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The lberian Península provides an excellent context in which to assess the final impact of population movements entering the European continent from the east as well as prehistoric and historie connections with North Africa. We report new genome-wide data from 271 ancient individuals from Iberia, providing the most comprehensive genetic time transect of any world region over the last 8,000 years. We document population structure in the peninsula's hunter-gatherers, with northwestern but not southeastern individuals showing increased genetic affinity to central European hunter-gatherers in the centuries befare the arrival of farmers. We provide evidence of sporadic contacts from North Africa beginning at least -4,500 years ago, and by -4,000 years ago the replacement of -40% of the autosomal ancestry and 100% of the Y-chromosomes of Bronze Age groups by migrants ultimately originating in the steppe. From the lron Age, we report genome-wide data from individuals excavated in non-lndo-European speaking regions and show that they were genetically similar to contemporaries from an lndo-European-speaking region in harboring substantial proportions of steppe ancestry. With the exception of Basques who remain broadly similar to lron Age populations, during the past 2,500 years lberian populations were affected by additional gene-flow from the central/eastern Mediterranean region, probably associated with the Roman conques!, and from North Africa during the period of Muslim rule but also in earlier periods. Universidad de Málaga. Campus de Excelencia Internacional Andalucía Tech.

Rare earth elements (REE) have been employed in a variety of different scenarios in order to identify the natural or anthropogenic nature of archaeological soils [1,2] . In this study, REE signatures were employed to better understand the layers formation in a cavity called Cocina cave, a large cavity of 300 m2 located at Barranco de la Ventana, one of the ravines flowing southwards from La Canal valley, a little plateau located in the municipality of Dos Aguas (Valencia, Spain). Cocina cave is characterized of very homogenous sediment deposition where it is difficult to understand layers formation processes just employing the traditional archaeological methods and the standardized soil analyses. The archaeological sequence encompasses last hunter-gatherer Holocene occupations in the regional sequence (Mesolithic) followed by several levels attributed to the Neolithic, Bronze Age and historic occupations until the XX century, these last regarding the use of the cavity as a pen. In order to understand the development history of the strata and the anthropogenic or natural formation of soils a total of fifty samples were taken across six different sections (A, B, C, D, E, F, G) and from each section the sampling was carried out at different depths through 1-2m deep sections. All samples were recovered from current pits excavated at the cavity corresponding with some profiles that encompass different strata including natural deposits and hunter and penning activities together with other possible uses not well defined from archaeological data. Several radiocarbon dates confirm the anthropogenic use of the cavity from the IX millennium cal BP to the contemporary times. Major, minor and trace elements including REE were determined employing XRF and ICP- MS. Results were then statistically processed and cross-referenced with archaeological data to aid interpretation. The results show that REE provide interesting details regarding the strata development history, and therefore help archaeologists to better understand the occupation, use and abandonment phases of the cave. [1] Pastor et al., TrAC 78 (2016) 48. [2] Gallello et al., JAS 40 (2013) 799.

Este capítulo tiene como objetivo la comprensión de la estratigrafía en Cueva de la Cocina, y más en concreto de las intervenciones realizadas por Pericot en el año 1941 y 1945. Para ello se hará uso del conjunto de dataciones radiocarbónicas disponibles para dichas intervenciones sobre las que se elaborarán diferentes modelos cronológicos a partir de la estadística bayesiana. Finalmente sobre los resultados de la modelización cronológica se discierne en torno a la ocupación mesolítica de la cueva a lo largo del Mesolítico reciente (entidad arqueológica conocida como Mesolítico geométrico), haciendo hincapié en las diferentes fases culturales (Geométrico A y B) y sus rangos cronológicos. This chapter aims to understand the stratigraphy in Cueva de la Cocina, and more specifically the interventions made by Pericot in 1941 and 1945. To do this, we will use the set of radiocarbon dating available for these interventions on which different chronological models will be elaborated using Bayesian statistics. Finally, on the results of the chronological modeling, the Mesolithic occupation of the cave along the recent Mesolithic (archaeological entity known as Geological Mesolithic) is emphasized, highlighting the different cultural phases (Geometric A and B) and their chronological ranges.

