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We constructed a convolutional neural network to estimate average grain size from microstructure images. In the previous study from our research group, the network was trained using GB-type images in which the grain matrix and grain boundary were represented in white and black, respectively. The model well estimated the same GB-type images, but did not properly predict CL-type images where grain boundaries were defined by color contrast between grains. In the present study, the convolutional neural network was trained using CL-type microstructure images, and evaluated the average grain size, for comparison with the previous GB-type model. The relationship between the microstructure image and the average grain size was determined using regression rather than classification. Then, the results were compared with the previous ones. Finally, the proposed approach was used for actual microstructural image analysis. Mid-layer images were extracted to examine how the network recognizes the characteristics of microstructures, such as grain color and grain boundary. Like the previous GB-type model, the present CL-type model seems to estimate the average grain size from the curvature of the grain boundary through edge detection of the grain boundaries. However, the GB- and CL-type models only properly predicted the grain size from the same kind of images as the training data, because the definitions of the grain boundaries of the two models were different.

In this study, the average grain size was evaluated from a microstructure image using a convolutional neural network. Since the grain size in a microstructure image can be directly measured and verified in the original image, unlike the chemical composition or mechanical properties of material, it is more appropriate to validate the training results quantitatively. An analysis of microstructure images, such as grain size, can be performed manually or using image analysis software; however, it is expected that the analysis would be simpler and faster with machine learning. Microstructure images were created using a phase-field simulation, and machine learning was carried out with a convolutional neural network model. The relationship between the microstructure image and the average grain size was not judged by classification, as the goal was to have different results for each microstructure using regression. The results showed high accuracy within the training range. The average grain sizes of experimental images with explicit grain boundary were well estimated by the network. The mid-layer image was analyzed to examine how the network understood the input microstructure image. The network seemed to recognize the curvatures of the grain boundaries and estimate the average grain size from these curvatures.

Introduction In this video, I will describe the laparoscopic procedure where the hepatic territory supplied by the Glisson pedicles to the segment 4 and the ventral branches of the right anterior Glisson pedicle is resected. Methods A 48 years old male patient presented with two HCC's. Chronic hepatits B was diagnosed 20 years ago. 8 months ago a hypoechoic lesion (1.5 cm) was identified in right liver. No treatment was given. On follow CT scan, 2 HCC's were identified. One tumor was 1.8 cm in size and located at segment 5-6, 2 cm deep from the liver surface. The other tumor was 1.5 cm in size and located at liver hilum, in between the left and right anterior Glisson pedicles and in proximity to the middle hepatic vein. The level of AFP was 3.7 ng/mL and PIVKA II 126 mAU/mL. E was 10.4 kPa on fibroscan. For the sake of preservation of liver volume, the former lesion was ablated with radiofrequency energy before the surgery. And for the latter lesion, laparoscopic resection of segment 4 and ventral area of anterior section was performed. Results The operation took 390 minutes. No blood product was given perioperatively. The patient was discharged 6 days after the operation without any complication. He is now tumor free 8 months after the operation. Conclusions Laparoscopic resection of segment 4 and ventral area of anterior section in cirrhotic liver can be performed safely and anatomically. Tumor adherent to the middle hepatic vein is a good indication for this parenchyma-sparing resection.

To develop novel functional ingredients, a polysaccharide called BF-E2-P was purified from fermented barley and its antitumor activity was investigated. In the experimental lung metastasis model of colon 26-M3.1 carcinoma cells, intravenous administration of BF-E2-P (500 μg/mouse) 2 days before inoculation resulted in inhibition of metastasis by about 76%, and the extent of inhibition was dose-dependent. To demonstrate the anti-metastatic activity of BF-E2-P, we tested whether BF-E2-P could activate the innate immune system. Stimulation of macrophages by BF-E2-P resulted in cytokine production. In a co-culture of macrophages and cancer cells, BF-E2-P altered the pattern of cytokine production, suggesting that BF-E2-P affects the polarization of macrophages. In addition, intravenous administration of BF-E2-P augmented the natural killer (NK) cell-mediated cytotoxicity against cancer cells. It also increased the production of IFN- γ and granzyme B. In conclusion, BF-E2-P activates NK cells and macrophages, resulting in the enhancement of host-defense against tumor growth.

The fringe-field switching (FFS) mode that uses liquid crystals (LCs) with negative dielectric anisotropy is used in high-resolution FFS liquid crystal display owing to its higher transmittance over positive LC, although its response time becomes slow and operating voltage (Vop) becomes high. In the device, reduction of the cell gap is required to achieve fast response time, which results in increase in Vop in general. In this paper, we propose the FFS mode with electrode width 1 µm and distance between the electrodes 1.5 µm. In such an electrode structure, Vop decreases with decreasing cell gap to 2 µm so that a proper Vop, high LC's light efficiency of 90%, a high color temperature, and a fast response time less than 10 ms, can be achieved, which maximizes electro-optic performance of the FFS mode.

