144 results on '"Jung Joo Hong"'
Search Results
2. Age-related antibody response to Orthopoxviruses and implications for public health measures: Insights from a South Korean study
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Yujin Kim, Green Kim, Gukhui Min, YoungMin Woo, Kyong Ran Peck, Jung Joo Hong, and Sun Bean Kim
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Smallpox ,Mpox ,Herd immunity ,Orthopoxvirus ,Cross-reactivity ,Infectious and parasitic diseases ,RC109-216 ,Public aspects of medicine ,RA1-1270 - Abstract
Background: After the eradication of smallpox, there have been no specific public health measures for any Orthopoxviruses (OPXVs). Therefore, it is necessary to countermeasure OPXV infections after Mpox (formerly monkeypox) occurrences, such as the latest global outbreak in 2022–2023. This study aimed to provide crucial insights for the development of effective public health policy making against mpox in populations residing in regions where the virus is not prevalent. Methods: This study used enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) to examine smallpox and mpox antibodies in Koreans with three different age groups. We analyzed 56 sera obtained from a tertiary care hospital in South Korea between September 2022 and April 2023. Plasma levels of antibodies against the viral proteins of smallpox (variola cytokine response-modifying protein B) and MPXV (A29) were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. Results: Plasma samples from participants in their early 40 s and older exhibited higher reactivity to viral antigens than those from younger participants. Furthermore, there was a strong positive correlation in antibody positivity for the two different viruses across the sera. Conclusions: The presence of low antibody levels in participants ˂40 years may hinder their ability to defend against OPXV. Therefore, it is imperative to implement effective public health measures to mitigate the transmission of OPXV within the community. These findings serve as fundamental information for devising strategies to combat mpox efficiently, particularly in regions where the virus is not prevalent.
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- 2024
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3. Permissive lung neutrophils facilitate tuberculosis immunopathogenesis in male phagocyte NADPH oxidase-deficient mice.
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Eunsol Choi, Hong-Hee Choi, Kee Woong Kwon, Hagyu Kim, Ji-Hwan Ryu, Jung Joo Hong, and Sung Jae Shin
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Immunologic diseases. Allergy ,RC581-607 ,Biology (General) ,QH301-705.5 - Abstract
NADPH oxidase 2 (NOX2) is an enzyme responsible for generating reactive oxygen species, primarily found in phagocytes. Chronic Granulomatous Disease (CGD), along with bacterial infections such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), is a representative NOX2-deficient X-linked disease characterized by uncontrolled inflammation. However, the precise roles of host-derived factors that induce infection-mediated hyperinflammation in NOX2-deficient condition remain incompletely understood. To address this, we compared Mtb-induced pathogenesis in Nox2-/- and wild type (WT) mice in a sex-dependent manner. Among age- and sex-matched mice subjected to Mtb infection, male Nox2-/- mice exhibited a notable increase in bacterial burden and lung inflammation. This was characterized by significantly elevated pro-inflammatory cytokines such as G-CSF, TNF-α, IL-1α, IL-1β, and IL-6, excessive neutrophil infiltration, and reduced pulmonary lymphocyte levels as tuberculosis (TB) progressed. Notably, lungs of male Nox2-/- mice were predominantly populated with CD11bintLy6GintCXCR2loCD62Llo immature neutrophils which featured mycobacterial permissiveness. By diminishing total lung neutrophils or reducing immature neutrophils, TB immunopathogenesis was notably abrogated in male Nox2-/- mice. Ultimately, we identified G-CSF as the pivotal trigger that exacerbates the generation of immature permissive neutrophils, leading to TB immunopathogenesis in male Nox2-/- mice. In contrast, neutralizing IL-1α and IL-1β, which are previously known factors responsible for TB pathogenesis in Nox2-/- mice, aggravated TB immunopathogenesis. Our study revealed that G-CSF-driven immature and permissive pulmonary neutrophils are the primary cause of TB immunopathogenesis and lung hyperinflammation in male Nox2-/- mice. This highlights the importance of quantitative and qualitative control of pulmonary neutrophils to alleviate TB progression in a phagocyte oxidase-deficient condition.
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- 2024
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4. Protein-energy restriction-induced lipid metabolism disruption causes stable-to-progressive disease shift in Mycobacterium avium-infected female miceResearch in context
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Sangwon Choi, Ju Mi Lee, Keu Eun San Kim, Ji-Hae Park, Lee-Han Kim, Jiyun Park, Yaerin Jeon, Byung Woo Jhun, Su-Young Kim, Jung Joo Hong, and Sung Jae Shin
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Mycobacterium avium complex ,Pulmonary disease ,Protein-energy restriction ,Disease progression ,Fatty acid ,Lipid metabolism ,Medicine ,Medicine (General) ,R5-920 - Abstract
Summary: Background: Disease susceptibility and progression of Mycobacterium avium complex pulmonary disease (MAC-PD) is associated with multiple factors, including low body mass index (BMI). However, the specific impact of low BMI on MAC-PD progression remains poorly understood. This study aims to examine the progression of MAC-PD in the context of low BMI, utilising a disease-resistant mouse model. Methods: We employed a MAC infection-resistant female A/J mouse model to compare the progression of MAC-PD under two dietary conditions: one group was fed a standard protein diet, representing protein-energy unrestricted conditions, and the other was fed a low protein diet (LPD), representing protein-energy restriction. Findings: Our results reveal that protein-energy restriction significantly exacerbates MAC-PD progression by disrupting lipid metabolism. Mice fed an LPD showed elevated fatty acid levels and related gene expressions in lung tissues, similar to findings of increased fatty acids in the serum of patients who exhibited the MAC-PD progression. These mice also exhibited increased CD36 expression and lipid accumulation in macrophages upon MAC infection. In vitro experiments emphasised the crucial role of CD36-mediated palmitic acid uptake in bacterial proliferation. Importantly, in vivo studies demonstrated that administering anti-CD36 antibody to LPD-fed A/J mice reduced macrophage lipid accumulation and impeded bacterial growth, resulting in remarkable slowing disease progression. Interpretation: Our findings indicate that the metabolic status of host immune cells critically influences MAC-PD progression. This study highlights the potential of adequate nutrient intake in preventing MAC-PD progression, suggesting that targeting CD36-mediated pathways might be a host-directed therapeutic strategy to managing MAC infection. Funding: This research was funded by the National Research Foundation of Korea, the Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, and the Korea National Institute of Health.
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- 2024
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5. Intranasal administration enhances size-dependent pulmonary phagocytic uptake of poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) nanoparticles
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Seung Ho Baek, Eun-Ha Hwang, Gyeung Haeng Hur, Green Kim, You Jung An, Jae-Hak Park, and Jung Joo Hong
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Pulmonary delivery ,PLGA nanoparticle ,Intranasal administration ,Nanocarrier ,Medical physics. Medical radiology. Nuclear medicine ,R895-920 ,Therapeutics. Pharmacology ,RM1-950 - Abstract
Abstract Background Nanoparticles exhibit distinct behaviours within the body, depending on their physicochemical properties and administration routes. However, in vivo behaviour of poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) nanoparticles, especially when administered nasally, remains unexplored; furthermore, there is a lack of comparative analysis of uptake efficiency among different administration routes. Therefore, here, we aimed to comprehensively investigate the real-time in vivo behaviour of PLGA nanoparticles across various administration routes. PLGA-NH2 nanoparticles of three sizes were synthesised using an oil-in-water single-emulsion method. We assessed their uptake by murine macrophage RAW264.7 cells using fluorescence microscopy. To enable real-time tracking, we conjugated p-SCN-Bn-deferoxamine to PLGA-NH2 nanoparticles and further radiolabelled them with 89Zr-oxalate before administration to mice via different routes. Nanoparticle internalisation by lung immune cells was monitored using fluorescence-activated cell sorting analysis. Results The nanoparticle sizes were 294 ± 2.1 (small), 522.5 ± 5.58 (intermediate), and 850 ± 18.52 nm (large). Fluorescent labelling did not significantly alter the nanoparticle size and charge. The level of uptake of small and large nanoparticles by RAW264.7 cells was similar, with phagocytosis inhibition primarily reducing the internalisation of large particles. Positron emission tomography revealed that intranasal delivery resulted in the highest and most targeted pulmonary uptake, whereas intravenous administration led to accumulation mainly in the liver and spleen. Nasal delivery of large nanoparticles resulted in enhanced uptake by myeloid immune cells relative to lymphoid cells, whereas dendritic cell uptake initially peaked but declined over time. Conclusions Our study provides valuable insights into advancing nanomedicine and drug delivery, with the potential for expanding the clinical applications of nanoparticles.
