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In mid-1851 a civil war erupted in Chile following a presidential election in which Manuel Montt defeated José María de la Cruz. Many of Cruz's supporters were sent to the distant penal colony of Magallanes. In November 1851, Lieutenant Miguel José Cambiaso, who was part of the garrison, was jailed for insubordination and subsequently led a bloody mutiny disguised as a revolt by Cruz's supporters. The mutiny is familiar to historians of the period, but what is less well known is the key role played by the British in suppressing it. Contrary to previous historiography, the Chilean government pleaded for British intervention. Given the poor state of the Chilean navy and the precariousness of communications with the penal colony, the Chilean government had no option but to resort to British naval forces. This incident illustrates a new dimension of Anglo-Chilean relations during the mid-nineteenth century which cannot be defined solely as imperialistic; Chilean authorities actively sought cooperation from the British. It also highlights the fragility of the process of state formation in a republic long praised as an example of successful political transition from colony to republic, as well as the lack of commitment of the Chilean government to shoring up state power in Magallanes.

Rafael Cerón,1,2 Adolfo Martínez,2 Christian Ramos,3 Adrián De la Cruz,2 Anel García,2 Iveth Mendoza,2 Goujon Palmeros,2 Efreen Horacio Montaño Figueroa,3 Juan Navarrete,4 Silvia Jiménez-Morales,5 Carlos Martinez-Murillo,3 Irma Olarte2 1Posgrado en Ciencias Biológicas, Biomedicina, UNAM, CDMX, México; 2Department of Molecular Biology, Hematology Service, Hospital General de México, “Dr. Eduardo Liceaga”, Mexico City, Mexico; 3Department of Medical Hematology, Hospital General de México, “Dr. Eduardo Liceaga”, Mexico City, Mexico; 4Department of Hematopathology, Hospital General de México, “Dr. Eduardo Liceaga”, Mexico City, Mexico; 5Laboratory of Cancer Genomics, National Institute of Genomic Medicine, Mexico City, MexicoCorrespondence: Irma Olarte, Dr. Balmis 148, Col. Doctores, Alc. Cuauhtémoc, Mexico City, ZC. 06726, Mexico, Tel +525527892000 Ext. 1609, Email irmaolartec@yahoo.comPurpose: Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is a heterogeneous malignant lymphoid neoplasm and is the most common subtype of non-Hodgkin lymphoma in adults. More than half of patients with DLBCL can achieve remission with standard R-CHOP regimes; however, approximately 30– 40% of patients are still failing this standard therapy, which remains as an important cause of progression and mortality of this disease. It is necessary to have diagnostic and monitoring tools that allow us to improve the accuracy of prognosis in these patients. Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) identification through molecular biomarkers is one of the novel strategies that have been used in other types of cancer, and we aim to use this tool to analyze the potential role in DLBCL.Patients and Methods: We analyzed 138 blood samples of patients with DLBCL, of which CTCs were isolated by density gradient for subsequent detection and quantitation of molecular biomarkers using RT-qPCR with TaqMan probes. Survival analysis was performed using Kaplan–Meier curves.Results: We found overexpression of ABCB1, αSMA, BCL2, BCL6 and VEGFR1 genes, as well as the presence of CK19, EpCAM, KI67, MAGE-A4, SNAIL and TWIST1 genes. CK19 and EpCAM expression were associated with a minor OS (85.7% vs 98.1%, p = 0.002). The overexpression of BCL2, BCL6, VEGFR1 and TWIST1 was related to a minor EFS (p = 0.001).Conclusion: This study showed that in liquid biopsies analyzed, the presence of CTCs can be confirmed through molecular biomarkers, and it has an impact on OS and EFs, making this detection useful in the follow-up and prognosis of patients with DLBCL.Keywords: biomarkers, CTCs, lymphoma, liquid biopsies

Reportes de mordeduras por tarántulas a humanos son raros. La tarántula es una araña venenosa de la familia Theraphosidae, habitante común en regiones tropicales. La severidad del envenenamiento depende de la especie y tamaño que puede variar de dolor leve a intenso, edema localizado y espasmos musculares. Presentamos un caso de mordedura de tarántula en la selva Amazónica del Ecuador. Mujer de 35 años, mordida en el tercer dedo de la mano derecha, mientras realizaba actividades domésticas. Presenta dolor intenso, limitación de movimientos, eritema, calor y edema del dedo y mano afectada. Valores de la biometría hemática dentro de rangos normales. Se administró ketorolaco y dexametasona con mejoría en 24 horas. Es importante reportar estos casos que son frecuentes en las zonas rurales tropicales, por su desconocimiento pueden ser mal manejados; recomendamos el registro en las estadísticas nacionales y la colaboración de entomólogos para la identificación a nivel de especie.

