow eyes of patients with unilateral choroidal neovascularization (CNV), 33 fellow eyes of patients with unilateral PCV, and 35 eyes of control subjects were enrolled. The GC-IPL thickness of the fellow eyes was 78.41 ± 9.23, 81.20 ± 5.52, and 81.60 ± 3.83 μm in the CNV, PCV, and control groups, respectively, and they showed a significant change over time (P .001, P = .001, and P = .003, respectively). The reduction rate of GC-IPL thickness was -0.88, -0.41, and -0.31 μm per year in the fellow eyes of the CNV, PCV, and control groups, respectively (CNVPCV, control, P.001). In a linear mixed model determination of factors associated with GC-IPL reduction in the fellow eyes of the CNV group, the interaction between baseline GC-IPL thickness and duration showed a significant result (P.001).The fellow eyes of patients with neovascular AMD showed a greater reduction rate of GC-IPL thickness compared with fellow eyes of patients with unilateral PCV and control subjects. In patients with unilateral neovascular AMD, fellow eyes with a thicker GC-IPL at baseline showed a greater reduction in GC-IPL thickness over time.

Purpose We report the clinical outcomes of retinal capillary hemangioma (RCH) after the application of various treatments. Methods We performed a retrospective chart analysis of eight eyes treated for RCH between August 2009 and January 2018. During the follow-up period, the status and progression of the RCHs were checked by fundus photography, fluorescein angiography, and optical coherence tomography, and additional treatments were applied when necessary. Results Three of the five patients had bilateral RCH, and two had unilateral RCH. Six eyes received laser photocoagulation; two eyes received cryotherapy, and one eye received intravitreal Avastin injection. Three eyes each had intravitreal triamcinolone injection, subtenon triamcinolone injection, and intravitreal dexamethasone injection to control inflammation. Also, two patients took oral prednisolone, and one patient used prednisolone eye drops to control inflammation. Two eyes underwent vitrectomy and scleral buckling due to deterioration of the epiretinal membrane and vitreal traction, respectively. As a result of those treatments, the tumors were stable in five of the eight eyes. However, one eye is now in a pre-phthisis state, and one patient who refused treatment showed progression of the tumor, epiretinal membrane, and traction. Conclusions Because RCHs vary in size, the degree of inflammation, and symptoms, this disorder should be actively treated on a case-by-case basis. Fluorescein angiography should be used periodically to determine recurrence of the tumor or inflammation, and the appropriate treatment should be repeated as necessary. Moreover, regular systemic screening tests for von Hippel-Lindau disease should be performed in RCH patients to ensure that they have no abnormalities other than in the eye.

Diabetes is expected to accelerate age-related ganglion cell–inner plexiform layer (GC-IPL) loss, but there is limited information on the rate of reduction in GC-IPL thicknesses. We aimed to evaluate the reduction rate of GC-IPL thickness in diabetic patients, and to compare the rates between patients without and with diabetic retinopathy (DR). We included 112 eyes of 112 patients with diabetes [49 eyes without DR (no-DR group) and 63 eyes with mild to moderate non-proliferative DR (NPDR group)] and 63 eyes of 63 normal controls (control group) in this study. Macular GC-IPL thickness in all participants was measured for 3 years at 1-year intervals. The reduction rates of GC-IPL thickness were determined by linear mixed models and compared among the three groups. The estimated reduction rates of the average GC-IPL thickness in the no-DR (−0.627 μm/year) and NPDR (−0.987 μm/year) groups were 2.26-fold (p = 0.010) and 3.56-fold (p = 0.001) faster, respectively, than the control group (−0.277 μm/year). Age, duration of diabetes, and baseline average GC-IPL thickness were associated with longitudinal changes in average GC-IPL thickness. The GC-IPL reduction rate was significantly faster in diabetic patients, with and without DR. Physicians should therefore be aware that GC-IPL damage continues even if there is no DR.