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- 2024
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6. Molecular evolutionary characteristics of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 and the relatedness of epidemiological and socio-environmental factors
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Kyuyoung Shim, Eun-Ha Hwang, Green Kim, Young Min Woo, You Jung An, Seung Ho Baek, Taehwan Oh, Yujin Kim, Kiwon Jang, Jung Joo Hong, and Bon-Sang Koo
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SARS-CoV-2 ,Bayesian evolutionary analysis ,Sequence analysis ,Socio-environmental factors ,Epidemiological triad ,Science (General) ,Q1-390 ,Social sciences (General) ,H1-99 - Abstract
After the first outbreak, SARS-CoV-2 infection continues to occur due to the emergence of new variants. There is limited information available on the comparative evaluation of evolutionary characteristics of SARS-CoV-2 among different countries over time, and its relatedness to epidemiological and socio-environmental factors within those countries. We assessed comparative Bayesian evolutionary characteristics for SARS-CoV-2 in eight countries from 2020 to 2022 using BEAST version 2.6.7. Additionally, the relatedness between virus evolution factors and both epidemiological and socio-environmental factors was analyzed using Pearson's correlation coefficient. The estimated substitution rates in the gene encoding S protein of SARS-CoV-2 exhibited a continuous increase from 2020 to 2022 and were divided into two distinct groups in 2022 (p value
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- 2024
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7. Spatial transcriptome atlas reveals pulmonary microstructure-specific COVID-19 gene signatures in cynomolgus macaques
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Taehwan Oh, Green Kim, Seung Ho Baek, YoungMin Woo, Bon-Sang Koo, Eun-Ha Hwang, Kyuyoung Shim, You Jung An, Yujin Kim, Jinyoung Won, Youngjeon Lee, Kyung Seob Lim, Jae-Hak Park, and Jung Joo Hong
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Biology (General) ,QH301-705.5 - Abstract
Abstract Characterizing the host response to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) at the molecular level is necessary to understand viral pathogenesis and identify clinically relevant biomarkers. However, in humans, the pulmonary host response during disease onset remains poorly understood. Herein, we utilized a spatial transcriptome atlas to identify pulmonary microstructure-specific COVID-19 gene signatures during the acute phase of lung infection in cynomolgus macaques. The innate immune response to virus-induced cell death was primarily active in the alveolar regions involving activated macrophage infiltration. Inflamed vascular regions exhibited prominent upregulation of interferon and complement pathway genes that mediate antiviral activity and tissue damage response. Furthermore, known biomarker genes were significantly expressed in specific microstructures, and some of them were universally expressed across all microstructures. These findings underscore the importance of identifying key drivers of disease progression and clinically applicable biomarkers by focusing on pulmonary microstructures appearing during SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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- 2023
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8. Heterologous vaccination utilizing viral vector and protein platforms confers complete protection against SFTSV
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Jae-Yong Kim, Kyeongseok Jeon, Jung Joo Hong, Sang-In Park, Hyeonggon Cho, Hyo-Jung Park, Hye Won Kwak, Hyeong-Jun Park, Yoo-Jin Bang, Yu-Sun Lee, Seo-Hyeon Bae, So-Hee Kim, Kyung-Ah Hwang, Dae-Im Jung, Seong Hoo Cho, Sang Hwan Seo, Green Kim, Hanseul Oh, Hwal-Yong Lee, Ki Hyun Kim, Hee-Young Lim, Pyeonghwa Jeon, Joo-Yeon Lee, Junho Chung, Sang-Myeong Lee, Hae Li Ko, Manki Song, Nam-Hyuk Cho, Young-suk Lee, So-Hee Hong, and Jae-Hwan Nam
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Medicine ,Science - Abstract
Abstract Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus was first discovered in 2009 as the causative agent of severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome. Despite its potential threat to public health, no prophylactic vaccine is yet available. This study developed a heterologous prime-boost strategy comprising priming with recombinant replication-deficient human adenovirus type 5 (rAd5) expressing the surface glycoprotein, Gn, and boosting with Gn protein. This vaccination regimen induced balanced Th1/Th2 immune responses and resulted in potent humoral and T cell-mediated responses in mice. It elicited high neutralizing antibody titers in both mice and non-human primates. Transcriptome analysis revealed that rAd5 and Gn proteins induced adaptive and innate immune pathways, respectively. This study provides immunological and mechanistic insight into this heterologous regimen and paves the way for future strategies against emerging infectious diseases.
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- 2023
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9. Suramin binds and inhibits infection of SARS-CoV-2 through both spike protein-heparan sulfate and ACE2 receptor interactions
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Paul S. Kwon, Shirley Xu, Hanseul Oh, Seok-Joon Kwon, Andre L. Rodrigues, Maisha Feroz, Keith Fraser, Peng He, Fuming Zhang, Jung Joo Hong, Robert J. Linhardt, and Jonathan S. Dordick
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Biology (General) ,QH301-705.5 - Abstract
Suramin, a polysulfated synthetic drug, binds to the ACE2 receptor and heparan sulfate binding sites on SARS-CoV-2 RBDs with preferential binding for Omicron RBD and inhibition of infection by the Omicron variant in vitro.
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- 2023
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10. Vaccination inducing durable and robust antigen-specific Th1/Th17 immune responses contributes to prophylactic protection against Mycobacterium avium infection but is ineffective as an adjunct to antibiotic treatment in chronic disease
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Ju Mi Lee, Jiyun Park, Steven G Reed, Rhea N Coler, Jung Joo Hong, Lee-Han Kim, Wonsik Lee, Kee Woong Kwon, and Sung Jae Shin
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Mycobacterium avium complex ,Immunogenicity ,Subunit vaccine ,Preventative vaccine ,Therapeutic vaccine ,Infectious and parasitic diseases ,RC109-216 - Abstract
Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) causing pulmonary disease in humanshas emerged worldwide. Thus, effective strategies simultaneously aiming to prevent MAC infection and accelerate therapeutic efficacy are required. To this end, subunit vaccine-induced protection against a well-defined virulent Mycobacterium avium (Mav) isolate was assessed as a preventative and therapeutic modality in murine models. Mav-derived culture filtrate antigen (CFA) was used as a vaccine antigen with glucopyranosyl lipid A stable emulsion (GLA-SE) or GLA-SE plus cyclic-di-GMP (GLA-SE/CDG), and we compared the immunogenicities, protective efficacies and immune correlates. Interestingly, CFA+GLA-SE/CDG immunization induced greater CFA-specific Th1/Th17 responses in both the lung and spleen than among the tested groups. Consequently, protective efficacy was optimally achieved with CFA+GLA-SE/CDG by significantly reducing bacterial loads along with long-lasting maintenance of antigen-specific Th1/Th17 cytokine-producing multifunctional T cell responses and relevant cytokine productions. Thus, we employed this subunit vaccine as an adjunct to antibiotic treatment. However, this vaccine was ineffective in further reducing bacterial loads. Collectively, our study demonstrates that strong Mav CFA-specific Th1/Th17 responses are critical for preventative protection against Mav infection but may be ineffective or even detrimental in an established and progressive chronic disease, indicating that different approaches to combating Mav infection are necessary according to vaccination purposes.
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- 2022
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11. SARS-CoV-2 mutations acquired during serial passage in human cell lines are consistent with several of those found in recent natural SARS-CoV-2 variants
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Hoyin Chung, Ji Yeong Noh, Bon-Sang Koo, Jung Joo Hong, and Hye Kwon Kim
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SARS-CoV-2 ,Variant ,Mutation ,SNP ,Evolution ,Biotechnology ,TP248.13-248.65 - Abstract
Since the outbreak of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) in 2019, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has evolved into diverse variants. Here, an early isolate of SARS-CoV-2 was serially passaged in multiple cell lines of human origin in triplicate, and selected mutations were compared to those found in natural SARS-CoV-2 variants. In the spike protein, Q493R and Q498R substitutions from passaged viruses were consistent with those in the B.1.1.529 (Omicron) variant. Y144del and H655Y substitutions from passaged viruses were also reported in B.1.1.7 (Alpha), P.1 (Gamma), and B.1.1.529 (Omicron) variants. Several single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) found in first-passaged viruses have also been identified as selected mutation sites in serially passaged viruses. Considering the consistent mutations found between serially passaged SARS-CoV-2 and natural variants, there may be host-specific selective mutation patterns of viral evolution in humans. Additional studies on the selective mutations in SARS-CoV-2 experiencing diverse host environments will help elucidate the direction of SARS-CoV-2 evolution. Importance: SARS-CoV-2 isolate (SARS-CoV-2/human/KOR/KCDC03-NCCP43326/2020) was serially passaged in A549, CaCO2, and HRT-18 cells in triplicate. After 12 times of serial passages in each cell lines, several consistent selected mutations were found on spike protein between the serially passaged SARS-CoV-2 in human cell lines and recent natural variants of SARS-CoV-2 like omicron. On the non-spike protein genes, selected mutations were more frequent in viruses passaged in Caco-2 and HRT-18 cells (Colon epithelial-like) than in those passaged in A549 cells (Lung epithelial-like). In addition, several SNPs identified after one round of passaging were consistently identified as the selected mutation sites in serially passaged viruses. Thus, mutation patterns of SARS-CoV-2 in certain host environments may provide researchers information to understand and predict future SARS-CoV-2 variants.
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- 2022
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12. Monocytes as suitable carriers for dissemination of dengue viral infection
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Eun-Ha Hwang, Gyeung Haeng Hur, Bon-Sang Koo, Hanseul Oh, Green Kim, Hoyin Jung, Seung Ho Baek, You Jung An, Jong-Hwan Park, and Jung Joo Hong
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Monocytes ,Dengue virus ,Viral replication ,Macrophage ,Dengue pathogenesis ,Science (General) ,Q1-390 ,Social sciences (General) ,H1-99 - Abstract
Dengue viruses (DENVs) exploit monocytes and macrophages for tropism and replication, therefore, establishing a long-term reservoir. However, their roles in dengue pathogenesis remains unclear. Here, using the human monocytic cell line THP-1, human primary monocytes, and non-human primate models, we show that DENV-infected monocytes represent suitable carriers for circulatory viral dissemination. Monocyte-derived macrophages expressing M2 surface markers at the gene level efficiently replicated, while the productivity of monocyte replication was low. However, attachment of DENVs to the cellular surface of monocytes was similar to that of macrophages. Furthermore, after differentiation with type-2 cytokines, DENV-attached monocytes could replicate DENVs. Productive DENV infection was confirmed by intravenous injection of DENVs into nonhuman primate model, in which, DENV attachment to monocytes was positively correlated with viremia. These results provide insight into the role of circulating monocytes in DENV infection, suggesting that monocytes directly assist in DENV dissemination and replication during viremia and could be applied to design antiviral intervention.
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- 2022
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13. Liposomal Dexamethasone Reduces A/H1N1 Influenza-Associated Morbidity in Mice
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Jung Won Kwon, Hailian Quan, Juha Song, Hyewon Chung, Daun Jung, Jung Joo Hong, Yi Rang Na, and Seung Hyeok Seok
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H1N1 influenza ,dexamethasone ,liposome ,macrophage ,cytokine ,Microbiology ,QR1-502 - Abstract
Re-emerging viral threats have continued to challenge the medical and public health systems. It has become clear that a significant number of severe viral infection cases are due to an overreaction of the immune system, which leads to hyperinflammation. In this study, we aimed to demonstrate the therapeutic efficacy of the dexamethasone nanomedicine in controlling the symptoms of influenza virus infection. We found that the A/Wisconsin/WSLH34939/2009 (H1N1) infection induced severe pneumonia in mice with a death rate of 80%, accompanied by significant epithelial cell damage, infiltration of immune cells, and accumulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines in the airway space. Moreover, the intranasal delivery of liposomal dexamethasone during disease progression reduced the death rate by 20%. It also significantly reduced the protein level of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFα), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), IL-6, and the C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 2 (CXCL2) as well as the number of infiltrated immune cells in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluids as compared to the control and free dexamethasone. The liposomal dexamethasone was mainly distributed into the monocyte/macrophages as a major cell population for inducing the cytokine storm in the lungs. Taken together, the intranasal delivery of liposomal dexamethasone may serve as a novel promising therapeutic strategy for the treatment of influenza A-induced pneumonia.