A set of Y-type zeolites with Si/Al atomic ratios between 7–45 were studied as catalysts in the aminocyclization reaction between acrolein and ammonia to produce pyridine and 3-picoline. The catalytic activity tests at 360 °C revealed that the acrolein conversion increased in the order Z45 < ZY34 < ZY7 < ZY17, in agreement with the increase of the total acidity per gram of catalyst. In all cases, pyridine bases and cracking products (acetaldehyde and formaldehyde) were detected in the outflow from the reactor. The total yield of pyridines was inversely proportional to the total acidity for the catalysts, which presented large surface areas and micro- and mesoporosity. The selectivity towards 3-picoline was favored when using catalysts with a Brønsted/Lewis acid sites ratio close to 1. The formation of pyridine occurred more selectively over Lewis acid sites than Brønsted acid sites. The deactivation tests showed that the time on stream of the catalysts depended on the textural properties of zeolites, i.e., large pore volume and large BET area, as evidenced by the deactivation rate constants and the characterization of the spent catalysts. The physicochemical properties of the catalysts were determined by XRD, UV-vis, and Raman spectroscopies, infrared spectroscopy with adsorbed pyridine, N2 physisorption, and SEM-EDXS. After the reaction, the spent catalysts were characterized by XRD, Raman spectroscopy, TGA, and SEM-EDXS, indicating that the uniform deposition of polyaromatic species on the catalyst surface and within the porous system resulted in the loss of activity.

Analysis of a sample of around 4,600 women born between the 1860s and the 1990s finds that the height of adult females increased by about 5 cm, primarily from the 1860s to the 1880s and during the second half of the twentieth century—representing the greatest known improvement in women’s biological welfare in Chilean history. Chilean women have never been as tall as they are today. The secular height increase was higher for men than for women, but only slightly. The increasing sexual dimorphism in stature since the 1920s (achieving its highest value ever during the 1990s) suggests that male stature is more sensitive than female stature to changes in environmental conditions. Adult female heights also correlate with positive gradients in literacy and occupational status, and negative height differentials are in evidence between the native (Mapuche) population and the population with European ancestry.

Let n > m n>m be fixed positive coprime integers. For v > 0 v>0 , we give a topological description of the set Λ ( v ) \Lambda (v) , consisting of points [ x : y : z ] [x:y:z] in the complex projective plane for which the equation x ζ n + y ζ m + z = 0 x\zeta ^n +y \zeta ^m+z=0 has a root with norm v v . It is shown that the set Ω ( v ) = P C 2 ∖ Λ ( v ) \Omega (v)= {\mathbb P_{\mathbb C}} ^2 \setminus \Lambda (v) has n + 1 n+1 components. Moreover, the topological type of each component is given. The same results hold for Λ \Lambda and Ω = P C 2 ∖ Λ \Omega ={\mathbb P_{\mathbb C}}^2 \setminus \Lambda , where Λ \Lambda denotes the set obtained as the union of all the complex tangent lines to the 3 3 -sphere at the points of the torus knot, that is, the knot obtained by intersecting { [ x : y : 1 ] ∈ P C 2 : | x | 2 + | y | 2 = 1 } \{[x:y:1] \in \mathbb {P}_{\mathbb C}^2 : |x|^2+|y|^2=1\} and the complex curve { [ x : y : 1 ] ∈ P C 2 : y m = x n } \{[x:y:1] \in {\mathbb P_{\mathbb C}} ^2 : y^m=x^n\} . Finally, we use the linking number of a distinguished family of circles and the torus knot to give a numerical invariant which determines the components of Ω \Omega in a unique way.

House-screening (HS) using fixed-aluminium frames to reduce the risk of indoor infestation with Aedes aegypti mosquitoes as well as the risk of Aedes-transmitted diseases in communities living in endemic areas. However, the success of this approach has been hindered by the elevated cost of the aluminium-based materials as well as their professional installation, which cannot be afforded by people living under vulnerable conditions. Cost-saving strategies such as the use of low-cost materials including wood, PVC, and Velcro are within the list of HS options available and offered by HS businesses and/or Do-it-yourself (DIY) packages verbi gratia ready-made and ready-to-install mosquito-screens. Here, we evaluated the efficacy of low-cost frames constructed with different materials to protect against Ae. aegypti indoor infestation using experimental huts. The efficacy of protection in preventing female mosquito passing inside the huts of any of the options of frames was high (>93%) compared to the control with no-screen. People’s perceptions on the different materials showed the most “popular” alternative was the frame made of wood (62%). All the prototype-frames of HS made of different materials were effective at blocking Ae. aegypti entering-mosquitoes particularly, low-cost options like magnets and Velcro.

After the tropical storm Cristobal, we performed special adult entomological collections in the peri-domicile of 35 houses from 25 neighborhoods of Merida, Yucatan, Mexico in response to complaints from the community about an increased nuisance due to an abundance of mosquitoes. A total of 1,275 specimens from four genera and 13 species were collected: Aedes taeniorhynchus (92%), Culex quinquefasciatus (72%), Aedes aegypti (72%), Psorophora mexicana (36%), Psorophora cyanescens (32%), Aedes scapularis (24%), Culex nigripalpus (24%), Aedes albopictus (8%), Psorophora ferox (4%), Haemagogus equinus (4%), Aedes trivittatus (4%), Culex coronator (4%), Culex iolambdis (4%). From these collections, the increased mosquito nuisance was mainly the result of invasive species such as Aedes taeniorhynchus and Psorophora. City wide, vehicle mounted ULV spraying was performed by the MoH and the municipality of Merida to control adult mosquito populations. We report Culex iolambdis for the first time in Merida and Psorophora mexicana for the state of Yucatan.

Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is a heterogeneous malignant lymphoid neoplasm and is the most common subtype of non-Hodgkin lymphoma in adults. More than half of patients with DLBCL can achieve remission with standard R-CHOP regimes; however, approximately 30-40% of patients are still failing this standard therapy, which remains as an important cause of progression and mortality of this disease. It is necessary to have diagnostic and monitoring tools that allow us to improve the accuracy of prognosis in these patients. Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) identification through molecular biomarkers is one of the novel strategies that have been used in other types of cancer, and we aim to use this tool to analyze the potential role in DLBCL.We analyzed 138 blood samples of patients with DLBCL, of which CTCs were isolated by density gradient for subsequent detection and quantitation of molecular biomarkers using RT-qPCR with TaqMan probes. Survival analysis was performed using Kaplan-Meier curves.We found overexpression ofThis study showed that in liquid biopsies analyzed, the presence of CTCs can be confirmed through molecular biomarkers, and it has an impact on OS and EFs, making this detection useful in the follow-up and prognosis of patients with DLBCL.

We report results of susceptibility tests for Aedes taeniorhynchus from 2 localities of Yucatan State, Mexico, to different insecticides. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention bottle bioassays were performed using the active ingredients of 3 pyrethroids, 2 organophosphates, and 1 carbamate: permethrin (15 μg/ml), deltamethrin (10 μg/ml), alpha-cypermethrin (10 μg/ml), malathion (50 μg/ml), chlorpyrifos (85 μg/ml), and bendiocarb (12.5 μg/ml). The mortality recorded at the diagnostic time of exposure (30 min) was 100% with all insecticides evaluated and for both populations. These results suggest complete susceptibility to the 3 chemical groups generally used for urban Ae. aegypti mosquito control.

Oxygen defects, surface acidity and catalytic activity of Keggin-type phosphotungstic acid dispersed on SBA-15 mesoporous catalyst were investigated. When the catalyst was calcined at different temperature, oxygen defects resulted from removal of terminal oxygen from W=O bond or cleavage of corner sharing W–Oc–W bond in the Keggin structure via dehydration or/and suface dehydroxylation. The catalyst contained both Lewis (L) and Bronsted (B) acid sites and their amount varied with the calcination temperature which could be correlated well with the conversion of 4,6-dibenzothiophene (4,6-DMDBT) in a model diesel using H2O2 as oxidant. L acid sites served as active sites for 4,6-DMDBT adsorption via electron donation-acception pathway and B acid sites helped oxygen transferring from peroxotungstate complex to sulfur atom in the adsorbed 4,6-DMDBT, benefiting the sulfone formation.

Localized cutaneous leishmaniasis (LCL) is endemic in the Yucatan Peninsula, with historical and contemporary records mainly in the states of Campeche and Quintana Roo. Recently, we reported autochthonous LCL cases and 27.6% of asymptomatic infection in the municipality of Tinum, Yucatan, where no studies of Phlebotominae (Diptera: Psychodidae) sand flies have been carried out. In this work, from November, 2019 to February, 2020, we conducted a field study in three areas of Tinum to document, for the first time, the species of Phlebotominae in areas with records of human leishmaniasis transmission. In order of abundance, the species identified were

Hematophagous flies belonging to the families Culicidae and Tabanidae, have played an important role in human health and domestic/wild and animal health. We performed weekly collections of active-flying flies of dipterans form the families Culicidae and Tabanidae with Malaise, CDC and BG-Sentinel traps during September to October of 2017 among different vegetation types characteristic of the archeological site of X’cambo located at north coast of Yucatan. A total of 656 specimens were collected. Culicidae presented the highest abundance (97.5%) and species richness (73%) in 14 species. The CDC trap was the most effective regarding species richness. Shannon entropy index showed that number of species predicted and observed were not significant among traps. Two Anopheles and one Aedes species were dominant for each trap. Uranotaenia sapphirina is a new record for Yucatan. This information will be valuable for conservation and vector surveillance purposes considering that coastal zones are unique/fragile ecosystems in serious risk of fragmentation and environmental contamination.

espanolEste articulo muestra que Chile experimento una profunda transicion nutricional en un corto periodo de tiempo. Antes de comienzos de los anos 1990, la mayoria de los chilenos tenia una dieta pobre en calcio y proteina animal. Hoy, sin embargo, los chilenos disfrutan de una dieta caracterizada por un alto consumo de carne y productos lacteos. El aumento subito en el consumo de carnes y productos lacteos esta principalmente asociado a la adopcion en Chile de la revolucion internacional en agronegocios; al apoyo gubernamental entre las decadas de 1930 y 1960; a un aumento del PIB per capita; la estabilidad macroeconomica; los cambios en habitos de consumo; la liberalizacion comercial; y a la caida de precios de los alimentos, que tienen una alta elasticidad de demanda. Estas revoluciones en produccion y consumo han mejorado de gran manera la nutricion de la poblacion chilena, lo que explica parte de las mejoras en bienestar biologico del pais. EnglishThis article shows how Chile experienced a profound nutrition transition within a short period of time. Before the early 1990s, the diet of most Chileans was poor in animal proteins and calcium. Today, Chileans enjoy a diet characterized by high consumption of meat and dairy products. The rapid rise in consumption of these products can be attributed to various factors: Chile belatedly joining the international agribusiness revolution; government support from the 1930s to the 1960s; increasing GDP per capita; macro-economic stability; changes in consumption habits; trade liberalization; and the fall in food prices, as both meat and milk had high income elasticity. These revolutions in both production and consumption have greatly improved the nutrition of the Chilean population and partly explain the improvement in Chile’s biological well-being.