To evaluate the long-term results of focal laser photocoagulation and photodynamic therapy (PDT) for treatment of central serous chorioretinopathy (CSC). Retrospective chart review. Sixty-two patients with CSC, thirty-three of whom were treated with focal laser photocoagulation, and 29 with PDT and who were followed up for > 6 months, were enrolled. The focal laser was performed at sites of focal leakage (but not subfoveal leaks) shown in fluorescein angiography. PDT was performed at sites of subfoveal or juxtafoveal focal leakage or not definite focal leakages. Best corrected visual acuity (BCVA), central macular thickness (CMT), resolution of subretinal fluid (SRF) and recurrence were analyzed. The follow-up duration of the focal laser group was 35.2 ± 22.6 and of the PDT group, 46.4 ± 21.5 months. Time to resolution of SRF was 1.8 ± 1.5 months for the focal laser group and 1.2 ± 0.5 months for the PDT group. SRF was rapidly absorbed in the PDT group. In both groups, the CMT was decreased 1 month after treatment. The BCVA improved significantly 1 month after treatment in the focal laser group and 3 months after treatment in the PDT group. However, there was no significant difference in CMT reduction and BCVA improvement between the two groups. It subsequently remained similar for up to 3 years. Ten patients (30.3%) in the focal laser group and three patients (10%) in the PDT group recurred during the follow-up period. PDT showed early resolution of the SRF compared to focal laser. In CSC patients, both the CMT and BCVA remained stable for 3 years after treatment. After 3 or more years of follow-up, PDT showed a lower recurrence rate than focal laser.

To evaluate changes in peripapillary microvascular parameters in diabetes mellitus (DM) patients using optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA). Seventy-one diabetic patients (40 in the no diabetic retinopathy [DR] group and 31 in the non-proliferative DR [NPDR] group) and 50 control subjects. OCTA (Zeiss HD-OCT 5000 with AngioPlex) 6 × 6 mm scans centered on the optic disc were analyzed. Peripapillary vessel density (VD), perfusion density (PD) in superficial capillary plexus (SCP) were automatically calculated. The average macular ganglion cell-inner plexiform layer (mGC-IPL) and peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (pRNFL) thicknesses of the no DR and NPDR groups were significantly thinner than those of the control group. The no DR and NPDR groups showed lower peripapillary VD and PD in SCP compared with the control group. Using univariate regression analyses, the average mGC-IPL thickness, the pRNFL thickness, the no DR group and NPDR group were significant factors that affected the peripapillary VD and PD in SCP. Multivariate regression analyses showed that the grade of DR was a significant factor affecting the peripapillary VD and PD in SCP. OCTA revealed that peripapillary microvascular parameters in the no DR and NPDR groups were lower than those of normal controls. The peripapillary VD and PD in SCP were correlated with the mGC-IPL thickness, the pRNFL thickness, and the no DR and NPDR groups. Changes in peripapillary OCTA parameters may help with understanding the pathophysiology of DM and evaluating a potentially valuable biomarker for patients with subclinical DR.

Various factors can affect repeatability of optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) measurements, and they have not been studied sufficiently. We aimed to investigate the factors associated with the repeatability of automated superficial retinal vessel density (VD) and foveal avascular zone (FAZ) metrics acquired from OCTA. A total of 141 normal eyes from 141 healthy subjects were included, and two consecutive macular 6 × 6-mm angiography scans were performed. VD, perfusion density (PD), and FAZ of the superficial capillary plexus were calculated automatically. Reproducibility was assessed based on intraclass correlations (ICCs) and coefficients of variation (CVs). VD (ICC: 0.824, CV: 3.898) and PD (ICC: 0.845, CV: 4.042) over the entire 6-mm scan area showed better repeatability than VD (ICC: 0.752, CV: 17.470) and PD (ICC: 0.752, CV: 18.552) in the 1-mm scan, and with respect to the obtained FAZ metrics (ICC 10.0%). Regression analyses showed that two factors, signal strength (p = 0.004) and average VD over the total 6-mm scan area (p