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- 2022
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14. A therapeutic neutralizing antibody targeting receptor binding domain of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein
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Cheolmin Kim, Dong-Kyun Ryu, Jihun Lee, Young-Il Kim, Ji-Min Seo, Yeon-Gil Kim, Jae-Hee Jeong, Minsoo Kim, Jong-In Kim, Pankyeom Kim, Jin Soo Bae, Eun Yeong Shim, Min Seob Lee, Man Su Kim, Hanmi Noh, Geun-Soo Park, Jae Sang Park, Dain Son, Yongjin An, Jeong No Lee, Ki-Sung Kwon, Joo-Yeon Lee, Hansaem Lee, Jeong-Sun Yang, Kyung-Chang Kim, Sung Soon Kim, Hye-Min Woo, Jun-Won Kim, Man-Seong Park, Kwang-Min Yu, Se-Mi Kim, Eun-Ha Kim, Su-Jin Park, Seong Tae Jeong, Chi Ho Yu, Youngjo Song, Se Hun Gu, Hanseul Oh, Bon-Sang Koo, Jung Joo Hong, Choong-Min Ryu, Wan Beom Park, Myoung-don Oh, Young Ki Choi, and Soo-Young Lee
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Science - Abstract
Therapies and vaccines for COVID-19, caused by the SARS-CoV-2 viral pandemic, are urgently needed. Here the authors establish and screen an antibody library from a convalescent COVID-19 patient to isolate a neutralizing antibody with the ability to reduce viral titer and alleviate symptoms in ferret, hamster, and rhesus monkey infection models.
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- 2021
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15. Toll-like receptor 4 signaling-mediated responses are critically engaged in optimal host protection against highly virulent Mycobacterium tuberculosis K infection
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Jaehun Park, Hongmin Kim, Kee Woong Kwon, Hong-Hee Choi, Soon Myung Kang, Jung Joo Hong, and Sung Jae Shin
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mycobacterium tuberculosis ,tlr4 ,neutrophil ,il-10 ,il-10 receptor ,Infectious and parasitic diseases ,RC109-216 - Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play critical roles in the innate recognition of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) by host immune cells. However, controversy has arisen regarding the role of TLR4 in determining the outcomes of Mtb infection. To address this controversy, the function of TLR4 in the induction of an optimal protective immune response against the highly virulent Mtb K-infection was comparatively investigated in C3 H/HeJ (TLR4-deficient mutant) and C3 H/HeN (TLR4-competent wild-type) mice. Interestingly, following Mtb infection, C3 H/HeJ mice showed a more severe disease phenotype than C3 H/HeN mice, exhibiting reduced weight and a marked increase in bacterial burden along with necrotic lung inflammation. Analysis of the immune cell composition revealed significantly increased neutrophils in the lung and significant production of IL-10 accompanied by the impairment of the protective Th1 response in C3 H/HeJ mice. Reducing the neutrophil numbers by treating C3 H/HeJ mice with an anti-Ly6 G monoclonal antibody (mAb) and blocking IL-10 signaling with an anti-IL-10 receptor mAb reduced the excessive lung inflammation and bacterial burden in C3 H/HeJ mice. Therefore, abundant IL-10 signaling and neutrophils have detrimental effects in TLR4-deficient mice during Mtb infection. However, the blockade of IL-10 signaling produced an increase in the CD11bhiLy6 Ghi neutrophil population, but the phenotypes of these neutrophils were different from those of the CD11bintLy6 Gint neutrophils from mice with controlled infections. Collectively, these results show that TLR4 positively contributes to the generation of an optimal protective immunity against Mtb infection. Furthermore, investigating the TLR4-mediated response will provide insight for the development of effective control measures against tuberculosis.
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- 2020
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16. A Clofazimine-Containing Regimen Confers Improved Treatment Outcomes in Macrophages and in a Murine Model of Chronic Progressive Pulmonary Infection Caused by the Mycobacterium avium Complex
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Ju Mi Lee, Jiyun Park, Sangwon Choi, Byung Woo Jhun, Su-Young Kim, Kyung-Wook Jo, Jung Joo Hong, Lee-Han Kim, and Sung Jae Shin
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Mycobacterium avium complex-pulmonary disease ,clofazimine ,clofazimine-containing regimen ,standard treatment regimen ,minimum inhibitory concentrations ,intracellular drug susceptibility test ,Microbiology ,QR1-502 - Abstract
Treatment outcomes using the standard regimen (a macrolide, ethambutol, and rifampicin) for Mycobacterium avium complex-pulmonary disease (MAC-PD) remain unsatisfactory. Thus, improved treatment regimens for MAC-PD are required. Clofazimine has recently been revisited as an effective drug against mycobacterial infection. We performed a comparison between the standard regimen and an alternative regimen (replacing the rifampicin of the standard regimen with clofazimine) based on the intracellular anti-MAC activities of the individual drugs in a murine model of chronic progressive MAC-pulmonary infection (MAC-PI). The intracellular anti-MAC activities of the individual drugs and their combinations in murine bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) were determined. The treatment efficacies of the standard and clofazimine-containing regimens were evaluated in mice chronically infected with M. avium by initiating 2- and 4-week treatment at 8 weeks post-infection. Bacterial loads in the lung, spleen, and liver were assessed along with lung inflammation. Insufficient intracellular anti-MAC activity of rifampicin in BMDMs was recorded despite its low in vitro minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs), whereas optimal intracellular killing activity against all tested MAC strains was achieved with clofazimine. Compared to the standard regimen, the clofazimine-containing regimen significantly reduced CFUs in all organs and achieved marked reductions in lung inflammation. The replacement of rifampicin with clofazimine in the treatment regimen resulted in more favorable outcomes in an animal model of chronic progressive MAC-PI. Intriguingly, 2 weeks of treatment with the clofazimine-containing regimen reduced bacterial loads more effectively than 4 weeks of treatment with the standard regimen in M. avium-infected mice. Thus, the clofazimine-containing regimen also had a treatment-shortening effect.
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- 2021
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17. Human Cytomegalovirus-Induced Interleukin-10 Production Promotes the Proliferation of Mycobacterium massiliense in Macrophages
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Hailian Quan, Jiyeon Kim, Yi Rang Na, Jung Heon Kim, Byoung-Jun Kim, Bum-Joon Kim, Jung Joo Hong, Eung Soo Hwang, and Seung Hyeok Seok
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human cytomegalovirus ,macrophage ,Mycobacterium massiliense ,interleukin-10 ,non-tuberculous mycobacteria ,Immunologic diseases. Allergy ,RC581-607 - Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) exploits the interleukin-10 (IL-10) pathway as a part of its infection cycle through the manipulation of the host IL-10 signaling cascade. Based on its immunomodulatory nature, HCMV attenuates the host immune response and facilitates the progression of co-infection with other pathogens in an immune-competent host. To investigate the impact of HCMV infection on the burden of non-tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM), whose prevalence is growing rapidly worldwide, macrophages were infected with HCMV and further challenged with Mycobacterium massiliense in vitro. The results showed that HCMV infection significantly increased host IL-10 synthesis and promoted the proliferation of M. massiliense in an IL-10-dependent manner. Transcriptomic analysis revealed that HCMV infection dampened the regulatory pathways of interferon gamma (IFN-γ), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), and interleukin-1 (IL-1), consequently abrogating the immune responses to M. massiliense coinfection in macrophages. These findings provide a mechanistic basis of how HCMV infection may facilitate the development of pathogenic NTM co-infection by upregulating IL-10 expression.
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- 2020
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18. Successful desensitization with proteasome inhibition and costimulation blockade in sensitized nonhuman primates
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Jean Kwun, Christopher Burghuber, Miriam Manook, Brian Ezekian, Jaeberm Park, Janghoon Yoon, John S. Yi, Neal Iwakoshi, Adriana Gibby, Jung Joo Hong, Alton B. Farris, Allan D. Kirk, and Stuart J. Knechtle
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Specialties of internal medicine ,RC581-951 - Abstract
Abstract: The detrimental effects of donor-directed antibodies in sensitized transplant patients remain a difficult immunologic barrier to successful organ transplantation. Antibody removal is often followed by rebound. Proteasome inhibitors (PIs) deplete antibody-producing plasma cells (PCs) but have shown marginal benefit for desensitization. In an allosensitized nonhuman primate (NHP) model, we observed increased germinal center (GC) formation after PI monotherapy, suggesting a compensatory PC repopulation mediated via GC activation. Here we show that costimulation blockade (CoB) targets GC follicular helper T (Tfh) cells in allosensitized NHPs. Combined PI and CoB significantly reduces bone marrow PCs (CD19+CD20−CD38+), Tfh cells (CD4+ICOS+PD-1hi), and GC B cells (BCL-6+CD20+); controls the homeostatic GC response to PC depletion; and sustains alloantibody decline. Importantly, dual PC and CoB therapy prolongs rejection-free graft survival in major histocompatibility complex incompatible kidney transplantation without alloantibody rebound. Our study illustrates a translatable desensitization method and provides mechanistic insight into maintenance of alloantibody sensitization.
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- 2017
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19. Real-time PCR quantification of spliced X-box binding protein 1 (XBP1) using a universal primer method.
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Seung-Bin Yoon, Young-Ho Park, Seon-A Choi, Hae-Jun Yang, Pil-Soo Jeong, Jae-Jin Cha, Sanghoon Lee, Seung Hwan Lee, Jong-Hee Lee, Bo-Woong Sim, Bon-Sang Koo, Sang-Je Park, Youngjeon Lee, Young-Hyun Kim, Jung Joo Hong, Ji-Su Kim, Yeung Bae Jin, Jae-Won Huh, Sang-Rae Lee, Bong-Seok Song, and Sun-Uk Kim
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Medicine ,Science - Abstract
X-box binding protein 1 (XBP1) mRNA processing plays a crucial role in the unfolded protein response (UPR), which is activated in response to endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. Upon accumulation of the UPR-converted XBP1 mRNA splicing from an unspliced (u) XBP1 (inactive) isoform to the spliced (s) XBP1 (active) isoform, inositol-requiring enzyme 1 α (IRE1α) removes a 26-nucleotide intron from uXBP1 mRNA. Recent studies have reported the assessment of ER stress by examining the ratio of sXBP1 to uXBP1 mRNA (s/uXBP1 ratio) via densitometric analysis of PCR bands relative to increased levels of sXBP1 to uXBP1 using a housekeeping gene for normalization. However, this measurement is visualized by gel electrophoresis, making it very difficult to quantify differences between the two XBP1 bands and complicating data interpretation. Moreover, most commonly used housekeeping genes display an unacceptably high variable expression pattern of the s/uXBP1 ratio under different experimental conditions, such as various phases of development and different cell types, limiting their use as internal controls. For a more quantitative determination of XBP1 splicing activity, we measured the expression levels of total XBP1 (tXBP1: common region of s/uXBP1) and sXBP1 via real-time PCR using specific primer sets. We also designed universal real-time PCR primer sets capable of amplifying a portion of each u/s/tXBP1 mRNA that is highly conserved in eukaryotes, including humans, monkeys, cows, pigs, and mice. Therefore, we provide a more convenient and easily approachable quantitative real-time PCR method that can be used in various research fields to assess ER stress.