Este artí­culo estudia la posición de Chile dentro de las redes mundiales de cobre entre 1700 y la década de 1840. Durante este periodo, los niveles de producción eran bajos, si se los compara con los de 1850-1870 y el siglo XX, debido tanto a las pobres técnicas de extracción y refinado como a los altos costos de transporte. Sin embargo, el cobre chileno fue consumido dentro de Chile, en mercados cercanos como Perú, Bolivia y Argentina, y también se exportó a España, a otros paí­ses de Europa, así­ como a Asia. En esta época, el cobre chileno se habí­a internacionalizado, pero no globalizado. Fue después de la independencia que el cobre chileno comenzó a fluir más libremente a Asia, mientras que los Estados Unidos y Europa continental se convirtieron, también, en mercados claves. Durante este periodo, no solo se exportaba cobre fundido, sino que también regulus y mineral de cobre. Fue solo el arribo de mercantes banqueros británicos a Chile, como Huth & Co., lo que permitió una verdadera globalización del cobre chileno, tal como muestran los archivos de esta compañí­a.

Two series of FeOx/SBA-15 and FeOx/Zr-SBA-15 mesoporous catalysts were synthesized with ultrasound-assisted method by varying Fe content from 10 wt% to 20 and 30 wt%. The crystalline structure, textural properties, surface morphologies, surface acidity, and phase composition of the catalysts were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), N2 adsorption–desorption isotherm, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), in situ Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The XRD, Raman and Mossbauer spectroscopic characterizations showed that both γ-Fe2O3 and α-Fe2O3 nanoparticles were present in all the catalysts and Fe3+ ions were dispersed on the surface of SBA-15 with different coordination. In the oxidation desulfurization (ODS) of a model diesel, the reaction parameters (temperature, time, and catalyst mass), Fe content, zirconium doping, and surface acidity of the catalysts were all critical for the ODS in a biphasic reaction system. All catalysts chiefly contained Lewis acidity which was related to iron content and zirconium modification and could correlate well with catalytic activity. Zirconium incooperating into the SBA-15 solid increased surface acidity and promoted γ-Fe2O3 formation by inhibiting the amorphous iron oxide in the Fe/Zr-SBA-15 catalysts, thus improved the ODS efficiency. The reaction temperature 60 °C was the optimal for ODS reaction, temperature greater than 80 °C led to oxidant partial decomposition. Under the optimal reaction condition, 0.1 g of the best catalysts (30%Fe/SBA-15 and 30%Fe/Zr-SBA-15) could remove all dibenzothiophene (DBT) (300 ppm DBT in 100 ml n-hexadecane) at 60 °C within 30 min. Thus, the combination of catalysis, oxidation and extraction in our polar-nonpolar-solid reaction system was simultaneously realized in one unit, which will be promising for effectively removal of organosulfur compounds for production of ultralow sulfur fuels.

We provide the first estimates of gender income and land inequality in Chile during the first decades after independence, when Chile was a predominantly agrarian society. We have used a new source: the records of the first agricultural censuses ever made for any Latin American republic. We found that there were over six times more male landowners than women, and that male owners gathered up to 87% of total agricultural income (of those paying the catastro ). On the positive side, we found that female landownership was more widespread than has previously been assumed by Chilean historians, although it was declining in relative terms. We have also identified the main elite women agrarian entrepreneurs, finding that one of the biggest landowners of this period was a woman, who has been ignored in the historiography. We have documented her economic activities, as well as those of many other prominent women agricultural entrepreneurs, thus showing that women’s involvement in crucial entrepreneurship activities started earlier than previously been acknowledged, from colonial times.

This article provides the first series of Chilean adult male height for the whole of the twentieth century. The height of adult males increased by about 5.5 cm during the twentieth century, primarily during the second half of this period. This is the greatest improvement in biological welfare in Chilean history; Chilean males have never been as tall as they are today. Using a sample of around 36,371 individuals, we document the evolution of the average height of Chilean soldiers (male) born from the 1900s to the 1990s. This sample can be safely taken as a good proxy of the average height of Chilean male population for the period under study. We provide an explanation of both the main determinants of physical stature and the rapid increase in height in Chile over this period.