To identify how diabetic retinal neurodegeneration (DRN) and microvascular impairment are affected differently by various factors in type 2 diabetes (T2DM) patients without diabetic retinopathy via the ratio of RNFL thickness/vessel density (RNFL/VD) ratio. In this retrospective cross-sectional study, subjects were divided into two groups: controls (control group) and patients with T2DM (DM group). The RNFL thickness, VD, and RNDL/VD ratio were compared between two groups, and correlation analyses were performed to identify the relationship between the RNFL/VD ratio and various factors. A total of 411 eyes were enrolled: 195 eyes in the control group and 216 eyes in the DM group. The mean RNFL thickness was 95.9 ± 8.6 and 93.7 ± 8.7 μm (P = 0.016), the VD was 18.2 ± 0.7 and 17.6 ± 1.1 mm−1 (P

To identify how the Weiss ring affects the measurement of mean and sectoral peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (pRNFL) thicknesses.Retrospective, cross-sectional study.Subjects were divided into two groups: controls (control group) and subjects in which a Weiss ring was visible on optical coherence tomography fundus images (WR group). Mean and sectoral pRNFL thicknesses were compared between the two groups.A total of 205 eyes were enrolled: 131 eyes in the control group and 74 eyes in the WR group. The mean pRNFL thicknesses of the control group and WR group were 97.2 ± 6.7 µm and 94.6 ± 10.8 µm, respectively (P = .042). In sectoral thickness, the inferior sector of the WR group was 112.1 ± 23.2 µm, which was significantly thinner than that of the control group (125.5 ± 13.3 µm; P.001). The Weiss ring was located in 10 eyes (13.5%) in the superior sector, 7 eyes (9.5%) in the temporal sector, 40 eyes (54.1%) in the inferior sector, and 17 eyes (23.0%) in the nasal sector. In analyses of reproducibility, the coefficient of variation and intraclass coefficient of the inferior sector measurement were 10.90% and 0.409, respectively, indicating low reliability of the measurement.Eyes with a Weiss ring showed thinner mean and inferior pRNFL thicknesses than normal controls, which would be a measurement error caused by the Weiss ring. This could be a major confounding factor for analyses of pRNFL changes, especially in glaucoma patients.

To compare changes in retinal layers and microvasculature in diabetic retinopathy (DR) patients after bevacizumab therapy and panretinal photocoagulation (PRP). This prospective study divided patients into two groups: patients treated with bevacizumab and those treated with PRP. Patients visited our retinal clinic at 1, 3, and 6 months after treatment. Retinal layer thickness and vessel density (VD) using optical coherence tomography angiography were analyzed. 37 eyes in the bevacizumab group and 36 eyes in the PRP group were enrolled. In the bevacizumab group, the parafoveal RNFL, GCL, and IPL thicknesses significantly decreased (P

Background: We aimed to study the bilateral choroidal thickness (CT) symmetry and difference in uncomplicated pachychoroid subjects using wide-field swept-source optical coherence tomography (SS-OCT). Methods: All subjects underwent a wide-field 16-mm one-line scan using SS-OCT. Bilateral CT was measured at, and compared among, the following 12 points: three points at 900-µm intervals from the nasal optic disc margin (nasal peripapillary area), one point at the subfovea, six points at 900-µm intervals from the fovea to the nasal and temporal areas (macular area), and two peripheral points 5400 and 8100 µm from the fovea (peripheral area). Results: There were no statistically significant differences in CT between the right and left eyes in any area (all p &gt, 0.05), they all showed significant positive correlations (all p &lt, 0.01). However, the correlation coefficients (ρ) were smaller for the nasal peripapillary and peripheral areas compared to the macular area. Conclusions: The CTs in each region were bilaterally symmetrical in subjects with uncomplicated pachychoroid. However, interocular difference in CT increased from the center to the periphery, indicating that the anatomical variation of the nasal peripapillary and peripheral choroid was greater than that of the macula.