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- 2019
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20. Soluble Spike DNA Vaccine Provides Long-Term Protective Immunity against SARS-CoV-2 in Mice and Nonhuman Primates
- Author
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Yong Bok Seo, You Suk Suh, Ji In Ryu, Hwanhee Jang, Hanseul Oh, Bon-Sang Koo, Sang-Hwan Seo, Jung Joo Hong, Manki Song, Sung-Joo Kim, and Young Chul Sung
- Subjects
COVID-19 ,DNA vaccine ,Medicine - Abstract
The unprecedented and rapid spread of SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2) has motivated the need for a rapidly producible and scalable vaccine. Here, we developed a synthetic soluble SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) DNA-based vaccine candidate, GX-19. In mice, immunization with GX-19 elicited not only S-specific systemic and pulmonary antibody responses but also Th1-biased T cell responses in a dose-dependent manner. GX-19-vaccinated nonhuman primates seroconverted rapidly and exhibited a detectable neutralizing antibody response as well as multifunctional CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses. Notably, when the immunized nonhuman primates were challenged at 10 weeks after the last vaccination with GX-19, they had reduced viral loads in contrast to non-vaccinated primates as a control. These findings indicate that GX-19 vaccination provides a durable protective immune response and also support further development of GX-19 as a vaccine candidate for SARS-CoV-2.
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- 2021
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21. The dynamics of T and B cells in lymph node during chronic HIV infection: TFH and HIV, unhappy dance partners?
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Jung Joo Hong, Kye-Tae Chang, and Francois Villinger
- Subjects
Germinal Center ,HIV ,SIV ,Tfh cells ,Hyperplastic follicle ,Immunologic diseases. Allergy ,RC581-607 - Abstract
Although the dynamics of germinal center (GC) formation, TFH cell recruitment to B cell follicles within lymphoid organs and changes of lymphoid tissue architecture in HIV/SIV infection have been documented, the underlying immunopathology remains unclear. Here, we summarize what is known regarding the kinetics of TFH cells and GC B cells during the course of infection as well as the potential immunopathological features associated with structural changes in the lymphoid compartment. This review also explores the implications cell dynamics in the formation and maintenance of viral reservoirs in hyperplastic follicles of secondary lymphoid organs before and after viral suppressive antiretroviral therapy.
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- 2016
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22. Re-evaluation of PD-1 expression by T cells as a marker for immune exhaustion during SIV infection.
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Jung Joo Hong, Praveen K Amancha, Kenneth Rogers, Aftab A Ansari, and Francois Villinger
- Subjects
Medicine ,Science - Abstract
PD-1 expression is generally associated with exhaustion of T cells during chronic viral infections based on the finding that PD-1 expressing cells respond poorly to antigen activation and blockade of PD-1/PD-ligand interaction restores such antigen specific responses in vitro. We tested this hypothesis by examining PD-1 expression on virus-specific CD8 T cells and total T cells in vivo to determine whether PD-1 expression constitutes a reliable marker of immune exhaustion during SIV infection. The expression of PD-1 and Ki67 was monitored longitudinally on T cell subsets in peripheral blood, bone marrow, lymph node and rectal biopsy specimens from rhesus macaques prior to and post infection with pathogenic SIVmac239. During the course of infection, a progressive negative correlation was noted between PD-1 density and Ki67 expression in p11CM(+) CD8(+) T cells, as seen in other studies. However, for total and memory CD4 and CD8 T cells, a positive correlation was observed between PD-1 and Ki67 expression. Thus, while the levels of non-proliferating PD-1(+) p11CM(+) CD8 T cells were markedly elevated with progressing infection, such an increase was not seen on total T cells. In addition, total memory PD1(+) T cells exhibited higher levels of CCR5 than PD-1(-) T cells. Interestingly, few PD-1(+) CD8(+) T cells expressed CCR7 compared to PD-1(+) CD4 T cells and PD-1(-) T cells. In conclusion, overall PD1(+) T cells likely represent a particular differentiation stage or trafficking ability rather than exhaustion and in the context of chronic SIV infection, the level of PD-1 expression by T cells does not by itself serve as a reliable marker for immune exhaustion.
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- 2013
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23. Location and dynamics of the immunodominant CD8 T cell response to SIVΔnef immunization and SIVmac251 vaginal challenge.
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Arun K Sasikala-Appukuttan, Hyeon O Kim, Nikilyn J Kinzel, Jung Joo Hong, Anthony J Smith, Reece Wagstaff, Cavan Reilly, Michael Piatak, Jeffrey D Lifson, R Keith Reeves, R Paul Johnson, Ashley T Haase, and Pamela J Skinner
- Subjects
Medicine ,Science - Abstract
Live-attenuated SIV vaccines (LAVs) have been the most effective to date in preventing or partially controlling infection by wild-type SIV in non-human primate models of HIV-1 transmission to women acting by mechanisms of protection that are not well understood. To gain insights into mechanisms of protection by LAVs that could aid development of effective vaccines to prevent HIV-1 transmission to women, we used in situ tetramer staining to determine whether increased densities or changes in the local distribution of SIV-specific CD8 T cells correlated with the maturation of SIVΔnef vaccine-induced protection prior to and after intra-vaginal challenge with wild-type SIVmac251. We evaluated the immunodominant Mamu-A1*001:01/Gag (CM9) and Mamu-A1*001:01/Tat (SL8) epitope response in genital and lymphoid tissues, and found that tetramer+ cells were present at all time points examined. In the cervical vaginal tissues, most tetramer+ cells were distributed diffusely throughout the lamina propria or co-localized with other CD8 T cells within lymphoid aggregates. The distribution and densities of the tetramer+ cells at the portal of entry did not correlate with the maturation of protection or change after challenge. Given these findings, we discuss the possibility that changes in other aspects of the immune system, including the quality of the resident population of virus-specific effector CD8 T cells could contribute to maturation of protection, as well as the potential for vaccine strategies that further increase the size and quality of this effector population to prevent HIV-1 transmission.
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- 2013
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24. Localized populations of CD8 MHC class I tetramer SIV-specific T cells in lymphoid follicles and genital epithelium.
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Jung Joo Hong, Matthew R Reynolds, Teresa L Mattila, Aaron Hage, David I Watkins, Christopher J Miller, and Pamela J Skinner
- Subjects
Medicine ,Science - Abstract
CD8 T cells play an important role in controlling viral infections. We investigated the in situ localization of simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)-specific T cells in lymph and genital tissues from SIV-infected macaques using MHC-class I tetramers. The majority of tetramer-binding cells localized in T cell zones and were CD8(+). Curiously, small subpopulations of tetramer-binding cells that had little to no surface CD8 were detected in situ both early and late post-infection, and in both vaginally and rectally inoculated macaques. These tetramer(+)CD8(low/-) cells were more often localized in apparent B cell follicles relative to T cell zones and more often found near or within the genital epithelium than the submucosa. Cells analyzed by flow cytometry showed similar populations of cells. Further immunohistological characterization revealed small populations of tetramer(+)CD20(-) cells inside B cell follicles and that tetramer(+) cells did not stain with gammadelta-TCR nor CD4 antibodies. Negative control tetramer staining indicated that tetramer(+)CD8(low/-) cells were not likely NK cells non-specifically binding to MHC tetramers. These findings have important implications for SIV-specific and other antigen-specific T cell function in these specific tissue locations, and suggest a model in which antigen-specific CD8+ T cells down modulate CD8 upon entering B cell follicles or the epithelial layer of tissues, or alternatively a model in which only antigen-specific CD8 T cells that down-modulate CD8 can enter B cell follicles or the epithelium.
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- 2009
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25. Allogeneic lymphocytes persist and traffic in feral MHC-matched mauritian cynomolgus macaques.
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Justin M Greene, Benjamin J Burwitz, Alex J Blasky, Teresa L Mattila, Jung Joo Hong, Eva G Rakasz, Roger W Wiseman, Kim J Hasenkrug, Pamela J Skinner, Shelby L O'Connor, and David H O'Connor
- Subjects
Medicine ,Science - Abstract
Thus far, live attenuated SIV has been the most successful method for vaccinating macaques against pathogenic SIV challenge; however, it is not clear what mechanisms are responsible for this protection. Adoptive transfer studies in mice have been integral to understanding live attenuated vaccine protection in models like Friend virus. Previous adoptive transfers in primates have failed as transferred cells are typically cleared within hours after transfer.Here we describe adoptive transfer studies in Mauritian origin cynomolgus macaques (MCM), a non-human primate model with limited MHC diversity. Cells transferred between unrelated MHC-matched macaques persist for at least fourteen days but are rejected within 36 hours in MHC-mismatched macaques. Cells trafficked from the blood to peripheral lymphoid tissues within 12 hours of transfer.MHC-matched MCM provide the first viable primate model for adoptive transfer studies. Because macaques infected with SIV are the best model for HIV/AIDS pathogenesis, we can now directly study the correlates of protective immune responses to AIDS viruses. For example, plasma viral loads following pathogenic SIV challenge are reduced by several orders of magnitude in macaques previously immunized with attenuated SIV. Adoptive transfer of lymphocyte subpopulations from vaccinated donors into SIV-naïve animals may define the immune mechanisms responsible for protection and guide future vaccine development.
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- 2008
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26. Incidental Diagnosis of Ovarian Torsion Due to a Krukenberg Tumor Originating from Gastric Cancer: A Case Report
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Sung Bin Park, Jung Joo Hong, Mi Kyung Kim, Hyun Jeong Park, and Eun Sun Lee
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Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and imaging - Abstract
Background: Benign lesions cause ovarian torsion more commonly than malignant ovarian tumors. Further, Krukenberg tumors have rarely been reported to cause ovarian torsion. Case Presentation: Herein, we present the case of a patient with an incidentally discovered ovarian mass, which was finally diagnosed as a Krukenberg tumor accompanying ovarian torsion with primary stomach cancer. We further review the clinical, imaging, and histological features of Krukenberg tumors. Conclusion: Radiologists should be aware of Krukenberg tumors that may present with ovarian torsion.
- Published
- 2023
27. Strategy to develop broadly effective multivalent COVID-19 vaccines against emerging variants based on Ad5/35 platform.
