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Background: Blue is a color not often present in food. Even so, it is especially attractive to children. Today, most blue coloring agents used by the food industry are synthetic. With increasing health issues concern by the scientific community and the general population, there is a trend to look for natural alternatives to most synthetic products. There only exist few natural blue colorants, which are presented in a literature survey, along with the methods currently used for their recovery from natural sources. The best extraction methods and process parameters for the extraction of blue anthocyanins, iridoids and phycocyanin are discussed. Methods: A literature survey was conducted to detect the main sources of blue colorants found in nature. The focus was on the extraction methods used to recover such molecules, with the objective of finding efficient and environmentally safe techniques for application at industrial level, and, thus, allowing the production of natural blue colorants at scale high enough for food industry consumption. Results: The main natural blue colorants found in literature are anthocyanins, phycocyanin, and genipin. While anthocyanins can be recovered from a variety of plants, the source of phycocyanin are algae, and genipin can be obtained specifically from Gardenia jasminoides Ellis and Genipa americana L. Several extraction techniques have been applied to recover blue colorants from such sources, from classical methods using organic solvents, to more sophisticated technologies as ultrasoundassisted extraction, supercritical fluid extraction, pressurized liquid extraction, high-pressure extraction, and enzyme-assisted extraction. Conclusion: There is great potential for anthocyanins, phycocyanin and genipin use as natural food additives with health benefits, besides imparting color. However, the technologies for the colorants recovery and application are not mature enough. Therefore, this area is still developing, and it is necessary to evaluate the economic feasibility of the proposed extraction processes, along with the safety and acceptance of colored food using these additives.

Elaeagnus latifolia is an underutilized plant of the Elaeagnaceae family. The extraction of E. latifolia pulp was carried out from 30 to 120 min by different environmentally friendly extraction methods: agitation, percolation, Soxhlet, and ultrasound-assisted extraction with ethanol, and hydrodistillation. The extracts were analyzed for their total phenolic compounds, carotenoids and ascorbic acid contents, and antioxidant activity. The highest yield of extract, of 63.5 g/100 g of raw material (RM), in dry basis (db), total phenolic compounds, of 3.3 mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/g extract, and 2.042 mg GAE/g RM, and carotenoids, of 176.6 mg ��-carotene equivalent/kg RM, were obtained by Soxhlet for 120 min. All the extracts presented similar antioxidant activity. Therefore, E. latifolia can be a source of compounds of interest to the food industry.

In this work, four residual biomasses from the food industry (coconut husk, defatted grape seeds, sugar cane bagasse, and pressed palm fiber) were subjected to subcritical water hydrolysis assisted by CO2 (SubWH + CO2) with the objective of producing fermentable sugars. Hydrolysis kinetics were determined using a semi-batch unit equipped with a 50 mL reactor. The process was conducted at 250 °C for 30 min under 20 MPa. Total reducing sugars recovered using SubWH + CO2 were (wet basis): 13.5% for coconut husk, 10% for defatted grape seeds, 13.2% for sugar cane bagasse, and 11.2% for pressed palm fiber. For coconut husk and defatted grape seeds, adding CO2 increased total reducing sugars by 15 and 56%, respectively. For sugar cane bagasse and pressed palm fiber, adding CO2 to the process did not alter total reducing sugars recovered. In all cases, the byproduct yield increased when adding CO2 to the process.

Two abundant coffee waste residues (powder and defatted cake) were treated using subcritical water (SubCW) for hydrolysis and extraction of reducing sugars (RS), total reducing sugars (TRS), and total phenolic compounds (TPC) under semi-continuous flow conditions. The flow-through process was carried out at 150, 175, 200 and 250 °C, with a water flow of 10 mL/min and reaction pressures of either 22.5 or 30 MPa. For treated coffee powder, the maximum observed sugar recovery was 6.3% for RS (150 °C and 30 MPa) and 9.0% for TRS (150 °C and 30 MPa). The maximum TPC recovery was 26.64 mg GAE (Gallic Acid Equivalent)/g powder coffee, observed at 200 °C and 22.5 MPa. For the defatted coffee cake, the maximum sugar yields were 8.79% and 17.23% for RS and TRS; both observed at a treatment temperature of 175 °C. The highest TPC yield was 55.31 mg TPC GAE/g defatted coffee cake, also at 175 °C. HPLC was used to quantify specific carbohydrates (arabinose, cellobiose, glucose, and xylose), 5-hydroxy-methyl-furfural (5-HMF) and furfural in both coffee waste hydrolyzates, providing evidence of thermal degradation of the coffee carbohydrates. Scanning electron microscopy of the treated samples revealed particles deposited on the surface and other signs of physical degradation of the biomass structure. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy of the residues revealed that the density of surface bound acid groups increased with increasing treatment temperature. The results presented here provide a basis for the use of subcritical water to obtain reducing sugars and phenolic compounds from coffee residue.