Purpose: To evaluate changes in the foveal microvasculature in patients with dry age-related macular degeneration (dry AMD) using optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA). Methods: Eighty-three eyes with dry AMD and 83 age- and sex-matched normal eyes were enrolled. A 3 × 3 mm2 OCTA (Zeiss HD-OCT 5000 with AngioPlex; Carl Zeiss Meditec, Dublin, CA, USA) scan was used to acquire images. Vessel density (VD), perfusion density (PD), and the foveal avascular zone (FAZ) of the superficial capillary plexus were analyzed. Results: The VD of the full area, central area, and inner ring of the dry AMD patients (18.61, 8.41, and 20.45, respectively) were significantly lower than those of the controls (20.06, 11.09, and 22.51, respectively). The PD of the full area, central area, and inner ring of the dry AMD patients (0.34, 0.15, and 0.37, respectively) were also significantly lower than those of the controls (0.36, 0.19, and 0.40, respectively). The FAZ area and perimeter in the dry AMD patients (0.29 mm2 and 2.47 mm, respectively) were larger than those in the controls (0.23 mm2 and 2.09 mm, respectively). The FAZ circularity index in the dry AMD patients was smaller than that in the controls (0.61 vs. 0.66). Using univariate linear regression, age, best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), central macular thickness (CMT), and ganglion cell-inner plexiform layer (GC-IPL) thickness were associated with both VD and PD of the full area. Using multivariate analysis, only GC-IPL thickness was significantly associated with the VD and PD of the full area (p = 0.001 and p = 0.004, respectively). Conclusions: OCTA revealed changes in the foveal microcirculation of patients with dry AMD. Age, BCVA, CMT, and GC-IPL thickness should be considered when analyzing the OCTA data of patients with dry AMD. GC-IPL thickness is particularly important during clinical evaluation of VD and PD in patients with dry AMD.

PURPOSE To compare retinal thickness between patients with chronic hypertension without retinopathy, hypertensive retinopathy, Keith-Wagener-Barker Grade IV status, and normal controls using spectral domain optical coherence tomography. METHODS In this retrospective study, we analyzed patients who visited our retinal clinic from January 2013 to February 2016. Of those included, 58 eyes of 58 patients were in the healthy control group (Group A), 37 eyes of 37 patients were in the chronic hypertension without retinopathy group (disease duration of at least 10 years; Group B), and 31 eyes of 31 patients with relieved hypertensive retinopathy (Grade IV hypertensive retinopathy a year or more ago but no longer had hypertensive retinopathy at the time of the study; Group C). The thicknesses of the central macula, retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL), and ganglion cell inner plexiform layer (GCIPL) were measured by spectral domain optical coherence tomography in each group. RESULTS The average thicknesses of the central macula, RNFL, and GCIPL layers were lower in Group B than in Group A (P < 0.001, 0.001, and

AimTo determine longitudinal changes of the ganglion cell-inner plexiform layer (GC-IPL) thickness in patients with high myopia.MethodsThe subjects were divided into two groups: a high myopia group (axial length ≥26.0 mm) and a normal control group. Both groups were divided into subgroups based on age (decade): 20s, 30s, 40s and 50s. Twenty eyes were included in each subgroup. After the initial visit, GC-IPL thicknesses were measured three more times with at least a 1-year interval between examinations using spectral domain optical coherence tomography. The average GC-IPL thickness was fitted with linear mixed models.ResultsThe average GC-IPL thickness at the first visit was 78.50 ± 8.79 µm and 84.29 ± 6.12 µm in the high myopia and control groups, respectively. In both groups, the average GC-IPL thickness showed a significant change over time. The rate of GC-IPL reduction in individuals aged in their 50s, 40s, 30s and 20s with high myopia were −0.81 µm/year,–0.51 µm/year, −0.28 µm/year and −0.12 µm/year, respectively, and in controls in their 50s, 40s, 30s and 20s, they were −0.31 µm/year,–0.25 µm/year, −0.12 µm/year and −0.02 µm/year, respectively. Additionally, individuals aged in their 50s showed a statistically significant interaction between group and duration (pConclusionsHighly myopic eyes had thinner GC-IPL and a significantly greater reduction in GC-IPL over 3 years when compared with normal eyes. Additionally, the reduction rate of the GC-IPL thickness was greater in older patients in both groups, which was more prominent in the high myopia group.