- Author
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Soojeong Chang, Kwang-Soo Shin, Bongju Park, Seowoo Park, Jieun Shin, Hyemin Park, In Kyung Jung, Jong Heon Kim, Seong Eun Bae, Jae-Ouk Kim, Seung Ho Baek, Green Kim, Jung Joo Hong, Hyungseok Seo, Erik Volz, and Chang-Yuil Kang
- Subjects
SARS-CoV-2 ,COVID-19 vaccines ,COMBINED vaccines ,MACAQUES - Abstract
The severe acute respiratory syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Omicron strain has evolved into highly divergent variants with several sub-lineages. These newly emerging variants threaten the efficacy of available COVID-19 vaccines. To mitigate the occurrence of breakthrough infections and re-infections, and more importantly, to reduce the disease burden, it is essential to develop a strategy for producing updated multivalent vaccines that can provide broad neutralization against both currently circulating and emerging variants. We developed bivalent vaccine AdCLD-CoV19-1 BA.5/BA.2.75 and trivalent vaccines AdCLD-CoV19-1 XBB/BN.1/BQ.1.1 and AdCLD-CoV19-1 XBB.1.5/BN.1/BQ.1.1 using an Ad5/35 platform-based non-replicating recombinant adenoviral vector. We compared immune responses elicited by the monovalent and multivalent vaccines in mice and macaques. We found that the BA.5/BA.2.75 bivalent and the XBB/BN.1/BQ.1.1 and XBB.1.5/BN.1/BQ.1.1 trivalent vaccines exhibited improved cross-neutralization ability compared to their respective monovalent vaccines. These data suggest that the developed multivalent vaccines enhance immunity against circulating Omicron subvariants and effectively elicit neutralizing antibodies across a broad spectrum of SARS-CoV-2 variants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
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28. Host‐directed anti‐mycobacterial activity of colchicine, an anti‐gout drug, via strengthened host innate resistance reinforced by the IL‐1β/PGE 2 axis
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Kee Woong Kwon, Lee‐Han Kim, Soon Myung Kang, Ju Mi Lee, Eunsol Choi, Jiyun Park, Jung Joo Hong, and Sung Jae Shin
- Subjects
Pharmacology - Published
- 2022
29. Ethanol extract of Chrysanthemum zawadskii inhibits the NLRP3 inflammasome by suppressing ASC oligomerization in macrophages
- Author
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Ah-Ra Jang, Ha-Nul Lee, Jung Joo Hong, Young-Min Kim, and Jong-Hwan Park
- Subjects
Cancer Research ,Immunology and Microbiology (miscellaneous) ,General Medicine - Published
- 2023
30. Heterologous prime-boost regimen elicits potent humoral and cell-mediated immune responses and provides complete protection against SFTSV
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Jae-Yong Kim, Kyeongseok Jeon, Jung Joo Hong, Sang-In Park, Hyeong-Gon Cho, Hyo-Jung Park, Hye Won Kwak, Hyeong-Jun Park, Yoo-Jin Bang, Yu-Sun Lee, Seo-Hyeon Bae, So-Hee Kim, Kyung-Ah Hwang, Dae-Im Jung, Seong Hoo Cho, Sang Hwan Seo, Green Kim, Hanseul Oh, Hwal-Yong Lee, Ki Hyun Kim, Hee-Young Lim, Pyeonghwa Jeon, Joo-Yeon Lee, Junho Chung, Sang-Myeong Lee, Hae Li Ko, Manki Song, Nam-Hyuk Cho, Young-suk Lee, So-Hee Hong, and Jae-Hwan Nam
- Abstract
Severe Fever with Thrombocytopenia Syndrome Virus(SFTSV) was first discovered in 2009 as the causative agent of severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome. Despite its potential threat to public health, no prophylactic vaccine is yet available. This study developed a heterologous prime-boost strategy comprising priming with recombinant replication-deficient human adenovirus type 5 (rAd5) expressing the surface glycoprotein, Gn, and boosting with Gn protein. This vaccination regimen induced balanced Th1/Th2 immune responses and resulted in potent humoral and T cell-mediated responses in mice. It elicited high neutralizing antibody titers in both mice and non-human primates. Transcriptome analysis revealed that rAd5 and Gn proteins induced adaptive and innate immune pathways, respectively. This study provides immunological and mechanistic insight into this heterologous regimen and paves the way for future strategies against emerging infectious diseases.
- Published
- 2023
31. Clostridium ventriculi in a cynomolgus monkey with acute gastric dilatation and rupture: A case report.
- Author
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Gyu-Seo Bae, Eun-Su Jeon, Hee Chang Son, Philyong Kang, Kyung Seob Lim, Eun-Ha Hwang, Green Kim, Seung Ho Baek, You Jung An, Gyu Young Shim, Young Min Woo, YuJin Kim, Taehwan Oh, Seok-Hwan Kim, Jung Joo Hong, and Bon-Sang Koo
- Subjects
MACAQUES ,KRA ,FECAL microbiota transplantation ,CLOSTRIDIUM ,CLOSTRIDIUM diseases ,PRIMATE diseases ,SUDDEN death - Abstract
Acute gastric dilatation (AGD) is one of the most prevalent and life-threatening diseases in nonhuman primates worldwide. However, the etiology of this syndrome has not been determined. Recently, sudden death occurred in a 7-year-old female cynomolgus monkey with a history of fecal microbiota transplantation using diarrheic stools. The monkey had undergone surgery previously. On necropsy, gastric dilatation and rupture demonstrated a tetrad arrangement on histopathologic examination. On 16S rRNA sequencing, a high population of Clostridium ventriculi was identified in the duodenum adjacent to stomach but not in the colon. This paper is the first report of Clostridium ventriculi infection in a cynomolgus macaque with acute gastric dilatation and rupture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
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32. Pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase inhibitor Dichloroacetate augments autophagy mediated constraining the replication of Mycobacteroides massiliense in macrophages
- Author
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Hailian Quan, Hyewon Chung, Sungmo Je, Jung Joo Hong, Bum-Joon Kim, Yi Rang Na, and Seung Hyeok Seok
- Subjects
Infectious Diseases ,Immunology ,Microbiology - Published
- 2023
33. Liposomal Dexamethasone Reduces A/H1N1 Influenza-Associated Morbidity in Mice
- Author
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Yi Rang Na, Daun Jung, Jung Won Kwon, Juha Song, Jung Joo Hong, Seung Hyeok Seok, Hailian Quan, and Hye Won Chung
- Subjects
Microbiology (medical) ,Chemokine ,medicine.diagnostic_test ,biology ,business.industry ,Monocyte ,medicine.disease_cause ,medicine.disease ,Microbiology ,Bronchoalveolar lavage ,Immune system ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,Immunology ,Influenza A virus ,medicine ,biology.protein ,Tumor necrosis factor alpha ,Cytokine storm ,business ,Dexamethasone ,medicine.drug - Abstract
Re-emerging viral threats have continued to challenge the medical and public health systems. It has become clear that a significant number of severe viral infection cases are due to an overreaction of the immune system, which leads to hyperinflammation. In this study, we aimed to demonstrate the therapeutic efficacy of the dexamethasone nanomedicine in controlling the symptoms of influenza infection. We found that the A/Wisconsin/WSLH34939/2009 (H1N1) infection induced severe pneumonia in mice with a death rate of 80%, accompanied by significant epithelial cell damage, infiltration of immune cells, and accumulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines in the airway space. Moreover, the intranasal delivery of liposomal dexamethasone during disease progression reduced the death rate by 20%. It also significantly reduced the protein level of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFα), interleukin1β (IL-1β), IL-6, and the C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 2 (CXCL2) as well as the number of infiltrated immune cells in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluids as compared to the free drug. It was found that the liposomal dexamethasone was mainly distributed into the monocyte/macrophages in the lungs, suggesting its mode of action via the specific delivery of the drug into myeloid cells as a major cell population for inducing the cytokine storm. Taken together, the intranasal delivery of liposomal dexamethasone may serve as a novel promising therapeutic strategy for the treatment of influenza A-induced pneumonia.ImportanceInfluenza A virus causes annual epidemics and sporadic pandemics of respiratory diseases. An excessive immune response, called a cytokine storm, caused by the influenza virus is the most common complication of influenza infection that is associated with high levels of morbidity and mortality. Here, we report that the liposomal dexamethasone targeting the monocytes/macrophages during disease progression reduced the death rate as well as the protein level of inflammatory cytokines and the number of immune cells. Therefore, the findings of this study may be applied to address the limitations of the current strategies for the treatment of influenza.
- Published
- 2022
34. Cynomolgus Macaque Model for COVID-19 Delta Variant
- Author
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Seung Ho Baek, Hanseul Oh, Bon-Sang Koo, Green Kim, Eun-Ha Hwang, Hoyin Jung, You Jung An, Jae-Hak Park, and Jung Joo Hong
- Subjects
Infectious Diseases ,Immunology ,Immunology and Allergy - Published
- 2022
35. Sulfated polysaccharides effectively inhibit SARS-CoV-2 in vitro
- Author
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Keith Fraser, Jonathan S. Dordick, Weihua Jin, Jung Joo Hong, Robert J. Linhardt, Seok Joon Kwon, Paul S. Kwon, Fuming Zhang, and Hanseul Oh
- Subjects
2019-20 coronavirus outbreak ,Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) ,Glycobiology ,business.industry ,lcsh:Cytology ,Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) ,Cell Biology ,Biochemistry ,Virology ,In vitro ,Genetics ,Medicine ,Sulfated polysaccharides ,lcsh:QH573-671 ,business ,Molecular Biology - Published
- 2020
36. Chronic Infiltration of T Lymphocytes into the Brain in a Non-human Primate Model of Parkinson’s Disease
- Author
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Jincheol Seo, Youngjeon Lee, Sang-Rae Lee, Jae-Won Huh, Sun-Uk Kim, Young-Hyun Kim, Won Seok Choi, Sang Je Park, Jung Joo Hong, Dong-Sik Lee, Philyong Kang, Kang Jin Jeong, Hwal Yong Lee, Junghyung Park, Hyeon-Gu Yeo, Bonsang Koo, Kyung Seob Lim, Chang Yeop Jeon, Yeung Bae Jin, Seung Ho Baek, Keonwoo Kim, and Jinyoung Won
- Subjects
Primates ,0301 basic medicine ,Parkinson's disease ,T cell ,Pathogenesis ,Mice ,03 medical and health sciences ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,0302 clinical medicine ,medicine ,Animals ,business.industry ,Dopaminergic Neurons ,General Neuroscience ,MPTP ,Neurodegeneration ,Brain ,Parkinson Disease ,T lymphocyte ,medicine.disease ,Mice, Inbred C57BL ,Disease Models, Animal ,030104 developmental biology ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,chemistry ,1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine ,Immunology ,business ,Infiltration (medical) ,030217 neurology & neurosurgery ,CD8 - Abstract
Study of interactions between the nervous system and immunity offers insights into the pathogenesis of Parkinson’s disease (PD) and potential therapeutic strategies for neurodegenerative diseases. Studies on rodents have revealed regulatory mechanisms of microglial activation and T lymphocyte recruitment in PD. However, the mechanisms underlying chronic T lymphocyte infiltration into the brain after 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) injection into a non-human primate (NHP) model of PD remain unknown. This study aimed to investigate changes in serum RANTES (regulated on activation, normal T cell expression and secretion) and analyze the chronic infiltration of T lymphocytes into the brain and microglia activation in NHPs at 48 weeks post-MPTP administration. We found selective and local chronic infiltration of CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes, loss of dopaminergic neurons, dopamine transporter expression, chronic normalization of RANTES in the peripheral blood, and altered microglial morphology at 48 weeks after MPTP injection. This study confirms the involvement of CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocyte infiltration in MPTP-induced NHP models of PD. Additionally, we corroborated previous findings regarding the mechanisms of T lymphocyte-induced neurodegeneration. The findings of chronic infiltration of T lymphocytes in our NHP model of PD provide novel insights into PD pathogenesis and the development of preventive and therapeutic agents.