The demand for resources to supply the world's energy needs has been increasing day by day; agricultural processing wastes and residues generated by the industrial sector could be transformed into energy, mitigating environmental impact. Rising concern about environmental issues has been increasing, which, in turn, presses governments and companies to develop policies and solutions to solve these problems. In this context, the industrial symbiosis aims to reach sustainability by closing productive cycles, where the residues from an industry are the raw material for others. Agri-food residues are important sources of compounds with commercial interest that could be recovered both to decrease the volume of residues generated, and also to improve the economic viability of processes, by producing added value products. For this purpose, several applications of the supercritical technology to add value to agri-food residues through both extraction of high value-added compounds and hydrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass to produce fermentable sugars are presented.

Bioenergy obtained from lignocellulosic biomass is considered the most efficient way to achieve sustainable development in the future. However, there still are challenges in the cellulose conversion to hexoses, which could be used as raw material for the bioenergy production. Sub- and supercritical water hydrolysis have been researched as emergent technologies to obtain simple sugars from lignocellulosic biomass; however, the reaction pathways and kinetics of the hydrolysis of cellulose into oligomers and monomers, and their degradation under sub- and supercritical conditions, are not completely understood yet. Thus, this review provides an overview of the state-of-the-art on hydrolysis with sub- and supercritical water of model systems, cellulose and starch, in the context of elucidating the reaction pathways and kinetic behavior of the biomass hydrolysis to produce suitable fermentation substrates for the production of second generation bioethanol and other biofuels.

In this work, three residues from the food industry (coconut husk, defatted grape seed and pressed palm fiber) were subjected to subcritical water hydrolysis with the aim of producing fermentable sugars. Hydrolysis kinetics were determined using a semi-batch unit equipped with a 50 mL reactor. The process was conducted at 208 °C and 257 °C for 30 min, with water flow rate of 33 mL/min and under 20 MPa. The liquefaction degree of the raw materials increased with temperature. The total reducing sugars recovered also increased with temperature. Maximum total reducing sugars recovered for coconut husk, defatted grape seed and pressed palm fiber using SWH were 11.7%, 6.4% and 11.9% from total raw material, respectively. Coconut husk presented the highest amount of monosaccharides (3.4%), followed by pressed palm fiber (2.4%) and defatted grape seeds (0.7%). On the other hand, the degradation products that are also fermentation inhibitors increased with temperature as well. Each raw material presented a different monosaccharides and inhibitors profile, which indicates that SWH should be evaluated and optimized individually for each case.

The extraction of polyphenol compounds from jatoba (Hymenaea courbaril L. var stilbocarpa) bark using supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) with CO2 and cosolvents has been investigated. Among the solvent systems studied, SFE using CO2 and water (9:1, v/v), at 323 K and 35 MPa, presented the best results, with extract yield of 24%, and with high antioxidant activity (IC50 of 0.2 mg/cm3). This solvent system was used to determine global yield isotherms, which were built at 323 and 333 K, and 15, 25, and 35 MPa, using a second lot of jatoba. The highest yield was 11.5% at 15 MPa and 323 K, with maximum total phenolic compounds (TPC) of 335.00 mg TAE/g extract (d.b.) and total tannins content of 1.8 g/100 g raw material. A kinetic experiment was performed using optimized conditions, yielding 18% extract, and the kinetic parameters were used to scale-up the process from laboratory to pilot scale. Chemical analyses showed high content of phenolic compounds in the extracts of jatoba bark mostly due to the presence of procyanidins.