This article provides the first series of adult male height for 19th-century Chile. Our aim was not only to assess the trends indicated by height during this period, but also the relationship between stature and both GDP per capita and exports. Having analysed our data, our primary conclusion is that there was a reduction in height for cohorts born in the 1850s and 1860s with respect to cohorts born between 1820 and 1840. Height stagnated thereafter, with small to no improvement towards the end of the 19th century, in line with other Latin American countries for which there is comparable evidence. The increase in per capita GDP and exports during the second half of the century did not result in better biological welfare, as was the case in other Latin American countries during similar export booms.

Resumen: Este artículo analiza la distribución del ingreso agrícola y de la tierra en Chiloé entre c.1830 y los años 1850, comparando ambas variables con el resto de las provincias chilenas, en un periodo insuficientemente tratado en la literatura especializada. Para ello hemos empleado información procedente de fuentes escasamente utilizadas en la historiografía agraria, especialmente el Catastro Agrícola. A partir del mismo, hemos construido y procesado una base de datos de más de medio millón de registros provenientes de los tres primeros catastros agrícolas, realizados en 1832, 1837 y 1852. Nuestros resultados indican que la distribución tanto del ingreso agrícola como de la tierra en Chiloé era muy igualitaria, lo que constituye una excepción dentro de todas las provincias chilenas c.1830-1855. Esta excepcionalidad de la sociedad rural de Chiloé se explica principalmente por políticas aplicadas desde fines del periodo colonial, en particular la entrega de tierras a criollos e indígenas, así como por un proceso de partición y venta de tierras realizado poco después de la independencia, un fenómeno único en Chile.

The study of the deactivation of HY zeolites in the dehydration reaction of glycerol to acrolein has represented a challenge for the design of new catalysts. HY zeolites with SiO2/Al2O3 molar ratios between 3.5 and 80 were studied. The solids were characterized by XRD, N2 physisorption, SEM-EDXS, Raman and UV-vis spectroscopies, infrared spectroscopy of pyridine (FTIR-Py) and catalytic activity tests from 250 °C to 325 °C. It was found that the total amount of acid sites per unit area of catalyst decreased as the SiO2/Al2O3 molar ratio increased from 3.5 to 80, resulting in the decrease in the initial glycerol conversion. The initial acrolein selectivity was promoted with the increase of the Brønsted/Lewis acid sites ratio at any reaction temperature. The deactivation tests showed that the catalyst lifetime depended on the pore structure, improving with the presence of large surface areas as evidenced by the deactivation rate constants. The characterization of the deactivated catalysts by XRD, N2 physisorption and thermogravimetric analysis indicated that the deposition of coke resulted in the total obstruction of micropores and the partial blockage of mesopores. Moreover, the presence of large mesopores and surface areas allowed the amount of coke deposited at the catalyst surface to be reduced.

After the tropical storm Cristobal, we performed special adult entomological collections in the peri-domicile of 35 houses from 25 neighborhoods of Mérida, Yucatan, Mexico in response to complaints from the community about an increased nuisance due to an abundance of mosquitoes. A total of 1,275 specimens from four genera and 13 species were collected: Aedes taeniorhynchus (92%), Culex quinquefasciatus (72%), Aedes aegypti (72%), Psorophora mexicana (36%), Psorophora cyanescens (32%), Aedes scapularis (24%), Culex nigripalpus (24%), Aedes albopictus (8%), Psorophora ferox (4%), Haemagogus equinus (4%), Aedes trivittatus (4%), Culex coronator (4%), Culex iolambdis (4%). From these collections, the increased mosquito nuisance was mainly the result of invasive species such as Aedes taeniorhynchus and Psorophora. City wide, vehicle mounted ULV spraying was performed by the MoH and the municipality of Merida to control adult mosquito populations. We report Culex iolambdis for the first time in Merida and Psorophora mexicana for the state of Yucatan.

The adsorption capacities of two synthesized zeolites (crystalline ZSM-5 and semi-crystalline faujasite Y) for a mixture of indole, quinoline and carbazole were studied. The different samples obtained show different crystalline degree, mesoporosity and Si/Al ratios. The synthesis procedure is based on the simultaneous depolymerization of a mixture of high surface area silica, such as rice hull ashes (RHA), and a crystalline zeolite, such as clinoptilolite or faujasite. The depolymerization step is followed by a partial reorganization induced by a structure-directing agent. A model mixture of nitrogenous compounds was prepared, then it was mixed with the zeolite samples and the amount adsorbed of nitrogenous compounds was determined by gas chromatography. Analysis of the adsorbed molecules reveals selectivity in favor of quinoline, followed by indole and then carbazole. The best adsorbent properties correspond to the solid with highest porous volume. The samples obtained were characterized by X-ray diffraction, 29Si and 27Al magic-angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance, X-ray fluorescence and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The Barrett-Joyner-Halenda (BJH) pore size distribution and the Brunauer-Emmet-Teller (BET) surface area values were obtained from N2 adsorption/desorption isotherms.

Este artículo reza en un análisis lógico jurídico del derecho de defensa y el debido proceso en el proceso penal, exclusivamente en la etapa intermedia, la cual es una de las etapas más técnicas e indispensables en el desarrollo del proceso, así mismo se habla del papel que desempeñan las partes en el proceso penal mexicano durante la audiencia intermedia, de la misma manera aborda la normatividad aplicable para la impartición de justicia y los principios base sobre los cuales se desarrolla el proceso penal.