- Published
- 2020
37. Pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase is a negative regulator of interleukin-10 production in macrophages
- Author
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Jung Joo Hong, Seung Hyeok Seok, Juha Song, Yi Rang Na, Jong Wan Park, and Daun Jung
- Subjects
0301 basic medicine ,Adenosine monophosphate ,Lipopolysaccharides ,Pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase ,Kupffer Cells ,p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases ,interleukin-10 ,macrophage ,AcademicSubjects/SCI01180 ,Models, Biological ,p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases ,03 medical and health sciences ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Mice ,0302 clinical medicine ,AMP-activated protein kinase ,pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase ,Genetics ,Animals ,Glycolysis ,Phosphorylation ,Protein kinase A ,Cyclic AMP Response Element-Binding Protein ,Molecular Biology ,biology ,Dichloroacetic Acid ,Kinase ,Macrophages ,Adenylate Kinase ,JNK Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases ,Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Acetyl-Transferring Kinase ,Cell Biology ,General Medicine ,Articles ,Endotoxemia ,Cell biology ,Enzyme Activation ,Interleukin 10 ,030104 developmental biology ,Glucose ,chemistry ,030220 oncology & carcinogenesis ,biology.protein - Abstract
Interleukin-10 (IL-10) is the most potent anti-inflammatory cytokine in the body and plays an essential role in determining outcomes of many inflammatory diseases. Cellular metabolism is a critical determinant of immune cell function; however, it is currently unclear whether metabolic processes are specifically involved in IL-10 production. In this study, we aimed to find the central metabolic molecule regulating IL-10 production of macrophages, which are the main producers of IL-10. Transcriptomic analysis identified that metabolic changes were predominantly enriched in Kupffer cells at the early inflammatory phase of a mouse endotoxemia model. Among them, pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase (PDK)-dependent acute glycolysis was negatively involved in IL-10 production. Inhibition or knockdown of PDK selectively increased macrophage IL-10 expression. Mechanistically, PDK inhibition increased IL-10 production via profound phosphorylation of adenosine monophosphate (AMP)-activated protein kinase alpha 1 (AMPKα1) by restricting glucose uptake in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated macrophages. AMPKα1 consequently activated p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase, c-Jun N-terminal kinase, and cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein to regulate IL-10 production. Our study uncovers a previously unknown regulatory mechanism of IL-10 in activated macrophages involving an immunometabolic function of PDK.
- Published
- 2020
38. Idiopathic chronic diarrhea associated with dysbiosis in a captive cynomolgus macaque ( Macaca fascicularis )
- Author
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Eun-Ha Hwang, Hwal-Yong Lee, Seung Ho Baek, Yeonghoon Son, Jung Joo Hong, Kyung Seob Lim, Green Kim, Francois Villinger, Hanseul Oh, Kang Jin Jeong, Young-Hyun Kim, Philyong Kang, and Bonsang Koo
- Subjects
Diarrhea ,040301 veterinary sciences ,Physiology ,Cynomolgus macaque ,Inflammatory bowel disease ,0403 veterinary science ,Chronic diarrhea ,Animals ,Medicine ,0501 psychology and cognitive sciences ,Captive bred ,050102 behavioral science & comparative psychology ,Microbiome ,Unusual case ,General Veterinary ,business.industry ,Monkey Diseases ,05 social sciences ,04 agricultural and veterinary sciences ,medicine.disease ,Macaca fascicularis ,Chronic Disease ,Etiology ,Dysbiosis ,Female ,Animal Science and Zoology ,business - Abstract
Chronic inflammatory enteric diseases occur commonly in humans and animals, especially in captive bred macaques. However, information about the etiology of idiopathic chronic inflammatory diarrhea in cynomolgus monkeys is limited. In this paper, we reported the unusual case of idiopathic chronic diarrhea in a captive cynomolgus monkey based on microbial, imaging, and microbiome examinations.
- Published
- 2019
39. Host- and Species-Dependent Quasispecies Divergence of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 in Non-human Primate Models
- Author
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Bonsang Koo, Philyong Kang, Green Kim, Hanseul Oh, Jong-Hwan Park, Eun-Ha Hwang, Jung Joo Hong, Choong-Min Ryu, Hoyin Chung, and You Jung An
- Subjects
0301 basic medicine ,Microbiology (medical) ,Untranslated region ,viruses ,non-human primate ,Single-nucleotide polymorphism ,Viral quasispecies ,Biology ,Microbiology ,Genome ,Virus ,Deep sequencing ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,single nucleotide polymorphism ,single nucleotide variant ,030212 general & internal medicine ,Gene ,Original Research ,SARS-CoV-2 ,genetic variants ,Virology ,QR1-502 ,respiratory tract diseases ,030104 developmental biology ,Vero cell - Abstract
Recently, newly emerging variants of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) have been continuously reported worldwide. However, the precise evaluation of SARS-CoV-2 microevolution in host is very limited because the exact genetic information of infected virus could not be acquired in human researches. In this report, we performed deep sequencing for seed virus and SARS-CoV-2 isolated in eight cynomolgus and rhesus macaques at 3 days postinoculation and evaluated single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in SARS-CoV-2 by variant analysis. A total of 69 single-nucleotide variants (SNVs) were present in the 5′-untranslated region (UTR), 3′-UTR, ORF1ab, S, ORF3a, ORF8, and N genes of the seed virus passaged in VERO cells. Between those present on the seed virus and those on each SARS-CoV-2 isolated from the lungs of the macaques, a total of 29 variants was identified in 4 coding proteins (ORF1ab, S, ORF3a, and N) and non-coding regions (5′- and 3′-UTR). Variant number was significantly different according to individuals and ranged from 2 to 11. Moreover, the average major frequency variation was identified in six sites between the cynomolgus monkeys and rhesus macaques. As with diverse SNPs in SARS-CoV-2, the values of viral titers in lungs were significantly different according to individuals and species. Our study first revealed that the genomes of SARS-CoV-2 differ according to individuals and species despite infection of the identical virus in non-human primates (NHPs). These results are important for the interpretation of longitudinal studies evaluating the evolution of the SARS-CoV-2 in human beings and development of new diagnostics, vaccine, and therapeutics targeting SARS-CoV-2.
- Published
- 2021
40. Correction to: Germinal Center-Induced Immunity Is Correlated With Protection Against SARS-CoV-2 Reinfection But Not Lung Damage
- Author
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Green Kim, Dong Ho Kim, Hanseul Oh, Seongman Bae, Jisoo Kwon, Min-Jae Kim, Eunyoung Lee, Eun-Ha Hwang, Hoyin Jung, Bon-Sang Koo, Seung Ho Baek, Philyong Kang, You Jung An, Jae-Hak Park, Jong-Hwan Park, Kwang-Soo Lyoo, Choong-Min Ryu, Sung-Han Kim, and Jung Joo Hong
- Subjects
Infectious Diseases ,Immunology and Allergy - Published
- 2022
41. Viremia controls Env-specific antibody-secreting cell responses in simian immunodeficiency virus infected macaques pre and post-antiretroviral therapy
- Author
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Jung Joo Hong, Eduardo Lani Volpe da Silveira, Praveen K. Amancha, Kenneth A. Rogers, Francois Villinger, Aftab A. Ansari, and Siddappa N. Byrareddy
- Subjects
viruses ,animal diseases ,Immunology ,Simian Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome ,Viremia ,HIV Infections ,Biology ,medicine.disease_cause ,Article ,medicine ,Immunology and Allergy ,Animals ,Memory B cell ,Lymph node ,B-Lymphocytes ,ELISPOT ,Monocyte ,virus diseases ,Simian immunodeficiency virus ,CARGA VIRAL ,Viral Load ,medicine.disease ,Macaca mulatta ,Infectious Diseases ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,Simian Immunodeficiency Virus ,Lymph ,Viral load - Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to investigate the kinetics of Env (gp140)-specific antibody-secreting cells (ASCs) during acute and early chronic simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infection, and prior to and postantiretroviral therapy (ART) in rhesus macaques. DESIGN AND METHODS At week 0, rhesus macaques were inoculated intravenously with SIVmac239 and the viral loads were allowed to develop. Daily ART was initiated at week 5 post infection until week 18, though the animals were monitored until week 28 for the following parameters: enumeration of SIV gp140-specific ASCs by ELISPOT; quantification of viremia and SIV gp140-specific IgG titres through qRT-PCR and ELISA, respectively; estimation of monocytes, follicular helper T cells (Tfh) and memory B cell frequencies using polychromatic flow cytometry. RESULTS Direct correlations were consistently found between blood SIV gp140-specific ASC responses and viremia or SIV Env-specific IgG titres. In contrast, SIV gp140-specific ASC responses showed inverse correlations with the percentage of total memory B cells in the blood. In lymph nodes, the magnitude of the SIV gp140-specific ASC responses also followed the viral load kinetics. In contrast, the number of SIV gp140-specific ASCs presented did not correlate with frequencies of circulating activated monocyte (CD14+CD16+) or Tfh cells. CONCLUSION Blood and/or lymph node viral loads may regulate the onset and magnitude of SIV gp140-specific ASCs during SIV infection and following ART in rhesus macaques.