The extract of lemon verbena ( Aloysia triphylla ) was obtained by supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) using laboratory and pilot scale equipments. The scale-up criterion selected (maintaining solvent to feed ratio constant) was successfully used for a 14-fold scale-up. The extract obtained in pilot scale was separated in three fractions, which were characterized as for their phytochemical profile, total flavonoids content, and antioxidant activity. The extracts obtained by SFE were compared to classical Soxhlet extraction method. Maximum yield obtained for SFE was 1.8%, and for Soxhlet, 7.1%. The chemical composition revealed different phytochemical profiles for SFE and Soxhlet extracts; the last ones presented more flavonoids, while SFE extracts were more concentrated in volatile compounds. The major compounds identified in the volatile fraction of the extracts were spathulenol, phytol and octadecatrienal. Some extracts presented pro-oxidant activity and others presented antioxidant activity. The SFE p...

There is increased interest in reducing our reliance on fossil fuels and increasing the share of renewable raw materials in our energy supply chain due to environmental and economic concerns. Ethanol is emerging as a potential alternative to liquid fuels due to its eco-friendly characteristics and relatively low production costs. As ethanol is currently produced from commodities also used for human and animal consumption, there is an urgent need of identifying renewable raw materials that do not pose a competitive problem. Lignocellulosic agricultural residues are an ideal choice since they can be effectively hydrolyzed to fermentable sugars and integrated in the context of a biorefinery without competing with the food supply chain. However, the conventional hydrolysis methods still have major issues that need to be addressed. These issues are related to the processing rate and generation of fermentation inhibitors, which can compromise the quality of the product and the cost of the process. As the knowledge of the processes taking place during hydrolysis of agricultural residues is increasing, new techniques are being exploited to overcome these drawbacks. This review gives an overview of the state-of-the-art of hydrolysis with subcritical and supercritical water in the context of reusing agricultural residues for the production of suitable substrates to be processed during the fermentative production of bioethanol. Presently, subcritical and/or supercritical water hydrolysis has been found to yield low sugar contents mainly due to concurrent competing degradation of sugars during the hydrothermal processes. In this line of thinking, the present review also revisits the recent applications and advances to provide an insight of future research trends to optimize on the subcritical and supercritical process kinetics.

In this work, a subcritical water process was used for the hydrolysis of sugarcane bagasse with the aim of producing fermentable sugars. Hydrolysis kinetics was determined using a semi-batch unit equipped with a 50 mL reactor. Different sample loads (2 and 11 g), flow-rates (11, 22, 33, 44 and 55 mL/min) and temperatures (213, 251 and 290 °C) were evaluated, while maintaining constant pressure (20 MPa). The liquefaction degree of the sugarcane bagasse was not affected by water flow rate and increased with temperature; the maximum liquefaction degree was 95% for hydrolysis at 251 °C and 33 mL/min. The total reducing sugars recovered increased with flow rate up to 23%. The hydrolysis process was completed faster at higher temperatures, requiring 16 min. Maximum monosaccharides + cellobiose + cellotriose yield was 5.6% at 213 °C and 33 mL/min. Approximately 60% of the sugars recovered were in the oligomeric form.

Low-pressure solvent extraction (LPSE) and supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) were used to obtain extracts from mango (Mangifera indica) leaves. Kinetics curves were determined for both methodologies. The extracts chemical compositions and manufacturing costs were determined for both processes. Global yield isotherms for SFE process were determined at 10–40 MPa and 313–323 K. The highest yield was 2.24% at 30 MPa and 323 K; the LPSE yield (9.3%) was almost three times higher than that of SFE (3.6%). Thin layer chromatography showed that mango leaves extracts have several classes of compounds as alkaloids, flavonoids and terpenoids, recovered by both methods. The cost of manufacturing (COM) mango leaves extracts were US$ 32/kg and US$ 92/kg for LPSE and SFE, respectively.

Because of the today’s pursuit for healthy products, the production of vegetable extracts by supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) and ultrasound assisted extraction (UAE) is a field of industrial interest. Nonetheless, the lack of information on scale-up of these technologies to the industrial level and the relatively high investment associated with emergent extraction processes is responsible for the elimination of these technologies at the very early stages of process design, that is, during the selection of the extraction process. In order to avoid this prejudice, a preliminary analysis of the cost of manufacturing (COM) should be conducted with a minimum of experimental information, possibly gathered from the literature. If this tool is available to process design engineers, the various extraction techniques can be analyzed without any high investment bias. Thus, a simple method to estimate the COM of extracts by SFE and UAE is needed. In this chapter, rapid methods to estimate the COM of extracts obtained by these techniques are presented. The information required to perform such analysis is discussed based on scale-up issues. A compilation of the published data on the scale-up and COM of SFE and UAE processes is presented.