We designed and fabricated a gold (Au)-coated silicon nanowires/graphene (Au–SiNWs/G) hybrid composite as a polymer binder-free anode for rechargeable lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). A large amount of SiNWs for LIB anode materials can be prepared by metal-assisted chemical etching (MaCE) process. The Au–SiNWs/G composite film on current collector was obtained by vacuum filtration using an anodic aluminum oxide (AAO) membrane and hot pressing method. Our experimental results show that the Au–SiNWs/G composite has a stable reversible capacity of about 1520 mA h/g which was maintained for 20 cycles. The Au–SiNWs/G composite anode showed much better cycling performance than SiNWs/polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF)/Super-P, SiNWs/G composite, and pure SiNWs anodes. The improved electrochemical properties of the Au–SiNWs/G composite anode material is mainly ascribed to the composite׳s porous network structure.

Uniform metal nanomesh structures are promising candidates that may replace of indium-tin oxide (ITO) in transparent conducting electrodes (TCEs). However, the durability of the uniform metal mesh has not yet been studied. For this reason, a comparative analysis of the durability of TCEs based on pure Ag and AgNi nanomesh, which are fabricated by using simple transfer printing, is performed. The AgNi nanomesh shows high long-term stability to oxidation, heat, and chemicals compared with that of pure Ag nanomesh. This is because of nickel in the AgNi nanomesh. Furthermore, the AgNi nanomesh shows strong adhesion to a transparent substrate and good stability after repeated bending.

The fringe-field switching (FFS) mode that uses liquid crystals (LC) with negative dielectric anisotropy is used in high resolution FFS-LCD owing to its higher transmittance over positive LC. In this paper, the FFS mode with electrode width 1 µm and distances between the electrodes 1.5 µm is proposed. In such an electrode structure, operating voltage (Vop) decreases with decreasing cell gap to 2 µm so that a proper Vop, high LC's light efficiency of 90%, and a fast response time less than 10 ms, can be achieved, which maximizes electro-optic performance of the FFS mode. In addition, the color temperature of a white state becomes higher in the fine patterned FFS cell.

This study examined the relationship between the MBTI character types and heart rate variability. The subjects were 25 students in the department of emergency medical technology in C city, Chungnam, Korea. The heart rate variability was measured under two conditions: a stable state, and in the second week and fourth week in clinical practice. The period of the heart rate variability measurements was from Jun. 21, 2013 to Jul. 26, 2013.The changes in the HRV at the stable state and during clinical practice depending on the MBTI character types, and the HRV at the stable state and during clinical practice according to the distribution chart of four character types showed a significant difference in the nHF and standard deviation of all R-R intervals (SDNN). In the changes in the HRV at the stable state and during clinical practice depending on the preference distribution chart of each indicator, the T-F group and J-P group in the nLF, T-F group and J-P group in the nHF, S-N group in the standard deviation of all R-R intervals (SDNN) and the J-P group in the mHR showed a significant difference.

This study is explorative survey carried out to examine differences in professional self-concepts and emergency patient care perceptions between emergency medical technician trainees (namely, EMT-basic trainees or trainees) and emergency medical technicians basic (namely, EMT-basic or technicians). The subjects are some trainees and technicians. The trainees included 95 fire fighters who had enrolled educational programs for emergency medical technicians basic at K and A Fire Academy while the technicians were 78 fire fighter gathering from all regions of the country who had enrolled a short expertise program for emergency medical technicians basic at S University in C City.

Reliable progress management at construction requires integrated information of cost and schedule, and information is used as a basis for project performance measurement. However, separate handling of cost and schedule information at construction projects makes objective measurement more difficult and decreases management productivity due to additional works for breaking down bill of quantities into corresponding activities. Recently, research related to BIM addresses issues on effective progress management based on BIM with incorporation of daily progress management. Therefore, the objective of this paper is to propose information model for daily progress rate and budgeted cost of work performed by utilizing BTM-based quantity and location information.

Molecular orientation of a chemically linked rod-disk (cyanobiphenyl-triphenyl) liquid crystalline (LC) molecule (RD12, where 12 is a number of carbon atoms in each alkyl chain linkage between the rod and the disk mesogens) in an antiparallel rubbed LC cell was investigated under vertically applied alternative current (AC) electric fields. Upon varying vertical AC electric fields from the initial state (0 V) to a fixed voltage ranging between 2.5 and 5.0 V, it was found that RD12 responded to the electric field with two-steps. The rod mesogen having a higher dipole interaction first aligned parallel to the electric field, while the disk mesogen behaved like an anchor of RD12. After the frustration and stabilization of rod mesogens, the in-plane axis of disk mesogen also aligned parallel to the electric field. Based on our experimental results, it was concluded that the peculiar molecular frustrations of RD12 under the vertical AC electric field occurred in a consequence of the competition among rods attac...