Purpose To determine longitudinal change of peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (pRNFL) thickness in patients with high myopia without ophthalmic disease. Design Prospective observational study. Participants Participants were divided into 2 groups: a high myopia group (80 eyes) that included eyes with an axial length ≥26.0 mm and a control group (80 eyes) that included eyes with a spherical equivalent (SE) between +3.0 and −6.0 diopters (D). Both groups were further divided into age subgroups by decade: 20s, 30s, 40s, and 50s. Each subgroup included 20 eyes. Methods After the initial visit, pRNFL thickness measurements were performed 2 times more with at least 1-year intervals between examinations using spectral-domain OCT. The mean pRNFL thickness was fitted with linear mixed models. Main Outcome Measures The pRNFL thickness and rate of pRNFL thickness reduction. Results The mean patient age and thickness of the pRNFL at the first visit were 39.5±12.5 years and 90.16±9.06 μm, and 41.5±12.2 years and 96.80±9.50 μm in the high myopia and control groups, respectively. The high myopia group showed a significant reduction in mean pRNFL thickness between the first and second visits, and between the second and third visits (P Conclusions Highly myopic eyes had a significantly greater decrease in pRNFL over 2 years than normal eyes. In addition, the reduction rate of pRNFL thickness was greater in older patients with high myopia, whereas similar values were shown in normal controls except individuals aged 20 to 29 years.

SIGNIFICANCE During the acute stage of central serous chorioretinopathy (CSC) with retinal elevation, the spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) estimate of ganglion cell layer complex thickness is reduced. Thickness returns to normal after resolution of the event. Measurement error is at least partially responsible for this effect. The reduction in ganglion cell layer complex thickness does not represent atrophy and is not predictive of a poor outcome. PURPOSE We investigated the effects of serous retinal detachment on the ganglion cell layer complex analysis (GCA) by SD-OCT in CSC patients during the acute episodes and after resolution of fluid. METHODS We retrospectively reviewed medical records of 30 patients who visited the hospital with a first episode of CSC. We analyzed GCA maps using SD-OCT (Cirrus; Carl Zeiss Meditec, Dublin, CA) at the initial visit with serous retinal elevation and after the absorption of subretinal fluid. For repeatability analysis, we used the intraclass correlation and repeatability coefficient from two consecutive measurements 5 minutes apart in 12 patients. RESULTS At the initial visit, an average thickness of ganglion cell layer complex was thinner than that measured in the fellow eye (67.4 ± 27.4 μm), but after the absorption of subretinal fluid, it normalized to 87.0 ± 6.7 μm; the difference was statistically significant. The intraclass correlation and repeatability coefficient were low during the period of serous elevation but normalized after fluid resorption. Abnormalities of GCA resulted from the segmentation error of ganglion cell layer and inner plexiform layer during the acute phase of CSC. CONCLUSIONS Serous retinal detachment can affect the GCA and repeatability measurements of the GCA. Clinicians should consider this finding when using the GCA measurement in the diagnosis and management of the patients with retinal contour changes such as retinal elevation including CSC.

PURPOSE To evaluate the changes of axial length (AXL) in eyes with unilateral idiopathic central serous chorioretinopathy (CSC) after resolution of serous retinal detachment. METHODS A total of 31 patients diagnosed with idiopathic unilateral CSC were included in this study. The changes of AXL according to serous retinal detachment were examined. The keratometric value and AXL were measured using partial coherence interferometry. Serous retinal detachment and central macular thickness (CMT) were measured by spectral domain optical coherence tomography. RESULTS The mean age of the 31 CSC patients, including 19 males, was 42.7 years. The AXL was significantly increased from 23.41 to 23.58 mm after resolution of serous retinal detachment (p < 0.001). The CMT was significantly decreased from 413.4 to 226.8 μm after resolution of serous retinal detachment (p < 0.001). The differences in AXL correlated with CMT differences and subretinal fluid height (r = -0.616, p < 0.001 and r = -0.637, p < 0.001, respectively), and the best-corrected visual acuity was significantly different after resolution of serous retinal detachment (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS In unilateral idiopathic CSC with serous retinal detachment, a shortened AXL in the acute phase was restored after resolution of serous retinal detachment.