The scale-up of the supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) process for grape ( Vitis vinifera L.) seed was studied from the laboratory (0.29 L) to the pilot scale (5.15 L) at 35 MPa and 313 K. The scale-up criterion adopted consisted of maintaining a constant solvent to feed ratio (S/F), and the criterion was successfully used to predict the approximate behavior of the SFE process from the laboratory at the pilot scale for a 17-fold scale-up. Linoleic acid was the major component of the extract; palmitic, stearic and oleic acids were also detected. The economic evaluation showed that it is viable to establish a SFE plant in Brazil for SFE processing of grape seed. From the technical-economic evaluation, for SFE of grape seed at 313 K/35 MPa, an extraction time of 240 min and S/F of 6.6 produced the best relationship between yield and cost.

Foeniculum vulgare (fennel) and Pimpinella anisum (anise) extracts were obtained by Soxhlet, cold percolation, ultrasound assisted extraction, and centrifugal extraction using ethanol as solvent; anise extracts were also obtained by steam distillation. Soxhlet presented the highest yields for both fennel and anise seed (16.8% and 23.3%, respectively). The highest anethole content among ethanolic extracts was obtained for centrifugal extraction (6.8 mg/g and 143 mg/g for fennel and anise extracts, respectively). Steam distillation presented low yield (0.26%), but high anethole content (68–98%, area). Anise ethanolic extracts also tested positive for flavonoids.

Many scale-up criteria for supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) can be found in literature. However, the studies are often divergent and inconclusive; therefore, more studies on this field are needed. The objective of the present work was to study the scale-up of SFE process focusing application to Brazilian raw materials. A laboratory scale equipment (290 mL extraction vessel) and a pilot scale equipment (5.15 L extraction vessel) were used to study scale-up of SFE for clove and sugarcane residue. The scale-up criterion adopted consisted in maintaining solvent mass to feed mass ratio constant. The criterion was successfully used for a 15-fold scale-up of overall extraction curves for both raw materials studied; yields in pilot scale were slightly higher than in laboratory scale. The criterion studied allows a rapid and simple scale-up procedure, which can be very useful for the purpose of developing SFE technology at industrial scale in developing countries where such technology is still not available at industrial level.

Supercritical fluid extraction of chamomile using carbon dioxide was investigated in the current study. A model that accounts for both particle and fluid phase was presented for the supercritical extraction. The distribution coefficient of chamomile extract, between solid and solvent has been determined using genetic algorithm method. The model was solved numerically and was successfully validated with experimental data. The model was found to give superior results when compared to experimental data. The effect of particle diameter on extraction yield was investigated using the proposed model. Using genetic algorithm optimization technique 313.15 K and 20 MPa were found as the optimum temperature and pressure, respectively.

Brazilian Ginseng extracts of two species, Pfaffia paniculata and Pfaffia glomerata, were obtained by supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) with CO2 and by low-pressure solvent extraction (LPSE) with methanol, hexane and ethanol. The SFE assays were conducted at pressures of 100, 200 and 300 bar, and temperatures of 30 and 50 °C. The qualitative chemical compositions of the extracts were determined by thin layer chromatography (TLC). One of the active principles of interest from P. glomerata extract, β-ecdysone, was identified and quantified by HPLC. The antioxidant activities of Brazilian Ginseng extracts were determined by the coupled reaction of linolenic acid and β-carotene. For P. paniculata, the highest SFE yield was obtained at 200 bar/50 °C (0.22%, dry basis—d.b.), while the best extraction condition for P. glomerata was obtained at 200 bar/30 °C (0.18%, d.b.). The higher extract yields obtained by LPSE were 2.0% and 5.8% (w/w, d.b.) for P. paniculata and P. glomerata, respectively, both obtained with methanol as extraction solvent. From the overall extraction curve of P. glomerata, it was possible to obtain the kinetic parameters of extraction; the duration of the CER (constant extraction rate) period was determined as 134 min. The TLC plates showed the possible presence of flavonoids in the ethanolic extract for both Pfaffia species. The antioxidant activity analysis detected that LPSE extracts had higher activity than SFE extracts.