Colour tracking behaviour is observed in most liquid crystal displays. In in-plane switching and vertical alignment devices, the colour chromaticity in the normal direction changes linearly from bluish- to yellowish-white as the grey level is increased from the dark to white state. Interestingly, abnormal behaviour in colour tracking is observed in fringe-field switching devices using a liquid crystal with positive dielectric anisotropy, such that the colour chromaticity changes from bluish to yellowish up to a certain grey level, then turns around and becomes bluish-white as the grey level is further increased to the fully white state. According to our theoretical and experimental results, this ‘turn around’ effect in the colour tracking of the fringe-field switching mode is associated with the generation of a tilt angle of the liquid crystal molecules with increasing voltage in the electrode position where the light modulation is associated with the polarisation rotation.

The light efficiency of the homogeneously aligned liquid crystal (LC) mode driven by fringe electric fields depends on the magnitude of the dielectric anisotropy when using a LC with positive dielectric anisotropy. However, this dependency is not observed when using a LC with negative dielectric anisotropy. This difference is mainly associated with the molecular reorientation especially in the tilt angle of the LC between the edges and the centers of the pixel electrodes in the voltage-on state. This paper explores the dependence of the light efficiency of the device on the magnitude of the dielectric anisotropy of the LC for both types of the LCs as functions of other cell parameters such as the rubbing angle and the cell gap.

Antimicrobial packaging paper was prepared with a powder-type botanical antimicrobial agent from grapefruit seed extract (BAAG) and zeolite according to TAPPI standard method. The functional fillers containing BAAG fixed to CaCO and zeolite were well retained in the fiber network by a retention aid such as cationic polyacrylamide, which was ascertained by the ash contents of paper and the SEM microphotographs. With addition of the functional fillers to paper, tensile strength and burst strength of the paper decreased by interference of the functional fillers with interfiber bonding but bending stiffness and tear strength increased by improved elastic modulus of paper and delayed transfer of tearing energy. Finally, it was confirmed that the antimicrobial packaging paper might be able to be used to make packaging bags and corrugated containers due to the minor deterioration of strength properties.

In order to help the preservation of the unshiu orange and pear, antimicrobial paper incorporating grapefruit seed extract and zeolite was applied to pack fruits. Unshiu orange was packed in a box (242422 cm) attached with antimicrobial paper and then stored respectively at l. Pears were wrapped individually before storage at l. During the storage, weight loss, pH, total acidity, soluble solid content, microbial load and decay were measured as quality indices. Steady pH increase in unshiu orange was observed to slightly decrease total acidity during the storage with little difference between the packaging treatments. The microbial loads of total aerobic bacteria, and yeast/mold counts were suppressed during storage by the antimicrobial paper packaging, which also contributed to reducing the decayed unshiu orange. Limited reduction of total aerobic bacteria and yeast/mold counts was observed only for initial storage period for the pears wrapped with 9 and 12% antimicrobial agent-added papers. Antimicrobial paper was useful for the reduction of microbial load in unshiu orange and pear without other quality deterioration.

Occupant protection during interior head impact is should be consider while designing the headliner. There is a Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard, FMVSS201 to ensure the occupant’s safety during an interior head impact. Energy absorbing components are used to protect the occupant in the event of impact with components of upper passenger compartment. Automobile manufacturers have been developing suitable designs without Energy absorbing components because of cost issues. The objective of this study is to develop the design method without Energy absorbing components on the grip-handle areas. Grip-handles are located on upper roof in the vehicle where is impact zone that must meet the occupant safety requirement during interior head impact such as FMVSS201U. The head acceleration must be reduced to lower the Head Injury Criterion (HIC) to 1,000. To reduce the head acceleration without energy absorbing components, Grip-handles and related components should absorb the impact by themselves. Grip-handles are connected to brackets. The bracket is used to assemble the headliner with grip-handles. Grip-handles and the brackets should endure the downward force. On the other hand, when FMH impact Roof trim, the bracket is deflecting upward and it will absorb the impact energy The bracket needs to meet two demands. In order to meet these demands, Experiment of design will be carried out with the help of CAE and DOE.