High levels of sulfur organic compounds (SOCs) and nitrogen organic compounds (NOCs), which are contaminants present in diesel fuel and straight run gas oil (SRGO), were removed using tungsten/zirconia catalysts and hydrogen peroxide by oxidative desulfurization and oxidative denitrogenation reactions. Two tungsten sources were used: tungstic acid and ammonium metatungstate. The catalysts obtained by anionic exchange at low pH with tungstic acid showed remarkable homogeneity and high W dispersion attributed to tetrahedral W species and full dibenzothiophene (DBT) oxidation was achieved in 5 min of reaction. On the other hand, the catalysts obtained by impregnation with ammonium metatungstate developed mainly octahedral species with less DBT oxidation. It was also found that tetrahedral species generate more acidity than octahedral species. A density functional theory computational study confirmed the observed DBT oxidation trend shown by tetrahedral and octahedral W species on the peroxide-activated catalysts. Diesel fuel and SRGO were desulfurized and denitrogenated to a high extent: 97% in diesel fuel and 70% in SRGO for sulfur compounds and 96% in diesel fuel and 89% in SRGO for nitrogen compounds, whereas C1–C3 dibenzothiophenes, 4-methyl dibenzothiophene, and 4,6-dimethyl dibenzothiophene were fully removed. The elimination of SOCs and NOCs present in fuels can be effectively carried out in a single process to obtain clean fuels.

The effects exerted by the adsorption of vapors of a non-polar compound (deuterated benzene) and a polar compound (water) on the surface of Ottawa sand and a sample of reservoir sand (Channel), which was previously impregnated with silicon oil or two kinds of surfactants, (2-hydroxyethyl) trimethylammonium oleate (HETAO) and (2-hydroxyethyl)trimethylammonium azelate (HETAA), were studied by diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy (DRIFTS) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The surface chemistry of the sandstone rocks was elucidated by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). Terminal surface groups such as hydroxyls can strongly adsorb molecules that interact with these surface groups (surfactants), resulting in a wettability change. The wettability change effect suffered by the surface after treating it with surfactants was possible to be detected by the DRIFTS technique, wherein it was observed that the surface became more hydrophobic after being treated with silicon oil and HETAO; the surface became more hydrophilic after treating it with HETAA.

For the first time, highly selective Pt/H 3 PW 12 O 40 /SBA–15 trifunctional catalysts were evaluated for n-heptane hydroisomerization. Both Lewis (L) and Bronsted (B) acid sites were present in these catalysts. Reduction treatment led to heteropolyacid dispersion better and Pt nanoparticles smaller. With the best 1wt%Pt/20wt%H 3 PW 12 O 40 /SBA–15 catalyst, 100% isomerization selectivity and 56.74% n-heptane conversion were obtained at 320 °C. Among the products, the dibranched isomers concentration faction was > 50% and 2,2-dimethylpentane was predominant. Pt/H 3 PW 12 O 40 /SBA–15 catalysts with Pt nanocrystals, proper acidity strength and a balanced ratio of B/L acid sites, and highly ordered large mesopores were chiefly responsible for the high isomerization selectivity.

Alumina-supported Mo-based hydrodesulfurization catalysts (14 wt% nominal Mo loading) were modified by thioglycolic acid (TGA, TGA/Mo = 1 mol ratio), as a chelating agent containing a thiol group. To that end, two series of catalyst were prepared: the first one by using ammonium heptamolybdate as a precursor and, in the second one, in situ obtained phosphomolybdates from MoO 3 digestion in diluted H 3 PO 4 . Oxidic phases were characterized by N 2 physisorption, Raman and UV–vis spectroscopies, electron microscopy and XPS. As well, the corresponding sulfided phases were studied by XPS, HR-TEM-STEM techniques, and chemical composition was determined by STEM-EDX. Formation of ligand-to-metal charge transfer (LMCT) complexes between the S-bearing TGA and Mo atoms, resulted in reduced Mo 5+ species, as indicated by XPS, and was correlated to electronic transitions bands in the UV–visible spectra. On the other hand, the catalysts prepared from phosphomolybdates impregnation and TGA addition resulted in two-fold amount of Mo 4+ sulfided species, as indicated by XPS. TGA impregnation redissolve and disperse the MoO 3 resulting in materials particles in materials with increased stacking of MoS 2 slabs on which slabs length remained essentially unaltered. Highly active (as tested in liquid-phase dibenzothiophene hydrodesulfurization) Type II sites were favored mainly in sulfided TGA-modified formulations.

In the present work, supported liquid membranes based on three ionic liquids (ILs) (1-(2-aminoethyl)-3-methylimidazolium trifluoromethanesulfonate ([AEMIm]Tf), 1-(2-aminoethyl)-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate ([AEMIm]BF4) and trioctylmethylammonium anthranilate ([TOMA])), used as mobile phases, were studied in the separation of carbon dioxide from nitrogen. The IL chemical structures and thermal properties were confirmed by spectroscopic techniques and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), respectively. The IL homogeneous distribution of the impregnation on alumina tubular supports was determined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX). Permeation tests were carried out using pure gases at 30 °C and 1 bar. The amino-functionalized ILs, two of them in the cation, [AEMIm]BF4 and [AEMIm]Tf, and the other one in the anion, [TOMA]An, reacted with CO2, leading to the formation of carbamates. [TOMA]An, which has the amine group at the anionic part, showed the best permselectivity, reaching a selectivity of 70.