The objective of this work was to study the economical viability of supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) of oil and carotenoids from three Amazonian palm trees: buriti, pupunha and pressed palm fiber (PPF). Literature experimental SFE data were used to estimate the cost of manufacturing (COM) of oils and carotenoids present in the crops, considering five main costs: fixed cost of investment, operational labor, utilities, waste treatment and raw material. SFE at 40C/300 bar, 50C/250 bar and 45C/300 bar presented the lowest COM for buriti, pupunha and PPF oils, respectively. The time of extraction determined the concentration of carotenoids in the oils. Under the conditions studied, the prices of SFE oils were higher than the selling prices of pressed oils, not because of the investment cost, but because of the raw material cost. Nevertheless, it is known that SFE oils are generally richer in carotenoids, which should determine higher selling prices and special uses for the product. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS Oils extracted from the pulp and shell of Mauritia flexuosa (buriti) and Guilielma speciosa (pupunha) and from the pressed fiber of Elaes guineensis (palm oil), all of which are Amazonian palm fruits, are rich in carotenoids. Recent studies have shown that supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) may be economically viable to obtain vegetable extracts. However, it is important to study the economical viability of this technology, because the investment costsare usually pointed as the main reason why there are still no SFE industrial plants in Latin America. Studies showing SFE viability and each cost impact for Amazonian plants may be decisive in order to influence South American companies to invest in this green technology.

This chapter presents a literature review of biomass pretreatments that make use of carbon dioxide. Two supercritical technologies are considered: supercritical carbon dioxide explosion and sub/supercritical water hydrolysis with carbon dioxide. The main advantages presented by both techniques are the short time and improved sugar yield. Nonetheless, they are still under development and need further optimization, along with studies on economics, before they can become feasible at the industrial level.

Objetivou-se com este trabalho avaliar o efeito da simulação da prenhez (introdução de 100 esferas de chumbo no útero - CHU) e do uso de promotor de crescimento (PRC), em comparação a novilhas testemunhas vazias, porém, com atividade ovariana (novilhas vazias - VAZ) sobre o peso de carcaça, a conformação da carcaça, os comprimentos de carcaça e de perna, as espessuras do coxão e da gordura de cobertura, as proporções de osso, músculo e gordura e as perdas ao descongelamento e à cocção. Foram utilizadas 20 novilhas bubalinas da raça Murrah com média de 20 meses de idade. Após período de confinamento (84 dias), foram registrados pesos médios ao abate (PVA) de 422,6 kg, para as novilhas do tratamento VAZ; 414,9 kg, para as do tratamento CHU; e 451,8 kg, para as do tratamento PRC. Não houve diferença entre tratamentos para o peso vivo ao abate (429,8 kg), peso de carcaça quente (209,0 kg), conformação da carcaça (8,2 pontos), comprimentos de carcaça (122,9 cm) e de perna (68,1 cm), espessuras do coxão (25,0 cm) e da gordura de cobertura (4,8 mm), área de olho de lombo (57,1 cm²), proporções de músculo (60,6%), de osso (18,9%) e de gordura (20,5%), relações músculo/osso (3,2), músculo mais gordura (porção comestível)/osso (4,3), perdas ao descongelamento (9,3%), à cocção (23,4%) e do congelado após a cocção (30,5%), maciez (7,8 pontos), suculência (7,0 pontos) e palatabilidade (6,8 pontos). Concluiu-se que a utilização de promotor do crescimento e de esferas de chumbo no útero não influenciou as variáveis analisadas. This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of lead spheres placed in the uterus to simulate pregnancy and of growth promoter on carcass weight, carcass conformation, carcass and leg lengths, beef round and fat thickness, percentages of bone, muscle, and fat, and thawing and cooking losses. Twenty Murrah buffalo heifers averaging 20 months of age were randomly assigned to one of three treatments: control (non-pregnant heifers but with ovarian activity - NP), lead (100 lead spheres placed in the uterus - L), or growth promoter (GP). After 84 days in feedlot the average slaughter weights were 414.8, 451.8, and 422.6 kg for heifers on NP, L, and GP treatments, respectively. No significant differences were observed among treatments for slaughter body weight (429.8 kg), hot carcass weight (209.0 kg), carcass conformation (8.2 points), carcass length (122.9 cm), legs length (68.1 cm), cushion thickness (25.0 cm), loin eye area (57.1 cm²), fat thickness (4.8 mm), percentages of muscle (60.6%), bone (18.9%), and fat (20.5%), muscle/bone ratio (3.2), muscle plus fat/bone ratio (4.3), thawing loss (9.3%), cooking (23.4%) and freezing to cooking losses (30.5%), tenderness (7.8 points), juiciness (7.0 points), and flavor (6.7 points). It was concluded that the use of growth promoter or lead spheres in the uterus had no significant effects on the studied variables.