It is important to characterize the emission of air pollutants and suggest an optimum ventilation rate, because the use of portable gas ranges is widespread in houses and restaurants in Korea. Source emission tests were conducted to characterize the emissions of nitrogen oxide (NO x = NO + NO 2 ), carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO 2 ), formaldehyde (HCHO) and total volatile organic compounds (TVOCs) from portable gas ranges in steady-state using a well-mixed chamber. The ranges of emission rates of air pollutants from portable gas ranges were 0.55∼0.94 mg/h for NO, 0.35∼1.08 mg/h for NO 2 , 1.21∼1.63 mg/h for NO x 1.39∼4.21 mg/h for CO, 2430∼2970 mg/h for CO 2 and 0∼0.12 mg/h for TVOCs. The required mean and maximum ventilation rates to control the air pollutants from portable gas ranges was 2.70 m 3 /h and 3.13 m 3 /h on the basis of the NO 2 emission rate, respectively. The mean concentrations of food service worker and customer exposures to NO 2 by use of portable gas ranges in restaurants were 48.2±21.5 ppb and 64.7±31.5 ppb, respectively.

To determine dissemination and genotype of AmpC beta-lactamases and an extended-spectrum beta-lactamase among clinical isolates of Enterobacteriaceae, we performed antibiotic susceptibility testing, pI determination, induction test, plasmid profiles, transconjugation test, enterobacterial repetitive consensus (ERIC)-PCR, and DNA sequencing. Among the 51 clinical isolates collected from a university hospital in Korea, six isolates were resistant to cephamycins. All six isolates produced a plasmid-encoded AmpC-type beta-lactamase, CMY-10. Five strains also produced one or more other beta-lactamases: SHV-12, an extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (five isolates); TEM-1, a class A beta-lactamase (two isolates); and a chromosomal AmpC beta-lactamase (one isolate, a strain of Enterobacter aerogenes, which produced all four of the beta-lactamases that were identified). One of six isolates produced only CMY-10. ERIC-PCR analysis revealed that dissemination of CMY-10 and SHV-12 was due to a clonal outbreak of a resistant strain and to the interspecies spread of resistance to cephamycins and broad-spectrum beta-lactams in Korea. CMY-10 beta-lactamase genes that are responsible for the resistance to cephamycins (cefoxitin and cefotetan), amoxicillin, cephalothin, and amoxicillin-clavulanic acid were cloned and characterized from six clinical isolates. A sequence identical to the common regions in In6, In7, and a novel integron from pSAL-1 was found upstream from blaCMY-10 gene at nucleotides 1-71. A total of 15 nucleotides (I-15) or 18 nucleotides (I-18) between position 71 and 72 were inserted into the blaCMY-10 gene. The blaCMY-10 gene might be inserted into a sul1-type complex integron by I-15 or I-18.

J Korean Assoc Oral Maxillofac Surg 2010;36:427-33) Purpose: The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of the subperiosteal tunneling technique with iliac block bone graft f or bone aug- mentation in an edentulous alveolar ridge. Patients and Methods: Total of 8 sites in 7 patients were included in this study. The bone height was evaluated by CBCT preoperatively and 4 months after operation. Total of 11 implants were inserted and evaluated clinically and radiographically. Results: Mean value of the increased bone height was 6.29 mm and no implant failure was observed. There were no complications such as so ft tissue dehiscence, exposure of the grafted bone and infection. Conclusion: We have achieved excellent clinical outcomes by this technique, so we concluded that it is useful for augmentation of severely deficient alveolar ridge.

The polymer-stabilized blue phase liquid crystals are in the limelight of liquid crystal display area because of its fast response and wide viewing angle with alignment layer free. The conventional device is driven by in-plane field, which has thin electrodes only on bottom substrate and also due to low Kerr constant of LC, the driving voltage of the device is very high. We propose improved electrode structure which has partition-wall shaped electrodes. The proposed device has maximized horizontal electric field so that the driving voltage is decreased. Further, adoption of two transistors can lower driving voltage.

A high performance liquid crystal display using combined fringe and in-plane horizontal electric fields is proposed. The strong electric fields cause more liquid crystals to reorient almost in plane above and between the pixel electrodes. As a result, the operation voltage is lower and transmittance is higher than those of fringe field switching and in-plane switching modes, while preserving a wide viewing angle. Such a high performance device is particularly attractive for large panel liquid crystal displays.

The light efficiency of fringe-field switching (FFS) mode when using a liquid crystal (LC) with positive dielectric anisotropy was found to be dependent on dielectric anisotropy, such that the lower the dielectric anisotropy, it becomes higher. On the contrary, for the LC with negative dielectric anisotropy it is almost independent of magnitude of dielectric anisotropy. This paper investigates light efficiency of FFS mode dependent on the magnitude of dielectric anisotropy of the LC associated with rubbing angle and cell gap.