Many studies have reported the effect of hypertension on microcirculation of the retina. Advance of optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) allows us more detailed observations of microcirculation of the retina. Therefore, we compared OCTA parameters between chronic hypertension (disease duration of at least 10 yrs; Group A, 45 eyes), relieved hypertensive retinopathy (grade IV HTNR vs. C; 19.4 mm−1vs. 20.1 mm−1, Group B vs. D; 19.8 mm−1vs. 21.8 mm−1, all p vs. C; 0.35 mm2vs. 0.30 mm2, Group B vs. D; 0.36 mm2vs. 0.29 mm2, all p

The purpose of this study was to identify the relationship between the gangion cell-inner plexiform layer (GC-IPL) and retinal vasculature in the context of the progression of diabetic retinopathy (DR).The subjects were divided into four groups according to DR stage: normal controls (group 1), patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) without DR (group 2), patients with mild or moderate nonprogressive DR (NPDR; group 3), and patients with severe NPDR (group 4). GC-IPL thickness, vessel density of superficial vascular plexus (SVD), and the GC-IPL/SVD ratio were compared among the groups.A total of 556 eyes were enrolled; 288 in group 1, 140 in group 2, 76 in group 3, and 52 in group 4. The mean GC-IPL thicknesses were 83.57 ± 7.35, 82.74 ± 7.22, 81.33 ± 6.74, and 79.89 ± 9.16 μm in each group, respectively (P = 0.006). The mean SVDs were 20.40 ± 1.26, 19.70 ± 1.56, 18.86 ± 2.04, and 17.82 ± 2.04 mm-1 in each group, respectively (P0.001). The GC-IPL/SVD ratios were 4.11 ± 0.38, 4.22 ± 0.40, 4.36 ± 0.54, and 4.54 ± 0.55 in each group, respectively (P0.001). In Pearson's correlation analysis, DR stage was significantly correlated with the GC-IPL/SVD ratio (coefficient = 0.301; P0.001).As the DR stage progressed, the GC-IPL thickness tended to decrease, with the macular SVD showing a significant reduction. Additionally, the impairment of retinal vasculature was more prominent than GC-IPL thinning as DR progressed, which suggests that retinal vasculature changes may precede diabetic retinal neurodegeneration.

Acute and chronic hypertension may have different pathophysiological mechanisms in the retina. Here, we compared the retinal nerve fibre layer (RNFL)/ganglion cell-inner plexiform layer (GC-IPL) thickness ratios of patients with 'relieved' severe hypertensive retinopathy (relieved HTNR) and chronic hypertension without retinopathy (chronic HTN) to those of normal controls.We performed cross-sectional study. The eyes were divided into the following groups: normal controls (Group A, age ≥50 years; Group D, age50 years); chronic HTN (Group B,10 years of HTN; TNHT; Group C, ≥10 years of HTN); and relieved HTNR (previously diagnosed with grade IV HTNR and relieved retinopathy for1 year; Group E), and the RNFL/GC-IPL thickness ratio was compared among Groups A-C and between Groups D and E.A total of 379 eyes were included in this study. Groups A-E consisted of 145, 59, 63, 60 and 52 eyes, respectively. The RNFL/GC-IPL thickness ratios were 1.161 ± 0.093, 1.158 ± 0.082 and 1.162 ± 0.089 in groups A-C, respectively, and did not showed a statistically difference (p = 0.966). The RNFL/GC-IPL thickness ratio of groups D and E were 1.169 ± 0.080 and 1.221 ± 0.080, respectively, and showed a statistically difference (p = 0.001).The RNFL/GC-IPL thickness ratios of the chronic HTN group did not show a difference compared with the normal controls. However, relieved HTNR patients showed a higher ratio than the normal controls. Physicians should be aware that acute hypertensive injury could affect the RNFL/GC-IPL thickness ratio.