The original version of this article unfortunately contained a mistake: Juliane Prado was not listed among the authors. The complete authors are given above.

The main driving forces for the development of biofuels are the instability of world oil prices, security of energy supply, global warming, and the creation of new opportunities for agriculture. Interest in the commercial production of biofuels for transport was renewed in the mid-1970s, when ethanol began to be produced from sugarcane (Brazil) and corn (United States) for blending mandates, which defi ne the proportion of biofuel that must be used in road transport fuel. Nowadays over 50 countries have adopted blending targets. However, biofuels are still little represented in comparison to fossil fuels. This chapter will discuss the advances in the production of fi rst, second and third generation biofuels, mainly sugarand starch-based ethanol, conventional biodiesel, biogas and biomethane, cellulosic ethanol, syngas, bio-oil from pyrolysis and hydrothermal process, hydrogen, and the biorefi nery concept. The production of biomass for biofuels and the future trends of biofuels development also are discussed in this chapter.

Scientific knowledge about the use of natural products with functional properties, consumer demand for high‐quality products, as well as legislative actions to reduce the use of synthetic food additives have led to an increase in the use of products from natural sources. This chapter aims to provide context information about the potential commercial uses of extracts from natural sources obtained by various extraction techniques, illustrating their importance in industry and identifying the scope of the techniques and aspects discussed in the following chapters. The main commercial applications of extracts from natural sources discussed here comprise their use as colorants, functional food, nutraceuticals, flavors and fragrances, preserving agents, and edible/non‐edible oils and fats applied to cosmetic, pharmaceutical and food industries. However, due to their nature, natural products are complex and therefore several aspects must be considered for each application, including importance, chemical characteristics of main compounds present and possible mechanisms of action.

In this chapter, the principles and fundamental aspects of the extraction of bioactive compounds from natural products are discussed in detail. Conventional extraction techniques like soaking, Soxhlet and distillation with water and/or steam are presented, and their applications in the extraction of bioactive compounds from natural sources are discussed. The main variables that influence the conventional extraction techniques (solvent choice, temperature, time, solvent to feed ratio) are also discussed. Moreover, examples of different application are presented, mainly related to the effects of process parameters in the final yield.

Scientific knowledge about the use of natural products with functional properties, consumer demand for high‐quality products, as well as legislative actions to reduce the use of synthetic food additives have led to an increase in the use of products from natural sources. This chapter aims to provide context information about the potential commercial uses of extracts from natural sources obtained by various extraction techniques, illustrating their importance in industry and identifying the scope of the techniques and aspects discussed in the following chapters. The main commercial applications of extracts from natural sources discussed here comprise their use as colorants, functional food, nutraceuticals, flavors and fragrances, preserving agents, and edible/non‐edible oils and fats applied to cosmetic, pharmaceutical and food industries. However, due to their nature, natural products are complex and therefore several aspects must be considered for each application, including importance, chemical characteristics of main compounds present and possible mechanisms of action.

Tea and coffee are among the most consumed beverages worldwide, not only for their organoleptic properties but also due to their potential effects in the human organism. In recent decades, intensive research has been conducted on the phytochemical profiles of these beverages. Special interest has be...