In this work, the acid and photocatalytic properties of titanate nanotubes (NTs) were surveyed. The surface acidity of the NTs was characterized by FTIR with lutidine and pyridine. The photocatalytic degradation of phenol in aqueous suspension was performed to test the photocatalytic properties of the NTs. The results were compared with those obtained from commercial TiO 2 . NTs were prepared by hydrothermal treatment of TiO 2 nanoparticles in a NaOH aqueous solution. During the washing step, three different acid agents (HCl, H 2 SO 4 , and HNO 3 ) were used. TiO 2 nanoparticles were synthesized previously by the sol-gel method. The photocatalytic materials were characterized by FTIR, XRD, XPS, S BET , UV–vis, and HRTEM. It was found that the used acid agent significantly affected the amount and type of acid sites. Bronsted acid sites were favored by the use of HNO 3 . Lewis acid sites were promoted when HCl was employed during the washing step, which is in contrast with the results obtained using the other acids chosen in this work. Besides, the use of HCl promoted the H 2 Ti 3 O 7 phase. The acid phase H 2 Ti 4 O 9 ·H 2 O was favored when HNO 3 was used and H 2 SO 4 formed the H 2 Ti 2 O 4 ·(OH) 2 acid phase. The presence of Cl, S, and N species on the NTs was not found. Furthermore, Na + ions were completely removed from the surface of the NTs, which were exchanged by H + ions. It was found, in general, that the three catalysts presented a relatively high photocatalytic activity to remove phenol. However, NTs washed with HNO 3 (NT-HNO 3 ) displayed the best photocatalytic activity compared to the other NTs. After 200 min, NT-HNO 3 reached a phenol degradation yield close to 100%. Commercial TiO 2 presented a phenol degradation yield close to 60%. It could be concluded that the acid phase (H 2 Ti 4 O 9 ·H 2 O) and concentration of Bronsted acid sites promoted the photocatalytic activity of NT-HNO 3 .

The aim of this work is to estimate some nitrogen (N)-adsorption properties and the N-adsorption capacity (q) required for commercial application in the ultra-low sulfur diesel production. Hydroxyl (OH) groups and interactions among the commercial adsorbent Selexsorb® CDX (CDX) and pyridine and indole were studied by means of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The adsorption of N-compounds from three diesel fuels over CDX was estimated at CDX/fuel ratio: 0.01–0.09 g/g, Contact time: 1–60 m, 303 K, and 0.078 MPa in a batch setup. It was concluded that an appropriate N-adsorbent should have high densities of suface OH groups and Lewis and Bronsted strong-acid sites and a q ≥ 0.70 mmol/g.

Ag, Au, Ce, La, Fe, Mn, Pd, Pt, V and W nanoparticles were decorated on the surface of titanate nanotubes obtained by hydrothermal treatment. Likewise, the titanate nanotubes with the incorporated active transition, precious and rare earth metals were characterized by XRD, HRTEM, and BET. FTIR-pyridine and UV–Vis were used in order to quantify the acid sites present in different metal catalysts, the main goal of this work. Metal nanoparticles were incorporated in - situ on the surface of the titanate nanotubes by the hydrothermal treatment. The average sizes displayed by the metal nanoparticles were between 1 and 5 nm, finding highly uniform dispersion for all the metals. As a result of the metal incorporation, the acidity of each catalytic system was tuned specially, increasing the number of Bronsted and Lewis sites, which modified significantly the total surface acidity of the 1 - D titanate nanotubes.

A survey was carried out to identify the mosquitoes inhabiting human premises in the rural locality of Maxcanú, Yucatán, Mexico. Using the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention backpack aspirators, simple random sampling was carried out inside of 101 homes during the November 2013 rainy season. A total of 1,492 specimens were collected. Three subfamilies (Anophelinae, Culicinae, and Toxorhynchitinae) and 5 species were identified: Anopheles albimanus, Aedes aegypti, Culex interrogator, Limatus durhamii, and Toxorhynchites theobaldi. The most abundant species was Cx. interrogator (74%) followed by Ae. aegypti (25%). The Chao 1 and Bootstrap species richness estimator indicated that it was possible to collect 90% of the expected species. This is the 1st time that the presence of An. albimanus, Cx. interrogator, Li. durhamii, and Tx. theobaldi has been recorded in Maxcanú.