PURPOSE It is hypothesized that an unstable tear film would affect the quality and repeatability of optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA). Therefore, OCTA repeatability according to tear break-up time (TBUT) was compared. METHODS The 3 × 3 OCTA was performed twice and, the eyes were divided into 3 groups according to the TBUT (Group 1: TBUT ≤ 5 seconds, 43 eyes; Group 2: 5 seconds 10 seconds, 34 eyes). The intraclass correlation coefficient, coefficient of variation, and test-retest SD were calculated and compared. RESULTS The signal strengths of OCTA were 9.1 ± 1.2, 9.5 ± 0.8, and 9.5 ± 0.8 in each group from Groups 1, 2, and 3, respectively, which showed significant difference (P = 0.049). The intraclass correlation coefficient of vessel density were 0.733, 0.840, and 0.974 in Groups 1 to 3, respectively, and the values increased in the order of Groups 1, 2, and 3. The coefficient of variation were 6.41 ± 6.09, 3.29 ± 2.22, and 1.30 ± 1.17, and the test-retest SD were 0.83 ± 0.70, 0.47 ± 0.31, and 0.19 ± 0.17 in Groups 1, 2, and 3, respectively. The coefficient of variation and test-retest SD values decreased in the order of Groups 1, 2, and 3, and showed a significant difference (all, P < 0.05). CONCLUSION The repeatability of OCTA tended to decrease with a shorter TBUT. When the TBUT is

To identify the effects of prolonged type 2 diabetes (T2DM) on changes in peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (pRNFL) thickness in patients without clinical diabetic retinopathy. Subjects were divided into two groups: controls and patients with T2DM (DM group). After the initial visits, the pRNFL thicknesses were measured three more times at 1-year intervals. Subgroup analyses were performed in patients with T2DM duration ≥ 10 years. The mean pRNFL thickness at each visit was 95.8 ± 8.1, 95.4 ± 8.3, 94.9 ± 8.1, and 94.5 ± 8.3 μm in the control group (P = 0.138) (n = 55); and 93.4 ± 9.1, 92.1 ± 9.3, 90.9 ± 9.3, and 89.5 ± 9.2 μm in the DM group (P P = 0.001) were significant factors associated with pRNFL reduction. In patients with T2DM duration ≥ 10 years, the estimated pRNFL reduction rate was − 1.61 μm/year, and hypertension was a significant factor affecting the pRNFL reduction (P = 0.046). We confirmed rapid pRNFL reduction over time in T2DM, and the reduction rate was higher in patients with T2DM ≥ 10 years. Additionally, BCVA and HbA1c levels were significantly associated with the change in pRNFL thickness in T2DM patients.

Objective To investigate the effects of axial length (AL) on the peripapillary microvascular density acquired from optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA). Methods Retrospective observational study. A total of 111 eyes from 111 normal healthy subjects were examined. The subjects were divided into three groups according to the AL: Group 1 (AL: < 24.0 mm; 35 eyes), Group 2 (AL: 24.0–25.99 mm; 37 eyes), and Group 3 (AL: ≥ 26 mm; 39 eyes). Peripapillary OCTA images were acquired using 6× 6 mm angiography scans, and vessel density (VD) and perfusion density (PD) of the superficial capillary plexus were calculated automatically. VD and PD were compared among the three groups according to the distance from the optic disc (inner and outer rings). Linear regression analyses were also performed to identify clinical factors associated with average VD. Results The average ALs of Groups 1–3 were 23.33± 0.57, 25.05± 0.60, and 27.42± 0.82, respectively. Average VD (P = 0.009) and PD (P = 0.029) in the inner ring increased with increasing AL. However, average VD (P < 0.001) and PD (P < 0.001) in the outer ring decreased with AL increased; the same trends were found for the full areas (VD, p Conclusions Peripapillary VD and PD were significantly associated with AL. Depending on the distance from the disc, peripapillary VDs and PDs of the inner and outer rings were differentially affected by AL. Physicians should therefore consider the effects of AL in the analyses of peripapillary microvasculature.