Presentamos en esta comunicación los resultados preliminares del análisis arqueo-estadístico del conjunto de la colección lítica tallada recuperada durante las intervenciones de Luís Pericot (1941-1945) en Cueva de la Cocina (Dos Aguas, Valencia) (Figura 1). Hasta la fecha los estudios llevados a cabo se habían restringido a la inte rvención del año 1945, además de algunos recuentos parciales de las piezas líticas retocadas seleccionadas durante la excavación (Pericot 1945). En el marco de los proyectos HAR2012-3311"1M ESO COCINA"y HAR2015-68962 "EVOLPATS" se ha procedido al estudio de artefactos y ecofactos resultado de las distintas intervenciones llevadas a cabo en la cavidad (García Puchol et al. 2017). Con esta finalidad se ha diseñado un laboratorio virtual de trabajo que integra la información espacial en un entorno 3D (R Core Time 2016). En esta comunicación vamos a explorar la variabilidad espacial y tempora l del conjunto lítico ta llado de las intervenciones de Pericot centrándonos en las unidades arqueológicas atr ibuidas al Mesolítico geométrico. El voluminoso conjunto de materiales incluye una gran cant idad de restos de ta lla principalmente restos derivados de la producción laminar (láminas y fragmentos de láminas, incluyendo núcleos y crestas de preparación) dirigida a la fabricación de proyectiles geométricos (Figura 2). Entre los útiles retocados , además de los geométricos abundan las láminas con muescas (Montbaní). La primera fase del trabajo ha estado dedicada a la clasificación del conjunto de materiales atend iendo a los sectores y capas referidos por el excavador. A cont inuación, el procedimiento analítico diseñado ha incluido la generación de la dispersión espacial de los materiales a partir del cálculo de las densidades por capa y sector, y el análisis de la distribución diacrónica mediante el apoyo de la modelización bayesiana. La aplicación de diferentes métodos arqueo-estadísticos a partir de la categorización tecnol ógica y tipológica llevada a cabo permite contrastar hipótesis explicativas de la variabilidad observada atend iendo a patro nes de ocupación y explotación del te rritorio que derivan de modelos generados en el marco de la Ecología del Comportamiento Humano. We present in this communication the preliminary results of the archaeo-statistical analysis of the lithic collection recovered during the interventions of Luís Pericot (1941-1945) in Cueva de la Cocina (Dos Aguas, Valencia) (Figure 1). To date, the studies carried out had been restricted to the intervention of the year 1945, in addition to some partial counts of the retouched lithic pieces selected during the excavation (Pericot 1945). Within the framework of the HAR2012-3311 "MESO COCINA" and HAR2015-68962 "EVOLPAST" projects, the study of artifacts and ecofacts has been the result of the different interventions carried out in the cavity (García Puchol et al. 2017). For this purpose, a virtual work laboratory has been designed that integrates spatial information into a 3D environment (R Core Team 2016). In this communication we are going to explore the spatial and temporal variability of the lithic group described by Pericot's interventions, focusing on the archaeological units related to the geometric Mesolithic. The voluminous set of materials includes a large amount of remains of size mainly residues derived from laminar production (blades and fragments of blades, including cores and preparation crests) aimed at the manufacture of geometric projectiles (Figure 2). Among the retouched tools, in addition to the geometric, there are many notched blades (Montbaní). The first phase of the work has been dedicated to the classification of the materials according to the sectors and layers referred to by the excavator. Next, the designed analytical procedure has included the generation of spatial dispersion of materials from the calculation of densities by layer and sector, and the analysis of diachronic distribution through the support of Bayesian modeling. The application of different archeo-statistical methods based on the technological and typological categorization carried out makes it possible to test explanatory hypotheses of the variability observed in response to patterns of occupation and exploitation of the territory that derive from models generated within the framework of the Ecology of Human Behavior.