EnglishThe objective of the present work was to evaluate intake, performance, carcass charac-teristics and chemical meat composition of Holstein steers. Forty eight castrated steers, with an average age of 24 months and an initial average weight of 405 kg, were used; they were distributed into a completely randomized set, with (WFR) or without (WTFR) fat inclusion in the diet and three slaughter weights (450, 510 and 600 kg), with eight repetitions. The inclusion of fat in the diet caused an effect (p0.05) the intake of nutrients. The daily average gain (1.12 kg/day), the feed conversation ratio (12.8 kg/kg gain), dressing percentage (47.8%), back fat thickness (4.82 mm), rib eye area (109.5 cm2) and rib eye area/100 kg of muscle (43.3 cm2/100 kg) were not affected by the fat inclusion or by the slaughter weights. Chilling loss was higher at slaughter at 450 kg as compared with the others (510 and 600 kg). There was no effect (p portuguesObjetivou-se com este trabalho avaliar o consumo, desempenho, e caracteristicas de carcaca e composicao da carne de novilhos da raca Holandesa. Foram utilizados 48 novilhos castrados, com idade media de 24 meses e peso medio inicial de 405 kg, distribuidos em um delineamento inteiramente casualizado, num fatorial 2x3, com (RCG) ou sem (RSG) inclusao de gordura na dieta e tres pesos de abate (450, 510 e 600 kg), com oito repeticoes. Houve efeito (p0,05) os consumos de nutrientes. O ganho medio diario (1,12 kg/dia), a conversao alimentar (12,8 kg/kg ganho), o rendimento de carcaca (47,8%), a espessura de gordura (4,82 mm), area de olho de lombo (109,5 cm2) e area de olho de lombo/100 kg de carcaca (43,3 cm2/100 kg) nao foram afetadas pela inclusao de gordura ou pelos pesos de abate. A quebra no resfriamento foi maior para o abate com 450 kg do que para os demais (510 e 600 kg). Nao houve efeito (p

This work was carried out to study the effect of pregnancy on performance, carcass characteristics and chemical composition of crossbred heifers in comparison with nonpregnant heifers finished in feedlot. Five pregnant heifers and five nonpregnant heifers, 20 months old and with initial live weight of 327 kg were used. The initial live weight, final weight, average daily gain, intake, feed conversion, carcass weight, hot carcass dressing, Longissimus area and fat thickness (4.21 mm) did not differ (p > 0.05) between treatments. Pregnant heifers chuck showed higher levels (p < 0.05) of moisture and ash, and lower levels (p < 0.05) of total fat, than nonpregnant heifers. Pregnant heifers rump showed higher levels (p < 0.05) of moisture. Nonpregnant heifers striploin had the highest level (p < 0.05) of moisture. The fatty acid profile of pregnant heifers chuck had the highest levels (p < 0.05) of 14:0, 16:1n7 and 20:4n6, but showed the lowest level (p < 0.05) of 17:0. Nonpregnant heifers topside showed the highest levels (p < 0.05) of 18:1t11 and 18:2c9t1. Pregnant heifers chuck showed the highest level (p < 0.05) of PUFA. Nonpregnant heifers had higher levels of n-6 fatty acids than pregnant heifers. The striploin of pregnant heifers showed higher percentage (p < 0.05) of n-3.

The aim of this work was the replacement evaluation of corn by dry by-product of cassava starch extraction on carcass traits of crossbreed heifers in feedlot. Thirty crossbred heifers aged 21 months were used. In pre-experimental period (49 days) the heifers were fed with soybean meal and corn concentrate (19.67% CP). In the experimental period (57 days) 15 heifers were fed with the previous diet and the other 15 were fed with by-product of cassava and sorghum silage. Subcutaneous fat was thicker (P Longissimus dorsi area (70.91 vs 63.17 cm2) and the muscle percentage (69.83 vs 66.29%) were highen (p < 0.05) for the heifers that consumed the diet with dry cassava by-products than the others with corn diet. The replacement of corn by dry cassava by-products influenced carcass traits

O objetivo do presente estudo foi comparar a composicao quimica e perfil de acidos graxos entre acem, alcatra, contrafile, coxao mole e patinho de novilhas cruzadas (½ Nelore vs ½ Charoles) terminadas em confinamento. O patinho, coxao mole e contrafile apresentaram maior percentagem (p n -3, C 20:4 n -6, C 20:5 n -3, AGPI, n- e n -3 do patinho (0,98, 1,88, 0,74, 9,34, 7,61 e 1,73%) foram superiores (p