- Published
- 2021
42. Germinal Center-Induced Immunity Is Correlated With Protection Against SARS-CoV-2 Reinfection But Not Lung Damage
- Author
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Eun-Ha Hwang, Green Kim, Seung Ho Baek, Dongho Kim, Jae-Hak Park, Bonsang Koo, Philyong Kang, Eunyoung Lee, Jung Joo Hong, Hanseul Oh, Hoyin Jung, Kwang-Soo Lyoo, Jong-Hwan Park, Min Jae Kim, Ji-Soo Kwon, Seongman Bae, You Jung An, Choong-Min Ryu, and Sung-Han Kim
- Subjects
viruses ,Biology ,Antibodies, Viral ,Virus ,Major Articles and Brief Reports ,Immune system ,Memory B Cells ,Immunity ,Major Article ,Immunology and Allergy ,Animals ,Humans ,Seroconversion ,Diffuse alveolar damage ,lung damage ,Lung ,SARS-CoV-2 ,Germinal center ,COVID-19 ,Germinal Center ,viral reinfection ,Immunity, Humoral ,Vaccination ,Infectious Diseases ,AcademicSubjects/MED00290 ,Reinfection ,Immunology ,Humoral immunity ,Macaca - Abstract
Germinal centers (GCs) elicit protective humoral immunity through a combination of antibody-secreting cells and memory B cells, following pathogen invasion or vaccination. However, the possibility of a GC response inducing protective immunity against reinfection following severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection remains unknown. We found GC activity was consistent with seroconversion observed in recovered macaques and humans. Rechallenge with a different clade of virus resulted in significant reduction in replicating virus titers in respiratory tracts in macaques with high GC activity. However, diffuse alveolar damage and increased fibrotic tissue were observed in lungs of reinfected macaques. Our study highlights the importance of GCs developed during natural SARS-CoV-2 infection in managing viral loads in subsequent infections. However, their ability to alleviate lung damage remains to be determined. These results may improve understanding of SARS-CoV-2–induced immune responses, resulting in better coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) diagnosis, treatment, and vaccine development., Recovery from natural SARS-CoV-2 infection may induce a protective germinal center-induced immunity against reinfection.
- Published
- 2021
43. Increased CD68/TGFβ Co-expressing Microglia/ Macrophages after Transient Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion in Rhesus Monkeys
- Author
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Jung Joo Hong, Seung Ho Baek, Green Kim, Ji-Su Kim, Yeung Bae Jin, Chi Hoon Choi, Kang Jin Jeong, Hyeon-Gu Yeo, Yujin Ahn, Kyung Seob Lim, Eun-Ha Hwang, Jincheol Seo, Chang-Yeop Jeon, Kyung Sik Yi, Sang-Rae Lee, Sang-Hoon Cha, Youngjeon Lee, Philyong Kang, Keonwoo Kim, Junghyung Park, Sun-Uk Kim, Yeonghoon Son, Bonsang Koo, Young-Hyun Kim, Jinyoung Won, and Jae-Won Huh
- Subjects
0301 basic medicine ,Pathology ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Inflammation ,Lesion ,03 medical and health sciences ,Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience ,0302 clinical medicine ,medicine ,cardiovascular diseases ,Stroke ,Cluster of differentiation ,Microglia ,biology ,CD68 ,business.industry ,Transforming growth factor beta ,medicine.disease ,Macaca mulatta ,030104 developmental biology ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,nervous system ,biology.protein ,Immunohistochemistry ,Original Article ,Neurology (clinical) ,medicine.symptom ,business ,030217 neurology & neurosurgery - Abstract
The function of microglia/macrophages after ischemic stroke is poorly understood. This study examines the role of microglia/macrophages in the focal infarct area after transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) in rhesus monkeys. We measured infarct volume and neurological function by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and non-human primate stroke scale (NHPSS), respectively, to assess temporal changes following MCAO. Activated phagocytic microglia/macrophages were examined by immunohistochemistry in post-mortem brains (n=6 MCAO, n=2 controls) at 3 and 24 hours (acute stage), 2 and 4 weeks (subacute stage), and 4, and 20 months (chronic stage) following MCAO. We found that the infarct volume progressively decreased between 1 and 4 weeks following MCAO, in parallel with the neurological recovery. Greater presence of cluster of differentiation 68 (CD68)-expressing microglia/macrophages was detected in the infarct lesion in the subacute and chronic stage, compared to the acute stage. Surprisingly, 98~99% of transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ) was found co-localized with CD68-expressing cells. CD68-expressing microglia/macrophages, rather than CD206+ cells, may exert anti-inflammatory effects by secreting TGFβ after the subacute stage of ischemic stroke. CD68+ microglia/macrophages can therefore be used as a potential therapeutic target.
- Published
- 2019
44. The sesquiterpene lactone estafiatin exerts anti-inflammatory effects on macrophages and protects mice from sepsis induced by LPS and cecal ligation puncture
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Jae-Hun, Ahn, Eun-Jung, Song, Do-Hyeon, Jung, Yeong-Jun, Kim, In-Su, Seo, Seong-Chan, Park, You-Seok, Jung, Eun-Seo, Cho, Sang Hyun, Mo, Jung Joo, Hong, Jeong-Yong, Cho, and Jong-Hwan, Park
- Subjects
Pharmacology ,Complementary and alternative medicine ,Drug Discovery ,Pharmaceutical Science ,Molecular Medicine - Abstract
Previously, we found that the water extract of Artermisia scoparia Waldst.Kit suppressed the cytokine production of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated macrophages and alleviated carrageenan-induced acute inflammation in mice. Artemisia contains various sesquiterpene lactones and most of them exert immunomodulatory activity.In the present study, we investigated the immunomodulatory effect of estafiatin (EST), a sesquiterpene lactone derived from A. scoparia, on LPS-induced inflammation in macrophages and mouse sepsis model.Murine bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) and THP-1 cells, a human monocytic leukemia cell line, were pretreated with different doses of EST for 2 h, followed by LPS treatment. The gene and protein expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)-6, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) were measured by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and Western blot analysis. The activation of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) and mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) was also evaluated at the level of phosphorylation. The effect of EST on inflammatory cytokine production, lung histopathology, and survival rate was assessed in an LPS-induced mice model of septic shock. The effect of EST on the production of cytokines in LPS-stimulated peritoneal macrophages was evaluated by in vitro and ex vivo experiments and protective effect of EST on cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) mice was also assessed.The LPS-induced expression of IL-6, TNF-α, and iNOS was suppressed at the mRNA and protein levels in BMDMs and THP-1 cells, respectively, by pretreatment with EST. The half-maximal inhibitory concentration (ICThese results demonstrated that EST exerts anti-inflammatory effects on LPS-stimulated macrophages and protects mice from sepsis. Our study suggests that EST could be developed as a new therapeutic agent for sepsis and various inflammatory diseases.
- Published
- 2022
45. A Clofazimine-Containing Regimen Confers Improved Treatment Outcomes in Macrophages and in a Murine Model of Chronic Progressive Pulmonary Infection Caused by the Mycobacterium avium Complex
- Author
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Kyung Wook Jo, Byung Woo Jhun, Jung Joo Hong, Sangwon Choi, Lee Han Kim, Sung Jae Shin, Su Young Kim, Ju Mi Lee, and Jiyun Park
- Subjects
Microbiology (medical) ,Drug ,media_common.quotation_subject ,lcsh:QR1-502 ,Spleen ,Inflammation ,Pharmacology ,Microbiology ,lcsh:Microbiology ,Clofazimine ,minimum inhibitory concentrations ,03 medical and health sciences ,clofazimine ,medicine ,clofazimine-containing regimen ,Ethambutol ,Original Research ,030304 developmental biology ,media_common ,Mycobacterium avium complex-pulmonary disease ,0303 health sciences ,Lung ,030306 microbiology ,business.industry ,chronic progressive murine model ,standard treatment regimen ,in vivo drug susceptibility test ,Regimen ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,intracellular drug susceptibility test ,medicine.symptom ,business ,Rifampicin ,medicine.drug - Abstract
Treatment outcomes using the standard regimen (a macrolide, ethambutol, and rifampicin) for Mycobacterium avium complex-pulmonary disease (MAC-PD) remain unsatisfactory. Thus, improved treatment regimens for MAC-PD are required. Clofazimine has recently been revisited as an effective drug against mycobacterial infection. We performed a comparison between the standard regimen and an alternative regimen (replacing the rifampicin of the standard regimen with clofazimine) based on the intracellular anti-MAC activities of the individual drugs in a murine model of chronic progressive MAC-pulmonary infection (MAC-PI). The intracellular anti-MAC activities of the individual drugs and their combinations in murine bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) were determined. The treatment efficacies of the standard and clofazimine-containing regimens were evaluated in mice chronically infected with M. avium by initiating 2- and 4-week treatment at 8 weeks post-infection. Bacterial loads in the lung, spleen, and liver were assessed along with lung inflammation. Insufficient intracellular anti-MAC activity of rifampicin in BMDMs was recorded despite its low in vitro minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs), whereas optimal intracellular killing activity against all tested MAC strains was achieved with clofazimine. Compared to the standard regimen, the clofazimine-containing regimen significantly reduced CFUs in all organs and achieved marked reductions in lung inflammation. The replacement of rifampicin with clofazimine in the treatment regimen resulted in more favorable outcomes in an animal model of chronic progressive MAC-PI. Intriguingly, 2 weeks of treatment with the clofazimine-containing regimen reduced bacterial loads more effectively than 4 weeks of treatment with the standard regimen in M. avium-infected mice. Thus, the clofazimine-containing regimen also had a treatment-shortening effect.
- Published
- 2021
46. Molecular evolution of dengue virus types 1 and 4 in Korean travelers
- Author
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Jong-Hwan Park, Eun-Ha Hwang, Jung Joo Hong, Hoyin Chung, Bonsang Koo, Green Kim, Gyeung Haeng Hur, and Hanseul Oh
- Subjects
Most recent common ancestor ,Genotype ,Biology ,Dengue virus ,medicine.disease_cause ,Serogroup ,Virus ,Coalescent theory ,Dengue ,Evolution, Molecular ,03 medical and health sciences ,Viral Proteins ,Phylogenetics ,Molecular evolution ,Virology ,Republic of Korea ,medicine ,Humans ,Amino Acid Sequence ,Selection, Genetic ,Phylogeny ,030304 developmental biology ,0303 health sciences ,Travel ,Phylogenetic tree ,Base Sequence ,030306 microbiology ,General Medicine ,Dengue Virus ,Amino Acid Substitution ,RNA, Viral ,Original Article - Abstract
Dengue virus (DV) is a mosquito-borne virus that is endemic to many tropical and subtropical areas. Recently, the annual incidence of DV infection has increased worldwide, including in Korea, due to global warming and increased global travel. We therefore sought to characterize the molecular and evolutionary features of DV-1 and DV-4 isolated from Korean overseas travelers. We used phylogenetic analysis based on the full coding region to classify isolates of DV-1 in Korea into genotype I (43251, KP406802), genotype IV (KP406803), and genotype V (KP406801). In addition, we found that strains of DV-4 belonged to genotype I (KP406806) and genotype II (43257). Evidence of positive selection in DV-1 strains was identified in the C, prM, NS2A, and NS5 proteins, whereas DV-4 showed positive selection only in the non-structural proteins NS2A, NS3, and NS5. The substitution rates per site per year were 5.58 × 10-4 and 6.72 × 10-4 for DV-1 and DV-4, respectively, and the time of the most recent common ancestor was determined using the Bayesian skyline coalescent method. In this study, the molecular, phylogenetic, and evolutionary characteristics of Korean DV-1 and DV-4 isolates were evaluated for the first time. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s00705-021-04973-8.