Presentamos en esta comunicación el diseño y desarrollo del trabajo de virtualización 3D de las excavaciones en Cueva de la Cocina (Dos Aguas, Valencia) en el marco de un proyecto integral de invest igación cuyo objetivo es dar a conocer las dinámicas socio-ecológicas de los últimos caza-recolectores y el primer neolítico a partir de la lectura de la interesante secuencia proporcionada por este yacimiento (fig. 1). El proyecto contempla el diseño de un programa de trabajo que integra la información arqueo lógica de las diferentes intervenciones realizadas en el lugar en un entorno 3D (García Puchol et al., 2016). Los resultados ofrecidos corresponden a la reconstrucción de las campañas desarrolladas por Pericot en la década de los años 40 del pasado siglo (campañas 1941, 1942, 1943 y 1945) (Pericot, 1945). De este modo, y de forma paralela, el trabajo se ha estructurado en una ser ie de fases que incluyen de un lado la clasificación y análisis de artefactos y ecofactos, la reconstrucción 3D de la estratigrafía de las excavacio nes a partir de la información disponible en los diarios de campo, y la implementación de un programa radiométrico diseñado atendiendo a los criterios de la modelización bayesiana (García Puchol et al., 2017). We present in this communication the design and development of the 3D virtualization work of the excavations in Cueva de la Cocina (Dos Aguas, Valencia) within the framework of a comprehensive research project whose objective is to raise awareness of the socio-ecological dynamics of the last hunter-gatherers and the first agriculturalists thanks to the interesting sequence provided by the site (fig. 1). The project contemplates the design of a program that integrates the archaeological information of the different interventions carried out at site in a 3D environment (García Puchol et al., 2016). The results offered correspond to the reconstruction of the fieldworks seasons carried out by Lluís Pericot in the 1940s (1941, 1942, 1943 and 1945) (Pericot, 1945). In this way, and in parallel, the work has been structured in a series of phases that include the classification and analysis of artifacts and ecofacts, the 3D reconstruction of the stratigraphy of the excavations from the available information in the field diaries, and the implementation of a radiometric program designed according to a Bayesian modeling criteria (García Puchol et al., 2017).

Comunicación oral en el VI Congreso del Neolítico en la Península Ibérica: “Los cambios económicos y sus implicaciones sociales durante el Neolítico de la Península Ibérica”, 22-26 junio 2016 Granada, El objetivo de esta comunicación es dar a conocer los resultados preliminares del proyecto HAR12-33111 “MesoCocina: los últimos caza-recolectores y el paradigma de la neolitización en el Mediterráneo peninsular” que ha tenido como eje de actuación el análisis pormenorizado del excepcional registro prehistórico recuperado en Cueva de la Cocina (Dos Aguas, Valencia). En el transcurso de los tres últimos años se ha procedido al análisis de las colecciones correspondientes a las excavaciones efectuadas por Ll. Pericot en los años 40 del pasado siglo así como aquellos resultados de las campañas dirigidas posteriormente por J. Fortea en los años 70. Al mismo tiempo se han llevado a cabo dos intervenciones de campo en la cavidad con el fin de obtener información precisa sobre las características de una secuencia clave a propósito de las ocupaciones del Mesolítico final en el Mediterráneo occidental, y que además contiene evidencias de frecuentaciones posteriores, desde el Neolítico Antiguo hasta la edad del Bronce. El establecimiento de un marco radiométrico preciso ha sido una de las prioridades junto a la reconstrucción tridimensional de todas las actuaciones realizadas hasta la fecha en el sitio. Bajo esta óptica procederemos a reevaluar la variabilidad de la cultura material, de las actividades de subsistencia, del mundo simbólico y las conexiones sociales en el entorno medioambiental donde se llevaron a cabo desde una amplia perspectiva diacrónica, entre el inicio del IX y el III milenio cal BP. Ciñéndonos al marco de este congreso nos centraremos especialmente en los nuevos datos relativos a la secuencia de los últimos caza-recolectores y el primer Neolítico en la cavidad.

During the last decades we gain a considerable amount of new data about the Mesolithic toolkit in the Western Mediterranean. A large set of instruments probably existed for a variety of purposes: foraging practices (both hunting and fishing), food processing, crafting activities, etc. Expedient, disposable tools, scarcely elaborated, coexisted with formal and more complex instruments, often composed of multiple parts and realized on a variety of materials (e.g. stone, shell or bone inserts; bone or wood hafts, etc.). In this paper we will consider one particular type of tool that appears in the Western Mediterranean starting from the VII-VI millennium cal BC: the notched or denticulated blades. We will consider materials proceedings from five different Late Mesolithic contexts: the Cocina Cave, the Abric de la Falaguera and Vallmayor in the NE of the Peninsula, Artusia rock-shelters in Navarre and Atxoste and Mendandia rock-shelters in the Basque country. The results of our analysis indicate that all the studied materials are characterized by some common traits, both on a technological and functional level. Notches are often shaped through bending fractures, even if some elements are shaped through abrupt retouch. Also the cinematic of the tool appears almost identical in all the observed implements, while the major variability is observed among the worked materials. The notches appear to be used for scraping a variety of materials, from soft vegetal and animal substances, to woody plants or hardanimal material such as bone and antler. Even if data is still too scarce to draw definitive conclusions, we cannot exclude that notched blades represented a particular category of artifact, a crafting tool employable to scrape a variety of materials. However, interpretative problems (the overlaps between use-wear traces) and taphonomic alterations still represent a problem to overcome.