V-Mg-Al mixed-oxide catalysts for oxidative dehydrogenation of propane were prepared by thermal decomposition of Mg-Al-layered double hydroxides with vanadium interlayer doping. The obtained catalysts were tested for the oxidative dehydrogenation of propane, obtaining good results in catalytic activity (conversion 16.55 % and selectivity 99.97 %). Results indicated that catalytic performance of these materials depends on how vanadium is integrated in the layered structure, which is determined by the Mg/Al ratio. Vanadium interlayer doping modifies the oxidation state of vanadium and consequently catalytic properties. Surface properties were studied by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopic and diffuse reflectance, UV-visible spectroscopy, and temperature programmed reduction (TPR). The analyses provided information about the oxidation state, before and after the reaction. From these results, it is suggested that selectivity to propylene and catalytic activity depend mainly on vanadium oxidation state.

Three new species of the genus Olbiogaster Osten Sacken—Olbiogaster halffteri sp. nov., Olbiogaster nuxco sp. nov. and Olbiogaster puuc sp. nov.—are described and illustrated from Mexico, based on adult males and females collected in the states of Guerrero, Puebla and Yucatan. Comments for the species known from Mexico and key are provided.

A sample of over 44 thousand Chilean marines was used to estimate the trend of mean heights from the 1820s to the 1890s. We confirm that there was height stagnation in the last decades of the nineteenth-century Chile despite sizeable per capita GDP growth; there were hidden nutritional costs to this economic growth. This situation resembles a similar puzzle in antebellum USA or early industrial Britain, but in the case of Chile GDP growth is not explained by industrialization but by export-led-growth. Still, the results are similar: height stagnation. Regarding the determinants of adult male height, our data also convincingly showed that there was a significant correlation between height and literacy. There was a positive correlation between height and white ethnicity, and, linked to this, a strong negative correlation between stature and eyes reported as “black”. Finally, living in urban environments (or environments with higher population density) also negatively affected height.

This work reports the results of the ultrasound-assisted hydrothermal synthesis of two sets of V2O5 dispersed on SBA-15 and Zr doped SBA-15 catalysts used for the oxidation of dibenzothiophene (DBT) in a model diesel via the combination of oxidation, catalysis, and extraction technical route. These catalysts contained Lewis acidity as major and Brønsted acidity as minor. The amount of acidity varied with the content of vanadia and zirconium doping. It was found that DBT conversion is very sensitive to the Lewis acidity. DBT conversion increased by increasing the vanadium content and correlated well with the amount of surface Lewis acidity. Under the optimal experimental condition (Reaction temperature: 60 °C, reaction time 40 min, catalyst concentration: 1 g/L oil, H2O2/DBT mole ratio = 10), the 30% V2O5/SBA-15 and 30% V2O5/Zr-SBA-15 catalysts could convert more than 99% of DBT. Two reaction pathways of DBT oxidation involving vanadia surface structure, Lewis acidity, and peroxometallic complexes were proposed. When the vanadia loading V2O5 ≤ 10 wt%, the oxidative desulfurization (ODS) went through the Pathway I, in the catalysts with moderate vanadia content (V2O5 = 20–30 wt%), ODS proceeded via the Pathways II or/and the Pathway I.

A series of vanadium oxide supported on Ti-MCM-41 catalysts was synthesized via the incipient impregnation method by varying the vanadia loading from 5 wt% to 10, 15, 20 and 25 wt%. These catalysts were characterized by a variety of advanced techniques for investigating their crystalline structure, textural properties, and surface chemistry information including surface acidity, reducibility, vanadium oxidation states, and morphological features. The catalytic activities of the catalysts were evaluated in a biphasic reaction system for oxidative desulfurization (ODS) of a model diesel containing 300 ppm of dibenzothiophene (DBT) where acetonitrile was used as extraction solvent and H 2 O 2 as oxidant. ODS activity was found to be proportional to the V 5+ /(V 4+ + V 5+ ) values of the catalysts, indicating that the surface vanadium pentoxide (V 2 O 5 ) was the active phase. Reaction temperature would influence significantly the ODS efficiency; high temperature, i.e. , 80 °C, would lead to low ODS reaction due to the partial decomposition of oxidant. All the catalysts contained both Lewis and Bronsted acid sites but the former was predominant. The catalysts with low vanadia loading (5 or 10 wt%V 2 O 5 ) had many Lewis acid sites and could strongly adsorb DBT molecule via the electron donation/acceptance action which resulted in an inhibition for the reaction of DBT with the surface peroxometallic species. The catalyst with high vanadia loading (25wt%V 2 O 5 /Ti-MCM-41) showed the highest catalytic activity and could remove 99.9% of DBT at 60 °C within 60 min.

TiO2 nanotubes, nanofibers and nanowires were prepared by the hydrothermal treatment of TiO2 nanoparticles with different NaOH concentrations (5, 10 and 12 N) at 120, 140 and 180 °C; afterwards, HCl was added until reaching pH 2. Both the crystalline phase and coordination of the TiO2 nanotubes, nanofibers and nanowires were composed principally of H2Ti3O7, H2Ti4O9·H2O and H2Ti5O11·H2O. Likewise, the surface area, pore volume and pore size of the TiO2 nanotubes, nanofibers and nanowires changed with the NaOH rinsing treatment. The photocatalytic activities for methylene blue and methyl orange degradation were strongly enhanced by the nanotubes and nanoparticles in the basic and acid media, respectively, showing a relationship between their structure and the medium.