- Published
- 2020
47. A therapeutic neutralizing antibody targeting receptor binding domain of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein
- Author
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Choong-Min Ryu, Jong-In Kim, Jae Sang Park, Joo Yeon Lee, Su-Jin Park, Se Mi Kim, Wan Beom Park, Dain Son, Seong Tae Jeong, Kyung Chang Kim, Hanseul Oh, Eun-Ha Kim, Youngjo Song, Young Ki Choi, Myoung Don Oh, Minsoo Kim, Jun Won Kim, Ki Sung Kwon, Kwang-Min Yu, Jae Hee Jeong, Jung Joo Hong, Jin Soo Bae, Man Su Kim, Hye Min Woo, Ji Min Seo, Min Seob Lee, Young-Il Kim, Dong Kyun Ryu, Jihun Lee, Eun Yeong Shim, Bonsang Koo, Pankyeom Kim, Jeong No Lee, Soo Young Lee, Hansaem Lee, Hanmi Noh, Sung Soon Kim, Chi Ho Yu, Jeong Sun Yang, Man Seong Park, Yongjin An, Geun Soo Park, Yeon Gil Kim, Se Hun Gu, and Cheol-Min Kim
- Subjects
0301 basic medicine ,Male ,Models, Molecular ,Protein Conformation ,viruses ,General Physics and Astronomy ,Antibodies, Viral ,0302 clinical medicine ,Chlorocebus aethiops ,Receptor ,Neutralizing antibody ,Multidisciplinary ,biology ,Antibodies, Monoclonal ,Titer ,030220 oncology & carcinogenesis ,Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus ,Female ,Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 ,Antibody ,Protein Binding ,medicine.drug_class ,Science ,Monoclonal antibody ,Peripheral blood mononuclear cell ,General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology ,Article ,Antibodies ,03 medical and health sciences ,medicine ,Animals ,Humans ,Vero Cells ,Mesocricetus ,SARS-CoV-2 ,Ferrets ,General Chemistry ,biology.organism_classification ,Virology ,Antibodies, Neutralizing ,Macaca mulatta ,COVID-19 Drug Treatment ,Disease Models, Animal ,030104 developmental biology ,Viral infection ,biology.protein ,Vero cell ,Leukocytes, Mononuclear ,Antibody therapy - Abstract
Vaccines and therapeutics are urgently needed for the pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Here, we screen human monoclonal antibodies (mAb) targeting the receptor binding domain (RBD) of the viral spike protein via antibody library constructed from peripheral blood mononuclear cells of a convalescent patient. The CT-P59 mAb potently neutralizes SARS-CoV-2 isolates including the D614G variant without antibody-dependent enhancement effect. Complex crystal structure of CT-P59 Fab/RBD shows that CT-P59 blocks interaction regions of RBD for angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor with an orientation that is notably different from previously reported RBD-targeting mAbs. Furthermore, therapeutic effects of CT-P59 are evaluated in three animal models (ferret, hamster, and rhesus monkey), demonstrating a substantial reduction in viral titer along with alleviation of clinical symptoms. Therefore, CT-P59 may be a promising therapeutic candidate for COVID-19., Therapies and vaccines for COVID-19, caused by the SARS-CoV-2 viral pandemic, are urgently needed. Here the authors establish and screen an antibody library from a convalescent COVID-19 patient to isolate a neutralizing antibody with the ability to reduce viral titer and alleviate symptoms in ferret, hamster, and rhesus monkey infection models.
- Published
- 2020
48. Transient lymphopenia and interstitial pneumonia with endotheliitis in SARS-CoV-2-infected macaques
- Author
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Jae-Hak Park, Hoyin Jung, Jung Joo Hong, Choong-Min Ryu, Green Kim, Eun-Ha Hwang, Philyong Kang, Youngjeon Lee, Bonsang Koo, and Hanseul Oh
- Subjects
0301 basic medicine ,Male ,viruses ,Pneumonia, Viral ,Disease ,Macaques ,03 medical and health sciences ,Betacoronavirus ,0302 clinical medicine ,Immune system ,Lymphopenia ,Immunology and Allergy ,Medicine ,Animals ,030212 general & internal medicine ,Respiratory system ,skin and connective tissue diseases ,Pandemics ,Endotheliitis ,business.industry ,Transmission (medicine) ,SARS-CoV-2 ,Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction ,Brief Report ,fungi ,Monkey Diseases ,virus diseases ,COVID-19 ,Pneumonia ,medicine.disease ,Macaca mulatta ,respiratory tract diseases ,Titer ,Disease Models, Animal ,Macaca fascicularis ,030104 developmental biology ,Infectious Diseases ,AcademicSubjects/MED00290 ,Acute Interstitial Pneumonia ,Immunology ,Female ,business ,Coronavirus Infections ,Lung Diseases, Interstitial - Abstract
Using a reliable primate model is critical for developing therapeutic advances to treat humans infected with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). Here, we exposed macaques to high titers of SARS-CoV-2 via combined transmission routes. We observed acute interstitial pneumonia with endotheliitis in the lungs of all infected macaques. All macaques had a significant loss of total lymphocytes during infection, which were restored over time. These data show that SARS-CoV-2 causes a coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)-like disease in macaques. This new model could investigate the interaction between SARS-CoV-2 and the immune system to test therapeutic strategies.
- Published
- 2020
49. Nanoformulated Single-Stranded RNA-Based Adjuvant with a Coordinative Amphiphile as an Effective Stabilizer: Inducing Humoral Immune Response by Activation of Antigen-Presenting Cells
- Author
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Hanseul Oh, Hae Li Ko, Gyochang Keum, Manki Song, Soo Young Kim, Hye Jung Kim, Kyung Won Kang, Eun Kyoung Bang, Jae-Hwan Nam, Hye-Lim Park, Hyo Jung Park, Seung Rok Ryu, Rhoon Ho Kim, Jae-Ouk Kim, Jung Joo Hong, Dae Gwin Jeong, Karim El-Baz, Hyukjin Lee, Kyuri Lee, Minjeong Kim, Green Kim, Hye Won Kwak, and Sang-Myeong Lee
- Subjects
medicine.medical_treatment ,Drug Compounding ,Antigen-Presenting Cells ,010402 general chemistry ,01 natural sciences ,Catalysis ,Immune system ,Antigen ,Adjuvants, Immunologic ,medicine ,Animals ,Humans ,Nanotechnology ,Antigen-presenting cell ,Innate immune system ,biology ,010405 organic chemistry ,Chemistry ,RNA ,General Chemistry ,TLR7 ,0104 chemical sciences ,Cell biology ,Immunity, Humoral ,biology.protein ,Antibody ,Adjuvant - Abstract
As agonists of TLR7/8, single-stranded RNAs (ssRNAs) are safe and promising adjuvants that do not cause off-target effects or innate immune overactivation. However, low stability prevents them from mounting sufficient immune responses. This study evaluates the adjuvant effects of ssRNA derived from the cricket paralysis virus intergenic region internal ribosome entry site, formulated as nanoparticles with a coordinative amphiphile, containing a zinc/dipicolylamine complex moiety as a coordinative phosphate binder, as a stabilizer for RNA-based adjuvants. The nanoformulated ssRNA adjuvant was resistant to enzymatic degradation in vitro and in vivo, and that with a coordinative amphiphile bearing an oleyl group (CA-O) was approximately 100 nm, promoted effective recognition, and improved activation of antigen-presenting cells, leading to better induction of neutralizing antibodies following single immunization. Hence, CA-O may increase the efficacy of ssRNA-based adjuvants, proving useful to meet the urgent need for vaccines during pathogen outbreaks.
- Published
- 2020
50. Cathelicidin-related Antimicrobial Peptide Contributes to Host Immune Responses Against Pulmonary Infection with
- Author
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Min-Jung, Kang, Ah-Ra, Jang, Ji-Yeon, Park, Jae-Hun, Ahn, Tae-Sung, Lee, Dong-Yeon, Kim, Do-Hyeon, Jung, Eun-Jung, Song, Jung Joo, Hong, and Jong-Hwan, Park
- Subjects
musculoskeletal diseases ,Acinetobacter baumannii ,Innate immune response ,genetic structures ,Neutrophils ,bacteria ,CRAMP ,Original Article ,biochemical phenomena, metabolism, and nutrition ,nervous system diseases - Abstract
Acinetobacter baumannii is known for its multidrug antibiotic resistance. New approaches to treating drug-resistant bacterial infections are urgently required. Cathelicidin-related antimicrobial peptide (CRAMP) is a murine antimicrobial peptide that exerts diverse immune functions, including both direct bacterial cell killing and immunomodulatory effects. In this study, we sought to identify the role of CRAMP in the host immune response to multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii. Wild-type (WT) and CRAMP knockout mice were infected intranasally with the bacteria. CRAMP−/− mice exhibited increased bacterial colony-forming units (CFUs) in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid after A. baumannii infection compared to WT mice. The loss of CRAMP expression resulted in a significant decrease in the recruitment of immune cells, primarily neutrophils. The levels of IL-6 and CXCL1 were lower, whereas the levels of IL-10 were significantly higher in the BAL fluid of CRAMP−/− mice compared to WT mice 1 day after infection. In an in vitro assay using thioglycollate-induced peritoneal neutrophils, the ability of bacterial phagocytosis and killing was impaired in CRAMP−/− neutrophils compared to the WT cells. CRAMP was also essential for the production of cytokines and chemokines in response to A. baumannii in neutrophils. In addition, the A. baumannii-induced inhibitor of κB-α degradation and phosphorylation of p38 MAPK were impaired in CRAMP−/− neutrophils, whereas ERK and JNK phosphorylation was upregulated. Our results indicate that CRAMP plays an important role in the host defense against pulmonary infection with A. baumannii by promoting the antibacterial activity of neutrophils and regulating the innate immune responses.
- Published
- 2020
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