The site of Pastora Cave, located in eastern Spain, provides us with an interesting funerary sequence for the Late Neolithic/Chalcolithic period (middle IV millennium until the last centuries of III millennium cal BC). The site was excavated in 1940, 1945 and 1950 and is one of over 130 known burial caves with multiple inhumations in the Valencia region from this period. Numerous human remains were found (55) with some rich and elaborate grave goods, especially flint blades made with foreign raw materials. In this work we present the results of technological and functional analyses of 61 blades from this site. The results show clear differences in size and technological characteristics that suggest several areas of production origins. We identified a lack of use wear for a significant number of these objects and propose hypotheses about the meaning of their presence in funerary contexts., Fieldwork and laboratory analysis were supported by National Geographic Society (McClure and García Grant 8281-07), the University of Valencia, the University of Oregon, The Pennsylvania State University, the Museo de Prehistoria de Valencia and the Museum Arqueologic Municipal Camil Visedo Molto de Alcoi. Virtual reconstruction was made by Global Geomatica Valencia.

In this paper we present the preliminary results of the functional analysis of a set of geometric tools (mainly trapezes and triangles) from the Mesolithic layers of the Cocina Cave (Valencia region, Eastern Spain). This site has a long stratigraphic sequence that includes late Mesolithic and Early Neolithic levels. A recent revision of the lithic assemblage from a selected pit (E1) provided the basis for the study of the dynamics of lithic techno-typology from the first levels of the sequence (middle of the IX millennium cal BP) until the end of the Mesolithic period (dated around the middle of VIII millennium cal BP). Use-wear analysis provided data on the degree of use, and the relation between hafting and shape. This information allows us to explain some hypotheses for understanding the change mechanisms that operated in lithic style and their translation in chronocultural terms., Laboratory analyses were supported by the project HAR2012-33111 “MESO COCINA: los últimos caza-recolectores y el paradigma de la neolitización en el mediterráneo occidental)” of the University of Valencia and the Museo de Prehistoria de Valencia. The ANR project directed by P. Allard “The last hunter-gatherers of Western Europe” supported the C14 dataset.

[EN] In the framework of the Project “Pastora Cave Project and the emergence of social hierarchies in Mediterranean Spain (National Geographic Societe), we have proceded to check one of the more characteristic sites for the analyse the funerary behavoir in the Late Neolithic/Chalcolithic (3800-2200 cal BC) in central valencian región, Spain. The site provides an interesting archaeological record that containes numerous grave goods (big blades and points of chert, ornaments, carved idols) asociated with human burials. In this work we present a preliminary analyse of these singular objects and we propose some hypotheses about their meaning and their implications for the social networks., [ES] En el marco del proyecto "Pastora Cave Project and the emergence of social hierarchies in Mediterranean Spain (National Geographic Society)" se ha procedido a la revisión de uno de los registros emblemáticos para el estudio del comportamiento funerario del Neolítico final/Calcolítico (3800-2200 cal AC) en el ámbito valenciano. El yacimiento ha proporcionado un interesante conjunto de objetos singulares asociados a los individuos inhumados que comprende diversas artesanías líticas talladas (grandes láminas, puntas de flecha), elementos de adornos (cuentas de collar y colgantes de materias primas muy variadas), ídolos sobre hueso largo entre otros materiales destacados. La evaluación de su singularidad y significado, así como los mecanismos de circulación a través de las redes existentes, constituyen los argumentos desarrollados en esta presentación.

Resultados de las estructuras de habitación, cultura material y análisis de datos paleoambientales.